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UNIT II:

INDUSTRIALIZATION

NAME________________________________________________ PERIOD______

INDUSTRIALIZATION VOCABULARY

1.) INDUSTRIALIZATION: Replacing hand labor with machines on a large scale basis

2.) INTERSTATE COMMERCE: trade between states; during this time period, the railroads

helped to expand interstate commerce because they could ship the goods between states

3.) MASS PRODUCTION: Making large quantities of a product quickly and cheaply

4.) TENEMENT: a high-rise apartment building where people lived in the late 1800’s early

1900’s that were dirty, loud, horrible places to live; only one bathroom per floor and

approximately 50 people would share that same bathroom

5.) URBANIZATION: movement of people from the country to the city

6.) FREE ENTERPRISE SYSTEM: (also known as Capitalism) Businesses are owned by private

citizens, not the government. The U.S. is a free enterprise system/capitalistic society.

7.) MONOPOLY (TRUST): Company (or group of companies) that controls all or nearly all the

business of an industry, severely cutting competition

8.) STRIKEBREAKER: Someone who works the job of a man who is on strike during a strike

9.) UNION: An organization that workers joined to show their unity and to attempt to get

better conditions

10.) STRIKE: Workers refuse to work until their demands are met

11.) SHERMAN ANTITRUST ACT: outlawed trusts and monopolies that limited trade, but

it was difficult to enforce.

INDUSTRIALIZATION: MANY THINGS MADE INDUSTRIALIZATION POSSIBLE IN THE US.

Document 1:

GROSS EARNINGS OF THE RAILROADS

$600,000,000

$550,000,000

$500,000,000

$450,000,000

$400,000,000

$350,000,000

$300,000,000

$250,000,000

$200,000,000

$150,000,000

$100,000,000

1861 1871 1879

Use the graph above to answer the following questions.

1.) How much money was earned in 1861? 1879?

1861 - 130,000,000 1879 – 529,012,999

2.) What is the difference between 1861 & 1879?

Drastically increased

3.) What do you think the reason for this difference is?

Many more railroads were built due to industrialization and movement west.

Industrialization

$130,000,000

$403,329,208

$529,012,999

DOCUMENT 2:

The First Cleveland Administration Interstate Commerce Act

1887

During the 1870s, many Americans (particularly farmers) began to resent the apparent stranglehold the railroads exerted over many parts of the country. However, the postwar presidents and many in Congress resisted intervention into economic matters. Early efforts to bring some form of regulation to the giants were made at the state level, but those measures were later struck down by the Supreme Court.

In 1887, Congress passed the Interstate Commerce Act which created the Interstate Commerce Commission, the first true federal regulatory agency. It was designed to address the issues of railroad abuse and discrimination and required the following:

Shipping rates had to be "reasonable and just" (fair) Rates had to be published Secret rebates (discounts) were outlawed Price discrimination against small markets was made illegal.

Although the law granted the Interstate Commerce Commission the power to investigate abuses and summon witnesses, it lacked the resources to accomplish its lofty goals. Later presidents would assure that reform would not go too far, by appointing pro-railroad commissioners.

1.) What was the purpose of this Act? ADDRESS THE ISSUES OF RAILROAD ABUSE AND DISCRIMINATION

2.) Inferring from the passage, what can you assume was happening before the passage of this Act that made the Interstate Commerce Act necessary?

SHIPPING RATES WERE NOT "REASONABLE AND JUST" (FAIR) RATES WERE NOT PUBLISHED SECRET REBATES (DISCOUNTS) WERE ALLOWED PRICE DISCRIMINATION AGAINST SMALL MARKETS WAS LEGAL

3.) Was the Interstate Commerce Act successful at the federal level? NO, PRESIDENTS HIRED PRO RAILROAD COMMISIONERS

MEN WHO BUILT AMERICA: EPISODE 1

- Vanderbilt was successful with his shipping business

- “ sold all of his ships and bought and built trains, tracks, bridges

- “ closed the bridge to NYC & bought out competitors

- “ cheated out of $ by Fisk and Gould

- “ owns monopoly on RRs

- “ meets with Rockefeller to start shipping oil

THE MEN WHO BUILT AMERICA: EPISODE 2

- Vanderbilt & Rockefeller make a deal to ship oil on RR

- Rockefeller made a deal with Scott & Carnegie to ship on their RR

- Rockefeller buys 90% of oil refineries – Standard Oil Monopoly – kerosene

- Vanderbilt & Scott team up against Rockefeller

- Rockefeller shuts down his oil plant to hurt RR’s

- Scott lays off workers; workers burn his rail yard.

