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Started with AGRICULTUREStarted with AGRICULTURE
Second Largest Second Largest transformation transformation of life on of life on planet!planet! Began where the largest Began where the largest transformation left off…with transformation left off…with AGRICULTURE!AGRICULTURE!
1.1. Agriculture Became an Agriculture Became an Industry!Industry!
MachinesMachines Production UPProduction UP Fewer Ag. Workers: Fewer Ag. Workers: beginning of the end for the beginning of the end for the “ “family farm”family farm”
Reaper – Cyrus McCormack Reaper – Cyrus McCormack Cotton Gin – Eli WhitneyCotton Gin – Eli Whitney Tractor – John DeereTractor – John Deere
Benef i t : the the Mas se s
Innovations:Innovations: Industry Industry
Cotton/Texti le Industry:Cotton/Texti le Industry: Flying shuttle, Spinning Jenny,
Spinning mule, …power loom Sewing Machine – Isaac Singer
Bessemer ConverterBessemer Converter - - 1855 1855 (converted iron to steel) (converted iron to steel) Henry Bessemer (Eiffel Tower made of iron, however)
Internal Combustion Internal Combustion Engine Engine – – 1885 - Gott l ieb Daimler
Gasoline EngineGasoline Engine
Portland CementPortland Cement
Vulcanized Rubber- Charles Vulcanized Rubber- Charles GoodyearGoodyear
Revolutionary Revolutionary New New
Products, Products,
Materials, Methods Materials, Methods
of Production!!of Production!!
Benefit: the Masses
Innovations: Innovations: CommunicationCommunicationTelegraph – 1837 Samuel Morse
Telephone – 1876 Alexander Graham Bell
Radio - 1890’s Marconi Guglielmo
Typewriter – late 1800’s Christopher Latham Sholes
Camera – 1800’s Johann Zhan, George Eastman
FAST, EASY, ACCURATE
FAST, EASY, ACCURATE
Communication!
Communication!
Benefit: the masses
Innovations: TransportationInnovations: TransportationSteam Engine – James Watt
Steamboat – Robert Fulton
Steam Locomotive- 1815 - George Stephenson
Pneumatic Tire (air f i l led)
Bicycle
Dirigible Airship
Hot-air balloon
Airplane
FAST FAST TRANSPORTATION
TRANSPORTATION
& COMMUNICATION!!
& COMMUNICATION!!
Benefit: the masses
“Industrialization” Continues:
More recently…TelevisionTelevision1927 – 14-yr-old Mormon boy, Philo T. Farnsworth
ComputerComputer A lot of people involved! History records Charles Babbage as the first to
use them in a meaningful way. . “Difference Engine”- 1822. 1930- Vannevar Bush – – 1st general purpose analogue computer solved
differential equations & used in WWII to aim guns. Hand operated, no electronic parts.
First completely electronic computer: First completely electronic computer: COLOSSUSCOLOSSUS England, 1944. Code breaker for German Enigma. Secret unti l England, 1944. Code breaker for German Enigma. Secret unti l
1970. 1970. It took up 1,000 Sq. ft. & weighed 30 tons/60,000 pounds. Took 150 kilowatts which is enough power to light up a small town.
Cell PhoneCell Phone Dr. Martin Cooper at Motorola invented the technology for the cell phoneDr. Martin Cooper at Motorola invented the technology for the cell phone
Benefit: the masses
Industrial Revolution BasicsIndustrial Revolution Basics
New Sources of EnergyNew Sources of EnergyMechanization!Mechanization!Increased standard of l ivingIncreased standard of l ivingNew Work PatternsNew Work PatternsNew Social PatternsNew Social PatternsUrbanization!Urbanization!Effects of Change:Effects of Change: GB, USA, Russia, LatinGB, USA, Russia, Latin AmericaAmerica
Write this down!!!Write this down!!!
1. 1. New Sources of New Sources of EnergyEnergy
COAL COAL GB, Germany, USAGB, Germany, USA
STEAM POWERED: Railroads & Ship Lines STEAM POWERED: Railroads & Ship Lines linked Mercantilist /Imperial world
OILOIL (Later)(Later)
Benefit: the masses
Britain Led Industrial ization Britain Led Industrial ization
WHY BRITAIN?WHY BRITAIN?Agricultural output high- Agricultural output high- adopted new technologiesadopted new technologiesLarge Urbanized Large Urbanized Population; Guilds Population; Guilds disableddisabledAbundant coal & iron oreAbundant coal & iron oreLess affected by European Less affected by European wars ( ie: Napoleon)wars ( ie: Napoleon)Infrastructure: Navigable Infrastructure: Navigable r ivers & canals, roads, r ivers & canals, roads, then railroads.then railroads.Advanced banking & Advanced banking & f inancial inst itut ionsfinancial inst itut ionsSupportive government Supportive government laws & policieslaws & policies
2. 2. New Labor - Saving New Labor - Saving TechniquesTechniques
Artisan work replaced by Artisan work replaced by
MECHANIZATIONMECHANIZATION :: Factories replaced Putting Out Factories replaced Putting Out
System/Cottage Industries/Proto-System/Cottage Industries/Proto-IndustrializationIndustrialization
Benefit: the masses
Calico Cotton ProductionCalico Cotton Production
Cotton from American colonies.
