Industrialization:Industrialization:The New Global AgeThe New Global Age

Life in the Industrial AgeLife in the Industrial AgeNationalism Triumphs in EuropeNationalism Triumphs in EuropeGrowth of Western DemocraciesGrowth of Western DemocraciesThe New ImperialismThe New ImperialismNew Global PatternsNew Global Patterns

Overall ideas:Overall ideas: Events causing change Events causing change

DiversityDiversity: : Rulers strengthened their nations by incorporating surrounding states and colonies. Conflicts arose as new subjects, often of different ethnic backgrounds, demanded independence. Women struggled to end restrictions on their lives and gain recognition of their rights.

Economics and TechnologyEconomics and Technology: : Developing factory systems, improved transportation and communication, and scientific advances contributed to overseas expansion by European powers. Industrialized nations grew wealthy, often at the expense of colonies.

Impact of the IndividualImpact of the Individual: Nationalist leaders in Italy and Germany used warfare and political alliances to forge new nations out of fragmented provinces.

Political and Social SystemsPolitical and Social Systems: In the 1800’s, as the middle class grew, democratic rights were extended in Britain, France and the US. Urbanization and the impact of industrialization led to major changed in social values.

The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution SpreadsSpreads

What industrial powers emerged in the 1800’s?What industrial powers emerged in the 1800’s? What impact did new technology have on What impact did new technology have on

industry, transportation, and communication?industry, transportation, and communication? How did natural resources and capital drive the How did natural resources and capital drive the

industrial revolution/creation of big business?industrial revolution/creation of big business? How did the need for large amounts of capital How did the need for large amounts of capital

lead to new business methods?lead to new business methods? How did big business emerge in the late How did big business emerge in the late

1800’s?1800’s?

Technology and IndustryTechnology and Industry SteelSteel

Bessemer Process purified iron and created STEELBessemer Process purified iron and created STEEL Steel was lighter, harder, and stronger than ironSteel was lighter, harder, and stronger than iron Steel could be produced and transported far more cheaply than ironSteel could be produced and transported far more cheaply than iron Countries with the ability to mass produce steel led the wayCountries with the ability to mass produce steel led the way

ChemicalsChemicals Chemicals created thousands of new productsChemicals created thousands of new products Newly developed chemical fertilizers increased food productionNewly developed chemical fertilizers increased food production Albert Nobel invented dynamite, used for construction and warfareAlbert Nobel invented dynamite, used for construction and warfare

ElectricityElectricity A new source of power, electricity replaced steam as main power sourceA new source of power, electricity replaced steam as main power source Electric motors/machines that produce electricity revolutionized powerElectric motors/machines that produce electricity revolutionized power The electric light changed how life was lived, no longer by the sunThe electric light changed how life was lived, no longer by the sun

New Methods of ProductionNew Methods of Production Factories used larger number of workers and power driven machines to mass Factories used larger number of workers and power driven machines to mass

produce goodsproduce goods Interchangeable parts simplified assembly and repair.Interchangeable parts simplified assembly and repair. The assembly line used this power to speed productionThe assembly line used this power to speed production

New Industrial PowersNew Industrial Powers New PacesettersNew Pacesetters

Early in the Industrial Revolution, Early in the Industrial Revolution, BRITAIN stood alone as the giantBRITAIN stood alone as the giant

Britain introduced strict protections to Britain introduced strict protections to keep that advantagekeep that advantage

Soon, other nations joined in the Industrial Soon, other nations joined in the Industrial RevolutionRevolution

France, Germany and the US had greater France, Germany and the US had greater natural resources (coal, iron, etc)natural resources (coal, iron, etc)

Other nations used ideas created by Other nations used ideas created by Britain to advance their economiesBritain to advance their economies

Germany will pass Britain in Europe and Germany will pass Britain in Europe and American will dominate as wellAmerican will dominate as well

