Industrial summer training

at edible oil [ kanpur

edible oil pvt ltd ]

Review of Degumming and Refining Technolog Presented by Angad singh (1316651005) Jeeshan (1316651019)

PRODUCT OF KEPL

PRODUCTION OF SOYABEAN OIL :- Process step are as given below

1. Extraction of oil from seed 2. Degumming & Neutralization3. Bleaching process4. Filtration Process5. Deodorization process6. Crystallization process7. Dewaxing & Dry fractionation process (olien &

sterin )8. Hydrogenation of oil9. Deodorization process10.Packaging process

Before the discuss of production of soyabean oil we are define refining

• Refining is a process to remove impurities found in the oil which includes physical impurities, FFA (Free Fatty Acids), coloring pigments, Aldehydes, Ketoses, Waxes (if present), gums etc.

REFINING

The aim of oil refining is to produce edible oil:• Having less FFA percentage. • Very light in color.• Should have shining & bright appearance. • Free from any off odour and taste.• Have extensive shelf life and can be stored for

a prolonged period of time without deterioration in its quality.

• Should be free from any adulteration.• Should be free from physical impurities and

any contamination.• Should be free from gums and waxes.

Degumming Two main types of gum:-

1. Hydratable gum- easy to remove.

2. Non-Hydratable gum - hard to remove from oil.

Some NHG removed with hydratables in water degumming.

Purpose of degumming

Commercial Lecithin production.Prevent crude oil settling during storage or transport.Separation of heavy gums and physical impurities

from crude oil.

Gum content of various oilsOil type gums

(%)Phosphorus(ppm)

CoconutCornCottonseedGroundnutPalmRapeseedSoyaSunflower

0.02 – 0.050.7 – 2.01.0 – 2.50.3 – 0 .70. 03 – 0.10.5 – 3.51.0 – 3.00.5 – 1.3

10 – 20250 – 800400 – 1000100 – 30015 – 30200 – 1400400 – 1200200 – 500

Water Degumming

70-75˚c

Target • Phosphorous in oil - 50 to 200 ppm max.• AI% in dried gums - 65 to 70%• Moisture in dried oil - < 0.1%

Acid Degumming

0.05-0.2 % so

Target Results• Phosphorous in oil - 20 to 50 ppm max.• AI% in dried gums - 65 to 70%• Moisture in dried oil - < 0.1%

Purpose of Alkali Refining

Removing of impurities from oil1. – Phospholipids (gums)2. – Colour bodies3. – Metal Ions - Pro-oxidants • Iron • Copper4. - Free Fatty Acids5. -Solids - meal fines

Neutralization Reaction

R - C - OHO+ NaOH R - CO - O-Na + H2O

• Fatty Acid Caustic Soda Soap• Other mechanisms• colour bodies adsorbed onto soap• phosphatides hydrated by water in lye• chelated metal ions removed in soap

Dry Refined Oil Quality Targets• Soap - < 30 ppm• Phosphorous - < 2 ppm• Iron - < 0.2 ppm• Copper - < 0.01 ppm• FFA - < 0.05%• Moisture - < 0.05%

bleaching

• It is used to reduce the coloring pigments present naturally in the oil (for e.g. chlorophyll, carotene) and gives better appearance.

• removes residual phosphatides, metals, soaps and oxidation

products in addition to colouring matters.

• The feedstock is heated up in the Crude/Neutral Oil Heater to bleaching temperature 110-120˚C. Purpose of heating removing of moisture.

filtration• Filtration process use to separate out bleaching earth

which is used to bleach of oil. Filter press

PRESSURE LEAF FILTERS

• This is used to filter the bleached oil and then separate the bleaching earth which has already absorbed the coloring pigments. It consist 2-6 mesh screen

• This earth then collected in a sump and will be known as “spent earth”. It operating pressure be below 2 Kg/cm2 .

DEODORIZING

• The purpose of this process is making the oil suitable for human consumption by removing substances, which give it undesirable acidity, odor, color.

• The odorous and flavoring matters, which are mainly aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, and hydrocarbons, are removed at the same time as the free fatty acids (FFA). taste.

• Citric acid used for odorisation process to increase shinning of oil.

• Free fatty compounds removed in Vaccume distillation

at 260-270ºC .

DEWAXING PROCESSDewaxing: • Separation of waxes, esters of long chain fatty

acids and long chain primary alcohols present in mainly sunflower and maize oil.

• Most of the oils do not need dewaxing as they contain little or no waxes. Only sunflower oil & Rice Bran oil contain appreciable quantities of wax to give a hazy appearance at low temperature.

• The oil is heated at 50ºC to make sure oil is liquid only.

• The oil is cooled slowly at 7-8ºC and crystal are formed.

DEWAXING FLOW PROCESS

HYDROGENATION OF OIL:-• Hydrogenation of oil are used to remove double

bond present in fatty acid.• Hydrogenation are increase the stability of oil.• Hydrogenation of oil increase the melting point.

SPECIFIED CONDITION:-Temperature 150Catalyst Ni (4.5 kg cat/ 20 ton of oil )H2 5.5 m3/20 ton of oil

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