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Industrial revolution pp 2013

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Page 1: Industrial revolution pp 2013
Page 2: Industrial revolution pp 2013

Started with AGRICULTUREStarted with AGRICULTURE

Second Largest Second Largest transformation transformation of life on of life on planet!planet! Began where the largest Began where the largest transformation left off…with transformation left off…with AGRICULTURE!AGRICULTURE!

Page 3: Industrial revolution pp 2013

1.1. Agriculture Became an Agriculture Became an Industry!Industry!

MachinesMachines Production UPProduction UP Fewer Ag. Workers: Fewer Ag. Workers: beginning of the end for the beginning of the end for the “ “family farm”family farm”

Reaper – Cyrus McCormack Reaper – Cyrus McCormack Cotton Gin – Eli WhitneyCotton Gin – Eli Whitney Tractor – John DeereTractor – John Deere

Benef i t : the the Mas se s

Page 4: Industrial revolution pp 2013

Innovations:Innovations: Industry Industry

Cotton/Texti le Industry:Cotton/Texti le Industry: Flying shuttle, Spinning Jenny,

Spinning mule, …power loom Sewing Machine – Isaac Singer

Bessemer ConverterBessemer Converter - - 1855 1855 (converted iron to steel) (converted iron to steel) Henry Bessemer (Eiffel Tower made of iron, however)

Internal Combustion Internal Combustion Engine Engine – – 1885 - Gott l ieb Daimler

Gasoline EngineGasoline Engine

Portland CementPortland Cement

Vulcanized Rubber- Charles Vulcanized Rubber- Charles GoodyearGoodyear

Revolutionary Revolutionary New New

Products, Products,

Materials, Methods Materials, Methods

of Production!!of Production!!

Benefit: the Masses

Page 5: Industrial revolution pp 2013

Innovations: Innovations: CommunicationCommunicationTelegraph – 1837 Samuel Morse

Telephone – 1876 Alexander Graham Bell

Radio - 1890’s Marconi Guglielmo

Typewriter – late 1800’s Christopher Latham Sholes

Camera – 1800’s Johann Zhan, George Eastman

FAST, EASY, ACCURATE

FAST, EASY, ACCURATE

Communication!

Communication!

Benefit: the masses

Page 6: Industrial revolution pp 2013

Innovations: TransportationInnovations: TransportationSteam Engine – James Watt

Steamboat – Robert Fulton

Steam Locomotive- 1815 - George Stephenson

Pneumatic Tire (air f i l led)

Bicycle

Dirigible Airship

Hot-air balloon

Airplane

FAST FAST TRANSPORTATION

TRANSPORTATION

& COMMUNICATION!!

& COMMUNICATION!!

Benefit: the masses

Page 7: Industrial revolution pp 2013

“Industrialization” Continues:

More recently…TelevisionTelevision1927 – 14-yr-old Mormon boy, Philo T. Farnsworth

ComputerComputer A lot of people involved! History records Charles Babbage as the first to

use them in a meaningful way. . “Difference Engine”- 1822. 1930- Vannevar Bush – – 1st general purpose analogue computer solved

differential equations & used in WWII to aim guns. Hand operated, no electronic parts.

First completely electronic computer: First completely electronic computer: COLOSSUSCOLOSSUS England, 1944. Code breaker for German Enigma. Secret unti l England, 1944. Code breaker for German Enigma. Secret unti l

1970. 1970. It took up 1,000 Sq. ft. & weighed 30 tons/60,000 pounds. Took 150 kilowatts which is enough power to light up a small town.

Cell PhoneCell Phone Dr. Martin Cooper at Motorola invented the technology for the cell phoneDr. Martin Cooper at Motorola invented the technology for the cell phone

Benefit: the masses

Page 8: Industrial revolution pp 2013

Industrial Revolution BasicsIndustrial Revolution Basics

New Sources of EnergyNew Sources of EnergyMechanization!Mechanization!Increased standard of l ivingIncreased standard of l ivingNew Work PatternsNew Work PatternsNew Social PatternsNew Social PatternsUrbanization!Urbanization!Effects of Change:Effects of Change: GB, USA, Russia, LatinGB, USA, Russia, Latin AmericaAmerica

Write this down!!!Write this down!!!