Episode 3

- Scott tells Carnegie to build bridge across Mississippi River

- Needs lots of steel to make it strong enough and needs money from

investors

- Finds Bessemer; Bessemer Process makes steel faster: 2 weeks->15 minutes

THE STEEL INDUSTRY:

Document 3:

TONS OF STEEL PRODUCED IN THE U.S.

1,000,000

900,000

800,000

700,000

600,000

500,000

400,000

300,000

200,000

100,000

1870 1880

Use the graph above to answer the following questions.

1.) In 1870, how much steel was produced?

50,000 TONS OF STEEL

2.) In 1880, how much steel was produced?

1,000,000 TONS OF STEEL

3.) What was the reason for the difference (p. 579)?

DEMAND FOR STEEL TO BUILD RAILROADS AND FACTORIES

BESSEMER PROCESS

Use the first paragraph under “Free Enterprise and Big Business” p. 581, to fill in

the blanks and answer the questions below.

As the US economy grew during the Second Industrial Revolution, the federal

government favored FREE

ENTERPRISE. This means that the government

usually does NOT interfere with business. The government was not

passing many laws to tell businesses what to do. This made it easier for some

people to start their own business. They were called

ENTREPRENEUERS.

Many entrepreneurs formed their business as corporations. Why would a person

want to start a corporation?

STOCK HOLDERS ARE NOT PERSONALLY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DEBTS OF THE

BUSINESS.ONLY LOSE THE MONEY YOU INVESTED. CAN SELL STOCKS WHEN YOU

WANT.

Since entrepreneurs had a lot of freedom, they became robber barons -

MEN WHO USED THEIR POWER TO GET WEALTHY AND POWERFUL

What made a person a robber baron? (p. 582 paragraphs 3, 4, & 5 in textbook)

BOUGHT OUT COMPETITORS

OWNING ALL STEPS TO TURN RAW MATERIALS INTO FINISHED PRODUCT

GOT RR COMPANIES TO NOT PROVIDE SERVICE TO COMPETITORS

OWNED MONOPOLIES – CUT COMPETITION

Monopolies are bad for consumers because the owner can RAISE the price

and LOWER the quality since there is no COMPETITION

with other businesses. Some of these robber barons were considered to be

philanthropists because they were GENEROUS with their money, donating millions

to charity. How did entrepreneurs affect industrialization?

THEY STARTED UP NEW BUSINESSES/FACTORIES.

Free-Enterprise System

Monopoly

Document 4:

http://www.mrrena.com/images/rock.jpg

1) Who is the man in this cartoon?

JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER

2) What industry did he control?

OIL

3) What is made to look like a factory in the background?

THE CAPITOL BUILDING

4) What is the message of this cartoon?

JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER WAS SO POWERFUL THAT HE EVEN

CONTROLLED THE GOVERNMENT

5) What act was passed to try to prevent monopolies?

THE SHERMAN ANTI-TRUST ACT

THERE WERE ALSO MANY PROBLEMS CREATED BY INDUSTRIALIZATION

WORKING CONDITIONS: Describe what working conditions were like below (p. 586).

LONG HOURS, LOW WAGES, DANGEROUS MACHINERY,

UNHEALTHY CONDITIONS

Document 5:

http://einhornpress.com/images/coal%20child%20Lewis%20Hine%20photo.jpg

1) What type of work is shown in

this picture?

COAL MINING

2) Describe the worker.

YOUNG, DIRTY, SAD

3) Describe the working

conditions.

DANGEROUS, DIRTY

4) What problem is shown in this

picture?

CHILD LABOR

DOCUMENT 6:

Then there was old Antanas. The winter came, and the place where he worked was a dark,

unheated cellar, where you could see your breath all day, and where your fingers sometimes

tried to freeze. So the old man's cough grew every day worse, until there came a time when it

hardly ever stopped, and he had become a nuisance about the place. Then, too, a still more

dreadful thing happened to him; he worked in a place where his feet were soaked in chemicals,

and it was not long before they had eaten through his new boots. Then sores began to break out

on his feet, and grow worse and worse. Whether it was that his blood was bad, or there had

been a cut, he could not say; but he asked the men about it, and learned that it was a regular

thing – it was the saltpeter. Everyone felt it, sooner or later, and then it was all up with him, at

least for that sort of work. The sores would never heal – in the end his toes would drop off, if

he did not quit. Yet old Antanas would not quit; he saw the suffering of his family, and he

remembered what it had cost him to get a job. So he tied up his feet, and went on limping about

and coughing, until at last he fell to pieces, all at once and in a heap, like the One-Horse Shay.

