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MPH OF UKRAINE IVANO-FRANKIVSK NATIONAL MEDICAL
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF CHILDREN
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
On skin On mucosa
EXANTHEM ENANTHEM
Rash – focal skin or mucosa reaction to the impact of microorganisms or their toxins,
including the effect of histaminelike substances (allergic rash).
Exanthem
infectious non-
infectious
Rash is the most spread but not the only one symptom of
children infectious diseases. It appears on the background
of other syndromes.
Infectious diseases, that are always with rash
Measles
Chickenpox
Herpes zoster
Scarlet fever
Roseola infantum (erythema of Rosenberg)
Infectious erythema of Tschamer
Infectious diseases, that are
often accompanied by rash
Rubella
Typhoid fever, paratyphoid
Pseudotuberculosis
Infectious diseases, that may be accompanied by
rash (25-30 %)
Ebstein-Barr infection
Enteroviral infection
Brucellosis
Toxoplasmosis
Mechanisms of infectious
exanthems development
metastatic • Pathogen through
blood gets into skin
• Herpes simplex, herpes zoster, enteroviral infection, meningococcemia
infectious-allergic • The reaction of pathogen
with circulating immune factors
• Measles, rubella, iyersiniosis
• Or without pathogen - Lyell's syndrome, Stevens-Johnson syndrome
toxic • Action of
bacterial toxins
• Scarlet fever, pseudotuberculosis
Primary lesions
roseola
macule
erythema
hemorrhage
papule
tubercle
node
vesicle
bulla
pustule
wheal
Secondary lesions
squama
crust
pigmentation
ulcer
scar
SKIN STRUCTURE
Primary skin lesions
Secondary skin lesions
Roseola a pale pink, red or purple spot
size is from 1 to 5 millimeters
doesn’t arise above the skin level
appears as a result of papillary skin layer vasodilatation.
Macule (spot) the lesion the same colour with roseola,
but it’s larger (from 5 to 20 millimeters)
doesn’t arise above skin level, often irregularly shaped
small macules (5-10 mm)
big macules (more then 10 mm)
Erythema macules over 20 mm in
diameter that may become confluent
Haemorrhage
the bleeding into skin
the result of diapedesis or destruction of skin vessels
petechiae (droplet
hemorrhages)
ecchymosis (largher than
5 mm)
purpura (from 2 to 5
mm)
petechiae (droplet
hemorrhages)
ecchymosis (largher than
5 mm)
purpura (from 2 to 5
mm)
Papule more or less solid element without
cavity,
arises above skin level
sizes are from 1 to 20 mm
color and shape are different
Tubercle
element without cavity
appears as a result of the inflammatory granulomas formation in deep derma layers
Node
limited, deeply permeating the skin dense formation
the result of cellular infiltrate in the dermis and adipose tissue
Vesicle
a cavity located in the epidermis
contains liquid
arises slightly above the skin level
Diameter - 1 to 5 mm
Bulla
a formation, equivalent to vesicles, but larger than 5 mm to 10-15 mm
Pustule
exudative cavitary element with pus, located on the infiltrated base
Wheal is an exudative cavitary element which is formed by the swelling of the papillary skin layer, it is a solid round or oval projection, ranging in size from several millimeters to 10-15-20 cm, accompanied by severe itching
Squama consists of separated keratic epidermis plates, it’s color can be different: white, gray, yellow, brown
Crust
the formation that appears as a result of the skin serous fluid, pus or blood drying on
serous crust (translucent or
gray)
hemorrhagic (dark red, brown )
pus crust (yellow or
orange-yellow)
Pigmentation is the skin color changing at the rash site due to enhanced melanin pigment deposition after the primary rash elements disappearing or as a result of the red blood cells hemoglobin collapse
Ulcer
a defect of the skin,which is spread on tissues lying below
Scar is a formation of coarse-fibered connective tissue at the site of skin defects
Examining of patient with rash
Type of element
Number
Size
Colour
Localization
Order of appearance and disappearence
The rash types
Punctate
Scarlet fever
Pseudotuberculosis
Staphylococcal infection
Varicella
Sudamen
