INFECTION AND IMMUNITYVOLUME 51 * JANUARY 1986 * NUMBER 1

J. W. Shands, Jr., Editor in Chief (1989)University of Florida, Gainesville

Phillip J. Baker, Editor (1990)National Institute ofAllergy and

Infectious DiseasesBethesda, Md.Edwin H. Beachey, Editor (1988)VA Medical CenterMemphis, Tenn.

Peter F. Bonventre, Editor (1989)University of CincinnatiCincinnati, OhioRoy Curtiss III, Editor (1990)Washington UniversitySt. Louis, Mo.

Arthur G. Johnson, Editor (1986)University of Minnesota, DuluthStephan E. Mergenhagen, Editor (1989)National Institute of Dental ResearclBethesda, Md.

Leonard C. Altman (1986)Michael A. Apicella (1988)Roland Arnold (1987)John B. Bartlett (1988)Joel B. Baseman (1988)Robert E. Baughn (1987)Gary K. Best (1988)Jenefer Blackwell (1988)Arnold S. Bleiweis (1987)William H. Bowen (1988)David E. Briles (1988)Robert R. Brubaker (1986)Gerald Byrne (1988)Bruce Chassy (1987)John 0. Cisar (1988)William B. Clark (1988)John Clements (1988)Don B. Clewell (1987)Myron S. Cohen (1987)R. John Collier (1987)Jorge H. Crosa (1988)Jim E. Cutler (1987)James B. Dale (1988)Judith E. Domer (1986)James L. Duncan (1988)Dennis Dwyer (1987)Roman Dziarski (1987)Robert A. Eisenberg (1987)Barry Eisenstein (1988)

EDITORIAL BOARDToby K. Eisenstein (1987)Peter Elsbach (1986)Stanley Falkow (1988)John R. Finerty (1987)Robert Fitzgerald (1986)James D. Folds (1988)Samuel B. Formal (1986)Peter Gemski (1988)Robert Genco (1988)Ronald J. Gibbons (1988)Emil Gotschlich (1988)Frank Griffin (1987)Richard Guerrant (1986)Thomas L. Hale (1987)Robert E. W. Hancock (1988)Edgar Hanna (1987)Eric J. Hansen (1986)Thomas P. Hatch (1988)David Hentges (1988)Randall K. Holmes (1986)Marcus A. Horwitz (1987)Dexter H. Howard (1988)Vincent J. Iacono (1988)Barbara Iglewski (1986)Richard E. Isaacson (1987)Howard M. Johnson (1988)Russell C. Johnson (1988)William Johnson (1988)Dennis L. Kasper (1988)

F. Kierszenbaum (1987)Paul Kolenbrander (1986)Julius P. Kreier (1986)Maurice J. Lefford (1987)Thomas Lehner (1986)Stephen H. Leppla (1988)F. Y. Liew (1988)Francis L. Macrina (1988)John Mansfield (1988)Jerry R. McGhee (1988)Floyd C. McIntire (1988)Monte Meltzer (1986)Jiri Mestecky (1986)J. Gabriel Michael (1986)Henry W. Murray (1986)Carol A. Nacy (1987)Alison O'Brien (1988)Itzhak Ofek (1986)Andrew B. Onderdonk (1987)Monique Parant (1987)Shelley M. Payne (1988)Nathaniel F. Pierce (1986)Matthew Pollack (1986)Reuben Ramphal (1988)Richard R. Ranney (1988)Ruth Rappaport (1986)John B. Robbins (1986)Donald Robertson (1987)Burton Rosan (1986)

Catherine Saelinger (1987)Dwayne C. Savage (1987)Irving E. Salit (1986)Charles F. Schachtele (1988)Julius Schachter (1986)Gary K. Schoolnik (1987)June R. Scott (1987)Philip Scott (1988)Alan Sher (1987)Gerald D. Shockman (1986)W. A. Simpson (1988)Phillip D. Smith (1988)Ralph Snyderman (1988)Maggie So (1986)P. Frederick Sparling (1987)Barnet M. Sultzer (1988)Catharina Svanborg-Eden (1988)John L. Swanson (1987)Diane Taylor (1987)K. N. Timmis (1987)Ivo van de Rijn (1987)Johannes van Houte (1988)Stefanie Vogel (1988)Peter A. Ward (1988)William P. Weidanz (1987)P. H. Williams (1987)Jerry A. Winkelstein (1987)Herbert H. Winkler (1986)Elizabeth J. Zieglekw (1988)Wendell D. Zollinger (1988)

