Date post: | 12-Nov-2014 |
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Health & Medicine |
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Infection Control Process
• Lister, Pasteur and Semmelweis were the first to contribute about germ theory
• Microorganisms• Protozoonology,Bacte
riology, Virology,Mycology
• Bacteria (most numerous of all microorganisms, unicellular, many are pathogenic to human
• Cocci,Bacilli and Spirilla
• Can be killed with antibiotics
Fungy and Bacteria
Cocci and Protozoa
Fungi
• Parasistic and some none parasistic plants and molds
• Yeast is a typical fungus
• Feed on antibiotics and flourish in antibiotic therapy
Protozoa
• One cell organisms• Both parasite and non
parasite• can move with cilia or
false feet• typically 2 to 200 mm
in size
Virus• Smallest of all
microorganisms• can be seen only with
electronic microscope• can only multiply
within a living cell• can be destroyed by
heat• difficult to kill with
chemotherapy
Ricketssia
• Visible under a standard microscope
• Susceptible to antibiotics
• transmitted by insects, ticks, fleas
Conditions Required for bacterial Growth
• Moisture
• Temperature
• Oxygen
• Light
Transmission of infections
• The pathogen needs to be present
• A reservoir of disease
• a portal of exit from the reservoir
• a means of transmission
• a portal of entry
• a susceptible host
Stages of Infection Process
• Invasion
• Multiplication
• Incubation Period
• Prodromal Period
• Acute Period
• Recovery Period
The Infection Control System• Defenses of the body (Dietary Intake, age of
person,adequate amount of rest, presence of other disease in the body, genetics)
• Prevention: Barriers of the body, skin, mucous membranes, Ph acid,HCL in the stomach, etc
• Lymphoid and Blood System
• Antigen-Antibody ( Immunity)
• Inflammatory Process
Acquired Immunity
• Active Acquired Natural (by having the disease)
• Active Acquired Artificial ( Vaccination)
• Passive Acquired Natural (Antibodies from the mother to the baby)
• Passive Acquired Artificial (temporary protection with globulins)
Standards Precautions
• Gloves• Gown• Mask/Protective
Eyewear/goggles• Transportation• Multiple use equipment• Needles and sharp
instruments
Medical Asepsis
• Destruction of organism after they leave the body:
• Washing Hands• Use of disposable
equipment• Wearing gloves helps
Handwashing
• First stage of infection control
• Use disinfectants soap, friction and warm running water
• No jewelry • Before and after a
contact with a patient
Surgical Asepsis
• Refers to the techniques practiced to maintain a sterile environment. Destruction of the microorganism before they enter the body
• There are 3 methods for preventing the spread of disease:
Surgical Asepsis• Sanitization (includes
the careful scrubbing of equipment and instruments with soap, hot water, U/S,etc
• Disinfection (soaking and wiping process with chemicals germicides, flowing steam and boiling water
Surgical Asepsis
• Two common disinfectants are zephrin chloride and chlorophenyl
• Disinfectants are not efective against spores and some viruses
• Betadine and alcohol are used in patients
Disinfection Methods
• Alcohol (used for skin surfaces and equipment such stethoscopes and thermometers, flammable
• Chlorine (corrosive,cause skin irritation
Disinfectants• Formaldehyde( use to
disinfect and sterilze)• Hydrogen Peroxide
(effective disinfectant only for use in non-human surfaces and products)
• Glutaraldehyde (efective against viruses, bacteria and fungi
Sterilization
• Results in killing ALL microorganisms, both pathogenic and non pathogenic.
• The use of heat (steam or dry)chemicals,UV radiations.
• Dry heat is used for dense ointments
Sterilization Time
• Glassware, metal instruments (open tray or individual wrappings) needles
• 15 minutes• Rubber products,
Instruments partial metal
• 20 minutes