Roseolous
Typhoid fever
Typhus
Maculous
Measles
Rubella
Enteroviral infection
Infectious erythema
Allergic eruption
Vesiculous
Varicella
Streptoderma
Strophulus
Lyell’s syndrom
Stevens-Johnson syndrom
Mixed
Meningococcal infection
Infectious mononucleosis
Measles
• Duration is 9 -17 days Incubative period
• lasts 3-4 days
• Cough, corryza, conjunctivitis
• fever to 38-39 ° C and above
• pathognomonic symptom – Belsky-Filatov-Koplik spots
Prodromal or catarrhal period
• starts on the 4-5 day of illness and lasts for 3-4 days
• catarrhal phenomena of eyes and respiratory tract mucosa intensify
• Exanthem appears
Rash period
• on-the site of rash elements
• this process goes in the same order as the rash and up to 6 days from onset of rash / to the 11-22th day of the disease
Pigmentation period
Features of rash in measles
rash stages from top to bottom for 3 days
maculopapulous,
located on the normal skin background
with a tendency to become confluent
There is no selective localization of exanthem - it is equally intense on the inner and outer surfaces of the upper limbs, chest, back, abdomen, buttocks.
In some cases, the rash becomes hemorrhagic
Step by step for 3 days on the site of rash elements pigmentation develops
Measles: 2nd day of illness
Koplik’s spots
Rubella Incubation period – 11 – 21 days
The first day of rash is the first day of illness.
Rash is monomorphic / smallmaculous /,separate elements can be maculopapular, pale pink, with cyanotic tint, very rare confluent, on normal skin background.
rash is concentrated on the extensor surfaces of the upper extremities, in the back, buttocks, outer surface of thighs
generalized lymphadenopathy, mainly of back neck and occipitallymph nodes
Rubella: 1st day of the disease
Varicella (Chickenpox)
Causative agent – Varicella zoster virus, from Herpesviridae family, type III
Incubation period – 11 – 21 days
Prodromal period - poor appetite, disturbance of the general condition, fever up to 37,5-38 ° C, dyspeptic disorders.
Period of eruption :
macule papule vesicle crust
Rash covers the whole body, even on the scalp, conjunctiva, mouth mucosa, genitals, with a primary distribution on the trunk
Lasts 4-5 days, lesions at all stages of development are present simultaneously (false polymorphism) and crops of new lesions continue to appear,that is accompanied by temperature increasing
Varicella
Complications Excoriation often lead to bacterial superinfection, vesicles
become pustules and as a result scars are formed.
Adults with immunosuppression may develop generalized infection with high fever, encephalitis, pneumonia, DIC.
Infection in the I half of pregnancy in 60% of cases leads to miscarriage, and 2% - to "congenital varicella syndrome " with skin scars, lesions of eyes and central nervous system, limb hypoplasia.
Infection in the II half of pregnancy 2 weeks before birth is not associated with risk. If woman is infected 5 days before delivery or up to 2 days after them or a child gets infection up to 10 days of life, then fulminant form of disease occurs with high mortality (30%). This is due to the lack of transplacental transfer of maternal antibodies in that period.
Scarlet fever: pharyngeal enanthem
Scarlet fever: bright hyperemia of the pharynx, membranous tonsillitis
Herpes zoster sporadic disease, the result of the latent varicella-
zoster virus activation in patients with immunodeficiency
is characterized by inflammation of the posterior roots of the spinal cord and intervertebral ganglia
fever, general intoxication and vesicular exanthema along sensory nerves
people who previously had chickenpox become ill, mostly adults and elderly (60-80 years). Incidence of 5 to 10 per 1000 people.
Vesicles dry up and turn into crust. Pain can stay for months.
After 3-5 days (sometimes 10-12 days) characteristic rash appears.
Pain and eruption are localized along the affected nerves (most often intercostal or trigeminal). In this place infiltration and hyperemia first appear, than vesicles with clear, then cloudy
content unilaterally along the nerves.
