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TEST #4 LECTURE NOTESIndustrialization and Immigration VUS.8
Settling the West
Following the Civil War, the westward movement of settlers intensified in the vast region between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Ocean
The years immediately before and after the Civil War were the era of the American cowboy, marked by long cattle drives for hundreds of miles over unfenced open land in the West, the only way to get cattle to market
Settling the West Homestead Act 1862
Gave free public land in the western territories to settlers who would live on and farm the land
Many Americans had to rebuild their lives after the Civil War They took advantage of the Homestead
Act (free land) and moved westward to start new lives
Southerners, especially African Americans, moved west to seek new opportunities
Settling the West Morrill Land Grant Act A United States statute that allowed for
the creation of land grant colleges Under the act, each eligible state
received a total of 30,000 acres of federal land
This land, or the proceeds from its sale, was to be used toward establishing and funding educational institutions that taught agriculture and mechanic arts Virginia Tech
Settling the West Transcontinental Railroad Built between 1863 and 1869 created a nation-wide transportation network
that united the country replaced the wagon trains of previous decades
and allowed for the transportation of larger quantities of goods over longer distances
Known as the "Pacific Railroad" when it opened, this served as a vital link for trade, commerce, and travel and opened up vast regions of the North American heartland for settlement
Linked railroads in the east to those in the west Chinese and Irish workers helped build the
Transcontinental Railroad
Transcontinental Railroad
Chinese railroad workers
Settling the West New technologies also help open western lands for
settlement and made farming profitable These devices helped the people move west The railroad
Helped people move west Helped products move Land was given to the private railroads—land grants—to
help build the rail lines Many people in the US detested the giving away of public
lands to private companies
Mechanical Reaper Created by Cyrus McCormick A horse drawn mechanical machine used for harvesting
grain or other small crops Designed to cut down wheat much more quickly and
more efficiently than by doing the work by hand
Removal of the Indians and Age of the Cowboy The forcible removal of the American
Indians continued throughout the 19th century as settlers began to move west following the Civil War
Once the Indians were forcefully removed, the land opened up for cattle and cowboys
Beef cattle became very profitable Cowboys were needed to drive the
cattle from Texas to the northern markets
Immigration Some of the people that helped settle the
American West were not native to the US—they were immigrants to the US
Prior to 1871, most immigrants to America came from northern and western Europe (Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Norway, and Sweden)
During the half-century from 1871 until 1921, most immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe (Italy, Greece, Poland, Russia, present-day Hungary, and former Yugoslavia), as well as Asia (China and Japan) Like earlier immigrants, these immigrants came to
America seeking freedom and better lives for their families
Immigration
There were several reasons for immigrants to want to come to the US
1.) Push Factors (Reasons why people left their native lands) Escaping religious and political
persecution Many were poor farmers who could not
make enough $ to survive at home—move to US looking for a better opportunity
Relaxed immigration laws in their own nation
Immigration
2.) Pull Factors (reasons to come to the US) US gave the promise of freedom and
hope Many had family and friends that lived in
the US The US needed cheap labor for
developing industry US actually recruited people from foreign
nations to come and work in the US
Immigration and Industrialization Many of the immigrants helped to expand the United
States’ as an industrial nation Like earlier immigrants, these immigrants came to America
seeking freedom and better lives for their families Jewish Immigrants
Many Jewish females worked in the clothing industry in New York City
Chinese Immigrants Settled in the west; worked in mines and helped to build the
transcontinental railroads Irish Immigrants
Worked in the building and construction industries Slavs, Poles, and Italians
Worked in the coal mines of West Virginia and Pennsylvania
Contributions of Immigrants The new immigrants to the US brought with them
the cultures from their homelands Food—Italian food, Chinese food, Irish Pubs Language—Chinese, Yiddish, Italian, Slavic Music Dress
Many of these immigrants contributed to America’s growing industry by providing cheap labor in the factories
Other immigrants will make even more major contributions to the United States Irving Berlin Enrico Fermi Albert Einstein
Contributions of Immigrants Irving Berlin Originally from Russia He was a popular songwriter Wrote “God Bless America”
Irving Berlin
Contributions of Immigrants Enrico Fermi Italian immigrant Physicist Discovered the element Neptunium 1938: received the Nobel Prize in
physics
Enrico Fermi
Contributions of Immigrants Albert Einstein German immigrant Recognized as the greatest physicist
of all time Helped to advance science and the
atomic theory
Albert Einstein
“Melting Pot”—Assimilation of Immigrants to the US Although the US held many opportunities
for immigrants, they still faced lots of problems in their new homes Prejudices against race, language, and religion Housing was scarce The language barrier made their lives difficult Many in the US feared and resented that the
immigrants would take their jobs for lower pay
The Irish were highly disliked by many in the US Many blacks and whites were losing jobs
to Irish immigrants Caused lots of anti-Catholic feelings in
the US The Irish usually voted Democrat in
elections A new political party arose that was
very anti-immigrant—the Know Nothing Party Wanted to keep Catholics from holding
political office Wanted to keep Catholics from voting
Many Nativists--people against immigration—claimed that the immigrants’ language, customs, and ideas upset the American way of life
They were upset that natives were willing to work for less pay, taking jobs away from poor blacks and whites
Believed that immigrant ideas were a threat to democracy
Most Europeans entered the US through Ellis Island Located in New York Harbor Their 1st view was often the Statue of
Liberty Ellis Island was an immigrant
receiving station Upon arrival, the immigrants were
inspected for disease Those with disease or without job
