+ All Categories
Home > Documents > Influence of Fly Ash and Fine Aggregates on the ... · PDF filecoarse aggregates, river sand...

Influence of Fly Ash and Fine Aggregates on the ... · PDF filecoarse aggregates, river sand...

Date post: 17-Mar-2018
Category:
Upload: dohanh
View: 216 times
Download: 1 times
Share this document with a friend
12
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 12, Number 8 (2017) pp. 1598-1609 © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com 1598 Influence of Fly Ash and Fine Aggregates on the Characteristics of Pervious Concrete Uma Maguesvari, M *,1 and Sundararajan, T *,2 *- Dept. of Civil Engineering, Pondicherry Engineering College, Pondicherry-605014, India. 1 Corresponding author, 1 ORCID: 0000-0002-0818-4866, 2 ORCID: 0000-0002-0922-4268 Abstract The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of partial replacement of cement by 10% and 20% of fly ash, partial replacement of coarse aggregates by fine aggregates (ranging from 5 - 15%), on the characteristics of pervious concrete. Class C fly ash, coarse aggregates ranging in size from19 mm to 9.5 mm and 9.5 mm to 4.75 mm blended in the ratio of 60:40 respectively, and a constant water / binder ratio of 0.34 were used and ACI method of mix proportioning, was adopted for various mixes. Altogether 32 mixes were designed. Compressive strength, flexural strength, split - tensile strength, total voids, permeable voids, density and permeability by falling head method, were determined. It is seen that the compressive strength range achieved for pervious fly ash - cement concretes with a minimum binder content of 300 kg/m 3 , with fines (10% and 15%), has the potential application as a typical sub-base / base layer for flexible/rigid pavements. Further, replacement of cement by fly ash (up to 20%) has reduced the compressive strength only marginally, whereas, addition of fine aggregates (5 - 15%) has increased the above strength, ranging from ‘marginal’ to ‘high’. Incorporation of fly ash has the effect of reduction in total voids in pervious concretes. Keywords: Pervious concrete, Pervious fly ash-cement concrete, Mechanical properties, Density, Permeability, Voids INTRODUCTION Pervious concrete is a special concrete with porosity, in which the voids are intentionally created. It allows water and other sources to pass through. Pervious concrete generally consists of Portland cement, coarse aggregate, little or no fine aggregate, admixture and water. It is also called porous concrete, no - fine concrete, gap graded concrete etc. Concrete pavements by virtue of their impervious nature contributes to the increased surface runoff into the drainage system and also causes excessive flooding in built - up areas. The surface runoff that flows over the land or impervious surface, accumulates with it debris, chemicals, sediment or other pollutants that could adversely affect water quality, if it is ultimately discharged untreated into any natural water body. Pervious concrete reduces the surface runoff from paved areas, there by reduces the need for a separate storm water retention pond and may also result in the use of smaller capacity storm sewer. Apart from the above, pervious concrete when used in a pavement system has structural, economic and road - user benefits (Mc Cain et al, 2009; Nguyen et al, 2014). Due to the above, there is sustained research interest in the use of pervious concrete in pavement applications, in various regions of the world since the last decade (Huang et al, 2009). However, sustained and comprehensive research leading to the use of pervious concrete as a pavement material in many developing / emerging countries, like India, has not happened, mainly due to lack of standardized technique for material preparation, testing and construction (Chandrappa et al, 2016). Several studies have been carried out and reported using various aggregate grading and types, different cement paste content and water-binder ratios on the properties of pervious concrete such as compressive strength, permeability and void content (Huang et al, 2009; Ibrahim et al, 2014; Cheng et al, 2011; Lian et al, 2010; Girish et al, 2011; Yang et al, 2003 and Bhutta et al, 2012). Cement has been partially replaced by rice husk ash (RHA) for evaluating the properties of pervious concrete (Hesami et al, 2014). Further to improve the strength and abrasion characteristics, super plasticizer, silica fume and polymer have been introduced and investigated (Huang et al, 2009; Lian et al, 2010; Wu et al, 2011 and Dong et al, 2013). Fibers have been incorporated to enhance the performance of freeze - thaw properties (Kevern et al, 2014). Attempts have also been made to introduce rubber on pervious concrete (Gesog et al, 2014). Recycled aggregates, sea shell, brick bats and Municipal solid waste incinerated bottom ash as aggregates, have been used as a partial replacement for coarse aggregate and various studies have been carried out (Cheng et al, 2011; Nguven et al, 2013; Bhutta et al, 2013; Guneyisi et al, 2014; Hossain et al, 2012 and Kuo et al, 2013). Studies using image analysis have revealed the interface of microstructure on pervious concrete (Sumanasooriya et al, 2011; Neithalath et al, 2010 and Deo et al, 2010). Studies have also been carried out to improve the fatigue strength and toughness of pervious concrete (Chen et al, 2013) and geo polymer as a binder for making pervious concrete (Tho - in et al, 2012 and Sata et al, 2013). (Aoki et al, 2012) have considered seven mixes (3 control; 3 mixes with 20% class F fly ash; one mix with 50% class F fly
Transcript
Page 1: Influence of Fly Ash and Fine Aggregates on the ... · PDF filecoarse aggregates, river sand as fine aggregates and potable ... the mix. Fine aggregates conforming to Zone II of IS:

