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SINGRAULI SUPER THERMAL POWER PLANT SHAKTINAGAR
INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY(Electrical Engineering)
AT
AZAD INST. OF ENGG. AND TECHNOLOGY,LUCKNOW
SUBMITTED BY:
NAME : Deepak kr Singh
ROLL NO. : 1005320022
TRAINING INCHARGE:Mr. CH SATYNARAYAN
DGM (ELECTRICAL)
NTPC , SHAKTINAGAR
SESSION 2013-2014
Department of Electrical Engineering
(Affiliated by GBTU)
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DECLARATION
I, Mr. Deepak kr Singh ,hereby declare that this industrialtraining report is the record of authentic work carried out by
me during the period from 10 june 2013 to 10 july 2013 in
NTPC SHAKTINAGAR under the super vision of my training
incharge Mr. CH Satynarayan (DGM , ELECTRICAL ,NTPC
SHAKTINAGAR).
Signature
Name of the student : Deepak Kr SINGH
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr.Deepak Kr Singh of
Azad Inst. OF Engg. And Technology has
successfully completed the training work
in partial fulfillment of requirement for the
completion of B.Tech course as prescribed by the AZAD INST.
OF ENGG. AND TECHNOLOGY. This training report is the record of
authentic work carried out by him during the period from 10 june 2013
to 10 july 2013
He has worked under my guidance.
Signature
Training incharge (Internal)
Counter signed by
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Acknowledgement
I would like to express my deepest appreciation to all those who providedme the possibility to complete my industrial training. A special gratitude Igive to our Training incharge , Mr. CH Satynarayan(DGM,Electrical,NTPC),whose contribution in stimulating suggestions and encouragement, helpedme to coordinate in my training period.
Furthermore I would also like to acknowledge with much appreciation the
crucial role of the employee of Other sections who gave the permission to
use all required equipment and the necessary materials to complete the
task . A special thanks goes to my team mate, who help me to assemble
the parts and gave suggestion about the task . . I have to appreciate the
guidance given by other supervisor as well as the panels especially in our
training period that has improved our presentation skills and knowledge.
A special thanks to Mr. H.K. Verma ( DGM, C & I ) For his guidance and
care in NTPC.
Last but not least, many thanks to NTPC ,who give me opportunity to complete my industrial training in suchwonderful working environment,in achieving my goal.
Deepak Kr Singh
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CONTENT
ABOUT NTPC
INTRODUCTION TO THERMAL POWER PLANT
BOILER THEORY
TURBINE THEORY
GENERATOR THEORY
GENERATOR TRANSFORMER
SWITCHGEAR
SWITCHYARD AND ITS ELMENTS
FUTURE CAPACITY ADDITION IN NTPC , AWARDS , AND RANKING
REFERENCES
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ABOUT NTPC SHAKTINAGAR
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SINGRAULI SUPER THERMAL POWER PLANT
Singrauli Super Thermal Power Plantis located atShaktinagarinSonebhadra districtin
Indian state ofUttar Pradesh.The power plant is the first power plant ofNTPC.It sources coal
from Jayant and Bina mines and water from Rihand Reservoir. The states benefitting from this
power plant areUttar Pradesh,Uttranchal,Rajasthan,Punjab,Haryana,Jammu &
KashmirandHimachal Pradeshand the Union Territories ofDelhiandChandigarh.An
investment worth 1,190.69crore(US$200 million) has already been cleared. It even gets
international assistance fromIDA.
The unit wise capacity and other details are as follows.
Stage Unit Number Installed Capacity (MW) Date of Commissioning
1st 1 200 1982 February
1st 2 200 1982 November
1st 3 200 1983 March
1st 4 200 1983 November
1st 5 200 1984 February
2nd 6 500 1986 December
2nd 7 500 1987 November
Total Seven2000
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktinagar,_Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktinagar,_Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktinagar,_Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonebhadra_districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonebhadra_districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonebhadra_districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Thermal_Power_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Thermal_Power_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Thermal_Power_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttranchalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttranchalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttranchalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_%26_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_%26_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_%26_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_%26_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandigarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandigarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandigarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Development_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Development_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Development_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt#Megawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt#Megawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt#Megawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt#Megawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rupeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rupeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Development_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandigarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_%26_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_%26_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttranchalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Thermal_Power_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonebhadra_districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktinagar,_Uttar_Pradesh8/11/2019 industrialtrainingreport-131118140524-phpapp01
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NTPC ROLE IN DIFFERENT AREAS AND FUTURE SCOPE
Power Generation
Presently, NTPC generates power from Coal and Gas. With an installed
capacity of 41,184 MW, NTPC is the largest power generating major in
the country. It has also diversified into hydro power, coal mining, power
equipment manufacturing, oil & gas exploration, power trading &
distribution. With an increasing presence in the power value
Installed Capacity
Present installed capacity of NTPC is 41,184 MW (including 5,364 MW
through JVs) comprising of 23 NTPC Stations (16 Coal based stations, 7combined cycle gas/liquid fuel based stations), 7 Joint Venture stations
(6 coal based and one gas based) and 2 renewable energy projects.
NO. OF PLANTS CAPACITY (MW)
NTPC Owned
Coal 16 31,855
Gas/Liquid Fuel 7 3,955
Renewable energy projects - 10
Total 23 35,820
Owned By JVs
Coal & Gas 7 5,364
Total 30 41,184
Regional Spread of Generating Facilities
REGION COAL GAS Renewable TOTAL
Northern 8,515 2,312 5 10,832Western 10,840 1,293 - 12,133
Southern 4,600 350 5 4,955
Eastern 7,900 - - 7,900
JVs 3,424 1,940 - 4,864
Total 35,279 5,895 10 41,184
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Operations
In terms of operations, NTPC has always been considerably above
the national average.
The table below shows the detailed operational performance of coal basedstations over the years.
OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF COAL BASED NTPC STATIONS
Generation(BU) PLF(%) Availability Factor(%)
2011-12 222.07 85.00 89.73
2010-11 220.54 88.29 91.62
2009-10 218.84 90.81 91.76
2008-09 206.94 91.14 92.47
2007-08 200.86 92.24 92.12
2006-07 188.67 89.43 90.09
2005-06 170.88 87.52 89.91
2004-05 159.11 87.51 91.20
2003-04 149.16 84.40 88.79
2002-03 140.86 83.57 88.70
2001-02 133.20 81.11 89.09
2000-01 130.10 81.80 88.54
1999-00 118.70 80.39 90.06
1998-99 109.50 76.60 89.36
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Renewable Energy and Distributed Generation
Renewable Energy
Renewable energy (RE) is being perceived as an alternative source of energy for
Energy Security and subsequently Energy Independence by 2020. Renewableenergy technologies provide not only electricity but offer an environmentally cleanand low noise source of power.