Beginning is acute, with fever, symptoms of intoxication, expressed excruciating pain at the site of future eruption (ganglionitis, neuritis).
Herpes zoster
1. Herpes Zoster in more than one
dermatome in a 30 year old HIV positive man.
2. Herpes Zoster as the first sign of HIV infection in a 3 1/2 year
old boy.
Scarlet fever
• from several hours to 7 days, it’s average duration is 2-4 days. Incubative period
• β-hemolytic streptococcus group A,
• which also causes tonsillitis, acute respiratory disease, erysipelas.
Causative agent
• a time of first symptoms occurrence until the rash appears /few hours - to 1-2 days /
Initial /prodromal/
period
• airborne Way of
transmission
Clinical manifestation
The classical triad of illness is fever, sore throat, vomiting.
Body temperature rises to 38° -39° C,
Tonsillitis is represented by tonsils enlargement, their hypertrophy, inflammation spreads on palatine uvula, arches, where hyperemia has clear
paths in the form of semicircular lines.
The rash period
Rash in scarlet fever
appears first on the neck, then - on the trunk, chest, abdomen, proximal extremities
lasts for 3-5 days
It is punctate rash, located on hyperaemic skin, abundant, skin becomes dry, rough due to hypertrophy of hair follicles.
Symmetry is characteristic for this rash /in the axillary and inguinal areas/.
Never appears in the nasolabial triangle , there is so called, scarlet fever mask of Filatov.
Pastia symptom (bright rash in the skin folds in the form of lines).
Other symptoms of scarlet fever
intoxication, tonsillitis with regional lymphadenitis, changes of the tongue, white dermographism.
On the day when rash appears tongue is cleaned from fur, first from the tip, then on the side surfaces /day of illness to 4-5/, the tongue papillas increase in size, swell /"raspberry tongue"/. Papillae hypertrophy remains to the 10-12th day of illness. The patient’s lips become bright red or cherry, thicken and crack easely.
the initial period is marked by relative tachycardia, moderate increase of blood pressure, reducing heart tones (it’s so called sympatycus phase), on the 4-5th day relative bradycardia, hypotension appears (vagus phase).
Recovery period of scarlet fever In the first — early second week
largeplate skin shelling may occur. It begins from the fingertips of hand and feet, spreads on palms and soles. The epidermis is desquamated like flakes, sometimes it is removed like a glove. Shelling ends in 2-3 weeks.
During this period the patient feels well, the main clinical symptoms are absent.
complications
Without antibiotics, scarlet fever may be complicated by otitis, sinusitis, cervical lymphadenitis arising at 1-2 weeks of illness.
The most dangerous late complication - rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis, heart disease (myocarditis), which develop at 3-4 weeks of illness.
also possible pneumonia, synovitis.
Scarlet fever pin-point exanthema on abdomen
Scarlet fever exanthema in skin folds
Scarlet fever Filatov’s mask
Scarlet fever, strawberry tongue, coated in the centre (4th day from the disease beginning)
Infectious erythema of Tshamer (erythema
infectiosum, slapped cheek syndrome)
• Parvovirus B19 Causative
agent
• airborne
• parenteral
• transplacental
way of transmission
• 4-14 days
• patient is most contagious at 1 week of illness
Incubation period
• occurs mainly in the winter months, affects school children.
• 60% of adults have antibodies to parvovirus.
epidemiology
Clinical manifestation large maculous rash on face, where it becomes
confuent in the form of butterfly, captures nose bridge and cheeks / "Wings" /. Than rash spreads on extensor surfaces of extremities / shoulder, hip / , rarely on the trunk.
First rash is brightly hyperaemic, then enlightenment appears in the center of each element, periphery remains hyperaemic, flows into garlands, rings.
In 10-12 days rash disappears without pigmentation and shelling
Exanthema subitum (meaning sudden rash),
as roseola infantum or three-day fever
Pathogen - human herpesvirus type 6
In most cases the primary infection develops in the first years of life and occurs as a sudden rash or feverish illness.
Peak incidence occurs in age from 6 to 12 months. Like other herpesvirus, HSV 6 for life persists in the body in the form of latent infection.