1733 - John Kay’s Flying Shutt le:faster of weaving process Pressure for faster way to spin thread…make fabric…Power Loom… Meanwhile, colonies independent and demand was higher than EVER!
INDIA! First as trade partner, later as colony.
Trade , Technology & Imperialism Trade , Technology & Imperialism Tied Together! Tied Together!
Benefit: the masses
Revolution in Production Methods:Revolution in Production Methods:Changed What was produced, WHO worked, HOW, and WHERE… Write this down!!
Interchangeable Interchangeable Parts Parts Eli WhitneyEli Whitney
Interchangeable Interchangeable PEOPLE: Production PEOPLE: Production Line Line Henry FordHenry Ford
Steel technologySteel technology Henry BessemerHenry Bessemer Benefit: the masses
3. Increased Standard of Increased Standard of LivingLiving
Across ALL CLASSES!Across ALL CLASSES!Faster Transportation & Lower Prices Faster Transportation & Lower Prices RRii ss ii nngg EExx ppeecc tt aa tt ii oonnss !! Cheaper Consumer Goods over t ime for Cheaper Consumer Goods over t ime for
massesmasses
Benefit: the masses
6. 6. UrbanizationUrbanizationMIGRATION!! MIGRATION!! To industrializing cTo industrializing c ountries, and from ountries, and from
countryside to city. countryside to city.
Large cit ies struggled to provide Large cit ies struggled to provide services:services: Water deliveryWater delivery Sewage disposalSewage disposal Police and fire protPolice and fire prot ectionection Public EducationPublic Education Health ServicesHealth Services
Benefit: the masses?
Seeking Better Life in the City as Farm Jobs Disappeared Seeking Better Life in the City as Farm Jobs Disappeared
More Urban Dwellers!More Urban Dwellers!UNSKILLEDUNSKILLED (From farms and (From farms and abroad) abroad)
More More EXPENSIVEEXPENSIVE in city: in city: housing, food... Saw & housing, food... Saw & wanted wanted Consumer Goods. Consumer Goods.
ENTIRE FAMILY ENTIRE FAMILY needed to needed to work just to get by.work just to get by.
Far from extended family, Far from extended family, pressures buildpressures build ABUSE. ABUSE.
NO TIMENO TIME for rest, privacy; for rest, privacy; expensive pastimes & vices.expensive pastimes & vices.
Polluted air, unsanitary, Polluted air, unsanitary, dangerous... dangerous...
Benefit? Capitalists?
New Wealth & New PovertyNew Wealth & New Poverty
Middle ClassMiddle Class Urban Urban WorkingWorking PoorPoorManagers , Managers , Builders ,Builders ,Retai lers , Doctors , Retai lers , Doctors , Lawyers , Lawyers , Bankers…Bankers…
Underemployed , Servants ,Underemployed , Servants ,Uneducated/ Unskil ledUneducated/ Unskil led
New Social ClassesNew Social ClassesAristocracyAristocracy Retained wealth, lost political powerRetained wealth, lost political power
New Aristocracy = Giants of Industry New Aristocracy = Giants of Industry Entrepreneurs gambled & won BIG – investedEntrepreneurs gambled & won BIG – invested in new technologiesin new technologies Victorian fashion, manners…consumers!!Victorian fashion, manners…consumers!! Lived in Suburbs or CountrysideLived in Suburbs or Countryside
Middle Class – stuck in the middleMiddle Class – stuck in the middle Managers, accountants, ministers, teachersManagers, accountants, ministers, teachers lawyers, doctors…all SKILLED professionals.lawyers, doctors…all SKILLED professionals. YearnedYearned to join the upper class; feared to join the upper class; feared
falling to the working class.falling to the working class. Lived in SuburbsLived in Suburbs
Working Class – “Blue Collar” - HUGE!Working Class – “Blue Collar” - HUGE! Factory workers in cities – unskilled, uneducatedFactory workers in cities – unskilled, uneducated Also poor farmers in countrysideAlso poor farmers in countryside
Women’s “Place” in SocietyWomen’s “Place” in SocietyMiddle Class: Emotional haven for husbands; refuge from rat race Moral center of family – church Charitable activities Judicious & frugal shoppers
Working Class: Mills, domestic servants… After marriage may not work outside of home due to…?