New Industrial PowersNew Industrial Powers

Uneven DevelopmentUneven Development Other nations developed more slowlyOther nations developed more slowly Often lacked natural resources or capital to Often lacked natural resources or capital to

investinvest Russia had resources and capital but social and Russia had resources and capital but social and

political conditions slowed its developmentpolitical conditions slowed its development Japan did develop, even though it lacked Japan did develop, even though it lacked

resourcesresources Canada, Australia and New Zealand also Canada, Australia and New Zealand also

developed laterdeveloped later

New Industrial PowersNew Industrial Powers

ImpactImpact Social changes followed the economic changesSocial changes followed the economic changes Men, women and children worked long hours in Men, women and children worked long hours in

difficult conditionsdifficult conditions Factory System created huge quantities of goods Factory System created huge quantities of goods

at lower pricesat lower prices Workers could now afford things only the wealthy Workers could now afford things only the wealthy

had been able to buy beforehad been able to buy before Huge demand for good drove the industrial Huge demand for good drove the industrial

revolution, created jobs, growth of cities and revolution, created jobs, growth of cities and changed politics as wellchanged politics as well

Industrialized nations competed fiercely globally, Industrialized nations competed fiercely globally, changing the patterns of tradechanging the patterns of trade

Technology Speeds Technology Speeds Transportation and Transportation and CommunicationsCommunications

Transportation and Communications were Transportation and Communications were transformed by technologytransformed by technology

Steamships & Railroads connected ports and cities, mining Steamships & Railroads connected ports and cities, mining regions to industrial regionsregions to industrial regions

In the US – the transcontinental railroad connected the east and In the US – the transcontinental railroad connected the east and west coastswest coasts

In Russia – the Trans-Siberian railroad will connect the east and In Russia – the Trans-Siberian railroad will connect the east and the westthe west

Tunnels and bridges connect parts of the world separated by Tunnels and bridges connect parts of the world separated by geographygeography

AutomobileAutomobile German inventors, N. Otto and K Benz created the first German inventors, N. Otto and K Benz created the first

automobilesautomobiles Transportation quickly transformedTransportation quickly transformed As vehicles became affordable, society changes as wellAs vehicles became affordable, society changes as well

Technology Speeds Technology Speeds Transportation and Transportation and CommunicationsCommunications

Conquest by AirConquest by Air Human flight was realized when the Wright brothers first flew in Human flight was realized when the Wright brothers first flew in

19031903 Quickly, planes were seen in the skies over Europe and AmericaQuickly, planes were seen in the skies over Europe and America Passenger travel won’t come until the 1920’sPassenger travel won’t come until the 1920’s

Rapid CommunicationsRapid Communications Sam Morse invented the telegraph (messages over a wire)Sam Morse invented the telegraph (messages over a wire) Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephoneAlexander Graham Bell invented the telephone Guglielmo Marconi invented the radioGuglielmo Marconi invented the radio All three fundamentally changed how people communicated in All three fundamentally changed how people communicated in

their daytheir day

New Directions for New Directions for BusinessBusiness

New technologies required huge investments of New technologies required huge investments of money.money.

Owners sold “Owners sold “STOCK” or shares of their companies ” or shares of their companies to investorsto investors Stocks are partial ownership of a company

Owners received HUGE amounts of capital in exchange for Owners received HUGE amounts of capital in exchange for giving up partial ownershipgiving up partial ownership

Owners able to build up their companies to much larger sizeOwners able to build up their companies to much larger size

Rise of Big Business Big Business soon dominated industry.Big Business soon dominated industry. Giant corporations formed to raise huge capitalGiant corporations formed to raise huge capital Corporations, with money, could expand into other areasCorporations, with money, could expand into other areas

New Directions for BusinessNew Directions for Business

Move Toward MonopoliesMove Toward Monopolies Big Corporations created monopolies, trusts and Big Corporations created monopolies, trusts and

cartels to dominate cartels to dominate Krupp in Germany’s steel, Rockefeller in Krupp in Germany’s steel, Rockefeller in

