INDUSTRIAL & INDUSTRIAL & SYSTEMS ENGINEERINGSYSTEMS ENGINEERING

(Lecture # 2)

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Functional Groupings of I Functional Groupings of I & SE& SE

o WorkWorkMeasurementMeasurement

o PerformancePerformanceRatingRating

o TimeTimeStandardsStandards

o Motion StudyMotion Studyo Methods Methods

ImprovementImprovemento Value Value

EngineeringEngineering

o ManufacturabilityManufacturabilityo Group TechnologyGroup Technologyo Process PlanningProcess Planningo ToolingTooling

SequenceSequenceo MaterialMaterial

SubstitutionSubstitutiono Material Handling Material Handling

and Flowand Flowo Facility DesignFacility Designo Balance Assembly Balance Assembly

LinesLineso Automation Automation

RoboticsRobotics

o Personnel Testing, Personnel Testing, Selection, Selection,

PlacementPlacemento Training and Training and

EducationEducationo Wage, OtherWage, Other

IncentivesIncentiveso Job EvaluationJob Evaluationo Labor RelationsLabor Relationso ErgonomicsErgonomicso Human EngineeringHuman Engineeringo Job EnhancementJob Enhancemento Safety ProgramsSafety Programso Quality CirclesQuality Circles

o ForecastingForecastingo OperationsOperations

PlanningPlanningo Inventory Inventory

ManagementManagemento MaterialsMaterials

RequirementRequirement

PlanningPlanningo OperationsOperations

SchedulingSchedulingo Quality AssuranceQuality Assuranceo Progress & StatusProgress & Status

ReportingReportingo Corrective ActionCorrective Actiono Stores and Stores and

DistributionDistribution

o Capital BudgetingCapital Budgetingo EngineeringEngineering

Economy StudiesEconomy Studieso Cost Reduction Cost Reduction

ProgramsProgramso Updating Standard Updating Standard

CostsCosts

ProgramsProgramso Cost Estimating Cost Estimating

ProceduresProcedureso Cost Tracking, Cost Tracking,

ReportingReporting

o ManagementManagement

Information Information

RequirementsRequirementso ManufacturingManufacturing

Data BaseData Baseo Design of Design of

ReportsReportso Analysis of DataAnalysis of Datao Feedback to allFeedback to all

LevelsLevelso Decision Support Decision Support

SystemsSystemso Computer andComputer and

CommunicationCommunication

NetworksNetworks

Industrial & Systems Engineering Department

Methods, Standards

Information Systems

Financial and Cost Systems

Production Control

Product, Process

and Facilities

Personnel

Production Operations

Management Systems

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Functional Groupings of I Functional Groupings of I & SE& SE

o Organization Organization DesignDesign

o Functional Functional AnalysisAnalysis

o Policy Policy ManualsManuals

o Management Management ProceduresProcedures

o Multi-level Multi-level Planning SystemPlanning System

o Strategic Strategic PlanningPlanning

o Globalization Globalization StudiesStudies

o Enterprise Enterprise ModelingModeling

o Systems Systems IntegrationIntegration

o Capacity AnalysisCapacity Analysiso Plant Siting Plant Siting

AnalysisAnalysiso Project Project

ManagementManagemento Total Quality Total Quality

ManagementManagemento Resource Resource

ManagementManagement

Industrial & Systems Engineering Department

o Key Result Key Result AreasAreas

o Measures of Measures of MeritMerit

o Performance Performance Tracking, by Tracking, by UnitUnit

o Corrective Corrective ActionAction

o ReportsReports

Policies &

Procedures

Performance

Measurement

Comprehensive Planning

Analysis

o Model Model BuildingBuilding

o SimulationSimulationo OR StudiesOR Studieso Statistical Statistical

StudiesStudieso Analysis of Analysis of

Dynamic Dynamic System System BehaviorBehavior

o Artificial Artificial Intelligence Intelligence

o Designed Designed ExperimentsExperiments

Corporate Services

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Effectiveness Measures for Effectiveness Measures for I & SEI & SE

Industrial engineering is involved in certain ongoing Industrial engineering is involved in certain ongoing activities of a repetitive nature and certain other one-time activities of a repetitive nature and certain other one-time activities of a project natureactivities of a project nature

The actual accomplishments should be compared to the The actual accomplishments should be compared to the goals of the departmentgoals of the department

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A set of A set of interrelated componentsinterrelated components working together to accomplish working together to accomplish common aims & objectivescommon aims & objectives

A system is an entity that maintains its existence through the A system is an entity that maintains its existence through the mutual mutual interactioninteraction of its parts. of its parts.

Multiplicity of interacting parts that Multiplicity of interacting parts that collectively work towardscollectively work towards a a common goal.common goal.

A A collection of entities or parts that are linkedcollection of entities or parts that are linked and interrelated such as and interrelated such as hydrologic cycle, cities, and transportation modes.hydrologic cycle, cities, and transportation modes.

Collection of workers, management, machines, processes, etc. Collection of workers, management, machines, processes, etc. that that work together,work together, e.g., to provide some major infrastructure's services e.g., to provide some major infrastructure's services (e.g., water distribution system, buildings, electrical system).(e.g., water distribution system, buildings, electrical system).