Objectives
NTPC plans to broad base generation mix by evaluating conventional and
alternate sources of energy to ensure long run competitiveness and mitigatefuel risks.
Vision
To provide green power through locally available resources at affordableprice, promoting clean energy
Portfolio of Renewable Power
NTPC has also formulated its business plan of capacity addition of about
1,000 MW thru renewable resources by 2017.
In this endeavour, NTPC has already commissioned 10 MW Solar PV Projectsand another 30 MW Solar PV and 8 MW Small Hydro Projects are under
implementation. Further, 70 MW Solar Projects are under tendering.
Renewable Energy Projects
Solar Energy:
Projects Commissioned (10 MW)o 5 MW Solar PV based project at NTPC-Dadri in Uttar Pradesh.
o 5 MW Solar PV based project at Portblair in Andaman & NicobarIsland.
Projects under Implementation (35 MW)
o 10 MW (Phase-1) Solar PV based project at NTPC-Ramagundam
in Andhra Pradesh.
o 10 MW Solar PV based project at NTPC-Unchahar in UttarPradesh.
o
10 MW Solar PV based project at NTPC-Talcher Kaniha in Orissa.o 5 MW Solar PV based project at NTPC-Faridabad in Haryana.
Projects under Tendering (65 MW)
o 15 MW Solar PV based project at NTPC-Singrauli in Uttar
Pradesh.
o 50 MW Solar PV based project at Rajgarh in Madhya Pradesh.
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Wind Energy :
Projects under Consideration (80 MW)
o 40 MW Wind energy projects in Karnataka.
o 40 MW Wind energy projects in Maharashtra.
Hydro Energy: Projects under Implementation (8 MW)
o 8 MW hydro energy based project at NTPC-Singrauli in Uttar
Pradesh.
Projects under Consideration (3 MW)
o 3 MW hydro energy based project at NTPC-Rihand in Uttar
Pradesh.
Geothermal Energy:
Tattapani Geothermal Project in Chhattisgarh: MoU Signed with Govt.
of Chhattisgarh.
Technology Development:
Two Stage Gasifier: This gasifier is being developed in association with
SDC, TERI and Denmark Technical University (DTU).Prototype modeltesting completed at Gual Pahari, Gurgaon.
DPR under preparation for integration of Solar Energy with existing
thermal projects of NTPC.
Distributed Generation
Indias ambitious growth plans require inclusion of all sectors, especially the
rural sector where two third of our population lives. Such economicdevelopment cannot be achieved without availability of energy and
subsequently efficient energy management which is crucial for ruraldevelopment. As per census 2001, about 44% of the rural households do nothave access to electricity. Some of the villages are located in remote &
inaccessible areas where it would be either impossible or extremelyexpensive to extend the power transmission network. Total 16 DG projects
commissioned by NTPC so far with total capacity of 340 kW and 2233households electrified.
Awards:
IEEMA Power award-2009 in the category of Excellence in DistributedGeneration.
NTPC Distributed Generation film Energizing villages has been
awarded in category development venture by Public Society of India,Hyderabad
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Environment
While leading the nations power generation league, NTPC has remained
committed to the environment. It continues to take various pro-active
measures for protection of the environment and ecology around its projects.
NTPC was the first among power utilities in India to startEnvironment
Impact Assessment (EIA)studies and reinforced it with Periodic
Environmental Audits and
Enviroment Policy & Management
Environment Policy & Environment Management System
For NTPC, the journey extends much beyond generating power. Right fromits inception, the company had a well defined environment policy. More than
just generating power, it is committed to sustainable growth of power.
NTPC has evolved sound environment practices.
National Environment Policy
The Ministry of Environment and Forests and the Ministry of Power and NTPC
were involved in preparing the draft Environment Policy (NEP) which was
later approved by the Union Cabinet in May 2006.
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NTPC Environment Policy
Since its inception NTPC has been at the forefront of Environment
management. In November 1995, NTPC brought out a comprehensive
document entitled NTPC Environment Policy and Environment Management
System. Amongst the guiding principles adopted in the document are the
company's pro-active approach to environment, optimum utilisation of
equipment, adoption of latest technologies and continual environment
improvement. The policy also envisages efficient utilisation of resources,
thereby minimising waste, maximising ash utilisation and ensuring a green
belt all around the plant for maintaining ecological balance.
Environment Management, Occupational Health and SafetySystems
NTPC has actively gone for adoption of the best international practices on
environment, occupational health and safety areas. The organisation has
pursued the Environmental Management System (EMS) ISO 14001 and the
Occupational Health and Safety Assessment System OHSAS 18001 at itsdifferent establishments. As a result of pursuing these practices, all NTPC
power stations have been certified for ISO 14001 & OHSAS 18001 by
reputed national and international certifying agencies.
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Pollution Control Systems
While deciding the appropriate technology for its projects, NTPC integrates
many environmental provisions into the plant design. In order to ensure that
NTPC complies with all the stipulated environment norms, following state-of-
the-art pollution control systems / devices have been installed to control airand water pollution:
Electrostatic Precipitators
Flue Gas Stacks
Low-NOX Burners
Neutralisation Pits
Coal Settling Pits / Oil Settling Pits
DE & DS Systems Cooling Tower
Ash Dykes & Ash Disposal Systems
Ash Water Recycling System
Dry Ash Extraction System (DAES)
Liquid Waste Treatment Plants & Management System
Sewage Treatment Plants & Facilities
Environmental Institutional Set-up
Following are the additional measures taken by NTPC in the area of Environment Management:
Environment Management During Operation Phase
Monitoring of Environmental Parameters
On-Line Data Base Management
Environment Review
Upgradation & Retrofitting of Pollution Control Systems
Resources Conservation
Waste Management
Municipal Waste Management
Hazardous Waste Management
Bio-Medical Waste Management
Land Use / Bio-diversity
Reclamation of Abandoned Ash Green Belts, Afforestation & Energy Plantations
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Introduction
A power station(also referred to as a generating station,power plant, or powerhouse) is an industrial
facility for thegenerationofelectric power.
Almost allcoal,nuclear,geothermal,solar thermal electric,andwaste incineration plants,as well as
many natural gas power plants are thermal.Natural gasis frequentlycombustedingas turbinesas well
asboilers.The waste heat from a gas turbine can be used to raise steam, in acombined cycleplant that
improves overall efficiency. Power plants burning coal,oil,ornatural gasare often referred to
collectively asfossil-fuel power plants.Somebiomass-fueled thermal power plants have appeared also.
Non-nuclear thermal power plants, particularly fossil-fueled plants, which do not usecogeneration,are
sometimes referred to as conventional power plants.