US/World oilUS/World oil Pursuit of profit led ruthless tactics to eliminate Pursuit of profit led ruthless tactics to eliminate

competitioncompetition Controlled entire market, controlled the price of Controlled entire market, controlled the price of

goods (set high)goods (set high)

New Directions for BusinessNew Directions for Business

Move Toward RegulationMove Toward Regulation Rise of big business and the great wealth it Rise of big business and the great wealth it

created led to much resentmentcreated led to much resentment ““Captains of Industry” vs. “Robber Barons”Captains of Industry” vs. “Robber Barons”

Did they use their profits for the Common Good or only for themselves

Some governments moved to place rules to guard Some governments moved to place rules to guard against monopoliesagainst monopolies

Tried to pass laws that would protect consumers and workers

In other government, business leaders blocked In other government, business leaders blocked attempts to control themattempts to control them

Big Business “controlled” much of the government and could stop laws meant to place limits on them

Looking AheadLooking Ahead

By the late 1800’s, European and American By the late 1800’s, European and American corporations were setting up factories, corporations were setting up factories, refineries and other production facilities around refineries and other production facilities around the world.the world.

Banks were involved in this global economy as Banks were involved in this global economy as well. They invested vast sums of money in well. They invested vast sums of money in large undertakingslarge undertakings

As money flowed into undeveloped areas, As money flowed into undeveloped areas, western governments became increasingly western governments became increasingly involved in these areasinvolved in these areas

Quick ReviewQuick Review Pair and Share: Tell a person beside you 3 Pair and Share: Tell a person beside you 3

technological advancements of this time. technological advancements of this time. Pick the one you believe was the most Pick the one you believe was the most important and say whyimportant and say why

What 2 things did the US, England and What 2 things did the US, England and Germany have that made it possible for them Germany have that made it possible for them to lead the way in the Industrial Revolution? to lead the way in the Industrial Revolution? Which of those are most important and why?Which of those are most important and why?

The World of CitiesThe World of Cities

What was the impact of medical What was the impact of medical advances in the late 1800’s?advances in the late 1800’s?

How had cities changed by 1900?How had cities changed by 1900? How did working-class struggles lead to How did working-class struggles lead to

improved conditions for workers?improved conditions for workers?

Medicine and PopulationMedicine and Population

Population in Europe doubled between 1800 and 1900Population in Europe doubled between 1800 and 1900 Due to decrease in death rateDue to decrease in death rate

People ate better (better farming methods and distribution) Medical advances and improvements in public sanitation helped too

Fight against diseaseFight against disease Louis Pasteur (French) clearly showed link between microbes and disease Pasteur also developed vaccines and pasteurized milk Robert Koch (Germany) ID’d tuberculosis and a search for a cure began As people understood how germs caused diseases, they began to bath and

change their clothes more often Anesthesia first used to relieve pain during surgery Florence Nightingale (British) insisted on better hygiene in hospitals Joseph Lister (British) discovered how antiseptics prevented infections

Medicine and PopulationMedicine and Population Life in the CitiesLife in the Cities

City Planning: Parks, avenues and such were incorporated into cityscapes

Urban Renewal: rebuilding of poor areas took place Settlement shifted to suburbs Paved roads and sidewalks are built Sewer systems introduced (cuts death rates dramatically) Urban life remains grim for the poor (slums, tenements) Cities drew rich and poor alike: jobs, factories Services, entertainment grew to meet the demands of the

increased population

Working-Class StrugglesWorking-Class Struggles

Working-Class StrugglesWorking-Class Struggles• Workers protested poor working/living conditions• Mutual Aid Societies: aid to sick or injured workers• By late 1800’s, most western countries granted all men the

right to vote• Unions won the right to organize and bargain• Governments began passing laws to regulate working conditions

• Child labor laws, work hour laws, improved safety• Old age pensions, disability insurance

• The standard of living increased for most workers

Still the gap between the rich and poor Still the gap between the rich and poor remained HUGEremained HUGE