skills were, many times, sent back to Europe
Many even had their family names changed
Once here in the US, immigrants had to begin the process of assimilation (blending into society) into America’s “melting pot”
In order to become a citizen of the US had to go through naturalization To become naturalized, the immigrants had to be able
to read and write in English They also had to answer questions involving US history
and government America’s public schools served an essential role
in educating immigrants to American Society and customs The public school system helped the immigrants—
especially the children—learn English and American customs
Public schools were essential to helping the immigrants become assimilated
Legislation limiting immigration Congress, feeling pressure from nativists groups,
began passing legislation to restrict immigration Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
Banned Chinese immigration to the US for 10 years http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fWIAv7yTqLE
Immigration Restriction Act (1921) Created a quota system designed to restrict
immigration from all areas except Northwest Europe Both pieces of legislation effectively cut off most
immigration to the US for many decades; however, the immigrants of this period and their descendants continued to contribute immeasurably to American society
Urbanization—the Growth of Cities
As the nation’s industrial growth continued, cities such as Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, and New York grew rapidly as manufacturing and transportation centers
Cities were growing because of the influx of immigrants and freed-slaves looking for jobs
This urbanization will lead to problems that city governments and the national government will have to address
Factories in the large cities provided jobs, but workers’ families often lived in harsh conditions, crowded into tenements and slums
Housing was scarce for many of the city dwellers
Sometimes, 2 or 3 families will live in the same apartment
Horse stables, garages, and storage shacks were turned into housing
Pollution was a major problem Waste was thrown into the streets Water was polluted by sewage Disease was very common
Violence was very common
The rapid growth of cities caused housing shortages and the need for new public services, such as sewage and water systems and public transportation
New sanitation methods were created to clean up sewage and water
Fire and police departments were created
New York city created the subway system to improve transportation
The Trolley system was created in Richmond, VA
Political Machines
The people who ran the big cities stood to make a lot of $ Many jobs could be given out to people
Police Fire Sanitation jobs
Many cities were dominated by Bosses The Bosses fixed elections by promising jobs and contracts to
men who voted for them Many times they preyed on the poor who needed jobs by
giving them jobs and help in return for votes Many city politicians built city-wide organizations called
political machines The political machines were created to win votes The machines promised jobs, contracts, and favors to win
votes
Industrial Revolution Many new inventions will push industry forward
during the late 1800s and early 1900s Electricity—Pioneered by Thomas Edison
Allowed for better lighting and easier work in factories Light Bulb—Thomas Edison
Safer lighting than using oil lamps Better lighting at night
Bessemer Process—Henry Bessemer A way of taking coal and iron and creating steel
cheaper Assembly Line— Pioneered by Henry Ford
Workers stayed stationary The product moved on a conveyor belt Each worker had a particular duty to perform on the
product as it passed down the belt
Model T—Henry Ford A cheap form of transportation Allowed more people to buy cars Gave people greater mobility
Airplane—Wright Brothers First powered flight Revolutionized travel over long distances
Telephone—Alexander Graham Bell Pioneered communication Allowed for quick and easy communication over long
distances Railroads—undertaken by Cornelius
Vanderbilt Opened up the US Helped transport goods from manufacturers to market
Thomas Edison
Henry Bessemer
Henry Ford
Wright BrothersVideo
Alexander Graham Bell
Horizontal vs. Vertical Integration Corporations began to develop in the
United States as industry began to boom A corporation is a company/business that
sells shares of stock Those that own stock are actually part owners
of the corporation Limited Liability
If a corporation fails, shareholders normally only stand to lose their investment and employees will lose their jobs, but neither will be further liable for debts that remain owing to the corporation's creditors
Horizontal vs. Vertical Integration As companies began to expand and grow, many
company owners began buying up or merging with the competition
1.) Horizontal Integration: When one company merges or buys all of the other
competing companies Allowed a single company to control one particular
part of industry 2.) Vertical Integration:
When a firm attempts to control all aspects of production—from the acquisition of raw materials to the final delivery of the product
Allowed a single company to totally control the national market
Trusts and Laissez-Faire Economics A trust is a combination of companies
that dominate an industry Certain influential people became rich
and famous for their involvement and creation of trusts
Most of the people believed in laissez-faire economics The government should stay out of business
affairs Business owners should have all control of
industry and business without any government interference
1.) Andre Carnegie Scottish immigrant Made his fortune in the steel industry His mill combined all stages of steel
production into one plant He bought up coal mines and iron ore
deposits for his steel mill He purchased railroads and ships to
transport the raw materials and send the materials to market
Carnegie controlled nearly every aspect of the steel producing industry
Andrew Carnegie
2.) John D. Rockefeller A major figure in the 19th century merger
movement in industry He started a business that refined
kerosene from petroleum His company eventually became
Standard Oil Rockefeller purchased all competing oil
companies By the late 1800s, Standard Oil had
control over most of America’s oil industry
John D. Rockefeller
3.) J. P. Morgan 1901: Morgan purchased Carnegie’s
steel company Morgan then created U. S. Steel He was also involved in Banking Morgan took control of many weak
business and made them profitable He will create several giant railway
networks that controlled nearly all of the rail systems in the US
J. P. Morgan
4.) Cornelius Vanderbilt He went on to make his fortune in the
steamship business When he was nearly 70 years old he sold
his ships and got into the railroad financing business