Helen R. Whiteley, Chairman, Publications BoardLinda M. lhlig, Managing Editor, Journals Thomas M. Rogers, Production Editor

Infection and Immunity (ISSN 0019-9567), a publication of the American Society for Microbiology, 1913 I St., NW,Washington, DC 20006, is devoted to the advancement and dissemination offundamental knowledge concerning: (i) infectionscaused by pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and unicellular parasites; (ii) the ecology and epidemiology of pathogenic microbes; (iii)virulence factors, such as toxins and microbial surface structures; (iv) nonspecific factors in host resistance and susceptibilityto infection; and (v) immunology of microbial infection. Instructions to authors are published in the January issue each year;reprints are available from the editors and the Publications Department. Infection and Immunity is published monthly, and thetwelve numbers are divided into four volumes per year. The nonmember subscription price is $280 per year; single copies are$21. The member subscription price is $41 (foreign, $54 [surface rate]) per year; single copies are $7. Correspondence relatingto subscriptions, reprints, defective copies, availability of back issues, lost or late proofs, disposition of submittedmanuscripts, and general editorial matters should be directed to the ASM Publications Department, 1913 I St., NW,Washington, DC 20006 (phone: 202 833-9680).

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Author IndexAaltonen, Antti S., 49Abe, Chiyoji, 54Achtman, Mark, 268, 286Aihara, Yukoh, 43Anderle, Sonia K., 240Arata, Satoru, 43

Babiuk, L. A., 344Barcinski, Marcello A., 80,

369Barnes, Robert C., 60Beachey, Edwin H., 362Bessler, Wolfgang G., 233Bhakdi, S., 314Bienz, Kurt A., 147Blaser, Martin J., 204, 209Bowie, William R., 250Brade, Helmut, 110Brade, Lore, 110Brawner, Diane L., 327, 337Brown, Roger R., 240Bryner, John H., 209

Calderone, Richard A., 102Caugant, Dominique, 268Caulfield, John P., 181Ceri, Howard, 1Chang, Ling Y., 320Cihlar, Ronald L., 102Clark, Bruce L., 187Clark, Richard L., 240Clemons, Karl V., 199Connor, J., 87Couceiro, Jose, 224Cromartie, William J., 240Cutler, Jim E., 327, 337

Dankert, Jacob, 294Danley, David L., 307Dempsey, W. L., 87dos Reis, George A., 369Dove, C. Robert, 24

Eiras, Adolfo, 224ElDeib, Mohamed M. R., 24Elleman, Thomas C., 187Elliott, John A., 31Emery, David L., 187Erb, Peter, 147

Fairbrother, John M., 10Faro, Jose, 224Feijen, Jan, 294Feldman, David, 199Ferrante, A., 177Filler, Steven J., 348Fine, D. P., 6Frank, Robert M., 277Funk, C. R., 37

Galloway, D. R., 37Garber, Gary E., 250Gariepy, Jean, 320Germaine, Greg R., 119Ghadirian, E., 263Goebel, W., 314Goguen, Jon D., 352Goldstein, Elaine G., 302Gordon, M. R., 134Graves, Don C., 125Gregory, Richard L., 348

Hansen, Eric J., 69Hastie, Annette T., 254Hausmann, Ernest, 302Heck, Louis W., 115Hedstrom, R. C., 37Heuzenroeder, Michael, 268Higgins, Michael L., 254Hindahl, Michael S., 94Hingley, Susan T., 254Hoberg, Kathryn A., 102Hogt, Andre H., 294Hopkins, Janet A., 204Hoyne, Peter A., 187Hulstaert, C. E., 294

Iglewski, Barbara H., 94Imoto, Masahiro, 43Ivey, Michael H., 125

Jann, Barbara, 54Jann, Klaus, 54JeanLouis, Yucynthia A., 60Jerrells, Thomas R., 355Joens, L. A., 282Jones, Thomas C., 147