Child LaborChild Labor

Children had to workChildren had to work

Businesses used theirBusinesses used their

small, quick abilitiessmall, quick abilities

Little regard to their Little regard to their

safety was takensafety was taken

Student AssignmentStudent Assignment Chapter Reading: read p. 253-259Chapter Reading: read p. 253-259 Create an information chart (minimum of 3 details per area)Create an information chart (minimum of 3 details per area)

A New Social OrderA New Social Order **

**

** Middle Class ValuesMiddle Class Values Rights for WomenRights for Women Growth of Public EducationGrowth of Public Education New Directions in ScienceNew Directions in Science Darwin ChallengeDarwin Challenge Religion in an Urban AgeReligion in an Urban Age

Changing Attitudes and Changing Attitudes and ValuesValues

What values shaped the new social order? How did women and educators seek change? How did science challenge existing beliefs? What role did religion play in urban society?

A New Social OrderA New Social Order The Industrial Revolution introduced a new social

order in the western world. New upper class based on money not only nobility

Wealth measured by money not only land Nobles needed money to finance their businesses, the new

wealthy had the money to invest Next came the business people (doctors, lawyers, scientists) Then came the lower middle class (teachers, office workers,

shopkeepers)

Middle Class ValuesMiddle Class Values Middle Class Values

Strict set of ‘rules’ for behavior (adult and children) Dresses respectably Lived in homes, apartments Even a small middle class home was expected to have a cook and

housemaid Courtship and Marriage: families had large say in who you married Idea of marrying for “love” just beginning to be acceptable Most women considered the practical side of choosing a mate

Courting (called on, chaperoned) Providing (had to convince father that he could provide for daughter)

The Ideal Home: Husband worked, provided for home Wife raised the children and ran the home, doing charity work Literature of the day pushed the “cult of domesticity” that idealized this

Reality: Lower class families often the women worked to help provide

Despite working for low wages, they were expected to still raise the children and run the home

Middle Class ValuesMiddle Class Values Rights for Women

Laws restricted women from many things Groups protested limits on women and pushed for fairness for

women in marriage, divorce and property laws Temperance Movement: campaign to limit or ban alcohol because

it was seen as a threat to the family In Europe and America, women could not vote so had no real

power to make changes By late 1800’s, women had broken barriers in many colleges to

become professional Elizabeth Cady Stanton: a leader in early civil rights protests Women’s Suffrage: the right to vote (political rights) supported by

some, but much opposition faced Women needed to be “protected” from the dirty business of

politics Women’s place is in the home not the government Women made some advancement in western nations

Growth of Public Growth of Public EducationEducation

In the late 1800’s, there was pressure on some governments to set up public schools and require basic education for all children (3R’s). The need for a literate workforce was increasing

Public Education: Elementary Schools were primitive at first. Teachers had minimal education Rural schools – one room school houses or not during harvest Secondary schools began to emerge. Students learned languages, history and math Only middle class families could afford to have their sons stay in school Girls were sent to “finishing schools” to train to be better wives and mothers

Higher Education Colleges expanded in this era Sons of middle and upper class families mostly Sciences were new courses of study to meet the need of industry Colleges for Women and African Americans teach to get jobs in fields they could find

jobs

New Directions in ScienceNew Directions in Science

Atomic Theory John Dalton (English) developed the modern atomic theory that

atoms combined to make all matter Dmitri Mendeleyev (Russian) drew up periodic table

Age of the Earth Charles Lyell showed evidence earth had formed over billions of

years and life did not emerge until long after the earth was formed Neanderthal man: skeleton of prehistoric man found in 1856 Despite many wrong early conclusions, new ideas about early

human life emerged

The Darwin ChallengeThe Darwin Challenge Charles Darwin (British – 1859) wrote “The Origin of Species” that argued all forms

of life had evolved into their present state over millions of years. Theory of Natural Selection: Most species produced more offspring than there

was food to support. Only the best would survive (Natural Selection) “survival of the fittest”

Darwin believed man was an example of this selection, that we descended from less highly organized form of life. All species, including humans, were still evolving.