Clinical manifestation Disease begins with fever that lasts 3-5 days and is
often accompanied by febrile convulsions. Temperature quickly becomes normal
than spotted or macule-papulous rash appears on the trunk, which lasts 3-4 days.
Because of high fever (over 39 ° C) and its difficult differential diagnosis, children are often prescribe antibiotics. Normalization of temperature and rash often are mistakenly regarded as an allergic reaction to the antibiotic.
Urticaria
Meningococcemia: hemorrhagic rash
Thank You for Attention!
MPH OF UKRAINE IVANO-FRANKIVSK NATIONAL MEDICAL
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF CHILDREN INFECTIOUS
DISEASES
Lecturer: assistant
Horbal Natalia Bogdanivna
Acute tonsillitis (angina) is very frequent disease in childhood. In practice, the doctor must distinguish tonsillitis, as an independent disease, and tonsillitis occurring on the background of other infectious diseases.
Diphtheria is one of the most dangerous infectious diseases. Urgency of the problem can be shown by the fact that low immunization coverage of population (less than 95%) may increase the incidence of diphtheria, even epidemics with serious consequences, up to lethal.
The word "angina" comes from
the Latin "angere" meaning "to
choke or throttle."
1. Characterize tonsillitis, their etiological structure and clinical forms .
2. Epidemiological features of diphtheria nowadays. 3. To characterize the features of diphtheria (morphology
, pathogenic properties). 4. Characterize clinical forms of diphtheria (paying
particular attention to the diphtheria of oropharynx). 5. Discuss clinical and laboratory diagnosis methods of
diphtheria. 6. Make differential diagnosis of tonsils diphtheria. 7. To learn the principles of treatment of diphtheria. 8. To learn the basics of diphtheria prevention. 9. To learn the tactics of the physician in case of
identifying tonsillitis, diphtheria, and in cases of suspected diphtheria .
• tonsillitis • diphtheria • infectious mononucleosis • tularemia • listeriosis • scarlet fever • adenoviral infection • typhoid and paratyphoid • syphilis • candidiasis of the oropharynx
Infe
cti
ou
s d
ise
as
es
• acute leukemia • agranulocytosis • radiation sickness
No
n-i
nfe
cti
ou
s
dis
ea
se
s
size
color
relief
the state of the palatine arches, soft palate, uvula, posterior pharyngeal wall
lymph nodes
subcutaneous tissue neck
character of breathing, changes of the voice, supporting muscles involved in breathing
• Mild enlargement of the tonsils - they don’t extend beyond the anterior palatal arches
I degree
• Moderate enlargement - they extend beyond the arches
II degree
• Severe - tonsils almost meet one another
III degree
pain when swallowing
hyperemia and edema of the tonsils
small pustular elements (follicles) with a diameter of 2-3 mm , which can be seen through the mucous membrane
presence of pus in the lacunas
fibrinous deposits on their surface
Hypertrophic tonsils - can be caused by recurrent pharyngitis and local
inflammation, especially in children and young adults.
Inspection of the oral cavity reveals hypertrophy of the palatine tonsils, so called
“kissing tonsils” when they meet in the midline or overlap. Tonsilloliths may be
lodged in the crypts. May be asymptomatic, massive tonsils sometimes fall back and
occlude the oropharynx, particularly when the patient is recumbent. Most cases of
obstructive sleep apnea in children are associated with hypertrophic tonsils.
• redness and swelling of the mucous membrane of the tonsils without formation of deposits
catarrhal
• inflammation runs deep in the tonsils, follicles are with pus, like “star sky" follicular
• pus is formed in the gaps lacunar
• suppuration of the tonsils spreads into neighboring tissue phlegmonous
• formation of superficial ulcers, tonsillitis Symanovsky-Plaut-Vincent as an independent nosological form
necrotic-ulcerative
Catarrhal tonsillitis
Lacunar tonsillitis
Folicular tonsillitis
acute bacterial anthroponosis infection, caused by Corynebacterium
diphtheria and characterized by inflammation with the formation of
fibrinous exudates on the place of pathogen invasion (diphtheritic or
croupous inflammation), symptoms of intoxication and toxic lesions of
the cardiovascular, nervous system, adrenal glands and kidneys.
