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Industrialization-
Nationalism-
Ch 19
Modern World History
Industrial Revolution
• The first Industrial Revolution began in England in the late 18th century.
• An industrial revolution is when hand tools are replaced by factory machines, and farming is replaced by large-scale manufacturing.
• An example is the making of clothes.
What Caused This Shift?
• *Better agricultural practices (more farmland, good weather, improved transportation)=more food=people spend $$ on products
• *More food=more people=more labor force
• *more $$ to invest
• *plentiful natural resources & transportation
• *large markets to sell products to (England is a VAST colonial empire)
Spinning Jenny and Power Loom
• Before the Industrial Revolution, clothes
were made at home (women/children) called “Cottage Industry”.
• Inventions allowed clothes to be made by machines in factories.
• .
Inventions
• Steam Engine • Flying Shuttle
TEXTILE MILLS
• The factory system had many workers under one roof working at machines.
• Many people left farms and moved to the city to work in factories. They wanted the money that factories paid.
• 1787-22million pounds of cotton imported• 1840-366 million pounds imported (most from
U.S.)
• ???What impact is this having in U.S.???
SLAVERY
•Coal & Iron
STEAM ENGINE crucial—depended on coal…iron industry booms to build new forms of transportation
“puddling”-burning away impurities creates high quality iron- Henry Cort creates this process
Britain produces +3 million tons of iron
Railroads
• Efficient, faster/cheaper transportation
• New jobs
• Lower-priced goods=more markets
• $$ to invest
• Sulfuric (SMOG) clouds pollute cities
• Wealthy leave urban areas for the country-cleaner air=healthier living
FACTORIES
• Created new labor system
• Shift work so machines NEVER stopped
• Repetitious work-faster but BORING
• Beaten or fired if late and/or drunk
• Children often beaten
• Easily replaced, no protection laws for workers
• Better than starving
Industrialization Spreads
• France, Belgium & the German States industrialize
• United States-Mississippi River & Steam Boats business and industry SURGES
• In 1800 6 out of 7 (86%) Americans were farmers; 1860 only 50% were
• 1800=NO cities over 100,000 people; 1860=9 cities were over
Steamboat-1807
• Robert Fulton designed a steam engine for a steamboat that could move against the current or wind.
• Created more opportunities for trade and transportation on rivers.
Effects
• Growth of cities/population:
• 1750-140 million
• 1850-266 million
• Pitiful, unhealthy, inequality,
overworked
underpaid
New Social Classes
Industrial WORKING class
• Factory Workers
• 12-16 hr days/6x a week
• Deformed bodies, bad lungs, decreased birth rates
• No employment security
• No minimum wage
• No health codes
• Dangerous/Death
Industrial MIDDLE Class
• Factory Owners!!!
• BIG profits!!!
REFORM=Socialism
• Socialism-a system in which society, usually the government, owns and controls means of production (factories & utilities)
• Equality of people, competition replaced with cooperation…why does this NOT work?
• Takes away people’s incentive to work
• What happens when you ‘run out of other people’s money?’
• “A gov’t capable of giving you everything you need is also capable of taking away everything you have!!!”
Section 2
• Principle of Legitimacy: monarchs that were in power BEFORE Napoleon, would be restored to power.
• Europe divided to prevent any one country from being too powerful
• After defeat of Napoleon, Great Powers worked to maintain order throughout Europe
• Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, & Russia meet in Vienna (Congress of Vienna)
Reaction & Revolution
Conservatism
• Tradition/social stability. Obedience to political authority-organized religion
• “principle of legitimacy”-right to send armies into countries where revolutions were preventing monarchs from reclaiming thrones
• Supported by ruling nobles and wealthy elites
Liberalism
• Enlightenment principles
• People should be as free from gov’t restraint as possible—protection of civil liberties