A thermal power stationis apower plantin which theprime moverissteamdriven. Water is heated,
turns into steam and spins asteam turbinewhich either drives anelectrical generatoror does some other
work, likeship propulsion.After it passes through the turbine, the steam iscondensedin
acondenserand recycled to where it was heated; this is known as aRankine cycle.The greatest variation
in the design of thermal power stations is due to the different fuel sources. Some prefer to use the
termenergy centerbecause such facilities convert forms ofheatenergyinto electrical energy.
In thermal power stations, mechanical power is produced by aheat enginethat transformsthermal
energy,often fromcombustionof afuel,into rotational energy. Most thermal power stations produce
steam, and these are sometimes called steam power stations. Not all thermal energy can be
transformed into mechanical power, according to thesecond law of thermodynamics.Therefore, there
is always heat lost to the environment. If this loss is employed as useful heat, for industrial processes
ordistrict heating,the power plant is referred to as acogenerationpower plant or CHP (combined heat-
and-power) plant. In countries where district heating is common, there are dedicated heat plants
calledheat-only boiler stations.An important class of power stations in the Middle East uses by-product
heat for thedesalinationof water.
1.2 Classification of Thermal Power PlantsThermal power plants are classified by the type of fuel and the type of prime mover
installed.
1.2.1 By Fuel
Nuclear power plants use anuclear reactor's heat to operate asteam turbinegenerator.
Fossil fuelled power plantsmay also use a steam turbine generator or in the case
ofnatural gasfired plants may use acombustion turbine.
Geothermal powerplants use steam extracted from hot underground rocks.
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industrialtrainingreport-131118140524-phpapp01
17/96
Renewable energyplants may be fuelled bywaste from sugar cane,municipal solid
waste,landfillmethane,or other forms ofbiomass.
In integratedsteel mills,blast furnaceexhaust gas is a low-cost, although low-energy-
density, fuel.
Waste heat from industrial processesis occasionally concentrated enough to use for
power generation, usually in a steam boiler and turbine. Solar thermalelectric plants use sunlight to boil water, which turns the generator.
1.2.2 By Prime Mover
Steam turbineplants use the dynamic pressure generated by expanding steam to turn
the blades of a turbine. Almost all large non-hydro plants use this system.
Gas turbineplants use the dynamic pressure from flowing gases to directly operate the
turbine. Natural-gas fuelled turbine plants can start rapidly and so are used to supply
"peak" energy during periods of high demand, though at higher cost than base-loaded
plants. These may be comparatively small units, and sometimes completely unmanned,being remotely operated. This type was pioneered by the UK, Prince town being the
world's first, commissioned in 1959.
Combined cycleplants have both a gas turbine fired by natural gas, and a steam boiler
and steam turbine which use the exhaust gas from the gas turbine to produce
electricity. This greatly increases the overall efficiency of the plant, and many new base
load power plants are combined cycle plants fired by natural gas.
Internal combustionReciprocating enginesare used to provide power for isolated
communities and are frequently used for small cogeneration plants. Hospitals, office
buildings, industrial plants, and other critical facilities also use them to provide backup
power in case of a power outage. These are usually fuelled by diesel oil, heavy oil,
natural gas and landfill gas.
Micro turbines,Stirling engineand internal combustion reciprocating engines are low
cost solutions for using opportunity fuels, such as landfill gas, digester gas from water
treatment plants and waste gas from oil production.
1.3 Efficiency
temperatures of the steam at turbine input and output, efficiency improvements require use ofhigher temperature, and therefore higher pressure, steam. Historically, other working fluids suchasmercuryhave been experimentally used in amercury vapour turbinepower plant, since thesecan attain higher temperatures than water at lower working pressures. However, the obvious
hazards of toxicity, and poor heat transfer properties, have ruled out mercury as a working fluid.
http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fenergy&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHXo-_7lABsMzKhoZS6-1OgLeTmbghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fenergy&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHXo-_7lABsMzKhoZS6-1OgLeTmbghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fbagasse&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNEwL_LmVPXb6ox707nuSbZUcyWZ1ghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fbagasse&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNEwL_LmVPXb6ox707nuSbZUcyWZ1ghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fbagasse&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNEwL_LmVPXb6ox707nuSbZUcyWZ1ghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fplant&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGYTYGsrgmfvPHDv5GFW24CRi4G7whttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fplant&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGYTYGsrgmfvPHDv5GFW24CRi4G7whttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fplant&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGYTYGsrgmfvPHDv5GFW24CRi4G7whttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fplant&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGYTYGsrgmfvPHDv5GFW24CRi4G7whttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmethane&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHag4QL8TxTcIM5EcXWHi53fpGGUghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmethane&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHag4QL8TxTcIM5EcXWHi53fpGGUghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmethane&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHag4QL8TxTcIM5EcXWHi53fpGGUghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fbiomass&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFTuWJECc4Ppa1GXcK86jgyQeWIxAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fbiomass&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFTuWJECc4Ppa1GXcK86jgyQeWIxAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fbiomass&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFTuWJECc4Ppa1GXcK86jgyQeWIxAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmill&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHgsWpZLhrgUNKYpSIXXxKCcDpArAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmill&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHgsWpZLhrgUNKYpSIXXxKCcDpArAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmill&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHgsWpZLhrgUNKYpSIXXxKCcDpArAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Ffurnace&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNG58Dlymqg2bXh4uUSSOzzvpXVk_Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Ffurnace&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNG58Dlymqg2bXh4uUSSOzzvpXVk_Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Ffurnace&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNG58Dlymqg2bXh4uUSSOzzvpXVk_Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fcogeneration&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFumyeXjS-oOE2WcYZPFGtSFqXIVQhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fcogeneration&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFumyeXjS-oOE2WcYZPFGtSFqXIVQhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fpower&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNE5cbI557xXosIpgh_IVmsVU1zj6ghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fpower&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNE5cbI557xXosIpgh_IVmsVU1zj6ghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fturbine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNElIdZfmvhp1-SBkRKfUuDOU0bz7Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fturbine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNElIdZfmvhp1-SBkRKfUuDOU0bz7Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fturbine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNElIdZfmvhp1-SBkRKfUuDOU0bz7Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fturbine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNElIdZfmvhp1-SBkRKfUuDOU0bz7Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fcycle&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGNfxD4ZQGCkeAeRQkGhBIbSTsLDQhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fcycle&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGNfxD4ZQGCkeAeRQkGhBIbSTsLDQhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fengine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNF13YN9O_XHctCkT_etnarzi2Y6wwhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fengine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNF13YN9O_XHctCkT_etnarzi2Y6wwhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGas_turbine%23turbine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHSWLgZrvIODXlbDiozU0pLfXwEhghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGas_turbine%23turbine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHSWLgZrvIODXlbDiozU0pLfXwEhghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fengine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNF13YN9O_XHctCkT_etnarzi2Y6wwhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fengine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNF13YN9O_XHctCkT_etnarzi2Y6wwhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fengine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNF13YN9O_XHctCkT_etnarzi2Y6wwhttps://docs.google.com/document/pub?id=1UV3yTtx6Kco_goEkk4DpCZz2h011f1Vq_C78kgo6dSA&embedded=truehttps://docs.google.com/document/pub?id=1UV3yTtx6Kco_goEkk4DpCZz2h011f1Vq_C78kgo6dSA&embedded=truehttps://docs.google.com/document/pub?id=1UV3yTtx6Kco_goEkk4DpCZz2h011f1Vq_C78kgo6dSA&embedded=truehttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fturbine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNElIdZfmvhp1-SBkRKfUuDOU0bz7Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fturbine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNElIdZfmvhp1-SBkRKfUuDOU0bz7Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fturbine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNElIdZfmvhp1-SBkRKfUuDOU0bz7Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fturbine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNElIdZfmvhp1-SBkRKfUuDOU0bz7Ahttps://docs.google.com/document/pub?id=1UV3yTtx6Kco_goEkk4DpCZz2h011f1Vq_C78kgo6dSA&embedded=truehttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fengine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNF13YN9O_XHctCkT_etnarzi2Y6wwhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGas_turbine%23turbine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHSWLgZrvIODXlbDiozU0pLfXwEhghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fengine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNF13YN9O_XHctCkT_etnarzi2Y6wwhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fcycle&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGNfxD4ZQGCkeAeRQkGhBIbSTsLDQhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fturbine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNElIdZfmvhp1-SBkRKfUuDOU0bz7Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fturbine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNElIdZfmvhp1-SBkRKfUuDOU0bz7Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fpower&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNE5cbI557xXosIpgh_IVmsVU1zj6ghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fcogeneration&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFumyeXjS-oOE2WcYZPFGtSFqXIVQhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Ffurnace&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNG58Dlymqg2bXh4uUSSOzzvpXVk_Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmill&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHgsWpZLhrgUNKYpSIXXxKCcDpArAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fbiomass&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFTuWJECc4Ppa1GXcK86jgyQeWIxAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmethane&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHag4QL8TxTcIM5EcXWHi53fpGGUghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fplant&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGYTYGsrgmfvPHDv5GFW24CRi4G7whttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fplant&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGYTYGsrgmfvPHDv5GFW24CRi4G7whttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fbagasse&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNEwL_LmVPXb6ox707nuSbZUcyWZ1ghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fenergy&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHXo-_7lABsMzKhoZS6-1OgLeTmbg8/11/2019 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THERMAL POWER PLANT
We are well aware that electricity is a form of energy. There are number of methods bywhich electricity can be produced, but most common method of production of electrical energyis to rotate a conductor in a magnetic field continuously cutting of magnetic lines will causeE.M.F. to be generated at the ends of conductor. If these terminals are connected through loadthen electricity will start flowing through that conductor.
Now let us see what we are doing in Thermal Power Station for the purpose of productionof Electricity. Actually speaking we are doing conversion of energies from form to another form,and our ultimate aim is to get Electrical energy.
For this purpose the rotation movement is required to rotate the magnetic field so that itmay cut the stationery conductors of the machine. To be more precise this rotational ormechanical energy is derived from a machine to which we call Turbine which is actually capable
enough to convert heat energy to rotational energy.For obtaining heat energy we have to make use of the chemical energy, to which we call
fossil fuel i.e. coal, oil, gas etc. This is achieved in a plant to which we call furnace or sometimesBoiler.
For transportation of heat energy from furnace to turbine inlet, we require a medium andwe have chosen water as media. This water is converted into steam in furnace. Quality of steamis always monitored properly process of Electrical generation.
So we see that the rotational movement required to rotate the magnetic field of theelectric generator is produced by the steam turbine. The power to the steam turbine is given bysteam generator in the form of high pressure and high temperature steam.
The steam after doing work on the turbine shaft is condensed and condensate is pumped
back into Boiler as high pressure and low temperature water, by means of Boiler feed pump. Soif we represent whole process in a block diagram this will look like as given below.
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2.1 How Electricity is generatedThe complete and complex process of electricity generation in TPS can be divided into
four major cycles for the sake of simplicity. The main systems are discussed in these cycles in
a step by step manner and some useful drawings are also enclosed. The four cycles are1. Coal Cycle
2. Oil Cycle
3. Air and Flue Gas Cycle
4. Steam Water Cycle
2.1.1 Coal Cycle
The simplest of the above four cycles is the coal cycle. In this cycle as explained earliercrushed coal of about 20mm is transported by conveyor belts to the coal mill bunkers. Fromhere the coal goes to coal mills through raw coal feeders. In the coal mills the coal is furtherpulverized (crushed) to powder form. The temperature of the coal mills are maintained at 180-200 degree centigrade by a suitable mixture of hot & cold air.
The air comesfrom Primary Air fans (P.A FANS) which are 2 in Nos. - A&B. Theoutlet duct after combining gets divided into two. One duct goes to the Air Heaters (A.H-A&B) where primary air is heated by the hot flue gases in a Heat Exchanger. This ductprovides hot air & the other one provides cold primary air. A suitable mixture of this hot &cold air is fed to the coal mills to maintain their temperature. This is done to remove moistureof coal. More over this primary air is also used for transportation of powdered coal from coalmills to the four corners of the boiler by a set of four pipes. There are six coal mills A, B, C,D, E&F and their outlets in the Boiler are at different elevations. The high
Temperature of the primary air does not allow the air coal mixture to choke the ductfrom mill to boilers. A portion of the primary air is further pumped to high pressure and isknown as seal air. It is used to protect certain parts of mills like bearings etc. where poweredcoal may pose certain problems in the functioning of the mill. When the air coal mixture entersthe boiler it catches fire in the firing zone and some ash along with clinkers settles down. Thisis removed periodically by mixing it with water to make slurry.
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2.1.2 Oil CycleIn the oil cycle the oil is pumped and enters the boiler from four corners at three
elevations. Oil guns are used which sprays the oil in atomized form along with steam so that it
catches fire instantly. At each elevation and each corner there are separate igniters which ignitethe fuel oil. There are flame sensors which sense the flame and send the information to thecontrol roam.
2.1.3 Air & Flue Gas CycleFor the proper combustion to take place in the boiler right amount of Oxygen or air
is needed in the boiler. The air is provided to the furnace in two ways - Primary Air &Secondary Air. Primary air is provided by P.A. fans and enters the boiler along with powderedcoal from the mills. While the secondary air is pumped through Forced Draft fans better knownas F.D Fans which are also two in numbers A&B. The outlet of F.D fans combine and areagain divided into two which goes to Steam coiled Air pre heaters (S.C.A.P.H) A&B where itstemperature is raised by utilizing the heat of waste steam. Then it goes to Air Pre heater-A&Bwhere secondary air is heated further utilizing the heat of flue gases. The temperature of air israised to improve the efficiency of the unit & for proper combustion in the furnace. Then thisair is fed to the furnace.