Corynebacterium diphtheria (Klebs-Löffler bacillus) • Gram-positive
• does not form spores • resistant on dryness and freezing • sensitive to high temperature and disinfectants • characteristic feature of the pathogen - is toxin formation
The ability to toxin formation of different strains of the pathogen varies, perhaps its loss can even happen. Under the influence of bacteriophages nontoxigenic strains can become toxigenic.
The most important toxin – is exotoxin (histotoxin), which determines the pathogenicity of corynebacterium diphtheria.
The pathogens produce
other biologically active substances to, including hyaluronidase, due to which they penetrate into the surrounding tissues from areas of specific local process and facilitates the absorption of toxin into lymph and blood; neuraminidase – decreases pain because of nerves endings damaging
Stained Corynebacterium cells. The "barred"
appearance is due to the presence of
polyphosphate inclusions called metachromatic
granules. Note also the characteristic "Chinese-
letter" arrangement of cells.
Diphtheria takes its name from the Greek word
‘dipthera’ meaning leather and was named in 1826 by French physician Pierre Bretonneau. This is because it refers to the leathery, sheath-like membrane that grows on the tonsils, throat and in the nose.
In the (early) 1900s it was the most common cause of death from an infectious disease with rates as high as 400 cases per 100,000 people. In 1932 vaccination against the infection began and by the late 1950s rates had plummeted
There's a risk that an outbreak could occur if the number of people who are vaccinated falls below a certain level. This risk was demonstrated by the diphtheria epidemic that struck the countries of the former Soviet Union between 1990 and 1998. It resulted in 157,000 cases and 5,000 deaths. The epidemic was caused by an increase in the number of children who were not vaccinated against the disease.
Number of
reported cases
2010 2011
Ukraine 17 8
Russian
Federation
9 5
Germany 8 4
India 3123 3485
Ghana 47 -
Turkey 0 1
Nigeria - 0
http://www.who.int/countries/en/
• patients with diphtheria (are contagious from the illness beginning to the 15-25th day of illness) • carriers of toxigen strains
Source of infection
• Droplet (airborne) is the main
• Contact transmission is also possible due to pathogen resistance
The mechanism of
infection transmission
• 0.15-0.2 Index of
contagiousness
4'489 reported cases in 2012
25'00 estimated deaths (in 2011)
83% estimated DTP3 coverage
32% of countries reached >=80%
DTP3 coverage in all districts
In the area of gateway bacteria multiplies
and secretes exotoxin
exotoxin penetrates into the blood,
leading to
toxemia
in the gate area - the local inflammatory
process
The period of circulation of toxins in the
blood is not longer than 12-24 hours
because of their intense fixation on the
cells (primarily the nervous system).
• heart (cardiomyocytes, intra-and extracardial inervative apparatus, interstitial tissue), • sympathetic ganglia of the autonomic nervous system, • adrenal glands • kidneys (mainly tubules)
THE TOXIN INJURES
Violation of protein synthesis in cells
specific inhibition of aminoacetyltransfera
sis
coagulation necrosis of the epithelium
local vessels paresis, increased
permeability of the walls of small vessels
in the lesion focus
In the intercellular space the etravasate rich in fibrinogen is
forming
With the participation of necrotic tissue
trombocinaze fibrinogen is
converted to fibrin with the formation of fibrinous deposits on the affected surface
DIPHTHERITIC INFLAMMATION
If fibrinous deposits are formed on the
mucous membranes covered with
multilayer flat epithelium, it
penetrates the entire mucous membrane and closely associats with it
specific for diphtheria of
tonsils
CROUPOUS INFLAMMATION
If fibrinous deposits are formed on the mucous
membranes covered with single layer of cylindrical
epithelium, it does not bind to it tightly and can
be easily separated
specific for diphtheria of
larynx, trachea, bronchi
Depending on the degree of intoxication
and the intensity of local inflammation
Localized form
Spread form
Toxic form
Type of local
changes
catarrhal
insular
membraneous
According to the
localization
Tonsillar diphtheria
nasopharyngeal diphtheria
anterior nasal diphtheria
laryngeal diphtheria
diphtheria of other (rare) localization
(cutaneous, ocular, genital)
Combinated
Forms by severity
subclinic
mild
moderate
severe
hypertoxic
carryering
low or moderate intoxication
local inflammation is limited by area of the tonsils, mild pain when
swallowing, moderate enlargement of lymph nodes, which are not very
painful • is detected in the focuses of diphtheria in contact persons • moderate enlargement of the tonsils, slight hyperemia with cyanotic shade, low-grade fever and mild symptoms of intoxication. • Diagnosis is confirmed by the detection of toxigenic type of C. diphtheria
Catarrhal (atypical)
form
• most common in vaccinated children • tightly bound to the surface of moderately enlarged tonsils islands of whitish or whitish-gray color fur, from 1 to 3-4 mm, which can be removed without difficulty, their removing may not be accompanied by bleeding.