Kamisaki, Yoshinori, 320Kaper, J. B., 37Kasai, Nobuhiko, 43Kelly, James K., 16Kimura, Alan, 69Klapper, David G., 240Klein, Jean-Paul, 277Kongshavn, P. A. L., 263Korhonen, Timo K., 268Kotani, Shozo, 43Kreier, Julius P., 141Kueppers, Friedrich, 254Kuno, Takayoshi, 320Kuriyama, Steve M., 193Kusecek, Barica, 268, 286Kusumoto, Shoichi, 43, 110Kwon-Chung, K. J., 218

Lallier, Real, 10Lareo, Isabel, 224Lariviere, Serge, 10

Lehtonen, Olli-Pekka J., 49Levine, Michael J., 302Lupan, David M., 360

Maldonado, Marcela S., 369Marchitto, Kevin S., 168Mashimo, Jun-Ichi, 43McArthur, Hamish A. I., 1McGhee, Jerry R., 348McNabb, Scott J. N., 125McRae, William B., 115Mendonga-Previato, Lucia,

369Meyers, Gwyneth L., 16Michalek, Suzanne M., 348Mietzner, Timothy A., 60Millar, Stephen J., 302Miller, Edward J., 115Minion, F. Chris, 352Moll, Albrecht, 286Morahan, P. S., 87Morihara, Kazuyuki, 115Morse, Stephen A., 60Moser, Irmgard, 54Muchmore, H. G., 6Murad, Ferid, 320Myrvik, Q. N., 134

Nawa, Yukifumi, 213Norgard, Michael V., 168Nuessen, M. E., 282Nziramasanga, Pasipanodya,

360

Ochman, Howard, 268Ogier, Joelle A., 277O'Hanley, Peter, 320Ohmann, H. Bielefeldt, 344Okuda, Kenji, 430rskov, Frits, 54, 2680rskov, Ida, 54, 268Owhashi, Makoto, 213

Packer, Beryl J., 141Pai, Chik H., 16Parker, Charlotte D., 24Parrisius, J., 314Pavia, Charles S., 365Pavlovskis, 0. R., 37Perez Perez, Guillermo I.,

204, 209Pluschke, Gerd, 286Polakoff, Josephine, 307Previato, Lucia M., 80Proctor, Eileen M., 250

Regueiro, Benito Jose, 224Rhodes, J. C., 218Rietschel, Ernst T., 110Rodrigues, Maurfcio M., 80

Roth, M., 314

Saito, Hajime, 157, 163Samuelson, John C., 181Sato, Katsumasa, 157, 163Schar, Gertrud, 199Schmitz, Silvie, 54Schoolnik, Gary, 320Schwab, John H., 240Scott, E. N., 6Seeliger, H. P. R., 314Selander, Robert K., 268Selland-Grossling, Coleen K.,

168Seoane, Rafael, 224Shafer, William M., 60Shiba, Tetsuo, 43, 110Shimamoto, Tetsuo, 43Shryock, Thomas, 254Silverblatt, Fredric J., 193Somerfield, S. D., 263Sommer, Pascal, 277Spitalny, George L., 355Stab, Karin, 233Stevens, David A., 199Stewart, David J., 187Stimpson, Stephen A., 240Stover, E. Price, 199Stuart, Simon, 268

Takada, Haruhiko, 43Takata, I., 134Tellefson, Lois M., 119Tenovuo, Jorma, 49Thong, Y. H., 177Tomioka, Haruaki, 157, 163Tranum-Jensen, J., 314Tuohimaa, Pentti, 49Turco, Jenifer, 355

Vaisanen-Rhen, Vuokko, 268Veum, Trygve L., 24Vilja, Pekka, 49Volkman, A., 87Vordermeier, Martin, 233

Waldman, Scott A., 320Watanabe, Takashi, 157, 163Weinbaum, George, 254White, Arnold A., 24Whitfield, Christopher, 1Winkler, Herbert H., 355Winn, Washington C., Jr., 31Worley, Mark A., 125

Xavier, Murcia T., 80

Yoshimura, Hiroyuki, 43

Zinn, Gene M., 24

INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, Jan. 1986

INFECTION AND IMMUNITY

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pretation of the results in relation to previously pub-lished work and to the experimental system at handand should not contain extensive repetition of theResults section or reiteration of the introduction. Inshort papers, the Results and Discussion sections maybe combined.