Page 9: Industrial revolution pp 2013

1. 1. New Sources of New Sources of EnergyEnergy

COAL COAL GB, Germany, USAGB, Germany, USA

STEAM POWERED: Railroads & Ship Lines STEAM POWERED: Railroads & Ship Lines linked Mercantilist /Imperial world

OILOIL (Later)(Later)

Benefit: the masses

Page 10: Industrial revolution pp 2013

Britain Led Industrial ization Britain Led Industrial ization

WHY BRITAIN?WHY BRITAIN?Agricultural output high- Agricultural output high- adopted new technologiesadopted new technologiesLarge Urbanized Large Urbanized Population; Guilds Population; Guilds disableddisabledAbundant coal & iron oreAbundant coal & iron oreLess affected by European Less affected by European wars ( ie: Napoleon)wars ( ie: Napoleon)Infrastructure: Navigable Infrastructure: Navigable r ivers & canals, roads, r ivers & canals, roads, then railroads.then railroads.Advanced banking & Advanced banking & f inancial inst itut ionsfinancial inst itut ionsSupportive government Supportive government laws & policieslaws & policies

Page 11: Industrial revolution pp 2013

2. 2. New Labor - Saving New Labor - Saving TechniquesTechniques

Artisan work replaced by Artisan work replaced by

MECHANIZATIONMECHANIZATION :: Factories replaced Putting Out Factories replaced Putting Out

System/Cottage Industries/Proto-System/Cottage Industries/Proto-IndustrializationIndustrialization

Benefit: the masses

Page 12: Industrial revolution pp 2013

Calico Cotton ProductionCalico Cotton Production

Cotton from American colonies.

1733 - John Kay’s Flying Shutt le:faster of weaving process Pressure for faster way to spin thread…make fabric…Power Loom… Meanwhile, colonies independent and demand was higher than EVER!

INDIA! First as trade partner, later as colony.

Trade , Technology & Imperialism Trade , Technology & Imperialism Tied Together! Tied Together!

Benefit: the masses

Page 13: Industrial revolution pp 2013

Revolution in Production Methods:Revolution in Production Methods:Changed What was produced, WHO worked, HOW, and WHERE… Write this down!!

Interchangeable Interchangeable Parts Parts Eli WhitneyEli Whitney

Interchangeable Interchangeable PEOPLE: Production PEOPLE: Production Line Line Henry FordHenry Ford

Steel technologySteel technology Henry BessemerHenry Bessemer Benefit: the masses

Page 14: Industrial revolution pp 2013

3. Increased Standard of Increased Standard of LivingLiving

Across ALL CLASSES!Across ALL CLASSES!Faster Transportation & Lower Prices Faster Transportation & Lower Prices RRii ss ii nngg EExx ppeecc tt aa tt ii oonnss !! Cheaper Consumer Goods over t ime for Cheaper Consumer Goods over t ime for

massesmasses

Benefit: the masses

Page 15: Industrial revolution pp 2013

6. 6. UrbanizationUrbanizationMIGRATION!! MIGRATION!! To industrializing cTo industrializing c ountries, and from ountries, and from

countryside to city. countryside to city.

Large cit ies struggled to provide Large cit ies struggled to provide services:services: Water deliveryWater delivery Sewage disposalSewage disposal Police and fire protPolice and fire prot ectionection Public EducationPublic Education Health ServicesHealth Services

Benefit: the masses?

Page 16: Industrial revolution pp 2013

Seeking Better Life in the City as Farm Jobs Disappeared Seeking Better Life in the City as Farm Jobs Disappeared

More Urban Dwellers!More Urban Dwellers!UNSKILLEDUNSKILLED (From farms and (From farms and abroad) abroad)

More More EXPENSIVEEXPENSIVE in city: in city: housing, food... Saw & housing, food... Saw & wanted wanted Consumer Goods. Consumer Goods.

ENTIRE FAMILY ENTIRE FAMILY needed to needed to work just to get by.work just to get by.

Far from extended family, Far from extended family, pressures buildpressures build ABUSE. ABUSE.

NO TIMENO TIME for rest, privacy; for rest, privacy; expensive pastimes & vices.expensive pastimes & vices.

Polluted air, unsanitary, Polluted air, unsanitary, dangerous... dangerous...

