Industrialization, II: Changes in Society

• Urbanization– Rapid growth of cities– Environmental consequences: The Great Stink of

London (1858) and miasmas– Housing problems– Diseases: typhus, typhoid fever, cholera, influenza– Diet

http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/ind_rev/images/ir271x1.jpg

River Irwell, Manchester. The scum on the surface is the result of sewage.

Housing in Manchester

An attic occupied by a family of ten

Illustrated Times, 1863

The New Industrial CityThe New Industrial City

Worker Housing in ManchesterWorker Housing in Manchester

Housing for factory workers in New York – early 1900s

Housing for German Factory Workers -- 1902

• Conditions of labor– Hours– Inside the factory– Women and children

Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830

Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830

Age of Worker Male Wages Female Wages

under 11 2s 3d. 2s. 4d.

11 - 16 4s. 1d. 4s. 3d.

17 - 21 10s. 2d. 7s. 3d.

22 - 26 17s. 2d. 8s. 5d.

27 - 31 20s. 4d. 8s. 7d.

32 - 36 22s. 8d. 8s. 9d.

37 - 41 21s. 7d. 9s. 8d.

42 - 46 20s. 3d. 9s. 3d.

47 - 51 16s. 7d. 8s. 10d.

52 - 56 16s. 4d. 8s. 4d.

57 - 61 13s. 6d. 6s. 4d.

http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/ind_rev/images/ir331x1.jpg

American Textile Mill

British Children in the Mining Industry

• Changes in the social structure– Decline of the aristocracy– Rise of a proletariat– Rise of the middle class & Victorian womanhood

Queen Victoria and family

• Impact of Industrialization: Optimists vs Pessimists– Production

• 1780-1800 – doubled

• 1800-1851 – rose 3 ½ times

– Population• 1780 – 9 million

• 1851 – 21 million

– Was it worth it?• Irish example: agricultural and impoverished

• Blake, Wordsworth, Dickens, Zola protested treatment of workers

• Marxists wrote about the misery

• Revisionists argued that standards of living rose; idea of poverty being bad

• Leisure – The nearly universal day off: Sunday– The rise of spectator sports: football & cricket– The pub

W.G. Grace – Britain’s First Sport Celebrity

• Responses to the Problems of Industrial Society– Luddites– Unions– Governmental reforms– Middle class vs. working class

The Luddites, 1811-1816

Some Useful Websites

– http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/reforming_acts_01.shtml

– http://www.historyteacher.net/APEuroCourse/EHAP_Topics/EHAP-Topic-IndutrialRevolution.htm

– http://www.victorianweb.org/index.html– http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/

ind_rev/images/indust.html.htm– http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/

modsbook14.html