Industrialization

Created by Katherine Lacks

First Industrial Revolution:Late 18th century to 1860

Rotary press Cotton gin Steel plow Sewing machine

Mechanical reaper

Telegraph Early train

Created by Katherine Lacks

The Second Industrial Revolution

Spurred byNew inventions in farmingRailroadsAn abundance in natural resources

The production of steel

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There were hundreds of inventions that increased output for farmers beginning in the 1840s.

Major new machinery included:

Reapers Automatic wire binder

Threshing machine Mechanical planter Mechanical cutter

Huskers and shellers Cream separators Manure spreaders

Potato planters Hay driers

Poultry incubators

New inventions led to the mechanization of agriculture

Created by Katherine Lacks

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Acres offarmland

Westward expansion led to a growth of farm acreage

Add six zeros

(In millions)

Created by Katherine Lacks

Land grant colleges were centers of research in scientific farming

Created by Katherine Lacks

Created by Katherine Lacks

Prior to the railroad it was difficult for companies to move products to distant locations.

A transportation system was needed to efficiently and cheaply move both raw materials to the factories and the finished goods to the consumers.

River and canal transportation were limited to areas near water routes. In addition, frozen water prevented their use during the winter.

Railroads solved the problems and within a few decades of development, railroads became the most important method of moving goods and people.

Why were railroads so important for the industrial growth of the United States?

Created by Katherine Lacks

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Miles of track

Railroad track mileage increased at a rapid pace from 1830 to 1910

Created by Katherine Lacks

I’ve been workin’ on the Railroad

workers faced harsh lives - accidents, pneumonia, disease killed/injured 1000s - poor pay and nourishment, long days, bad conditions

most workers were immigrants, particularly Chinese

1870 - Professor C.F. Dowd proposed use of time zones promoted trade and interdependence

new towns grew along railroads George Pullman - built factory to make

sleeper cars in a town nearby for employees

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Meeting of the Union Pacific and Central Pacific at Promontory Mountain in southern Utah in 1869

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George Pullman designed a sleeping car including the services of supplying the linens, housekeeping, and attendants for the

sleeping cars, making train travel much more comfortable. Pullman’s car gained much attention after it housed

President’s Lincoln’s body through 8 states during the funeral procession.

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The completion of the transcontinental railroad changed the nation. The East and West were now united.

The nationwide railroad allowed for delivery in a much shorter time period. Items that had taken months to

move could be sent in a matter of days at a fraction of the cost.

Western products like agriculture, coal, and other minerals could be moved easily to the east coast.

Passengers and freight from the east coast could reach the west coast in a matter of days instead of months at

cheap prices. Many people began settling in western areas. The 1890 Census showed new migration patterns and settlement. Many historians cite the transcontinental railroad as a

major factor in the closing of the western frontier.

Impact of the transcontinental railroad

Created by Katherine Lacks

Railroads in 2000

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Natural Resources Also Spurred the 2nd Industrial Revolution

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Natural Resources Increase Industrialization

Black goldAbraham Gesner - Canadian

geologist (1840) - discovered how to distill kerosene from oil or coal and use it to light lamps

Edwin Drake - (1859) successfully used steam engine to drill for oil near Titusville, PA

Created by Katherine Lacks

Natural Resources Increase Industrialization

Steel 1850 - Bessemer Process removes

carbon from iron producing steel - lighter, more flexible, rust-resistant

1887 - new iron ore deposits discovered - coal production skyrockets

new uses - railroads, barbed wire, steel plow, mechanical reaper, tin cans, construction (Brooklyn Bridge, skyscraper)

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Making steel using the Bessemer process

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Top: Brooklyn BridgeRight: First skyscraper

• Home Insurance Building• Chicago, Illinois• 1885• 10 stories• 1st building to use structural steel as

its frameCreated by Katherine Lacks

Coal, oil and gas location map

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Inventions Promote Change Electricity Distribution

Thomas Alva Edison Menlo Park research lab (1880) system for producing and distributing

electricity becomes inexpensive, convenient, safer inspires new inventions - household

appliances, electric streetcars manufacturing plants could be located

anywhere (not just near water)

Created by Katherine Lacks

Created by Katherine Lacks

Created by Katherine Lacks

Inventions Promote Change Inventions

typewriter -Christopher Sholes (1867)

Telephone - Alexander Graham Bell (1876)

sewing machine - demand for professional garment workers (men, women, kids), long work hours, unhealthy conditions

All three opened new jobs for women

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Elisha Otis, Elevator

George Pullman, Railroad Sleeper Car

Ritty, Cash Register

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Inventions Promote Change

ChangesMachinery replaced workersadvertising, promotionsimportance placed on consumer

improved overall standard of living

URBANIZATION!!!Created by Katherine Lacks

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1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900

U.S. population increase: 1850 to 1900Most of this increase can be attributed to the large

number of immigrants who arrived in the U.S. during the second and third waves of immigration from Europe

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Urbanization causes Problems! Overcrowding

people migrating from country to city

1890-1910 – about 200,000 African Americans moved north and west

cultural opportunities in cities - moving pictures, Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show (Chicago), baseball games

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Urbanization causes Problems! Housing

row houses - attached single-family dwellings that shared side walls (townhouse)

tenements - single-family homes in which several immigrant families moved into - overcrowded and unsanitary

dumbbell tenements - 5-6 story buildings shaped like barbells - built to meet new plumbing and ventilation standards

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The poverty was difficult to imagine for middle and upper class America

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Urbanization causes Problems! Fire

aided by water limitation and abundance of wooden buildings, candle and kerosene use

volunteer firefighters not always available when needed

1853 - 1st paid fire dept (Cincinnati, OH)

in most cities by 1900 1874 - invention of automatic fire

sprinklers replacement of wooden structures with

brick, stone, concreteCreated by Katherine Lacks

Great Chicago Fire

1871

Though the fire was one of the largest U.S. disasters of

the 19th century, the rebuilding that began almost

immediately spurred Chicago's development into one of the most populous

and economically important American cities.

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Urbanization causes Problems! Crime

crime increased as pop. increased pick-pockets, thieves flourished, con-men 1844 - 1st full-time salaried police force - NYC

- but most law enforcement units too small to help

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Urbanization Review As the nation’s industrial

growth continued, cities such as Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, and New York grew rapidly as manufacturing and transportation centers.

Factories in the large cities provided jobs, but workers’ families often lived in harsh conditions crowded into tenements and slums.

Created by Katherine Lacks

Urbanization Review The rapid growth of cities

caused housing shortages and the need for new public services, such as sewage and water systems and public transportation.

New York City began construction of the world’s first subway system around the turn of the 20th century, and many cities built trolley or streetcar lines.

Created by Katherine Lacks

Urbanization Review As the population moved

westward, many new states in the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains were added to the Union.

By the early 20th century, all the states that make up the continental United States, from Atlantic to Pacific, had been admitted.

Created by Katherine Lacks