INDUSTRIALIZATION: MANCHESTER

For centuries, most people lived in the country

1800- Urbanization periodCity building and movement of people to cities Caused by growth of factory system# of cities with more than 100k doubled

INDUSTRIAL CITIES

Problems with growth1. Bad housing2. No sanitary codes3. No building codes4. Inadequate edu.5. No police force

Living Conditions Unpaved streets covered in garbage Dark, dirty, small shelters Sickness spread rapidly Life span- 17 years (38 in country)

INDUSTRIAL CITIES

Working Conditions14 hrs./ 6 days a week Factories were dark and dangerousNo government aid in case of injury

Coal minesMost dangerous conditionsLife span- 10 yrs. Shorter than an average person

Women/children worked in mines- cheaper labor

INDUSTRIAL CITIES

Middle ClassSkilled workers, professionals, business people, wealthy farmers

Made good money & had nice homesGrew in size and some became wealthier than nobles

Working Class Saw little improvement to their living/working conditions

machines began to replace some workers Created a hatred/class struggle in cities

CLASS TENSIONS

Positive Effects: Created jobs Increased wealth of people/nations Increased production of goods Raised standard of living Healthier diets Cheaper/more clothing Expanded educational opportunities

Negative Effects Hard working conditions Long hours Child labor Pollution

EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

CH.9 Section 3

INDUSTRIALIZATION SPREADS

U.S. possessed all of the same resources that were present in Great Britain

War of 1812 GB blockaded the U.S. to prevent international trade Also forbade engineers, tool makers, and mechanics to leave

GBU.S. Industrial infancy

Started in the textile mills Samuel Slater (1789)

Migrated to U.S. Built spinning machine from memory Machine used to develop thread in Pawtucket, Rhode Island

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE U.S.

Francis Lowell & 4 investors revolutionized textile industry Mechanized each phase of cloth making Massachusetts becomes manufacturing center of the U.S.

Women in the workplace Young/single women flocked to these towns to work in the

textile mills Higher wages/independence Behavior was watched closely by employers Worked 12 hrs/day-----6 days/week

MASSACHUSETTS

NE industrialized early in 1800sMajority of U.S. remained agricultural until end of

Civil War (1865)Factors of Expansion

1. Resources: oil, coal, iron2. Railroads3. Inventions: light bulb, telephone, etc.

Railroads played major role in America’s industrialization Chicago & Minneapolis expanded rapidly Railroads were very profitable business

INDUSTRIAL EXPANSION IN U.S.

1817 Worked for a steamboat company out of NY/NJ

1820 Started his own shipping business in NY Known as a ruthless and highly

competitive businessman California Gold Rush

Offered a shortcut through Nicaragua for people in East traveling West

Earned aprrox. $1 million/ year ($26 million today)

Railroad Tycoon Built majority of east coast railroads

around NY Connected his railroads with line to

Chicago Lowered costs, increased effi ciency, &

sped up travel/shipment times

CORNELIUS VANDERBILT

Railroad Tycoon Built majority of east coast

railroads around NY Connected his railroads with

line to Chicago Lowered costs, increased

effi ciency, & sped up travel/shipment times

Grand Central Station Built in 1913 Brought together all lines

coming to NYCVanderbilt University

Donated $1 million to build university

Mascot: The Comodores

CORNELIUS VANDERBILT

Railroad building required a great deal of moneyBirth of stocks & corporations

Stock: rights of ownership Corporation: owned by stockholders that share in profit but

not personally responsible for debtsBig businesses boomed during this era

Controlled every aspect of their industry Made profits by reducing prices

RISE OF CORPORATIONS

1865 Rockefeller took control of an oil refi nery Cleveland, Ohio Oil was used to make kerosene (light source)

1870- Standard Oil Company 1st American monopoly- owned every step of

process Bought rival refineries Controlled 90% of the oil business in the U.S.

Sherman Anti-trust Act Made monopolies illegal Standard Oil broken into 30 separate

companies Wealth

@ height he was worth $900,000,000 Worth $26,000,000

Gave most of it to charities & colleges (Chicago & Rockefeller University)

JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER

Working background Worked for $1.20/ week in cotton mill Worked in railroad industry- saw need for

iron bridges Investment made him wealthier

Carnegie Steel Company-1892 Based out of Pittsburg Bought steel companies nation wide

Homestead Labor Strike Workers went on strike against working

conditions 10 workers were killed- hurt production for

next 40 yrs Sold company to J.P. Morgan

$480 million Carnegie Hall

NYC Opera House- $1.1 million

ANDREW CARNEGIE