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INEQUALITY
• Hina Khalid 10070621-001• Iqra Farooq 10070621-009• Maria Aslam 10070621-017• Ali Irfan shah 10070621-031• Hinza Riaz 10070621-045• Umer Jalil 10070621-053• Gulsher 10070621-055• Hassan Naqi 10070621-063
Group Members
Hina Khalid10070621-001
TOPIC
Measurements ofinequality
Measurement of Inequality
• Kuznets Ratio• Lorenz Curve • The Gini Coefficient• Gender Inequality Index
Kuznets Ratio
• The Kuznets ratio is a measurement of the ratio of income going to the highest-earning households (usually defined by the upper 20%) and the income going to the lowest-earning households
• Commonly measured by 40% lower and 20% higher income receiving groups. Comparing 20% to 20%, perfect equality is expressed as 1; 20% to 40% changes this value to 0.5.
CONT…
• Kuznets had two similar explanations for this historical phenomenon
• workers migrated from agriculture to industry; and rural workers moved to urban jobs.
• In both explanations, inequality will decrease after 50% of the shift force switches over to the higher paying sector.
Lorenz curve
• A model developed by economist Max Lorenz in 1905.
• It is often associated with income distribution calculations
Iqra Farooq10070621-009
TOPICMeasurements of
Inequality
• A – Equality Diagonal Population = Income
• B – Lorenz Curve • C – Difference Between
Equality and Reality
AA
BB
CC
Cumulative PopulationCumulative Population
Cumulative Incom
eCum
ulative Income
The Gini CoefficientThe Gini Coefficient
Invented by the Italian statistician Corado Gini. An equality diagonal represents perfect equality: at every point, cumulative population equals cumulative income.
Invented by the Italian statistician Corado Gini. An equality diagonal represents perfect equality: at every point, cumulative population equals cumulative income.
Gender Inequality Index
• A composite measure reflecting inequality in achievements between women and men in three dimensions
• Reproductive health• Empowerment • The labor market.
Umer Jalil10070621-053
TOPICInequality in Pak
w.r.t Gini coefficient
INEQUALITY ACCORDING TO GINI COEFFICIENT OF PAKISTAN 1963-99
1963-64 0.348 0.368 0.355 1966-67 0.314 0.388 0.351 1968-69 0.293 0.37 0.328 1984-85 0.345 0.379 0.428 1985-86 0.33 0.354 0.355 1987-88 0.307 0.366 0.348 1990-91 0.41 0.390 0.407 1992-93 0.367 0.384 0.39 1994-95 0.40 0.35 0.40 1996-97 0.41 0.38 0.40 1998-99 0.40 0.33 0.41
Years Rural areas Urban areas Total
Explanation
• Inequalities in urban areas were higher than in rural areas.
• According to their analysis, inequality increased in both urban and rural areas of Pakistan during 1969-70 and 1979.
• For Pakistan, the value of the Gini-coefficient was 0.329 in 1969-70 and 0.376 in 1979
CONT…
• It is observed that during 1980s income distribution improved from 0.428 in 1984-85 to 0.348 in 1987-88. During the same period, the Gini-coefficient for rural areas improved from 0.345 to 0.307 while there was a little improvement in the income distribution in the urban areas of Pakistan. The Gini-coefficient decreased from 0.379 in 1984-85 to only 0.366 in 1987-88 as shown in table.
Irfan Shah10070621-031
TOPIC
Inequality in India w.r.t Gini
coefficient
Inequality According To Gini Coefficient Of India
YEAR GINI COEFFICIENT
I970 30.38
1977 32.14
1983 31.49
1990 29.69
1992 32.02
1999 29.95
2002 42.00
2004 35.5
CONT…
Dr Sonali BhattacharyaSymbiosis Centre of Management and Human Resource Development,
Hinjewadi, Pune-411057INDIA
Hinza Riaz10070621-45
TOPIC
Inequality in Bangladesh w.r.t Gini coefficient
Bangladesh
• Bangladesh is considered as a developing economy which has recorded GDP growth above 5% during the last few years
• Three fifths of Bangladeshis are employed in the agriculture sector, three quarters of exports revenues come from garment industry.
• Obstacles to sustainable development in Bangladesh are overpopulation, poor infrastructure, corruption, political instability and a slow implementation of economic reforms.
Maria Aslam10070621-017
TOPIC
Least Inequality in Different Countries
5 Countries with least Inequality
• Luxembourg 26.0• Serbia 26.0• Norway 25.0• Hungary 24.7 • Sweden 23.0
Gulsher10070621-055
TOPIC
Inequality in Different Countries
10 Countries with the Worst Inequality:
• The UNDP ranked countries and regions based on a number of factors, including their Gini coefficient, named for Italian statistician Corrado Gini.
• We have listed the world's most advanced economies based on their Gini score, with zero marking absolute equality and 100 absolute inequalities
CONT…
• Hong Kong • Singapore• U.S• Israel• Portugal
Hassan Naqi10070621-063
TOPIC
Inequality in Different Countries
CONT…
• New Zealand• Italy (tie)• Britain• Australia• Ireland (tie)• Greece (tie)
Rank of Pakistan and India
RANK COUNTRY GINI SCORE YEAR EST
79 India 36.8 2004
109 Pakistan 30.6 FY07/08
http://www.thinkonthat.com/archives/5420
CONCLUSION
• According to Gini coefficient Pakistan’s rank is 109 and its Gini score is 30.6 so as compared to India, Pakistan has more equality.
• The country with least inequality is Sweden and the country with worst inequality is
Hong Kong • Unequal distribution of power, prestige and
wealth is main reason of inequality.
References
• http://www.investorwords.com/6570/Lorenz_curve.html• 2010 GII: Construction & Analysis• http://www.thp.org/what_we_do/program_overview/
empowering_women?gclid=CK-39LOF8KwCFQRO3godQzUXLw
• Dr Sonali Bhattacharya Symbiosis Centre of Management and Human Resource Development, Hinjewadi, Pune-411057 INDIA
• Tradingeconomics.com• http://www.thinkonthat.com/archives/5420• http://finance.yahoo.com/news/pf_article_107980.html• http://finance.yahoo.com/news/pf_article_107980.html
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