• low-grade fever, mild pain on swallowing, slightly enlarged regional lymph nodes.
Insular form
Membraneous form
• sharp rise in temperature to 38-390C, headache, weakness, loss of appetite, sometimes vomiting. • mucosa is edematous, hyperemic with cyanotic shade • Tonsils are enlarged, with whitish, whitish-gray deposits with smooth or wavy surface. They are tightly linked to surrounding tissues, it is difficult to remove them with a spatula, after removing the bleeding is observed.The removed memrane is fibrinous (elastic, can not be grinded between spatulas). • swelling of the mucous membrane of palatal arches, tongue, and even paratonsillar tissues. • this form lasts for 6-7 days: the temperature is reduced on the 2-3 day, deposits are kept up to 6-7th day
MEMBRANEOUS
FORM
expressed intoxication: temperature is 380C and higher, pallor, malaise, anorexia, mild sore throat, especially when swallowing.
Thick greyish-white or dirty gray deposits with wavy surface extending to the anterior palatine arches, uvula, nasopharynx. Deposits can not be removed with a spatula, after their rejection surface under them bleeds, they are fibrinous (elastic, not grinded, keep their shape)
The mucosa is slightly hyperemic with cyanotic shade, there is a clear-cut swelling of the mucous membrane around the site with deposits (perifocal edema). Swelling may involve neartonsillar tissue.
Regional lymph nodes are enlarged, moderately painful
There are symptoms of the cardiovascular system injury from the first days of illness .
Pharyngeal diphtheria with membranes
covering the tonsils and uvula in a 15-year-
old girl.
begins acutely temperature is 400C, there is severe headache, vomiting,
anorexia, pallor, growing malaise mucosa is edematous, hyperemic with cyanotic shade. tonsils are enlarged expressively, their surface is covered
with thick whitish-gray, dirty-gray, gray deposits with the rough surface.
The deposits extend to the anterior palatine arches, uvula, soft and hard palate, the back wall of the pharynx.
The voice has nasal tone. Breathing becomes noisy. Face is pale, lips are dry, cracked. The mouth is half-
opened, there is rotten sweet sugary smell from the mouth. During examination of oropharynx intense perifocal edema is observed, swelling extends to the neck subcutaneous adipose tissue.
• swelling spreads to the middle of the neck
Іst degree
• swelling spreads to the clavicle
ІInd degree
• swelling spreads below the clavicle
ІIIrd degree
clinical symptoms are the
manifestations of infectious-toxic shock
with ultra-rapid rate of progression of
the pathological process
the rapid development of DIC syndrome
(hemorrhagic form): hemorrhage in the
injection site, bleeding.
Manifestations of ITSH can sometimes
ahead the development of local
inflammation. In some cases typical
fibrinous deposits have no time to be
formed
Local changes are limited to expressed
swelling of soft tissues of oropharynx
and neck subcutaneous tissue.
The prognosis is unfavorable
At the toxic and hypertoxic forms of diphtheria there is danger of infectious-toxic shock (ITSH).
