Infection Control Power Point Presentation

8/8/2019 Infection Control Power Point Presentation

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INFECTION CONTROL

STANDARD PRECAUTIONS

How to prevent the spread ofdisease


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Historical Perspective


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1847 Dr. Ignaz Philip Semmelweis

18% Mortality due to Puerperal Fever

caused byStreptococcus organism

First simple case-control study

Significance of hand washing is

demonstrated

Concept of nosocomial infection is born


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1950s Infection Control as an organized

and recognized discipline is born

Post World War II hospital-basedoutbreaks of infection caused by

Staphylococcus Aureus, mostly in newborn

nurseries

Outbreaks demanded an organizedresponse for investigation and control


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INFECTIOUS DISEASE

PROCESS

INFECTION: presence and multiplication of

microorganisms in the tissue of the host

which may or may not have signs orsymptoms

NORMAL FLORA: bacteria that are frequently

found in everyone in specific parts of the

body

COLONIZATION: presence of bacteria without

multiplication and damage to the host tissue


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CHAIN OF INFECTION


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The interaction between the 6

elements of the chain determine

whether an infection will result.


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6 Links to the Chain of

Infection

Portal of Entry

Susceptible Host Causative Agent

Reservoir

Portal of Exit Mode of Transmission


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# 1 Causative Agent

B

acteria (includesR

ichettsia, Chlamydia, andMycoplasm

Viruses

Fungi Protozoa

Helminths


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Characteristics of

causative agents

Infective dose

Pathogenicity

Virulence

Invasiveness


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Characteristics of Causative Agents

(Continued.

Host Specificity

Viability

Antigenic Variation

Resistance


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#2 Reservoir

Humans:

B Patients

B Healthcare Workers


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Reservoirs

Animals

Insects

Rodents

Shell Fish


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Reservoirs

Environment

B Patient Care Equipment

B Environmental Surfaces

B Food


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# 3 Portal of Exit

The path by which the infectiousorganism (agent) leaves the

reservoir


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Respiratory Tract:

B Coughing

B Sneezing

B Talking

B Suctioning


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Genitourinary Tract:

h Foley Catheters

h Sexually transmitted diseases

Gastrointestinal Tract:

h Feces

h Vomitus


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#4 Mode of Transmission

The mechanism for transfer ofan infectious agent from the

reservoir to a susceptiblehost.


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4 Modes of Transmission

Contact (Direct and Indirect)

Airborne

Vector-Borne

Common Vehicle


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CONTACT

DIRECT: immediate transmission

Person-to-person

Actual physical contact between

source and patient


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INDIRECT CONTACT:

Patient to contaminated indirect

object (contaminated endoscope)

Droplets spread (large particles

that rapidly settle out on

horizontal surfaces usuallywithin 3 feet of source)


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AIRBORNE

Organisms contained

within droplet nuclei or dustparticles (i.e. droplet

nuclei of tuberculosis

Suspended in air for extended

periods, may be spread

through ventilation systems


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VECTOR-BORN

External vector-born

transmission; mechanicaltransfer of microbes on

external appendages (feet of

flies)


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Harbored by Vector

Harbored by vector, but no

biological interactionbetween vector and agent

(i.e. yellow fever virus


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#5 PORTAL OF ENTRY

The path by which an infectious

agent enters the suceptible host


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Respiratory Tract

Genitourinary Tract

Gastrointestinal Tract

Skin/Mucous Membrane

Trasplacental (fetus from mother)

Parenteral (percutaneous, via blood


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#6SUSCEPTIBLE HOST

A person or animal lacking

effective resistance to aparticular pathogenic

agent


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ISOLATION PRECAUTIONSHistorical Perspective

1877 - Present


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1877- First published recommendationsisolation precautions

Birth of Infectious Disease Hospitals

Patients with infectious disease

process placed in separate facilities

Aseptic techniques used to combat

transmission of diseases


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1910- isolation practices are

altered by the introduction

of the Cubical system of

isolation

Replaced Infectious Disease

Hospitals

Multiple-bed wards

Barrier Nursing

introduced


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Barrier Nursing:

Hospital personnel wear gowns

between patients

Handwashing between patients

with antiseptic solutions after

patient contact

Disinfection of objects

contaminated by patents


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1950s - Infection Disease Hospitalsbegin to shut down (except for

TB sanitariums)

1960s - TB Hospitals also begin to

shut down.

1970 - Centers for Disease Controlpublish first manual onIsolation

Techniques for Use in Hospitals


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7 Categories of Isolation

Strict Isolation

Respiratory Isolation

Protective Isolation

Enteric Isolation


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Wound and Skin Precautions Discharge Precautions

B

lood PrecautionsDisease were lumped into categories

based on epidemiological features of

the disease (resulted in under or overisolation)


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Blood and Body Fluid Precautions

Strict Isolation

Contact Isolation

Respiratory Isolation

TB Isolation

Enteric Isolation

Drainage and Secretion Isolations


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1985- Universal Precautions

come into being

HIV HBV

B

lood borne pathogens1987 - Body Substance Isolation


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1990s - HICPAC Isolation System

Two tiered system

f Standard Precautions

f Transmission-basedprecautions

f Contact

f Droplet

f Airborne


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NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS

CAUSES AND SITES


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Compromised Patients

Immunocompromised patients

vary in their susceptibility tonosocomial infections, depending

on the severity and duration of

immunosuppression. Use of thetwo tiered system essential to

break the Chain of Infection.


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3 Major Modes ofTransmission in theHealthcare Setting

Puncture Wounds

Skin Contact

Mucous Membranes (eye/mouth/nose)


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Bloodborne Pathogens

Hepatitis B Virus

Hepatitis C Virus

Human Immunodeficiency Virus


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Role of the Infection Control

Nurse/Practioner

Surveillance

Track/Trend types of infections

Education of staff

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Infection Control Power Point Presentation

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