Infinitive or Infinitive or Gerund?Gerund?

Teacher: Silvino SiebenTeacher: Silvino Sieben

3ª série EM3ª série EM

► Sometimes we need to decide whether to Sometimes we need to decide whether to use a verb in its:use a verb in its:

► gerundgerund form (doing, singing) form (doing, singing)

oror

► infinitiveinfinitive form (to do, to sing). form (to do, to sing).

► For example, only one of the following For example, only one of the following sentences is correct. Which one?sentences is correct. Which one?

► I dislike I dislike workingworking late. (???) late. (???) ► I dislike I dislike to workto work late. (???) late. (???)

When to use the infinitiveWhen to use the infinitive

► The infinitive form is used after The infinitive form is used after certain verbscertain verbs::

- forget, help, learn, teach, train- forget, help, learn, teach, train- choose, expect, hope, need, offer, want, would like- choose, expect, hope, need, offer, want, would like- agree, encourage, pretend, promise, recommend- agree, encourage, pretend, promise, recommend- allow, can/can't afford, decide, manage, mean, - allow, can/can't afford, decide, manage, mean, refuserefuse

► I I forgotforgot to closeto close the window. the window. ► Mary Mary needsneeds to leaveto leave early. early. ► Why are they Why are they encouragedencouraged to learnto learn English? English? ► We We can't affordcan't afford to taketo take a long holiday. a long holiday.

►The infinitive form is always used The infinitive form is always used after after adjectivesadjectives, for example:, for example:- disappointed, glad, happy, pleased, - disappointed, glad, happy, pleased, relieved, sad, surprisedrelieved, sad, surprised

► I was I was happyhappy to helpto help them. them. ►This includes This includes too + adjectivetoo + adjective::►The water was The water was too too coldcold to swimto swim in. in. ►The infinitive form is used after The infinitive form is used after

adjective + enoughadjective + enough: : ►She is She is rich enoughrich enough to buyto buy two. two.

►The infinitive form is always used after The infinitive form is always used after verb + object verb + object For example:For example:

►He He invitedinvited usus to goto go..► They They toldtold meme to wait..► Sarah Sarah askedasked her mother her mother to come..►RemindRemind JonJon to pay his bills. to pay his bills.

►The infinitive form is always used The infinitive form is always used expressions like expressions like the firstthe first, , the secondthe second, , the the lastlast, , the only the only and the pronouns and the pronouns whowho, , wherewhere, , whenwhen, , whatwhat, , howhow, , whosewhose..

►He was He was the last the last to know to know the secret.the secret.► She is She is the second the second to play to play today.today.► We don’t know We don’t know whenwhen to look to look for it.for it.►Wise people always know Wise people always know what what to do.to do.

►The infinitive form is always use for The infinitive form is always use for purpose/reason.purpose/reason.

►He studied He studied to pass to pass the test.the test.►(Why did he study? TO PASS the test.)(Why did he study? TO PASS the test.)

► Jane waited for the waiter Jane waited for the waiter to complainto complain..►(Why did she wait? TO COMPLAIN)(Why did she wait? TO COMPLAIN)

►The The barebare infinitive form is always used infinitive form is always used after but, except, had better and after but, except, had better and would rather would rather For example:For example:

►She does nothing She does nothing butbut cry. cry.► They should do nothing They should do nothing exceptexcept wait. wait.►WeWe’d’d betterbetter hurry. hurry.► II’d rather’d rather go home by car. go home by car.

BARE INFINITIVE = WITHOUT “TO”

When to use gerundWhen to use gerund

The gerund form is used when the word is The gerund form is used when the word is the the subjectsubject of a sentence or clause: of a sentence or clause:

►SwimmingSwimming is good exercise. is good exercise. ►Doctors say that Doctors say that smokingsmoking is bad for you. is bad for you.

The gerund form is used after a The gerund form is used after a prepositionpreposition::

► I look forward I look forward toto meetingmeeting you. you. ►They left They left withoutwithout sayingsaying "Goodbye." "Goodbye."

►The gerund form is used after The gerund form is used after certain certain verbsverbs::- avoid, dislike, enjoy, finish, give up, - avoid, dislike, enjoy, finish, give up, mind/not mind, practisemind/not mind, practise

► I I dislikedislike getting upgetting up early. early. ►Would you Would you mindmind openingopening the window? the window?

►Some verbs can be followed by the Some verbs can be followed by the --inging form form oror the the infinitiveinfinitive without a without a big change in meaning: big change in meaning: begin, begin, continue, hate, intend, like, love, continue, hate, intend, like, love, prefer, propose, startprefer, propose, start. .

► It started to rain. It started to rain. ► It started raining. It started raining. ► I like to play tennis. I like to play tennis. ► I like playing tennis.I like playing tennis.

Fill in the blanks with the infinitive or gerund Fill in the blanks with the infinitive or gerund formform

► 1. We like ______ our grandmother on 1. We like ______ our grandmother on Sundays. (visit)Sundays. (visit)

► 2. I might want _____ your Science notes. 2. I might want _____ your Science notes. (borrow)(borrow)

► 3. My father hates _____a tie to work. 3. My father hates _____a tie to work. (wear)(wear)

► 4. We can't afford ______ a vacation this 4. We can't afford ______ a vacation this summer. (take)summer. (take)

► 5. The company was pleased ______ your 5. The company was pleased ______ your thank-you letter. (receive)thank-you letter. (receive)

►6. Would you mind _____ a window? 6. Would you mind _____ a window? (open)(open)

►7. My suitcase is light enough _____ 7. My suitcase is light enough _____ myself. (carry)myself. (carry)

►8. She cannot leave the table without 8. She cannot leave the table without ______ her dinner. (finish)______ her dinner. (finish)

►9. The music will continue _______until 9. The music will continue _______until you turn it off. (play)you turn it off. (play)

►10. My little brother dislikes ______his hair 10. My little brother dislikes ______his hair brushed. (have)brushed. (have)

Now, it is your turn to practice Now, it is your turn to practice with the expressionswith the expressions

►Create a sentence with each verb or Create a sentence with each verb or expression expression