Shock may also occur after gradual complicating of the form (from subtoxic to toxic of the III degree), especially in combination with other localizations (nasopharynx, nose, throat) without treatment in time.
As an independent form is rare, often in combination with tonsillar and/or nasopharyngeal diphtheria.
Occurs in localized (only larynx) form spread (besides the larynx – trachea) form descending (if larynx, trachea and bronchi are involved) form The severity of hypoxia is caused by the airway occlusion by the films.
The toxin is absorbed poorly, so intoxication is not expressed.
CLASSICAL CROUP TRIAD
• hoarse voice
• rough barking cough
• stenotic noisy breathing (stridor)
• at laryngoscopy only edema and hyperemia of the mucosa are detected
• low-grade temperature, cough, hoarseness, barking cough in 2 days
catarrhal
• After 2-3 days there is difficulty of breathing on inspiration, aphonic voice, cough is soundless.
• Patients are unquiet. Cyanosis of the lips, the tip of the nose, fingers. Heart sounds are muffled, tachycardia, BP decreased.
• Stage lasts from a few hours to 2-3 days.
stenotic
• signs of respiratory failure - breathing is frequent, superficial, arrhythmic, cyanosis increases. Pulse is frequent, BP decreases. Confusion or loss of counsciousness, seizures.
• Greatest threat - the presence of the films in the trachea: during cough they can "sit" on the bifurcation of the trachea, cause obstruction of the airways and sudden death.
asphyxial
On 27 March 2012, a 68-year-old woman
presented to the Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT)
department in a hospital in Västra Götaland
Region, western Sweden, with a five-day
history of fever, coughing, hoarseness and
increasing pain in the throat.
Six days prior to the onset of fever and
throat symptoms she had returned from a
two-week holiday in western Africa
A laryngoscopy was performed on the
same day and revealed greyish
membranes on and surrounding the vocal
cords and the base of the tongue, and
swollen larynx. These changes could not
be seen by ordinary throat examination.
• myocarditis
cardiovascular system
• multiple parenchymal toxic neuritis (polyneuritis)
• Palsies are peripheral with hypotonia and muscle atrophy, disappearance of tendon reflexes.
• Often there are incomplete paralysis - paresis
nervous system
• Nephrosis
• proteinuria, leucocyturia and cylinderuria
• acute renal failure with oliguria, anuria may develop
kidneys
• leukocytosis, neutrophilia , shift to the left, accelerated ESR
Complete blood count
• presence or absence of bacteria morphologically similar to corynebacteria diphtheria (colouring by Neisser) – typical locating of rods, grains of volutin in bacterias
Bacterioscopy of oropharyngeal
secretions and nasal passages
• the culture of Corynebacterium diphtheria and determining of its toxigenic properties
Bacteriological test of oropharyngeal
mucus and biological material from other
places of lesion
• PHAR with diphtheria diagnosticums - increase antitoxic antibodies titre in serum in the dynamics of the disease.
• 5. IHAR with a commercial diphtheria antigen - detection of diphtheria toxin in serum
• 6. PHAR of blood witherythrocyte diagnosticum before the introduction of ADS - definition of diphtheria toxin level in the serum
Serological tests
The first Nobel prize for medicine or physiology was awarded in 1901 to German researcher Emil von Behring, for his work on serum therapy, a method of treating disease by the injecting the blood serum of immune animals.
In particular, the award committee honored von Behring's use of serum therapy to treat the respiratory illness diphtheria and the nervous system infection tetanus. "He has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths," the committee said at the time.
specific antitoxic antidiphtherical serum (ADS) Before the introduction of therapeutic doses intracutaneous
test for sensitivity (Bezredko method) is done according to the following scheme: 0.1 ml of diluted 1:100 ADS is injected intradermally on the inner surface of the forearm, in 30 minutes subcutaneously 0.1 ml of undiluted serum is injected and in the absence of reaction therapeutic dose is administered intramuscularly.
ADS is injected intramuscularly (into one location to 8-10 ml of ADS, heated to 36 ° C).