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1. Alderete, J. F., and D. C. Robertson. 1978. Purificationand chemical characterization of the heat-stable entero-toxin produced by porcine strains of enterotoxigenicEscherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 19:1021-1030.

2. Berry, L. J., R. N. Moore, K. J. Goodrum, and R. E.Couch, Jr. 1977. Cellular requirements for enzyme inhi-bition by endotoxin in mice, p. 321-325. In D. Schlessin-ger (ed.), Microbiology-1977. American Society forMicrobiology, Washington, D.C.

3. Finegold, S. M., W. E. Shepherd, and E. H. Spaulding.1977. Cumitech 5, Practical anaerobic bacteriology. Co-ordinating ed., W. E. Shepherd. American Society forMicrobiology, Washington, D.C.

4. Gill, T. J., III. 1976. Principles of radioimmunoassay, p.

169-171. In N. R. Rose and H. Friedman (ed.), Manual ofclinical immunology, 1st ed. American Society forMicrobiology, Washington, D.C.

5. Leadbetter, E. R. 1974. Order II. Cytophagales nomennovum, p. 99. In R. E. Buchanan and N. E. Gibbons(ed.), Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 8thed. The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore.

6. Miller, J. H. 1972. Experiments in molecular genetics, p.352-355. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold SpringHarbor, N.Y.

7. Sacks, L. E. 1972. Influence of intra- and extracellularcations on the germination of bacterial spores, p. 437-442.In H. 0. Halvorson, R. Hanson, and L. L. Campbell(ed.), Spores V. American Society for Microbiology,Washington, D.C.

Parenthetical references in the text should be citedas follows:. . . and protects the organisms against oxygen toxic-ity (H. P. Misra and I. Fridovich, Fed. Proc. 35:1686,1976).. . . system was used (W. E. Scowcroft, A. H.Gibson, and J. D. Pagan, Biochem. Biophys. Res.Commun., in press).... in linkage group XIV (R. D. Smyth, Ph.D. thesis,University of California, Los Angeles, 1972).... in poly mitochondria (S. E. Mainzer and C. W.Slayman, Abstr. Annu. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol.1976, K15, p. 139).

NotesSubmit Notes in the same way as full-length papers.

They receive the same review, and they are neitherpublished more rapidly than full-length papers norconsidered preliminary communications. The Noteformat is intended for the presentation of brief obser-vations that do not warrant full-length papers.Each Note must have an abstract of no more than 50

words. Do not use section headings in the body of theNote; report methods, results, and discussion in asingle section. Paragraph lead-ins are permissible. Thetext is not to exceed 1,000 words, and the number offigures and tables should be kept to a minimum.Materials and methods should be described in the text,not in figure legends or table footnotes. Present ac-knowledgments as in full-length papers, but do not usea heading. The Literature Cited section is identical tothat of full-length papers.

MinireviewsMinireviews are brief summaries (limit of six printed

pages) of developments in fast-moving areas. Theymust be based on previously published articles: theymay address any subject within the scope of IAI.Minireviews may be either solicited or proffered byauthors responding to a recognized need. Irrespectiveof origin, reviews are subject to editorial review.

ErrataThe Erratum section provides a means of correcting

errors (e.g., typographical) in published articles.

IV

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

Changes in data and the addition of new material arenot permitted. Send errata directly to the PublicationsDepartment.

Author's CorrectionsThe Author's Correction section provides a means

of adding citations that were overlooked in a publishedarticle. The author who failed to cite a reference andthe author whose paper was not cited must agree tosuch a publication; the editor, editor in chief, chairmanof the Publications Board, and director of publicationswill not be involved. Letters from both authors mustaccompany the author's correction sent to the Publi-cations Department.

ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLES

Continuous-Tone PhotographsThe figure number and authors' names should be

written on all figures, either in the margin or on theback (marked lightly with a soft pencil). For micro-graphs especially, the top should be indicated as well.Do not clasp figures to each other or to the manu-

script with paper clips. Insert small figures in anenvelope if necessary.When submitting continuous-tone photographs

(e.g., polyacrylamide gels), keep in mind the journalpage size: 35/16 inches for a single column and 67I8inches for a double column (maximum). Include onlythe significant portion of the illustration. Each must beof sufficient contrast to withstand the inevitable loss ofcontrast and detail inherent in the printing process.Submit one photograph of each continuous-tone figurefor each copy of the manuscript; photocopies are notacceptable. If possible, the figures submitted should bethe size they will appear when published so that noreduction is needed. If they must be reduced, makesure that all elements, including labeling, can with-stand reduction and remain legible. If a figure is acomposite of a continuous-tone photograph and adrawing or labeling, the tone should be mounted on theoriginal drawing (i.e., do not submit a photograph ofthe composite).

Electron and light micrographs must be direct cop-ies of the original negative; in addition to the two setsof photographs for the reviewers, include a third set tobe used for reproduction. Indicate the magnificationwith a scale marker on each micrograph.

Color PhotographsColor photographs are discouraged. However, if

they are necessary, include an extra copy so that acost estimate for printing may be obtained. The cost ofprinting color photographs must be borne by theauthor.

DrawingsSubmit graphs, charts, diagrams, and other drawings

as glossy photographs made from finished drawings not

requiring additional artwork or typesetting. No part ofthe graph or drawing should be typewritten or handlettered. Use a lettering set or other professional-quality device for all labeling. Both axes of graphsmust be labeled. Most graphs will be reduced toone-column width (35/16 inches), and all elements inthe drawing should be large enough to withstand thisreduction. Avoid heavy letters, which tend to close upwhen reduced, and unusual symbols, which the printermay not be able to reproduce in the legend. Directreadouts from computers, recorders, etc., are notusually acceptable; such material should be redrawn.One of the two sets of drawings may consist ofphotocopies; the other, however, must consist ofphotographs.

In figure ordinate and abscissa scales (as well as intable column headings), avoid ambiguous use of num-bers with exponents. Usually, it is preferable to usethe International System of Units (,u for 10-6, m for10-3, k for 103, M for 106, etc.). A complete listing ofSI symbols can be found in the International Union ofPure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) "Manual ofSymbols and Terminology for Physicochemical Quan-tities and Units" (Pure Appl. Chem. 21:3-44, 1970).Thus, a representation of 20,000 cpm on a figureordinate is to be made by the number 20, accompaniedby a label kcpm.When powers of 10 must be employed, the editorial

style of IAI follows the CBE Style Manual recommen-dation, which differs in the convention employed fromthat of several other journals. The CBE Style Manualsuggests that the exponent power be associated withthe number shown. In representing 20,000 cells per ml,the numeral on the ordinate would be "2" and thelabel would be "104 cells per ml" (not "cells per ml x10-4'"). Likewise, an enzyme activity of 0.06 U/mlwould be shown as 6, accompanied by the label 10-2U/ml. The preferred designation would be 60 mU/mllabeled as mU (or milliunits) per ml.

Figure LegendsLegends should provide enough information so that

the figure is understandable without frequent referenceto the text. However, detailed experimental methodsmust be described in the Materials and Methodssection, not in a figure legend. A method that is uniqueto one of several experiments may be reported in alegend only if the discussion is very brief (one or twosentences). Define all symbols and abbreviations usedin the figure that have not been defined elsewhere.

TablesType each table on a separate page. Arrange the

data so that columns of like material read down, notacross. The headings should be sufficiently clear sothat the meaning of the data will be understandablewithout reference to the text. See the Abbreviationssection of these instructions for those that may be usedin tables. Explanatory footnotes are acceptable, butmore extensive table "legends" are not. Footnotes

v

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

should not include detailed descriptions of the exper-iment. A well-constructed table is shown below.

