Industrialization

Unit 3INDUSTRIALIZATION

BEGINNINGS OF

INDUSTRIALIZATIONSection 1

Beginnings of Industrialization

• Industrial Revolution transformed how people worked

• Machines replaced animal and human power to produce goods

• Began in England and spread to the rest of Europe and the United States by the middle of the 1800’s

I. Early 1700’s farmers in England improved farming methods to grow larger amounts of crops

✓ Farmers began to rotate crops to keep the soil productive

✓ Livestock breeders improved their methods of breeding animals and their weight increased

✓ More food led to better living conditions

✓ Caused population of England to grow rapidly

II. Large landowners forced smaller landowners off of their land and many moved to the cities across England

✓ Many who moved to cities became factory workers

✓ Increased population in cities increased demand for food and manufactured goods


Why the Industrial Revolution began in England

I. Extensive natural resources• Coal

• Iron ore

• Rivers for transporting goods

II. Expanding economy

• Developed banking system made it easy to borrow money to improve industry

III. Over seas colonies and trading partners supported by the most powerful navy in the world

IV. Parliament passed laws to encourage and protect businesses

V. Had all of the factors of production (land, labor, capital or wealth)


• Inventions helped fuel industrial expansion

• Textile (cloth) industry was the first to be transformed

• Inventions increased the work that could be done in one day• 1733 flying shuttle developed that made weaving

cloth easier• 1764 Spinning wheel developed that increased

production• 1769 Arkwright water frame developed that used

water power to drive these two machines

• Textile manufacturers began to house all parts of production in factories built near rivers and streams

• Cotton for textile mills came from the American south• 1793 Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin to speed

up production of separating cotton fiber from seeds


• Steam power was developed by James

Watt as a source of power to run

factories

• Steam power was also used propel boats

• 1807 American inventor Robert Fulton’s

steamboat Claremont makes its first

successful voyage

• Faster water transportation cut the cost of

transporting raw materials and finished

goods

• Early 1800’s Robert McAdam improves

the way roads are built

• Private investors build roads and charge

fees to people using them


• 1804 first steam powered rail engine

• 1821 first rail line built in England

• By middle of 1830’s railroads connected many parts of England

• Locomotive had four major effects1) Gave manufacturers a cheap way to transport goods

2) Created thousands of new jobs

3) Boosted agriculture and fishing industries, it made it easier to transport these products to markets

4) Encouraged people to take distant city jobs

INDUSTRIALIZATIONSection2

Industrialization

• Industrialization led to an increased standard of living, people had better clothes, better food and earned higher wages in factories than on farms.

• Change to machine production caused human suffering when it first began

• Rapid industrialization caused unhealthy living conditions, child labor abuse and led to class tension

• After 1800 balance of population in Europe was moving to cities (urbanization)

• 1800-1850 the number of cities with more than 100,000 people went from 22 to 47

• Most urban areas doubled in size

Industrialization

• Factories and cities developed near coal and water resources• Poor sanitation, no building codes, lack of

education, police and fire protection were major problems in cities

• Streets were unpaved and trash and animal waste piled up

• Workers lived in dark, dirty houses

• Sickness was widespread

• Cities had no plans to deal with rapid growth

• The wealthy merchants and middle class moved out of the cities to the suburbs

Industrialization

• To increase production and profit factory owners kept machines running as many hours as possible

• Average worker worked 16 hours per day, 6 days a week

• Work remained the same week after week

• Factories were not well lit or clean and there was a high rate of accidents

• There were no government programs to help people injured on the job

• Women and children were the cheapest to employ and had some of the worst working conditions

Industrialization

• Growing middle class

• Industrial Revolution created enormous wealth and led to the development of a middle class

• Middle class was made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people

• Factory owners, shippers, and merchants were part of a growing middle class

• Middle class enjoyed a comfortable standard of living

• Took political power from wealthy landowners and aristocrats• Wealthy looked down on by these

groups, “business” was seen as vulgar

Industrialization

The Working class

• Laborers, factory workers saw little

improvement in their standard of

living and working conditions

• Many saw their jobs disappear as

machines took over for them

• One group that resisted

mechanization was the Luddites

• These groups destroyed factory

machines and organized worker riots

because of poor living and working

conditions

Industrialization

Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution

A. Created jobs for workers

• Demand for engineers and managers increased

B. Created wealth for the nation• Created tax revenue that allowed cities and countries to improve

urban areas

C. Allowed for technological progress and invention

D. Raised the standard of living, provided hope for improvement in peoples lives

• Better food

• Better educational opportunities

• Created cheaper mass produced goods

E. Laborers eventually won better wages and working conditions after they formed labor unions

INDUSTRIALIZATION

SPREADSSection 3

Industrialization Spreads

Industrialization in the United States• By early 1800’s industrialization had spread

to the US and continental Europe• US has same resources as Great Britain• Mineral wealth, immigrants and farm workers

for labor• Had more open land than Great Britain• War of 1812 US could not trade with

European countries because of British naval blockade, forced the US to use its own resources and develop industry

• Began in the textile industry• 1789 first textile factory opened in

Pawtucket, RI• Center of textile production in early 1800’s

was in Lowell, MA• Provided economic opportunity and

independence to women that had few other options open to them


▪ The Northeastern part of the United States experienced most industrial growth in the first half of the 1800’s

▪ US was primarily agricultural until after the Civil War in the 1860’s

▪ Last part of the 1800’s the US experienced a technology and industrial boom

▪ Causes and results of Industrialization▪ Wealth of natural resources▪ Inventions such as the electric l ight bulb,

and telephone▪ American cities grew

• Economic opportunity and immigration

• Urban population consumed manufactured goods

▪ Railroads played a major role• Cities grew along rail lines

• Railroads allowed people to become extremely wealthy


• Building large businesses required large sums of money to invest in industrial equipment