From the combustion chamber the fuel gases travel to the upper portion of the boiler andgive a portion of heat to the Platen Super Heater. Further up it comes in contact with theReheater and heats the steam which is inside the tubes of reheater. Then it travels horizontallyand comes in contact with Final Super Heater. After imparting the heat to the steam in superheater flue gases go downward to the Economizer to heat the cold water pumped by the BoilerFeed Pumps (B.F.P.) these all are enclosed in the furnace. After leaving the furnace the fuelgases go to the Air Heaters where more heat of the flue gases is extracted to heat primary andsecondary air. Then it goes to the Electrostatic Precipitators (E.S.P.) Stage A&B where thesuspended ash from the flue gases is removed by passing the fuel gas between charged plates.Then comes the induced draft fan (I.D Fan) which sucks air from E.S.P. and releases it to theatmosphere through chimney. The pressure inside the boiler is kept suitably below theatmospheric pressure with the help of 1.0. Fans so that the flame does not spread out of theopenings of boiler and cause explosion. Further very low pressure in the boiler is also notdesirable because it will lead to the quenching of flame.
2.1.4 SteamWater CycleThe most complex of all the cycles is the steam & water cycle. Steam is the working
substance in the turbines in all the thermal and nuclear power plants. As there is very hightemperature and pressure inside the boiler, initially water has to be pumped to a very highpressure. Water has also to be heated to a suitably high temperature before putting it insidethe boiler so that cold water does not cause any problem. Initially cold water is slightlyheated in low pressure heaters. Then it is pumped to a very high pressure of about 200Kg/Cm2 by boiler feed pumps A & B. After this it is further heated in high pressure heatersby taking the heat from the high pressure steam coming from various auxiliaries and / or
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turbines. Then this water goes to the economizer where its temperature is further raised bythe flue gases.
This hot water then goes to the boiler drum. In the boiler drum there is very hightemperature and pressure. It contains a saturated mixture of boiling water and steam which are inequilibrium. The water level in the boiler is maintained between certain limit. From here
relatively cold water goes down to the water header situated at the bottom, due to difference indensity. Then this cold water rises gradually in the tubes of the boiler on being heated. The tubesare in the form of water walls. These tubes combine at the top in the hot water header. From herethe hot water and steam mixture comes back to the boiler drum completing the small loop.
From the boiler drum hot steam goes to platen super heater situated in the upper portion ofthe boiler. Here the temperature of the steam is increased. Then it goes to final super heater.Here its temperature is further increased.
The turbine is a three cylinder machine with high pressure (H.P), intermediate pressure(I.P) & low pressure (L.P) casings taking efficiency into account the .The turbine speed iscontrolled by hydro dynamic governing system. The three turbines are on the same shaft which iscoupled with generator. The generator is equipped with D.C excitation system. The steam from
the final super heater comes by main steam line to the H.P turbine. After doing work in the H.Pturbine its temperature is reduced. It is sent back to the boiler by cold reheat line to the reheater.Here its temperature is increased and is sent to the I.P turbine through hot reheat line. Afterdoing work in the I.P turbine steam directly enters L.P turbine.
The pressure of L.P turbine is maintained very low in order to reduce the condensationpoint of steam. The outlet of L.P turbine is connected with condenser. In the condenser,arrangement is made to cool the steam to water. This is done by using cold water which is madeto flow in tubes. This secondary water which is not very pure gains heat from steam & becomeshot. This secondary water is sent to the cooling towers to cool it down so that it may be reusedfor cooling. The water thus formed in the condenser is sucked by condensate water pumps (C.W.PUMPS) and is sent to deaerator. A suitable water level is maintained in the hot well of
condenser.Water or steam leakages from the system are compensated by the make up water, linefrom storage tanks which are connected to the condenser. The pressure in side condenser isautomatically maintained less then atmospheric pressure and large volume of steam condensehere to form small volume of water. In the deaerator the water is sprayed to small droplets & theair dissolved in it is removed so that it may not cause trouble at high temperatures in the Boiler.Moreover, the water level which is maintained constant in the deaerator also acts as a constantwater head for the boiler feed pumps. Water from deaerator goes to the Boiler feed pumps afterthe heated by L.P. Heaters. Thus the water cycle in the boiler is completed and water is ready foranother new cycle. This is a continuous and repetitive process.
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2.2 Elements of Thermal Power Station
D.M. Plant
For the generation of steam De-mineralize water prepared removing minerals & impuritiesto remove the minerals several chemicals are used.
Deaerator
Deaerator is placed at the height of 26 m to provide the appropriatesuction pressure forboiler feed pump. The main function of deaerator is:-
1. To remove the air bubbles from the water entered into boiler feed pump.
2. To provide the suction head to the boiler feed pump.
Boiler feed pump
Boiler feed pump pumps the water coming from deaerator to the H.P. heater. Boiler feed pumpconsists of a motor coupled with the pump through hydraulic coupling. On passing through the boiler feedpump the pressure of the water becomes about ten times of the suction pressure
Economizer
It consists of a large number of closely spaced parallel tubes of thin walls and smaller diameter.The feed water is passed through the economizer before supplying it to boiler. The heat of flue gaseswhich would be lost is used to raise the temperature of the feed water due to which the efficiency of theboiler increases.
Air Pre-Heater
In the second path of flue gases, just below the economizer Air pre-heater is placed. It raise thetemperature of the atmospheric air, coming from the PA and FD fans , for the dryness of thecoal , which confirms the proper combustion of coal used. To raise the temperature of the air
heat of flue gases is used , hence the efficiency of the plant is increased.