TABLE 1. Trapping of previously perfused piliated S.typhimurium by mouse livers

% Recovery ina: TotalBacteria

Liver Perfusate recovery

Control 60.1 + 11.2 46.2 ± 10.5 106.2 ± 8.7Previously 39.4 8.4b 66.2 ± 9.5b 105.6 ± 10.3

perfuseda Mean ± standard deviation of at least seven experiments.b p < 0.001 versus control by the White rank order method (21).

Camera-Ready CopyDrawings, tables, chemical formulas, etc., that can

be photographically reproduced for publication with-out further typesetting or artwork are referred to as"camera ready." Such copy may also be prepared forcomplicated mathematical or physical formulas, por-tions of genetic maps, diagrams, and flow schemes. Itshould not be hand lettered. Camera-ready copy mustbe carefully prepared to conform to the style of IAI. Theadvantage in submitting camera-ready copy is that thematerial will appear exactly as envisioned by theauthor, and no second proofreading is necessary. Thisis particularly advantageous when there are long,complicated tables and when the division of materialand spacing are important.

NOMENCLATURE

Chemical and Biochemical NomenclatureThe recognized authority for the names of chemical

compounds is Chemical Abstracts (Chemical AbstractService, Ohio State University, Columbus) and itsindexes. For biochemical terminology, including ab-breviations and symbols, consult the following: Bio-chemical Nomenclature and Related Documents(1978; reprinted for The Biochemical Society, Lon-don), instructions to authors of the Journal ofBiolog-ical Chemistry and the Archives of Biochemistry andBiophysics (first issues of each year), and the Hand-book of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (G. D.Fasman, ed., CRC Press, Inc., 3rd ed., 1976).Do not express molecular weight in daltons; molec-

ular weight is a unitless ratio. Molecular mass isexpressed in daltons.For enzymes, use the recommended (trivial) name

assigned by the Nomenclature Committee of the In-ternational Union of Biochemistry as described inEnzyme Nomenclature (Academic Press, Inc., 1979).If a nonrecommended name is used, place the proper(trivial) name in parentheses at first use in the abstractand text. Use the EC number when one has beenassigned, and express enzyme activity either in katals(preferred) or in the older system of micromoles perminute.

DrugsWhenever possible, use generic names rather than

trade names of drugs.

Nomenclature of MicroorganismsBinary names, consisting of a generic name and a

specific epithet (e.g., Escherichia coli), should be usedfor all microorganisms. Names of higher categoriesmay be used alone, but specific and subspecific epi-thets may not. A specific epithet must be preceded bya generic name the first time it is used in a paper.Thereafter, the generic name should be abbreviated tothe initial capital letter (e.g., E. coli), provided therecan be no confusion with other genera used in thepaper. Names of all taxa (phyla [for fungi, divisions],classes, orders, families, genera, species, and subspe-cies) are printed in italics; strain designations andnumbers are not.The spelling of bacterial names should follow the

Approved Lists ofBacterial Names (American Societyfor Microbiology, 1980), the subsequent validationlists and relevant articles published in the Interna-tional Journal of Systematic Bacteriology since 1980,or Bergey's Manual ofSystematic Bacteriology (N. R.Krieg and J. G. Holt, ed., The Williams & WilkinsCo., 1984). If there is reason to use a name that doesnot have standing in nomenclature, the name shouldbe enclosed in quotation marks and an appropriatestatement concerning the nomenclatural status of thename should be made in the text (for an example, seeInt. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 30:547-556, 1980).

It is recommended that a strain be deposited in arecognized culture collection when that strain is nec-essary for the description of a new taxon (see Bacte--iological Code, 1975 Revision, American Society forMicrobiology, 1975).

Since the classification of fungi is not complete, it isthe responsibility of the author to determine the cur-rently accepted binomial for a given yeast or mold.Some sources for the spelling of these names includeThe Yeasts: a Taxonomic Study (3rd ed., N. J. W.Kreger-van Rij, ed., Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.,1984) and Ainsworth and Bisby's Dictionary of theFungi, Including the Lichens, 6th ed. (CommonwealthMycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, England, 1971).