They carried him to a dry place and laid him on the floor, and that night two of the men helped

him home. The poor old man was put to bed, and though he tried it every morning until the end,

he never could get up again. He would lie there and cough and cough, day and night, wasting away

to a mere skeleton. There came a time when there was so little flesh on him that the bones

began to poke through.

There was no heat upon the killing beds; the men might exactly as well have worked out of doors

all winter. For that matter, there was very little heat anywhere in the building, except in the

cooking rooms and such places – and it was the men who worked in these who ran the most risk

of all, because whenever they had to pass to another room they had to go through ice-cold

corridors, and sometimes with nothing on above the waist except a sleeveless undershirt. On

the killing beds you were apt to be covered with blood, and it would freeze solid; if you leaned

against a pillar, you would freeze to that, and if you put your hand upon the blade of your knife,

you would run a chance of leaving your skin on it. The men would tie up their feet in newspapers

and old sacks, and these would be soaked in blood and frozen, and then soaked again, and so on,

until by nighttime a man would be walking on great lumps the size of the feet of an elephant.

Now and then, when the bosses were not looking, you would see them plunging their feet and

ankles into the steaming hot carcass of the steer, or darting across the room to the hot-water

jets. The cruelest thing of all was that nearly all of them – all of those who used knives – were

unable to wear gloves, and their arms would be white with frost and their hands would grow

numb, and then of course there would be accidents. Also the air would be full of steam, from

the hot water and the hot blood, so that you could not see five feet before you; and then, with

men rushing about at the speed they kept up on the killing beds, and all with butcher knives, like

razors, in their hands – well, it was to be counted as a wonder that there were not more men

slaughtered than cattle.

Excerpt from The Jungle, by Upton Sinclair

QUESTIONS:

1. What was it like working in the factory?

DARK

COLD

CHEMICALS EATING THROUGH BOOTS

2. What was wrong with Antanas as a result of the working conditions and what eventually

happened to him?

BAD COUGH

SORE FEET

HE EVENTUALLY COLLAPSED AND DIED

3. List some of the dangers of working on the killing beds.

VERY COLD

BLOODY

SKIN STICKS TO KNIVES

WORKING FAST WITH KNIVES

POOR VISIBILITY (hard to see)

Due to the bad working conditions, workers formed UNIONS.

Sometimes the unions decided to go on STRIKEto get better conditions.

What caused the strike? Was the strike successful?

Haymarket Riot

DEMAND FOR 8 HOUR WORK DAY.

WHILE ON STRIKE 2 STRIKERS

WERE KILLED. THEN WORKERS

WERE PROTESTING THE KILLINGS

AND SEVERAL MORE WERE KILLED

AND INJURED.

NO. UNION MEMBERSHIP

DECLINED.

Homestead Strike

Bad conditions, low pay,

long hours

NO. State Militia breaks up

the strike.

Pullman Strike PULLMAN LAID OFF

WORKERS AND CUT THE

WAGES OF THOSE THAT

REMAINED

NO. THE COURT USED THE

SHERMAN ANTITRUST ACT

AGAINST WORKERS AND

STOPPED THE STRIKE.

THE MEN WHO BUILT AMERICA EPISODE 4

1.Frick opens South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club; Carnegie joins

2.Flood kills 2209 people;Carnegie feels guilty; builds thousands of libraries

and Carnegie Hall.

3. Carnegie opens Homestead Mill – makes Frick the manager; cuts wages,

hours go up

4.Carnegie goes to Scotland; Frick is in charge; workers form union

5.Homestead workers strike – 12 hours, low pay, dangerous conditions

6. Pinkerton army kills 9 workers and state militia breaks up the strike.

THE MEN WHO BUILT AMERICA: EPISODE 5 & 6

1. Edison & Morgan work together – D/C electricity

2. Rockefeller upset; it will hurt his kerosene business

3. Tesla – A/C electricity with Westinghouse

4. Edison – electric chair to show danger of A/C – backfires

5. Julius Morgan tells J.P. Morgan to take $ out of Edison’s companies

6. Morgan makes Westinghouse lose investors; Tesla gives up his patent to save

Westinghouse’s business and so A/C can advance

7.Westinghouse & Tesla win bid to light up Chicago World’s Fair

8. Westinghouse & Tesla win Niagara Contract but Morgan blackmails Westinghouse out of

the bid

9.Morgan buys stock until he controls Edison Electric- General Electric

10.Morgan saves US Treasury with a loan of $3 billion

11. Morganization – profits by: cutting jobs, hours, pay

There were many inventions and inventors during industrialization (1860-1910).