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Typical diagram of a coal-fired thermal power station
Elements of a coal fired thermal power plant
1.Cooling tower 10. SteamControl valve 19.Superheater
2.Cooling water pump11. High pressuresteamturbine
20. Forced draught (draft)fan
3.transmission line(3-phase) 12.Deaerator 21. Reheater
4. Step-uptransformer(3-phase)
13.Feedwater heater 22.Combustionair intake
5.Electrical generator(3-phase)
14.Coalconveyor 23.Economiser
6. Low pressuresteam turbine15.Coalhopper 24.Air preheater
7.Condensate pump 16.Coal pulverizer 25.Precipitator
8.Surface condenser 17.Boiler steam drum26. Induced draught(draft)fan
9. Intermediatepressuresteam turbine
18.Bottom ashhopper 27.Flue gas stack
http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Ftower&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFbPYfGaIxHdI06E6AB0D7PUFxeRAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Ftower&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFbPYfGaIxHdI06E6AB0D7PUFxeRAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Ftower&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFbPYfGaIxHdI06E6AB0D7PUFxeRAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fvalve&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHe-70AlgxS3tFRUzpANP7kLK8taQhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fvalve&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHe-70AlgxS3tFRUzpANP7kLK8taQhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fsuperheater&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFHvocHUDXktJxh7PdOYoLHlaDxJQhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fsuperheater&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFHvocHUDXktJxh7PdOYoLHlaDxJQhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fsuperheater&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFHvocHUDXktJxh7PdOYoLHlaDxJQhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fsystem&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGBTF36FnSga5zavkT0n4m6ffo46Qhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fsystem&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGBTF36FnSga5zavkT0n4m6ffo46Qhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fsystem&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGBTF36FnSga5zavkT0n4m6ffo46Qhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fturbine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNElIdZfmvhp1-SBkRKfUuDOU0bz7Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fturbine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNElIdZfmvhp1-SBkRKfUuDOU0bz7Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fturbine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNElIdZfmvhp1-SBkRKfUuDOU0bz7Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fturbine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNElIdZfmvhp1-SBkRKfUuDOU0bz7Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Ffan&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNE9oFaZVJU6jhLx4IyiKj6Ie09yuQhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Ffan&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNE9oFaZVJU6jhLx4IyiKj6Ie09yuQhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Ffan&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNE9oFaZVJU6jhLx4IyiKj6Ie09yuQhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Ftransmission&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHDTRjQXokGaTVzHZ2cq0ksV1AHawhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Ftransmission&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHDTRjQXokGaTVzHZ2cq0ksV1AHawhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Ftransmission&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHDTRjQXokGaTVzHZ2cq0ksV1AHawhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fthree-phase&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGJ6Yb1WzpYm_JwRc1IIP6_JzpXBghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fthree-phase&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGJ6Yb1WzpYm_JwRc1IIP6_JzpXBghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fthree-phase&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGJ6Yb1WzpYm_JwRc1IIP6_JzpXBghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fdeaerator&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHib2PYaFLGTJoTl116Hl0Jn52UXghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fdeaerator&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHib2PYaFLGTJoTl116Hl0Jn52UXghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fdeaerator&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHib2PYaFLGTJoTl116Hl0Jn52UXghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Ftransformer&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGkqyzAolf3TTzNYfHzLqc5uKsNeAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Ftransformer&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGkqyzAolf3TTzNYfHzLqc5uKsNeAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fthree-phase&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGJ6Yb1WzpYm_JwRc1IIP6_JzpXBghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fthree-phase&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGJ6Yb1WzpYm_JwRc1IIP6_JzpXBghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fthree-phase&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGJ6Yb1WzpYm_JwRc1IIP6_JzpXBghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fthree-phase&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGJ6Yb1WzpYm_JwRc1IIP6_JzpXBghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fheater&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGJlVGyi88mVQVwdj19j4o3qEvEKwhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fheater&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGJlVGyi88mVQVwdj19j4o3qEvEKwhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fheater&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGJlVGyi88mVQVwdj19j4o3qEvEKwhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fcombustion&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNE4XGWRJ5kviJwFgpJN8R4RHkps1ghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fcombustion&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNE4XGWRJ5kviJwFgpJN8R4RHkps1ghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fcombustion&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNE4XGWRJ5kviJwFgpJN8R4RHkps1ghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fgenerator&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNEyoMwTr1M2KrU6gJDnsv4yiaMXkwhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fgenerator&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNEyoMwTr1M2KrU6gJDnsv4yiaMXkwhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fgenerator&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNEyoMwTr1M2KrU6gJDnsv4yiaMXkwhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fthree-phase&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGJ6Yb1WzpYm_JwRc1IIP6_JzpXBghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fthree-phase&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGJ6Yb1WzpYm_JwRc1IIP6_JzpXBghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fthree-phase&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGJ6Yb1WzpYm_JwRc1IIP6_JzpXBghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fthree-phase&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGJ6Yb1WzpYm_JwRc1IIP6_JzpXBghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fcoal&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNEGoIuTNqbQniey6_lpS_Jjs9ey1Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fcoal&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNEGoIuTNqbQniey6_lpS_Jjs9ey1Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fconveyor&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFSmU-7_9GZ1eUwD_pZEtDV1u0zDghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fconveyor&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFSmU-7_9GZ1eUwD_pZEtDV1u0zDghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fconveyor&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFSmU-7_9GZ1eUwD_pZEtDV1u0zDghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Feconomiser&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNEcxTfruJM2jd9HRZBc9IguCXI3Ighttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Feconomiser&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNEcxTfruJM2jd9HRZBc9IguCXI3Ighttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Feconomiser&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNEcxTfruJM2jd9HRZBc9IguCXI3Ighttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fturbine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNElIdZfmvhp1-SBkRKfUuDOU0bz7Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fturbine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNElIdZfmvhp1-SBkRKfUuDOU0bz7Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fturbine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNElIdZfmvhp1-SBkRKfUuDOU0bz7Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fcoal&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNEGoIuTNqbQniey6_lpS_Jjs9ey1Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fcoal&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNEGoIuTNqbQniey6_lpS_Jjs9ey1Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fcoal&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNEGoIuTNqbQniey6_lpS_Jjs9ey1Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fpreheater&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFoMriQWYqvMfstspL9Zuq1JMSiIwhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fpreheater&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFoMriQWYqvMfstspL9Zuq1JMSiIwhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fpreheater&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFoMriQWYqvMfstspL9Zuq1JMSiIwhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fpump&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNH4bQQXb1NnRwtYjyjMe1gZj-EXVwhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fpump&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNH4bQQXb1NnRwtYjyjMe1gZj-EXVwhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fpump&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNH4bQQXb1NnRwtYjyjMe1gZj-EXVwhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fpulverizer&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGoi-Q4fW7Rw0oH8MPdpBTG19p9lQhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fpulverizer&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGoi-Q4fW7Rw0oH8MPdpBTG19p9lQhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fpulverizer&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGoi-Q4fW7Rw0oH8MPdpBTG19p9lQhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fprecipitator&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGVoMEkH9ntvoLLTLIEHLHnGOMpHAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fprecipitator&