SYSTEMSYSTEMDefinitionDefinition

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SystemsSystems A system is a set of components which are related by A system is a set of components which are related by

some form of interaction, and which act together to some form of interaction, and which act together to achieve some objective or purposeachieve some objective or purpose Components – individual partsComponents – individual parts Relationships – cause and effect dependenciesRelationships – cause and effect dependencies Objective – desired stateObjective – desired state

System ClassificationSystem Classification Natural & man-made systemsNatural & man-made systems Static & dynamic systemsStatic & dynamic systems Physical & abstract (Model, mathematical) systemsPhysical & abstract (Model, mathematical) systems Open & closed systemsOpen & closed systems

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SYSTEMSYSTEMClassificationClassification

Natural vs. Artificial or Man-Made Natural vs. Artificial or Man-Made Systems:Systems:

Natural systemsNatural systems are those systems are those systems that exist as a result of natural that exist as a result of natural processes for example human body processes for example human body or water cycleor water cycle

Technological Technological or Artificial or Man-or Artificial or Man-Made systemsMade systems are systems are systems developed by people. Examples can developed by people. Examples can be cities, factories, transportation be cities, factories, transportation systems, computers, internet etc.systems, computers, internet etc.

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SYSTEMSYSTEMClassificationClassification

Static vs. Dynamic Systems:Static vs. Dynamic Systems: A A static systemstatic system has a structure has a structure

but there is no change or activity but there is no change or activity over a period of time for over a period of time for example a building or a bridge.example a building or a bridge.

A A Dynamic systemDynamic system show varying show varying behavior over time, a behavior over time, a manufacturing or chemical plant, manufacturing or chemical plant, an automobile, and human an automobile, and human bodies are examples of a bodies are examples of a dynamic system.dynamic system.

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This mutual interaction gives rise to a very important characteristic of a This mutual interaction gives rise to a very important characteristic of a system known as system known as emergence or synergyemergence or synergy - the properties that a system - the properties that a system demonstrates can be entirely different from the properties of the demonstrates can be entirely different from the properties of the elements that makes it. elements that makes it.

For example, For example, Sodium ChlorideSodium Chloride or table salt, a or table salt, a harmless saltharmless salt used daily used daily in our food, is made up of highly in our food, is made up of highly reactive metal called sodiumreactive metal called sodium and a and a poisonous gas called chlorinepoisonous gas called chlorine. .

The properties that table salt has, vanishes if the two elements are The properties that table salt has, vanishes if the two elements are separated from each other.separated from each other.

SYSTEMSYSTEMEmergence or SynergyEmergence or Synergy

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Feedback Control in Feedback Control in SystemsSystems

Open-loop system – not able to provide for its own control or Open-loop system – not able to provide for its own control or modificationmodification

Examples – watch, toaster and a car without a driverExamples – watch, toaster and a car without a driver

Output = Output = f f (input), but input ≠ (input), but input ≠ f f (output)(output) Closed-loop system – controls or adjusts its own performance Closed-loop system – controls or adjusts its own performance

in response to output data generated by the system itselfin response to output data generated by the system itself Examples – air conditioning system, airplane autopilot Examples – air conditioning system, airplane autopilot

Output = Output = f f (input) and input = (input) and input = f f (output)(output)

OutputInput System Performa

nce

OutputInput System Performa

nce

Feedback

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1.1. State the problemState the problem. Stating the problem is the most essential task in . Stating the problem is the most essential task in system development. It entails recognizing customers, appreciating system development. It entails recognizing customers, appreciating customer needs, establishing the need for change, delineating customer needs, establishing the need for change, delineating requirements and defining system functions. requirements and defining system functions.

2.2. Investigate alternativesInvestigate alternatives. Alternatives are explored and evaluated based . Alternatives are explored and evaluated based on criteria such as performance, cost and risk. on criteria such as performance, cost and risk.

3.3. Model the systemModel the system. Modeling the system sheds light on requirements, . Modeling the system sheds light on requirements, reveals bottlenecks and fragment activities, reduces cost and exposes reveals bottlenecks and fragment activities, reduces cost and exposes replication of efforts. replication of efforts.

4.4. IntegrateIntegrate. Integration means designing interfaces and bringing system . Integration means designing interfaces and bringing system elements together so that they work as a whole. This requires massive elements together so that they work as a whole. This requires massive communication and coordination efforts. communication and coordination efforts.

SYSTEMSYSTEMSystem Development ProcessSystem Development Process

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5.5. Launch the systemLaunch the system. Launching the system means operating the system . Launching the system means operating the system and generating outputs -- letting the system do what it was intended to and generating outputs -- letting the system do what it was intended to do. do.

6.6. Assess performanceAssess performance. Performance is assessed using output data -- . Performance is assessed using output data -- measurement is the key. If output data cannot be measured properly, measurement is the key. If output data cannot be measured properly, than system cannot be judged appropriately and consequently there than system cannot be judged appropriately and consequently there will be no right curative actions. will be no right curative actions.

7.7. Re-evaluationRe-evaluation. Re-evaluation should be a recurrent and iterative . Re-evaluation should be a recurrent and iterative process, available throughout all of the stages of SIMILAR in system process, available throughout all of the stages of SIMILAR in system development process. development process.

SYSTEMSYSTEMSystem Development ProcessSystem Development Process

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SYSTEMSYSTEMSystem life cycleSystem life cycle

System development processSystem development process can be achieved through a mechanism can be achieved through a mechanism called called system life cyclesystem life cycle

There are three system life cycle There are three system life cycle modelsmodels presented here presented here

As can bee seen, all of the phases shown in the three models are As can bee seen, all of the phases shown in the three models are related. The most detailed and elaborate model is the SE modelrelated. The most detailed and elaborate model is the SE model

ISO/IEC 15288 MODEL

Concept Development Production Utilization Support

NSPE MODEL

Conceptualization Technical Feasibility

Development Production Preparation

Production Product Support

SE MODEL

Concept Development Engineering Development Post Development Needs

Analysis Concept

Exploration Concept

Definition Advanced

Development Engineering

Design Integration

& Evaluation

Production Operation & Support