Darwin’s Theory received much heated debate. Religions quickly attacked the theory, especially the Christian religions.

Social Darwinism: Many in this era believed Darwin’s Theory applied to humans too. That economics were part of this. The more “fit” would rise to the top. The lesser “fit” would wither and die. Wars brought this to nation status. The more “fit” would win wars. The less “fit” would lose and cease to be. Victory (economic or military) seen as proof of superiority. Racism was encouraged through Darwinism. The idea that one was better than another.

European and American civilization believed their dominance was due to the “supremacy of the white race”

These ideas will be used to justify global expansion/imperialism as well as racial discrimination and segregation

Religion in the Urban AgeReligion in the Urban Age

Religion continued to be a major force in western society Churches (Christian, Jewish) remain the center of communities Religious leaders had influence politically, socially and

educationally Churches led the way in providing charity to the poor Churches set up schools, hospitals, etc in urban areas European churches pushed the Social Gospel Movement which

called members to serve in social service areas They campaigned for reforms in housing, health care, and education The Salvation Army spread both Christian teachings and provided

social services

A New CultureA New Culture

What themes shaped romantic art, What themes shaped romantic art, literature and music?literature and music?

How did realists respond to the How did realists respond to the industrialized, urban world?industrialized, urban world?

How did the visual arts change?How did the visual arts change?

RomanticismRomanticism(glorified nature and sought to excite strong emotions in their (glorified nature and sought to excite strong emotions in their

audiences)audiences)

The Romantic Hero Writers of this era created a mysterious, tragic hero who did not fit into the

norm of society Lord Byron Goethe Bronte’s “Jane Eyre”

Romance and the Past Sir Walter Scott combined history, legend and folklore Dumas’ The Three Musketeers recreated France’s past glories

Music Beethoven combined classical with stirring ranges of sound Beethoven produced dozens of pieces using many instruments Other composers used music to glorify their nation’s pasts (Chopin)

Romanticism in Art Painters broke free and tried to portray the beauty and power of nature Showed everything in bright vibrant colors to evoke emotional response

The Call to RealismThe Call to Realism(Realism is an attempt to represent the world as it really was)(Realism is an attempt to represent the world as it really was)

The Novel Dickens: vividly portrayed life in the slums of London and Paris (Oliver Twist) Hugo: showed how hunger drove a man to crime (Les Miserables) Zola: exposed class warfare in French mining (Germinal)

Drama Ibsen: a woman caught in the day’s social rules (A Doll’s House) Ibsen: water in the local spa is polluted. Struggle of right vs. money (An

Enemy of the People)

Realism in Art Artists of the day focused on normal everyday people and the conditions they

lived in.

New Direction in the New Direction in the Visual ArtsVisual Arts

The Impressionists MonetMonet and DegasDegas used bold strokes of colors. They

believed the eye would blend the image By concentrating on visual impressions rather than realism,

a fresh view of familiar subjects was found

The Postimpressionists SeuratSeurat (small points of color) van Goghvan Gogh (sharp lines and bright colors) GauguinGauguin (primitive folk art of Tahiti)

Chapter ReviewChapter Review P.264 #11-16P.264 #11-16 Answer the questions on the back of the Answer the questions on the back of the

“A New Culture” handout“A New Culture” handout You may work together but each needs You may work together but each needs

to turn in the assignmentto turn in the assignment

ReviewReview VocabularyVocabulary: (matching: some or all will be used): (matching: some or all will be used)

Assembly Line Romanticism

Cartel Social Gospel

Corporation Standard of Living

Cult of Domesticity Temperance Movement

Realism Urban Renewal

EssaysEssays: (Do 2 of the 3 essays): (Do 2 of the 3 essays)

1) How did the lives of women change as a result of the

Industrial Revolution? How about for children?

2) Name 3 technologies that made the Industrial Revolution

possible and explain HOW these technologies changed

things.

3) How businesses were owned and operated changed

during the Industrial Revolution. Explain this change.