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGVoMEkH9ntvoLLTLIEHLHnGOMpHAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fprecipitator&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGVoMEkH9ntvoLLTLIEHLHnGOMpHAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fcondenser&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFyMgT70fIeOtRMLWM_qvl0q65VTghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fcondenser&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFyMgT70fIeOtRMLWM_qvl0q65VTghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fcondenser&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFyMgT70fIeOtRMLWM_qvl0q65VTghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fdrum&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHV8mKWtU-4G67ssEyC1aD_AESVdQhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fdrum&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHV8mKWtU-4G67ssEyC1aD_AESVdQhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fdrum&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHV8mKWtU-4G67ssEyC1aD_AESVdQhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Ffan&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNE9oFaZVJU6jhLx4IyiKj6Ie09yuQhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Ffan&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNE9oFaZVJU6jhLx4IyiKj6Ie09yuQhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Ffan&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNE9oFaZVJU6jhLx4IyiKj6Ie09yuQhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fturbine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNElIdZfmvhp1-SBkRKfUuDOU0bz7Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fturbine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNElIdZfmvhp1-SBkRKfUuDOU0bz7Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fturbine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNElIdZfmvhp1-SBkRKfUuDOU0bz7Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fash&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNG-HtYDU9G9DraWI50il5cmnbqK0Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fash&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNG-HtYDU9G9DraWI50il5cmnbqK0Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fash&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNG-HtYDU9G9DraWI50il5cmnbqK0Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fstack&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNEBGGmAb3SgFJn4uwwAKrah1d0uUQhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fstack&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNEBGGmAb3SgFJn4uwwAKrah1d0uUQhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fstack&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNEBGGmAb3SgFJn4uwwAKrah1d0uUQhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fstack&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNEBGGmAb3SgFJn4uwwAKrah1d0uUQhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fash&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNG-HtYDU9G9DraWI50il5cmnbqK0Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fturbine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNElIdZfmvhp1-SBkRKfUuDOU0bz7Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Ffan&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNE9oFaZVJU6jhLx4IyiKj6Ie09yuQhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fdrum&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHV8mKWtU-4G67ssEyC1aD_AESVdQhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fcondenser&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFyMgT70fIeOtRMLWM_qvl0q65VTghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fprecipitator&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGVoMEkH9ntvoLLTLIEHLHnGOMpHAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fpulverizer&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGoi-Q4fW7Rw0oH8MPdpBTG19p9lQhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fpump&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNH4bQQXb1NnRwtYjyjMe1gZj-EXVwhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fpreheater&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFoMriQWYqvMfstspL9Zuq1JMSiIwhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fcoal&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNEGoIuTNqbQniey6_lpS_Jjs9ey1Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fturbine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNElIdZfmvhp1-SBkRKfUuDOU0bz7Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Feconomiser&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNEcxTfruJM2jd9HRZBc9IguCXI3Ighttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fconveyor&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFSmU-7_9GZ1eUwD_pZEtDV1u0zDghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fcoal&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNEGoIuTNqbQniey6_lpS_Jjs9ey1Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fthree-phase&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGJ6Yb1WzpYm_JwRc1IIP6_JzpXBghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fthree-phase&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGJ6Yb1WzpYm_JwRc1IIP6_JzpXBghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fgenerator&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNEyoMwTr1M2KrU6gJDnsv4yiaMXkwhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fcombustion&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNE4XGWRJ5kviJwFgpJN8R4RHkps1ghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fheater&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGJlVGyi88mVQVwdj19j4o3qEvEKwhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fthree-phase&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGJ6Yb1WzpYm_JwRc1IIP6_JzpXBghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fthree-phase&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGJ6Yb1WzpYm_JwRc1IIP6_JzpXBghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Ftransformer&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGkqyzAolf3TTzNYfHzLqc5uKsNeAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fdeaerator&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHib2PYaFLGTJoTl116Hl0Jn52UXghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fthree-phase&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGJ6Yb1WzpYm_JwRc1IIP6_JzpXBghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Ftransmission&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHDTRjQXokGaTVzHZ2cq0ksV1AHawhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Ffan&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNE9oFaZVJU6jhLx4IyiKj6Ie09yuQhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fturbine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNElIdZfmvhp1-SBkRKfUuDOU0bz7Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fturbine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNElIdZfmvhp1-SBkRKfUuDOU0bz7Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fsystem&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGBTF36FnSga5zavkT0n4m6ffo46Qhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fsuperheater&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFHvocHUDXktJxh7PdOYoLHlaDxJQhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fvalve&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHe-70AlgxS3tFRUzpANP7kLK8taQhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Ftower&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFbPYfGaIxHdI06E6AB0D7PUFxeRA8/11/2019 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PROCESS: COAL TO ELECTRICITY
We will see how the whole process of generation of electricity from the initial stage i.e.
when coal burns. For burning the coal we require three Ts as shown in diagram
below.
Unless until these three Ts are well in proportion fire or combustion of source ofchemical energy cannot take place. For providing a suitable atmosphere for combustion we takehelp of well designed furnace for given fuel in which after combustion of fuel heat is released.And this heat energy is transported through a medium i.e. steam.
The essential components of the plant are:
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1. Boiler
2. Steam turbine couples with electric generator
3. The condenser
4. The pump to send back condensed water to boiler
Now let us have close look of the working of each equipments of thermal power plant.
1. Feed water enters the boiler at the high pressure and low temperature and it is converted into high
pressure and high temperature. Steam in the boiler. The heat required to convert feed water to
steam is obtained from the heat released from the combustion of fuels burned in the furnace.
2. High pressure and high temperature steam from the boiler passes through the turbine blades and
expands from boiler pressure, to the condenser pressure. The work performed in this process is
transmitted through the shaft to the shaft of the electric generator, where the mechanical energy is
converted to electrical energy.
3. The low pressure and low temperature exhaust steam from turbine is condensed into water in a
condenser. The heat removal for condensation is done by cooling water through circulating water
pumps.
4. The condensate from the condenser is pumped, by the boiler feed pump (B.F.P) as high pressure
and low temperature water which is feed to boiler.
And this cycle goes on.The following medium for thermal power plant cycle is steam and before we go into the
details of the steam power cycle, we should know about steam.The use of steam can be traced back as far 56 AD when it provided the mysterious-
motive-power of Greek temple after the sacred fires had been lit. It may have been used evenearlier for the same purpose by Egyptians but it was not until 1712 that any development of anindustrial nature took place.
In those pioneer days of boiler development the life of an operator was not without
dangers because explosions were frequent.This led to the development of steam generators and also the establishment of the
excellent codes of safety which we know today.We used coals as fuel for the generation of heat energy. As the water in the Boiler
evaporated due to the intense heat, it becomes high-pressurized steams.And the steams are passing through a conduit (there is a turbine at the other end of the
tunnel), it forces its way through the Turbine, thus rotating the Turbine. (As the steams are high-pressurized, the Turbine will rotate very fast.)
The Turbine is connected to a Generator via a coupler. As the Turbine is rotating (fromthe force of the steams), electrical energy is being produced.
After the steams have passed through the turbine, it enters a Condenser. The Condenser
has got a cooling agent (namely seawater) and the steam will go through the cooling agent via apipe. The steam thus changes back to its liquid form and returns to the Boiler.
And the whole process repeats.