International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 12, Number 8 (2017) pp. 1598-1609

© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

1598

Influence of Fly Ash and Fine Aggregates on the Characteristics of Pervious

Concrete

Uma Maguesvari, M*,1 and Sundararajan, T*,2

*- Dept. of Civil Engineering, Pondicherry Engineering College, Pondicherry-605014, India. 1Corresponding author,

1ORCID: 0000-0002-0818-4866, 2ORCID: 0000-0002-0922-4268

Abstract

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of partial

replacement of cement by 10% and 20% of fly ash, partial

replacement of coarse aggregates by fine aggregates (ranging

from 5 - 15%), on the characteristics of pervious concrete.

Class C fly ash, coarse aggregates ranging in size from19 mm

to 9.5 mm and 9.5 mm to 4.75 mm blended in the ratio of 60:40

respectively, and a constant water / binder ratio of 0.34 were

used and ACI method of mix proportioning, was adopted for

various mixes. Altogether 32 mixes were designed.

Compressive strength, flexural strength, split - tensile strength,

total voids, permeable voids, density and permeability by

falling head method, were determined. It is seen that the

compressive strength range achieved for pervious fly ash -

cement concretes with a minimum binder content of 300 kg/m3,

with fines (10% and 15%), has the potential application as a

typical sub-base / base layer for flexible/rigid pavements.

Further, replacement of cement by fly ash (up to 20%) has

reduced the compressive strength only marginally, whereas,

addition of fine aggregates (5 - 15%) has increased the above

strength, ranging from ‘marginal’ to ‘high’. Incorporation of fly

ash has the effect of reduction in total voids in pervious

concretes.

Keywords: Pervious concrete, Pervious fly ash-cement

concrete, Mechanical properties, Density, Permeability, Voids

INTRODUCTION

Pervious concrete is a special concrete with porosity, in which

the voids are intentionally created. It allows water and other

sources to pass through. Pervious concrete generally consists of

Portland cement, coarse aggregate, little or no fine aggregate,

admixture and water. It is also called porous concrete, no - fine

concrete, gap graded concrete etc. Concrete pavements by

virtue of their impervious nature contributes to the increased

surface runoff into the drainage system and also causes

excessive flooding in built - up areas. The surface runoff that

flows over the land or impervious surface, accumulates with it

debris, chemicals, sediment or other pollutants that could

adversely affect water quality, if it is ultimately discharged

untreated into any natural water body. Pervious concrete

reduces the surface runoff from paved areas, there by reduces

the need for a separate storm water retention pond and may also

result in the use of smaller capacity storm sewer. Apart from

the above, pervious concrete when used in a pavement system

has structural, economic and road - user benefits (Mc Cain et

al, 2009; Nguyen et al, 2014). Due to the above, there is

sustained research interest in the use of pervious concrete in

pavement applications, in various regions of the world since the

last decade (Huang et al, 2009). However, sustained and

comprehensive research leading to the use of pervious concrete

as a pavement material in many developing / emerging

countries, like India, has not happened, mainly due to lack of

standardized technique for material preparation, testing and

construction (Chandrappa et al, 2016).

Several studies have been carried out and reported using

various aggregate grading and types, different cement paste

content and water-binder ratios on the properties of pervious

concrete such as compressive strength, permeability and void

content (Huang et al, 2009; Ibrahim et al, 2014; Cheng et al,

2011; Lian et al, 2010; Girish et al, 2011; Yang et al, 2003 and

Bhutta et al, 2012). Cement has been partially replaced by rice

husk ash (RHA) for evaluating the properties of pervious

concrete (Hesami et al, 2014). Further to improve the strength

and abrasion characteristics, super plasticizer, silica fume and

polymer have been introduced and investigated (Huang et al,

2009; Lian et al, 2010; Wu et al, 2011 and Dong et al, 2013).