• To raise money entrepreneurs sold stock in companies

• Stockholders had ownership in the company

• Business were called corporations

• Late 1800’s huge corporations developed

• They wanted to control every aspect of their industry to make big profits

• They also reduced the cost of making goods

• Corporate leaders made huge fortunes


Continental Europe Industrializes

• Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars in the late

1700’s and early 1800’s halted trade and

communication in many parts of Europe

• While this happened Britain industrialized and grew

wealthy

• Belgium was the first country to adopt new industrial

technology

• Country had rich deposits of iron and coal also had good

waterways to transport goods

• By 1800 many factories focused on building industrial

machines like steam engines and locomotives


• In the early 1800’sGermany was politically divided

• This led to economic isolation and hurt widespread industrialization

• Pockets of industrialization appeared in the Ruhr River Valley, where coal and iron deposits were present

• They used British equipment and engineers

• By 1850 railroads connected the major industrial centers and major coal and iron deposits

• Germany’s economic strength allowed it to develop as a military power by the late 1800’s


The Impact of Industrialization

I. Widened the gap between wealthy and poor nations

II. Led to Imperialism (policy of extending rule over other countries) by industrial countries

• Industrial countries needed raw materials from other parts of the world to supply factories policy of extending rule

• Industrial countries needed markets for their products

III. Revolutions in industry, communication and agriculture changed lives of people in Western Europe and the United States

• Changed every aspect of society from life expectancy, population, wealth, and health

• Development of middle class led to greater opportunities for education and democratic participation

REFORM and PROGRESS IN THE

INDUSTRIAL WORLD

Reforming the Industrial World

Philosophy of Industrialization

• Capitalism is an economic system where all factors of production are privately owned and where business is run for a profit

• Many factory and business owners believed in a laissez-faire economics where the government did not interfere in business decisions• They thought that people should work for their own self

interest

• That there would always be a permanent underclass in society

• Government interference would upset the free market system


• Others thought that the government should take action to improve peoples lives

• Socialism was where all the factors of production are owned by the government and operate for the welfare of everybody• They thought that government control of the

economy would promote economic equality, protect workers and social justice

• Karl Marx thought that only a violent overthrow of the capitalists by the workers would bring about social and economic equality

• His ideas inspired revolutions in China, Russia and Cuba in the 1900’s


Labor Unions and Reform Laws

• Labor unions developed to make working conditions better for all workers

• If factory owners refused their demands workers could strike

• Union action helped to prevent the hiring of young children, and limited the amount of hours worked in a day

• Many in the government and industry saw the unions as a threat to social order and economic stability


The Reform Movement Spreads

• Many began to question what was going on in the modern world, reform movements began to answer the challenges to these changes

• Abolition of slavery • Many began to see slavery as morally wrong• Outlawed in Britain in 1833• Many saw slavery as an economic threat and supported cheap, free, low

wage labor

• Women’s Rights• factory work provided economic opportunity for women• Women earned less than men • Many women became college educated and began to demand equal rights ,

not rights based on gender

• Education• Free public education became widely available by the late 1800’s• Used to train people how to work in an industrial world

Nineteenth Century Progress

• Growing industry led to more technological advances

• Late 1800s new types of energy to power machines came into use (instead of coal and steam)

• Gasoline powered internal combustion engines

• Electricity was harnessed by the electric generator

• Thomas Edison• Developed the light bulb (factories could go

all night)• Developed the phonograph and 1,000 other

inventions• Developed the idea of a research laboratory

• Bell and Marconi• Revolutionized communications• Bell- telephone (1876)• Marconi- created the first radio (1895)


Henry Ford and the Automobile• 1880s Germans invented the gasoline powered

engine• Cars were built by hand and were expensive• Early 1900s Henry Ford made the car affordable

• Cars were made with standardized parts that were interchangeable

• Produced on a assembly line they could be made in two hours

• Fords Model T sold for $300 by 1915• Led to gasoline industry, road building and gave

people freedom to travel where they wanted (no longer tied to train tracks)

Wright Brothers

• 1903 they launched the first gasoline powered flying machine and ushered in the age of air travel


New Ideas in Medicine and public health

• Allowed people to live longer, healthier lives

• Germ theory of disease• First discovered by Louis Pasteur

• Developed process to kill germs in liquid through heat (pasteurization)

• Became clear that bacteria caused diseases

• 1865- Joseph Lister , British surgeon developed methods to kill germs in hospitals using antiseptics• Lowered rates of patients dying from infections

in hospitals

• Cities built plumbing and sewer systems to improve public health and prevent the spread of deadly diseases like typhoid, and yellow fever


The Rise of Mass Culture

• Growth of public education, improvements in education, the invention of the radio and phonograph and more leisure time led to a rise in a common mass culture

• People became more alike in their consumption patterns

• New activities filled peoples leisure time• By the early 1900’s movies had become big business

• Amusement parks began to open late 1800’s, Coney Island (NYC). Catered to urban residents that wanted to get away, represented vacation

• The first circus appeared (P.T. Barnum)

• Spectator sports like football, boxing, horseracing became popular

I. Better sanitation, health care increased life expectancy

II. Factory produced goods, foods, indoor plumbing led to higher

standards of living

III. Rising wages and shorter work weeks led to more leisure time

IV. Rich and poor could purchase same clothes, household items,

etc.

V. Free public education led to higher rates of literacy and a mass

market for magazines and books

RESULTS OF 19TH CENTURY REFORM AND

PROGRESS

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