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Diagram of the Basic Operation of a Thermal Power Station
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BOILER THEORY
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Boiler systems are classified in a variety of ways. They can be classified
according to the end use, such as foe heating, power generation or process
requirements. Or they can be classified according to pressure, materials of
construction, size tube contents (for example, waterside or fireside), firing, heat
source or circulation. Boilers are also distinguished by their method of
fabrication. Accordingly, a boiler can be pack aged or field erected.Sometimes boilers are classified by their heat source. For example, they are
often referred to as oil-fired, gas-fired, coal-fired, or solid fuelfired boilers.
Types of boilers:
Fire tube boilers :Fire tube boilers consist of a series of straight tubes that are housed inside
a water-filled outer shell. The tubes are arranged so that hot combustion gases
flow through the tubes. As the hot gases flow through the tubes, they heat the
water surrounding the tubes. The water is confined by the outer shell of boiler. To
avoid the need for a thick outer shell fire tube boilers are used for lower pressureapplications. Generally, the heat input capacities for fire tube boilers are limited
to 50 mbtu per hour or less, but in recent years the size of firetube boilers has
increased.
Most modern fire tube boilers have cylindrical outer shells with a small
round combustion chamber located inside the bottom of the shell. Depending
on the construction details, these boilers have tubes configured in either one,
two, three, or four pass arrangements. Because the design of fire tube boilers is
simple, they are easy to construct in a shop and can be shipped fully assembled
as a package unit.These boilers contain long steel tubes through which the hot gases from
the furnace pass and around which the hot gases from the furnace pass and
around which the water circulates. Fire tube boilers typically have a lower initial
cost, are more fuel efficient and are easier to operate, but they are limited
generally to capacities of 25 tonnes per hour and pressures of 17.5 kg per cm2.
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Water tube boilers:Water tube boilers are designed to circulate hot combustion gases
around the outside of a large number of water filled tubes. The tubes extend
between an upper header, called a steam drum, and one or more lower
headers or drums. In the older designs, the tubes were either straight or bent into
simple shapes. Newer boilers have tubes with complex and diverse bends.
Because the pressure is confined inside the tubes, water tube boilers can be
fabricated in larger sizes and used for higher-pressure applications.Small water
tube boilers, which have one and sometimes two burners, are generally
fabricated and supplied as packaged units. Because of their size and weight,
large water tube boilers are often fabricated in pieces and assembled in the
field.
In water tube or water in tube boilers, the conditions are reversed
with the water passing through the tubes and the hot gases passing outside the
tubes. These boilers can be of a single- or multiple-drum type. They can be built
to any steam capacity and pressures, and have higher efficiencies than fire tube
boilers.Almost any solid, liquid or gaseous fuel can be burnt in a water tube
boiler. The common fuels are coal, oil, natural gas, biomass and solid fuels such
as municipal solid waste (MSW), tire-derived fuel (TDF) and RDF. Designs of water
tube boilers that burn these fuels can be significantly different.
Coal-fired water tube boilers are classified into three major categories:
stoker fired units, PC fired units and FBC boilers.
Package water tube boilers come in three basic designs: A, D and O type.
The names are derived from the general shapes of the tube and drum
arrangements. All have steam drums for the separation of the steam from the
water, and one or more mud drums for the removal of sludge. Fuel oil-fired and
natural gas-fired water tube package boilers are subdivided into three classes
based on the geometry of the tubes.
The A design has two small lower drums and a larger upper drum for
steam-water separation. In the D design, which is the most common, the unit
has two drums and a large-volume combustion chamber. The orientation of the
tubes in a D boiler creates either a left or right-handed configuration. For the
O design, the boiler tube configuration exposes the least amount of tubesurface to radiant heat. Rental units are often O boilers because their
symmetry is a benefit in transportation
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D Type boilersThis design has the most flexible design. They have a single steam drum
and a single mud drum, vertically aligned. The boiler tubes extend to one side of
each drum. D type boilers generally have more tube surface exposed to the
radiant heat than do other designs. Package boilers as opposed to field-erected units generally have significantly shorter fireboxes and frequently have
very high heat transfer rates (250,000 btu per hour per sq foot). For this reason it is
important to ensure high-quality boiler feedwater and to chemically treat the
systems properly. Maintenance of burners and diffuser plates to minimize the
potential for flame impingement is critical.
A type boilers:This design is more susceptible to tube starvation if bottom blows are notperformed properly because A type boilers have two mud drums
symmetrically below the steam drum. Drums are each smaller than the single
mud drums of the D or O type boilers. Bottom blows should not be
undertaken at more than 80 per cent of the rated steam load in these boilers.
Bottom blow refers to the required regular blow down from the boiler mud drums
to remove sludge and suspended solids.
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TURBINE THEORY
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PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION AND DESIGN:-An ideal steam turbine is considered to be anisentropic process, or constant
entropy process, in which the entropy of the steam entering the turbine is equal to theentropy of the steam leaving the turbine. No steam turbine is truly isentropic, however,
with typical isentropic efficiencies ranging from 20
90% based on the application of theturbine. The interior of a turbine comprises several sets of blades, or bucketsas they aremore commonly referred to. One set of stationary blades is connected to the casing andone set of rotating blades is connected to the shaft. The sets intermesh with certainminimum clearances, with the size and configuration of sets varying to efficiently exploitthe expansion of steam at each stage.
Impulse turbines:An impulse turbinehas fixed nozzles that orient the steam flow into high speed
jets. These jets contain significant kinetic energy, which the rotor blades, shaped likebuckets, convert into shaft rotation as the steam jet changes direction. A pressure dropoccurs across only the stationary blades, with a net increase in steam velocity across the
stage. As the steam flows through the nozzle its pressure falls from inlet pressure to theexit pressure (atmospheric pressure, or more usually, the condenser vacuum). Due tothis higher ratio of expansion of steam in the nozzle the steam leaves the nozzle with avery high velocity. The steam leaving the moving blades has a large portion of themaximum velocity of the steam when leaving the nozzle. The loss of energy due to thishigher exit velocity is commonly called the carry over velocityor leaving loss.
Reaction turbines:In the reaction turbine, the rotor blades themselves are arranged to
form convergent nozzles. This type of turbine makes use of the reactionforce produced as the steam accelerates through the nozzles formed by therotor. Steam is directed onto the rotor by the fixed vanes of the stator. Itleaves the stator as a jet that fills the entire circumference of the rotor. Thesteam then changes direction and increases its speed relative to the speedof the blades. A pressure drop occurs across both the stator and the rotor,
with steam accelerating through the stator and decelerating through therotor, with no net change in steam velocity across the stage but with adecrease in both pressure and temperature, reflecting the work performed
in the driving of the rotor.
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Operation and maintenance:When warming up a steam turbine for use, the main steam stop valves (after the
boiler) have a byp