In the toxic forms intravenous serum (half dose) infusion is possible. The calculated dose of serum is dissolved in a solution of 5% glucose or saline in the ratio 1:2, is added to 2 mg / kg body weight prednisolone and put with speed of 40-60 drops per minute.
The dose of ADS depends on the form and severity - from 30-50 thousand IU at the localized forms up to 100-120 thousand IU at toxic
Immediate hospitalization Bed regimen (at localized forms - 10 days, at toxic - not less than 35-
45 days) Glucocorticoids (in toxic forms and croup) Antibiotics (penicilin, tetracyclin, erythromycin) In case of croup - inhalations, broncholitics, diuretics,
glucocorticoids, antibiotics, antihistamine, lytic admixture; if there are indications - intubation, tracheotomy
DIPHTHERIA SEVERITY FIRST DOSE OF SERUM (in IU)
Mild form 20 000 – 40 000
Moderate form 50 000 – 80 000
Severe form 90 000 – 120 000
Hypertoxic form. ITSH 120 000 – 150 000
• Vaccination in 3, 4, 5 months. With DTP vaccine, revaccination in 18 months (DTaP); 6, 14, 18 (DT) years and adults every 10 years)
Specific
• Close contacts who were previously immunized longer than 5 years before should receive booster dose of vaccine
• Antibiotic orally for 7 days
• Revealing (bacteriological test) and sanation of healthy infected persons
• Observation of contacts for 10 days • Final disinfection
Nonspecific prophylaxis
lacunar or phlegmonous tonsillitis
group A streptococcal pharyngitis
Infectious mononucleosis, acute cytomegalovirus infection
paratonsillitis infiltrative or abscessed
necrotizing scarlet fever tonsillitis
Simanovsky-Plaut-Vincent’s tonsillitis
acute toxoplasmosis
thrush
post-tonsillectomy faucial membranes
tularemia
leukemia, agranulocytosis
(glandular fever, Filatov –Pfeyffer’s disease, monocytic
tonsillitis) -is an acute viral
disease with airborne droplets
transmission mechanism,
characterized by:
polyadenitis (especially
cervical),
fever
acute tonsillitis with deposits,
hepatosplenomegaly,
leukocytosis, limfomonocytosis,
the presence of atypical
mononuclear cells - vyrocytes.
Vincent’s tonsillitis (angina) is usually a mixed infection, caused by
Fusobacterium fusiformis and
spirochetal anaerobic bacteria.
In most cases it is unilateral, but
described and bilateral lesions. The
disease begins quietly with swallowing
discomfort, passing then to pain.
Expressed changes in the throat are not
consistent with the overall satisfactory
condition of the patient . The body
temperature is subfebrile or normal.
On the surface of tonsils gray or
yellowish-white films, like a spot of
stearic candles, round, of soft
consistency , sometimes extending to
the front arche. The film is surrounded
by a rim of inflammation, deposits are
relatively easy to remove with a cotton
swab. After removal of the film
bleeding from ulcerated surface occurs
First ulcer is superficial. If the
disease goes on for a long time,
ulcerative defect becomes deep,
crater-like shape, then it can
spread beyond the tonsil with
involvement in the process of deep
tissue .
In January 1925, Alaskan doctors feared a deadly diphtheria epidemic would spread
among the children of Nome. doctors needed to travel nearly a thousand miles to
Anchorage to get serum for treatment.With no trains running that far north and the
only available airplane sidelined by a frozen engine, the best chance of transporting the
medicine across the icy tundra was by sled dog.
More than 20 sled teams coordinated to make the trip through blinding snow and sub-
zero temperatures. On the first of February, the package was handed off to the final team.
Lead by Balto, the team covered 53 treacherous miles back to Nome in 20 hours.
Newspapers and radio around the world followed the trek, fascinated by the brave team
whose efforts eventually helped end the epidemic.
Balto became a national hero. Just 10 months after the successful mission, this statue by
animal sculptor Frederick G. R. Roth was dedicated in Central Park.
Balto with Gunnar Kaasen