Microorganisms, viruses, and plasmids should begiven designations consisting of letters and serial num-bers. It is generally advisable to include a worker'sinitials or a descriptive symbol of locale, laboratory,etc., in the designation. Each new strain, mutant,isolate, or derivative should be given a new (serial)designation. This designation should be distinct fromthose of the genotype and phenotype, and genotypicand phenotypic symbols should not be included.A registry of plasmid designations is maintained by

the Plasmid Reference Center, Department of MedicalMicrobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305.

Vi

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

Genetic NomenclatureBacteria. The genetic properties of bacteria are

described in terms of phenotypes and genotypes. Thephenotype designation describes the observable prop-erties of an organism. The genotype refers to thegenetic constitution of an organism, usually in refer-ence to some standard wild type. Use the recommen-dations of Demerec et al. (Genetics 54:61-76, 1966) asa guide in employing these terms. If your manuscriptcontains information including genetic nomenclature,please refer to the Instructions to Authors in the Janu-ary issue of the Journal of Bacteriology.

"Mutant" vs. "mutation." Keep in mind the distinc-tion between a mutation (an alteration of the primarysequence of the genetic material) and a mutant (astrain carrying one or more mutations). One mayspeak about the mapping of a mutation, but one cannotmap a mutant. Likewise, a mutant has no geneticlocus, only a phenotype.

Transposable elements, plasmids, and restriction en-zymes. Nomenclature of transposable elements (inser-tion sequences, transposons, phage Mu, etc.) shouldfollow the recommendations of Campbell et al. (Gene5:197-206, 1979), with the modifications given in sec-tion vi. The system of designating transposon inser-tions at sites where there are no known loci, e.g.,zef-123::Tn5, has been described by Chumley et al.(Genetics 91:639-655, 1979). Whenever possible, usethe nomenclature recommendations of Novick et al.(Bacteriol. Rev. 40:168-189, 1976) for plasmids andplasmid-specified activities, of Low (Bacteriol. Rev.36:587-607, 1972) for F-prime factors, and of Roberts(Nucleic Acids Res. 9:r75-r96, 1981) for restrictionenzymes and DNA fragments derived from treatmentwith these enzymes. Recombinant DNA molecules,constructed in vitro, follow the nomenclature for in-sertions in general. DNA inserted into recombinantDNA molecules should be described by using the genesymbols and conventions for the organism from whichthe DNA was obtained. The Plasmid Reference Cen-ter, Stanford University School of Medicine, assignsTn and IS numbers to avoid conflicting and repetitiveuse.

ABBREVIATIONS AND CONVENTIONS

Patient IdentificationWhen isolates are derived from patients in clinical

studies, do not identify them by using the patients'initials, even as part of a strain designation. Changethe initials to arabic numerals or use randomly chosenletters. Do not give hospital unit numbers; if a desig-nation is needed, use only the last two digits of theunit. (Note: Established designations of some virusesand cell lines, although they consist of initials, areacceptable [e.g., JC virus, BK virus, HeLa cells].)Do not identify patients by race or occupation

unless the relevance of this information is readilyapparent or demonstrated in the text.

Verb TenseUse the past tense to narrate particular events in the

past, including the procedures, observations, and dataof the study you are reporting. Use the present tensefor general statements, including your own generalconclusions, the conclusions of previous researchers,and generally accepted facts. In addition, the presenttense should be used for discourse having an immedi-ate effect on the reader ("the data indicate"; "Fig. 1shows").

AbbreviationsGeneral. It is strongly recommended that all abbre-

viations except those listed below be introduced in thefirst paragraph in Materials and Methods. Alterna-tively, define each abbreviation and introduce it inparentheses the first time it is used; e.g., "cultureswere grown in Eagle minimal essential medium(MEM)." Generally, eliminate abbreviations that arenot used at least five times in the text (including tablesand figure legends). Abbreviations should be usedprimarily as an aid to the reader, rather than as aconvenience to the author, and therefore their useshould be limited. Abbreviations other than thoserecommended by the IUPAC-IUB (Biochemical No-menclature and Related Documents, 1978) should beused only when a case can be made for necessity, suchas in tables and figures.

It is often possible to use pronouns or to paraphrasea long word after its first use (e.g., "the drug," "thesubstrate"). Standard chemical symbols and trivialnames or their symbols (folate, Ala, Leu, etc.) may beused for terms that appear in full in the neighboringtext.