Benefit? Capitalists?

Page 17: Industrial revolution pp 2013

New Wealth & New PovertyNew Wealth & New Poverty

Middle ClassMiddle Class Urban Urban WorkingWorking PoorPoorManagers , Managers , Builders ,Builders ,Retai lers , Doctors , Retai lers , Doctors , Lawyers , Lawyers , Bankers…Bankers…

Underemployed , Servants ,Underemployed , Servants ,Uneducated/ Unskil ledUneducated/ Unskil led

Page 18: Industrial revolution pp 2013

New Social ClassesNew Social ClassesAristocracyAristocracy Retained wealth, lost political powerRetained wealth, lost political power

New Aristocracy = Giants of Industry New Aristocracy = Giants of Industry Entrepreneurs gambled & won BIG – investedEntrepreneurs gambled & won BIG – invested in new technologiesin new technologies Victorian fashion, manners…consumers!!Victorian fashion, manners…consumers!! Lived in Suburbs or CountrysideLived in Suburbs or Countryside

Middle Class – stuck in the middleMiddle Class – stuck in the middle Managers, accountants, ministers, teachersManagers, accountants, ministers, teachers lawyers, doctors…all SKILLED professionals.lawyers, doctors…all SKILLED professionals. YearnedYearned to join the upper class; feared to join the upper class; feared

falling to the working class.falling to the working class. Lived in SuburbsLived in Suburbs

Working Class – “Blue Collar” - HUGE!Working Class – “Blue Collar” - HUGE! Factory workers in cities – unskilled, uneducatedFactory workers in cities – unskilled, uneducated Also poor farmers in countrysideAlso poor farmers in countryside

Page 19: Industrial revolution pp 2013

Women’s “Place” in SocietyWomen’s “Place” in SocietyMiddle Class: Emotional haven for husbands; refuge from rat race Moral center of family – church Charitable activities Judicious & frugal shoppers

Working Class: Mills, domestic servants… After marriage may not work outside of home due to…?

Page 20: Industrial revolution pp 2013

4. 4. New Patterns of WorkNew Patterns of Work

(You already know this)(You already know this)

Rigid t imetables, Rigid t imetables, Strict discipline, Strict discipline, Fines, Fines, Lack of Sanitation, Lack of Sanitation, Lack of transportation, Lack of transportation, Few breaks. Few breaks. Child LaborChild Labor

Long hours of Long hours of tedious, dangerous worktedious, dangerous work . .

Benefit…?

Page 21: Industrial revolution pp 2013

Factories Replaced Putting Out Factories Replaced Putting Out SystemSystem

Centralized location.Centralized location.

Constant Constant Managerial Managerial Supervision.Supervision.

Gulf between owner, Gulf between owner, management, worker.management, worker.

Pace & structure of Pace & structure of work changed.work changed.

Artisan class in Artisan class in jeopardy jeopardy

Luddites.Luddites.

Page 22: Industrial revolution pp 2013

Reaction to Change? Reaction to Change? 1. Luddites!1. Luddites!

Page 23: Industrial revolution pp 2013

Fewer FarmersFewer FarmersFood more nutritious Food more nutritious MachinesMachines – more power to do more work faster, – more power to do more work faster, so didn’t need so many Farm Workers. so didn’t need so many Farm Workers. Increased population Increased population due to decreased mortality (not increased births) due to decreased mortality (not increased births) needed to leave the farm… move to the city. needed to leave the farm… move to the city.

Worked with extended family, at home, received Worked with extended family, at home, received guests, took guests, took breaks…time was their ownbreaks…time was their own…Began …Began to hire to hire seasonal farm workersseasonal farm workers ..

Did not see or want consumer goodsDid not see or want consumer goodsFresh air, sanitary Fresh air, sanitary

Page 24: Industrial revolution pp 2013

5. Rising 5. Rising Compartimentalization Compartimentalization

LONGER, LONLIER WORK DAYS

Separation of Work Life & Home Life for the first t ime

Separate spheres for men, women, children

Nuclear family

What was the effect?

Page 25: Industrial revolution pp 2013

Rising Rising Compartmentalization of Compartmentalization of Modern Modern SOCIETYSOCIETY

TrainTrain Rise of Rise of Suburb Suburb

Workers watched Workers watched r ich get richer rich get richer atat their expensetheir expense : :

Page 26: Industrial revolution pp 2013

DEMOGRAPHY

• What can it tell us about a society? • To what extent is it PREDICTIVE?