4. 4. New Patterns of WorkNew Patterns of Work
(You already know this)(You already know this)
Rigid t imetables, Rigid t imetables, Strict discipline, Strict discipline, Fines, Fines, Lack of Sanitation, Lack of Sanitation, Lack of transportation, Lack of transportation, Few breaks. Few breaks. Child LaborChild Labor
Long hours of Long hours of tedious, dangerous worktedious, dangerous work . .
Benefit…?
Factories Replaced Putting Out Factories Replaced Putting Out SystemSystem
Centralized location.Centralized location.
Constant Constant Managerial Managerial Supervision.Supervision.
Gulf between owner, Gulf between owner, management, worker.management, worker.
Pace & structure of Pace & structure of work changed.work changed.
Artisan class in Artisan class in jeopardy jeopardy
Luddites.Luddites.
Reaction to Change? Reaction to Change? 1. Luddites!1. Luddites!
Fewer FarmersFewer FarmersFood more nutritious Food more nutritious MachinesMachines – more power to do more work faster, – more power to do more work faster, so didn’t need so many Farm Workers. so didn’t need so many Farm Workers. Increased population Increased population due to decreased mortality (not increased births) due to decreased mortality (not increased births) needed to leave the farm… move to the city. needed to leave the farm… move to the city.
Worked with extended family, at home, received Worked with extended family, at home, received guests, took guests, took breaks…time was their ownbreaks…time was their own…Began …Began to hire to hire seasonal farm workersseasonal farm workers ..
Did not see or want consumer goodsDid not see or want consumer goodsFresh air, sanitary Fresh air, sanitary
5. Rising 5. Rising Compartimentalization Compartimentalization
LONGER, LONLIER WORK DAYS
Separation of Work Life & Home Life for the first t ime
Separate spheres for men, women, children
Nuclear family
What was the effect?
Rising Rising Compartmentalization of Compartmentalization of Modern Modern SOCIETYSOCIETY
TrainTrain Rise of Rise of Suburb Suburb
Workers watched Workers watched r ich get richer rich get richer atat their expensetheir expense : :
DEMOGRAPHY
• What can it tell us about a society? • To what extent is it PREDICTIVE?
“Using Math in Social Studies”
See Class Demography Hand-out
Charting Population InformationCharting Population Information
““Population Pyramid”Population Pyramid” Sex, Age “cohorts”Sex, Age “cohorts”
Traditional Population
The Effect of the Industrial Revolution?The Effect of the Industrial Revolution?
Explanation? Explanation? Ramifications?Ramifications?
INDUSTRIAL
Pre-Industrial
What Gener alizat ions can we make?
Demographic Transit ionDemographic Transit ionUSA, UK
Something happens to population as nations industrial ize… What ? Why?
Too much change…Too much change…Too FAST!Too FAST!
1. Mainstream Reform: 1. Mainstream Reform: Britain, USBritain, US
2. Dreamers:2. Dreamers:Utopian SocialistsUtopian SocialistsEvolutionary SocialistsEvolutionary Socialists
2. Artists, 2. Artists, and and Novelists Novelists l ike l ike Charles Charles Dickens Dickens and and Sinclair Sinclair Lewis Lewis exposed exposed the the squalid squalid l i fe in l i fe in industrial industrial cit ies…cities…
6.6. Reaction to Abuses of Reaction to Abuses of Industrial Revolution: Industrial Revolution: Reform MovementReform MovementBritain:Britain:
Slave Trade outlawed,1807
Slavery outlawed in England, 1833
Factory Act of 1883Factory Act of 1883 Limiting work hours Restrict ing children from working in factories Safer, cleaner factories
SocialistSocialistAnswerAnswer
Benefited the Masses
7. USA – Reaction to Abuses7. USA – Reaction to AbusesLabor Movement:Labor Movement:
Left market mostly free to police itselfSome government oversight & regulation
Labor UnionsLabor Unions
Slavery outlawed
Need Need Consumers, Consumers, Not SlavesNot Slaves !!
CAPITALISCAPITALISTTAnswerAnswerBenefitted the Masses
& Protected the Capitalists
Other Reactions to Other Reactions to Industrial Revolution:Industrial Revolution:8. 8. Utopian SocialistsUtopian Socialists ::
Restructure society Restructure society equitable equitable..