Not requiring introduction. In addition to abbrevia-tions for standard units of measurement and chemicalsymbols of the elements, the following should be usedwithout definition in the title, abstract, text, figurelegends, and tables: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid);cDNA (complementary DNA); RNA (ribonucleicacid); cRNA (complementary RNA); RNase (ribonu-clease); DNase (deoxyribonuclease); rRNA(ribosomal RNA); mRNA (messenger RNA); tRNA(transfer RNA); AMP, ADP, ATP, dAMP, GTP, etc.(for the respective 5' phosphates of adenosine or othernucleosides) (add 2'-, 3'-, or 5'- when needed forcontrast); ATPase, dGTPase, etc. (adenosine triphos-phatase, deoxyguanosine triphosphatase, etc.); NAD(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide); NAD+(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, oxidized); NADH(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced); NADP(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate);NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phos-phate, reduced); poly(A), poly(dT), etc. (polyadenylicacid, polydeoxythymidylic acid, etc.); oligo(dT), etc.(oligodeoxythymidylic acid, etc.); Pi (orthophos-

.ii

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

phate); PP, (pyrophosphate); UV (ultraviolet); PFU(plaque-forming units); CFU (colony-forming units);MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration); MBC (mini-mal bactericidal concentration); Tris [tris(hydroxy-methyl)aminomethane]; DEAE (diethylaminoethyl);A260 (absorbance at 260 nm); and EDTA (ethylene-diaminetetraacetic acid). Abbreviations for cell lines(e.g., HeLa cells) also need not be defined.The following abbreviations should be used without

definition in tables:

amt (amount)approx (approximately)avg (average)concn (concentration)diam (diameter)expt (experiment)ht (height)mo (month)mol wt (molecular

weight)no. (number)prepn (preparation)

Reporting Numerical Data

SD (standard deviation)SE (standard error)SEM (standard error of themean)

sp act (specific activity)sp gr (specific gravity)temp (temperature)tr (trace)vol (volume)vs (versus)wk (week)wt (weight)yr (year)

Standard metric units are used for reporting length,weight, and volume. For these units and for molarity,use the prefixes m, ,u, n, and p for 10-3, 10-6, 10-9,and 10-12, respectively. Likewise, use the prefix k for103. Avoid compound prefixes such as m,L or ,u,. Usepug/ml or ,g/g in place of the ambiguous ppm. Units oftemperature are presented as follows: 37°C or 342 K.When fractions are used to express units such as

enzymatic activities, it is preferable to use wholeunits, such as g or min, in the denominator instead offractional or multiple units, such as pug or 10 min. Forexample, "pmol/min" would be preferable to

"nmol/10 min," and ",umol/g" would be preferable to"nmol/,g." It is also preferable that an unambiguousform such as exponential notation be used instead ofmultiple slashes; for example, ",umol g-1 min-1" ispreferable to ",umol/g per min."

See the CBE Style Manual, 5th ed., for more de-tailed information about reporting numbers. Also con-tained in this source is information on the appropriateSI units to be used for the reporting of illumination,energy, frequency, pressure, and other physical terms.Always report numerical data in the appropriate SIunit.

Isotopically Labeled CompoundsFor simple molecules, labeling is indicated in the

chemical formula (e.g., 14CO2, 3H20, H235S04).Brackets are not employed when the isotopic symbolis attached to a word which is not a specific chemicalname (e.g., 1311-labeled protein, 14C-amino acids, 3H-ligands, etc.).For specific chemicals, the symbol for the isotope is

placed in square brackets directly preceding the part ofthe name that describes the labeled entity. Note thatconfiguration symbols and modifiers precede the iso-topic symbol. The following examples illustrate cor-rect usage:

[14C]ureaL-[methyl-'4C]methionine[2,3-3H]serine[a-14C]lysine

UDP-[U-'4C]glucoseE. coli [32P]DNAfructose 1,6-[l-32P]bisphosphate[y-32P]ATP

This journal follows the same conventions for iso-topic labeling as the Journal of Biological Chemistry,and more detailed information can be found in theinstructions to authors of that journal (first issue ofeach year).

. .i.

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