“Using Math in Social Studies”

See Class Demography Hand-out

Page 27: Industrial revolution pp 2013

Charting Population InformationCharting Population Information

““Population Pyramid”Population Pyramid” Sex, Age “cohorts”Sex, Age “cohorts”

Traditional Population

Page 28: Industrial revolution pp 2013

The Effect of the Industrial Revolution?The Effect of the Industrial Revolution?

Page 29: Industrial revolution pp 2013

Explanation? Explanation? Ramifications?Ramifications?

INDUSTRIAL

Pre-Industrial

Page 30: Industrial revolution pp 2013

What Gener alizat ions can we make?

Page 31: Industrial revolution pp 2013

Demographic Transit ionDemographic Transit ionUSA, UK

Something happens to population as nations industrial ize… What ? Why?

Page 32: Industrial revolution pp 2013
Page 33: Industrial revolution pp 2013

Too much change…Too much change…Too FAST!Too FAST!

1. Mainstream Reform: 1. Mainstream Reform: Britain, USBritain, US

2. Dreamers:2. Dreamers:Utopian SocialistsUtopian SocialistsEvolutionary SocialistsEvolutionary Socialists

Page 34: Industrial revolution pp 2013

2. Artists, 2. Artists, and and Novelists Novelists l ike l ike Charles Charles Dickens Dickens and and Sinclair Sinclair Lewis Lewis exposed exposed the the squalid squalid l i fe in l i fe in industrial industrial cit ies…cities…

Page 35: Industrial revolution pp 2013

6.6. Reaction to Abuses of Reaction to Abuses of Industrial Revolution: Industrial Revolution: Reform MovementReform MovementBritain:Britain:

Slave Trade outlawed,1807

Slavery outlawed in England, 1833

Factory Act of 1883Factory Act of 1883 Limiting work hours Restrict ing children from working in factories Safer, cleaner factories

SocialistSocialistAnswerAnswer

Benefited the Masses

Page 36: Industrial revolution pp 2013

7. USA – Reaction to Abuses7. USA – Reaction to AbusesLabor Movement:Labor Movement:

Left market mostly free to police itselfSome government oversight & regulation

Labor UnionsLabor Unions

Slavery outlawed

Need Need Consumers, Consumers, Not SlavesNot Slaves !!

CAPITALISCAPITALISTTAnswerAnswerBenefitted the Masses

& Protected the Capitalists

Page 37: Industrial revolution pp 2013

Other Reactions to Other Reactions to Industrial Revolution:Industrial Revolution:8. 8. Utopian SocialistsUtopian Socialists ::

Restructure society Restructure society equitable equitable..

Robert Owen Robert Owen – changed squalid – changed squalid Scottish town of Scottish town of New Lanarck New Lanarck into into model industrial communitymodel industrial community

Raised wagesRaised wages Reduced workday to 10 hours from 17; Reduced workday to 10 hours from 17; spacious housing;spacious housing; Store that sold goods at FAIR pricesStore that sold goods at FAIR prices 100,000 citizens: 500 poor children – sent 100,000 citizens: 500 poor children – sent

to school, not factoryto school, not factory Blue Print for Socialists/ProgressivesBlue Print for Socialists/Progressives

Page 38: Industrial revolution pp 2013

9. Revolutionary & 9. Revolutionary & Evolutionary Social ists: Evolutionary Social ists: Karl Marx Karl Marx (1818-1883)

German economist & philosopher; lived in poverty Seeking to uncover “natural laws” of society Das Kapital Communist Manifesto (with Engels)

““History of all hitherto existing society is History of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggle”the history of class struggle”

Capitalism exploits workers… When they finally realize this, Workers will revolt and take control of production (example:

Luddities?)…Dialectical Materialism .

Page 39: Industrial revolution pp 2013

““From each according to abil i ty; to each From each according to abil i ty; to each according to need.”according to need.”

““Religion is the opiate of the masses.”Religion is the opiate of the masses.”“The workers of the world have nothing to lose, but their chains. Workers of the world unite!”