Your job is to use p. 579-581 to choose four inventors during this time period and

one of their most important inventions. Then, fill out the chart below.

INVENTOR’S

NAME

YEAR OF

INVENTION

INVENTION HOW DID THE

INVENTION AFFECT

INDUSTRIALIZATION?

BESSEMER 1870 BESSEMER

PROCESS

ALLOWED THE

PRODUCTION OF STEEL

TO BE MUCH FASTER TO

MAKE FACTORIES,

BRIDGES, & RAILROADS

EDISON 1880 D/C electricity CAN LIGHT FACTORIES

TESLA

1890 A/C electricity LIGHT FACTORIES

POWER MACHINES

FORD

_______________

ROCKEFELLER

1900

__________

1895

ASSEMBLY

LINE

____________

GASOLINE

MASS PRODUCTION –

MAKE GOODS FASTER

AND CHEAPER

___________________

TO POWER MACHINES

FUEL CARS

THE MEN WHO BUILT AMERICA: EPISODE 7

1. W.J. Bryan is for the working class; wants to take down monopolies.

2. McKinley supported the titans. McKinley wins election.

3. Rockefeller buys iron ore mine & sells to Carnegie’s competitors. Carnegie

buys Rockefeller’s co.

4. Morgan buys Carnegie Steel US Steel. Carnegie richest man in the

world.

5. McKinley wins re-election w/ T. Roosevelt as VP.

6. T. Roosevelt breaks up Morgan’s RR monopoly. T.R. wins re-election and goes

after Rockefeller.

THE MEN WHO BUILT AMERICA: EPISODE 8

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

DOCUMENT 7:

Riis, Jacob. How the Other Half Lives. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1890.

DOCUMENT 8:

2.)

1) What were the living conditions

like in the tenements?

DARK, DIRTY, RUN-DOWN

1.) How did industrialization affect

urbanization?

PEOPLE MOVED TO THE CITIES

FOR FACTORY JOBS

Answer: Choice 2

INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY

THE ASSEMBLY LINE:

MORE GOODS PRODUCED (HIGHER QUANTITY);

PRICE OF GOODS WENT DOWN BECAUSE SUPPLY WENT UP

WHAT WAS THE QUALITY OF GOODS PRODUCED BY THE ASSEMBLY LINE?

NOT AS GOOD AS HAND MADE

How did the assembly line affect industrialization?

NEED MORE FACTORIES TO MAKE THE NEW PRODUCTS, AND MORE

JOBS (WORKERS) TO MAKE THE PRODUCTS, NEED MORE STORES TO

SELL ALL THE NEW PRODUCTS

MAKES MASS

PRODUCTION

POSSIBLE

CREATED BY HENRY FORD FOR HIS

AUTOMOBILE FACTORY, IT BECAME

WIDELY USED BY MANY DIFFERENT

INDUSTRIES!!!

Document 9:

The environmental problem was not serious or widespread until the eighteenth

century and early part of the nineteenth century. This period in history is called the

Industrial Revolution, which began in England and spread to other European countries

and the United States. The main feature of the Industrial Revolution was the

development of factories and overcrowding with factory workers in cities. At that time

coal was the prime energy fuel to power most of the factories and to heat most of the

homes in the cities. Because of the burning of coal, the air over such industrial cities as

London became filled with huge amounts of smoke and soot containing sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen dioxide.

An additional problem was poor sanitation facilities, which allowed raw sewage to

get into water supplies in some cities. The polluted water caused typhoid fever and

other diseases. In the early 1900’s, air pollution in industrial cities in the United States

became a particularly serious problem.

1) When did environmental problems become serious?

1700’S AND 1800’S

2) What caused these problems?

BURNING COAL

3) How did this affect cities?

POLLUTION

4) What different types of pollution were there and what problems did these different

types of pollution cause?

AIR AND WATER POLLUTION; DISEASES

5) What was to blame for this pollution?

FACTORIES