Robert Owen Robert Owen – changed squalid – changed squalid Scottish town of Scottish town of New Lanarck New Lanarck into into model industrial communitymodel industrial community
Raised wagesRaised wages Reduced workday to 10 hours from 17; Reduced workday to 10 hours from 17; spacious housing;spacious housing; Store that sold goods at FAIR pricesStore that sold goods at FAIR prices 100,000 citizens: 500 poor children – sent 100,000 citizens: 500 poor children – sent
to school, not factoryto school, not factory Blue Print for Socialists/ProgressivesBlue Print for Socialists/Progressives
9. Revolutionary & 9. Revolutionary & Evolutionary Social ists: Evolutionary Social ists: Karl Marx Karl Marx (1818-1883)
German economist & philosopher; lived in poverty Seeking to uncover “natural laws” of society Das Kapital Communist Manifesto (with Engels)
““History of all hitherto existing society is History of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggle”the history of class struggle”
Capitalism exploits workers… When they finally realize this, Workers will revolt and take control of production (example:
Luddities?)…Dialectical Materialism .
““From each according to abil i ty; to each From each according to abil i ty; to each according to need.”according to need.”
““Religion is the opiate of the masses.”Religion is the opiate of the masses.”“The workers of the world have nothing to lose, but their chains. Workers of the world unite!”
““Democracy is the road Democracy is the road to Socialism.”to Socialism.”“…Great social changes are impossible without feminine upheaval. Social progress can be measured exactly by the social position of the fair sex…” “The Internationale:” “The International Working class shall free the human race…”
What do these quotes mean in the context of the Industrial Revolution?Why were they considered inflammatory, and by whom?
10. IMMIGRATION10. IMMIGRATION
ImmigrantsImmigrants arrived in Americas to arrived in Americas to do do ANY WORK THEY COULD!!!ANY WORK THEY COULD!!!
50 Mill ion from 1800 – 1920 to 50 Mill ion from 1800 – 1920 to North & South AmericaNorth & South America
Industrial Revolution drew people ….
MassiveMassive Migration to New Migration to New WorldWorld
1800 – 19201800 – 192050 Mill ion Europeans50 Mill ion Europeans North & South North & South
AmericaAmerica
Fled: Ir ish potato famine Anti-Semitism in Russia Poverty, joblessness, poor working
condit ions everywhere… but in the USA!
Why so WELCOME??
Russia: Russia: RadicalizationRadicalization
Brutal Industrial ization Policies of Czar & Boyars
Insurrection- 1905 – vs. Industrialization
“Soviets” – representative councils created by workers
1905 Czarist Reforms -Constitution, -Nat’l Assembly- “Duma”-Legalized trade unions & Pol Parties
Too many wars, too many losses! Too much abuse!
1917 Bolshevik Revolution – 1917 Bolshevik Revolution – LeninLeninThe most r adical gr oup led t he movement f or “Peace, Land, Br ead”
11.11.
12. Latin AmericaIndependence Struggle had decimated countryside. Liberal vs. ConservativeConservative Factions in conflict. Regional conflicts & divisions.
CAUDILLOSCAUDILLOS – military strongmen- protectors of order & property (Santa Ana Santa Ana – Mexico)
CreolesCreoles owned most land & means of production- 1% - Confiscated land from poor w Government help
Army Army - Some Mixed Race – social mobilityProfessionalsProfessionals - teachers, shopkeepers, artisans, doctors, lawyers, office workers- 8% 90%90% = Mixed race, indigenous – impoverished, small subsistence farms in rural areas; laboring in mines or on haciendas of wealthy, later railroads, ports, few factories.
Mexico: Revolution!Mexico: Revolution!Dictator Porfirio DíazDictator Porfirio DíazPancho Villa & Emiliano ZapataPancho Villa & Emiliano Zapata Peasant armies – seized land from hacendados 10% population killed.
Transformed Mexico: - Constitution 1917 - Universal Suffrage - Some redistribution of land - Stripped the Catholic Church of land in Mexico, & public education - Workers’ rights – minimum wage, 8-hr day - Restricted foreign ownership of property
Latin America:
“Dependent “Dependent Development”Development”
Raw Materials shipped abroad Silver- Mexico; Copper- Chile; Tin- Bolivia; Nitrates &
guano- Chile; Rubber – Amazon;sisal – Mexico; Bananas – Central America; Beef – Argentina; Cacao – Ecuador; Coffee- Brazil; Sugar - Cuba
Europeanizing the eli te populationIndirect Colonialism: Foreign Investment
- GB (Argentina), USA (Mexico) – railroads - to transport raw materials to coasts
Direct Intervention: - Repeated US military intervention in support of American corporate interests in Central America for United Fruit Company, and in Cuba, Haiti, DR, Nicaragua, Mexico. - Panama Canal controlled by US.
THE ENDTHE ENDBe sure to watch for our next feature presentation,
coming soon to a screen near you:
““Oh, that crazy Oh, that crazy Imperialism!”Imperialism!”Starring Great Britain! In the role that made her infamous! …and introducing… UNCLE SAM as United States of America! in his first imperialist role outside of the Americas! With special guest appearances by France, BELGIUM, and newly industrialized newcomers Germany and Japan!
Oh, That Crazy
Imperial ism!