““Democracy is the road Democracy is the road to Socialism.”to Socialism.”“…Great social changes are impossible without feminine upheaval. Social progress can be measured exactly by the social position of the fair sex…” “The Internationale:” “The International Working class shall free the human race…”

What do these quotes mean in the context of the Industrial Revolution?Why were they considered inflammatory, and by whom?

Page 40: Industrial revolution pp 2013

10. IMMIGRATION10. IMMIGRATION

ImmigrantsImmigrants arrived in Americas to arrived in Americas to do do ANY WORK THEY COULD!!!ANY WORK THEY COULD!!!

50 Mill ion from 1800 – 1920 to 50 Mill ion from 1800 – 1920 to North & South AmericaNorth & South America

Industrial Revolution drew people ….

Page 41: Industrial revolution pp 2013

MassiveMassive Migration to New Migration to New WorldWorld

1800 – 19201800 – 192050 Mill ion Europeans50 Mill ion Europeans North & South North & South

AmericaAmerica

Fled: Ir ish potato famine Anti-Semitism in Russia Poverty, joblessness, poor working

condit ions everywhere… but in the USA!

Why so WELCOME??

Page 42: Industrial revolution pp 2013

Russia: Russia: RadicalizationRadicalization

Brutal Industrial ization Policies of Czar & Boyars

Insurrection- 1905 – vs. Industrialization

“Soviets” – representative councils created by workers

1905 Czarist Reforms -Constitution, -Nat’l Assembly- “Duma”-Legalized trade unions & Pol Parties

Too many wars, too many losses! Too much abuse!

1917 Bolshevik Revolution – 1917 Bolshevik Revolution – LeninLeninThe most r adical gr oup led t he movement f or “Peace, Land, Br ead”

11.11.

Page 43: Industrial revolution pp 2013

12. Latin AmericaIndependence Struggle had decimated countryside. Liberal vs. ConservativeConservative Factions in conflict. Regional conflicts & divisions.

CAUDILLOSCAUDILLOS – military strongmen- protectors of order & property (Santa Ana Santa Ana – Mexico)

CreolesCreoles owned most land & means of production- 1% - Confiscated land from poor w Government help

Army Army - Some Mixed Race – social mobilityProfessionalsProfessionals - teachers, shopkeepers, artisans, doctors, lawyers, office workers- 8% 90%90% = Mixed race, indigenous – impoverished, small subsistence farms in rural areas; laboring in mines or on haciendas of wealthy, later railroads, ports, few factories.

Page 44: Industrial revolution pp 2013

Mexico: Revolution!Mexico: Revolution!Dictator Porfirio DíazDictator Porfirio DíazPancho Villa & Emiliano ZapataPancho Villa & Emiliano Zapata Peasant armies – seized land from hacendados 10% population killed.

Transformed Mexico: - Constitution 1917 - Universal Suffrage - Some redistribution of land - Stripped the Catholic Church of land in Mexico, & public education - Workers’ rights – minimum wage, 8-hr day - Restricted foreign ownership of property

Page 45: Industrial revolution pp 2013

Latin America:

“Dependent “Dependent Development”Development”

Raw Materials shipped abroad Silver- Mexico; Copper- Chile; Tin- Bolivia; Nitrates &

guano- Chile; Rubber – Amazon;sisal – Mexico; Bananas – Central America; Beef – Argentina; Cacao – Ecuador; Coffee- Brazil; Sugar - Cuba

Europeanizing the eli te populationIndirect Colonialism: Foreign Investment

- GB (Argentina), USA (Mexico) – railroads - to transport raw materials to coasts

Direct Intervention: - Repeated US military intervention in support of American corporate interests in Central America for United Fruit Company, and in Cuba, Haiti, DR, Nicaragua, Mexico. - Panama Canal controlled by US.

Page 46: Industrial revolution pp 2013

THE ENDTHE ENDBe sure to watch for our next feature presentation,

coming soon to a screen near you:

““Oh, that crazy Oh, that crazy Imperialism!”Imperialism!”Starring Great Britain! In the role that made her infamous! …and introducing… UNCLE SAM as United States of America! in his first imperialist role outside of the Americas! With special guest appearances by France, BELGIUM, and newly industrialized newcomers Germany and Japan!

Oh, That Crazy

Imperial ism!


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