Fibers have been incorporated to enhance the performance of

freeze - thaw properties (Kevern et al, 2014). Attempts have

also been made to introduce rubber on pervious concrete

(Gesog et al, 2014). Recycled aggregates, sea shell, brick bats

and Municipal solid waste incinerated bottom ash as

aggregates, have been used as a partial replacement for coarse

aggregate and various studies have been carried out (Cheng et

al, 2011; Nguven et al, 2013; Bhutta et al, 2013; Guneyisi et al,

2014; Hossain et al, 2012 and Kuo et al, 2013). Studies using

image analysis have revealed the interface of microstructure on

pervious concrete (Sumanasooriya et al, 2011; Neithalath et al,

2010 and Deo et al, 2010). Studies have also been carried out

to improve the fatigue strength and toughness of pervious

concrete (Chen et al, 2013) and geo polymer as a binder for

making pervious concrete (Tho - in et al, 2012 and Sata et al,

2013).

(Aoki et al, 2012) have considered seven mixes (3 control; 3

mixes with 20% class F fly ash; one mix with 50% class F fly

Page 2: Influence of Fly Ash and Fine Aggregates on the ... · PDF filecoarse aggregates, river sand as fine aggregates and potable ... the mix. Fine aggregates conforming to Zone II of IS:

International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 12, Number 8 (2017) pp. 1598-1609

© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

1599

ash) for evaluating the compressive strength, permeability and

void content. The reported results were more focused towards

the relationship between strength and permeability and strength

and voids. However, the potential applications of the reported

work have not been indicated. (Hager et al, 2016) have used

20% of class C fly ash along with Portland cement admixtures

etc., for the construction of the top layer of pavement for a

parking lot test section in the Denver metropolitan region,

Colorado, USA. The water quality of storm water after the

construction of the parking lot with the above pervious concrete

was used to highlight the hydrologic benefit of the system

during storm events. In spite of the above types of studies

carried out and reported, it can be seen that the use of

supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) in the

production of pervious concrete and comprehensive studies

thereof, including various application, especially for

pavements, is still rare. On the other hand, such studies, if

carried out and reported, will contribute for sustainable

development. Hence, the focus of this study is to evaluate the

various characteristics of pervious concrete with and without

fine aggregates, cement was partially replaced by fly ash (10%

and 20%) to produce pervious concrete. The potential of the

above concretes has also been evaluated as a possible pavement

material, with reference to the relevant Indian codes, and

reported.

EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM

Materials and properties

Cement, cementitious material as fly ash, crushed gravel as

coarse aggregates, river sand as fine aggregates and potable

water were the constituent materials used in pervious concrete.

Fly ash belonging to (class C) obtained from the thermal power

plant located nearby (Neyveli, Tamilnadu, India) was used in

all the mixes. Specific gravity of coarse aggregate used was

2.71. Coarse aggregates of size 19 mm to 9.5 mm and 9.5 mm

to 4.75 mm, as suggested in ACI 522R - 10 for pervious

concrete was used in the present study in the ratio of 60:40 for

the mix. Fine aggregates conforming to Zone II of IS: 383 -

1978, with the specific gravity of 2.62 was used. Salient

characteristics of the cement and fly ash used are given

in Table 1.

Table 1: Physical properties of cement and fly ash

Sl. No Property Cement Fly ash

1 Standard consistency 33.5% 35%

2 Initial setting time 35 min 40 min

3 Final setting time 160 min 250 min

4 Soundness 1 mm 0 mm

5 Specific gravity 3.15 2.45

Table 2: Chemical properties of fly ash

Sl. No Chemical composition Value (%)

1 Loss of ignition 2.52

2 Silica as Sio2 51.56

3 Iron as Fe2o3 7.15

4 Alumina as Al2 03 23.23

5 Calcium as Cao 10.78

6 Magnesium as Mgo 2.90

7 Sulphur as So3 1.85

Chemical composition of fly ash is given in Table 2 and particle

size distribution of fly ash is shown in Figure 1. The above fly

ash is categorized as class C fly ash and hence it is expected to

exhibit its cementitious property. Further, as the fly ash has

substantial quantity of particles less than 450 microns, it is

expected to contribute for the micro - filler effect in concrete.

Figure 1. Particle size distribution of fly ash

Mix proportioning

Four distinct binder contents for proportioning pervious

concrete mixes were considered, namely, 250, 300, 350 and

400 kg/m3 and cement was partially replaced by fly ash by 10%

and 20% (by weight). The above range of binder contents cover

the wide range of possible applications and also cover the range

prescribed by Indian standards for use in cement concrete. The

above four binder contents formed the basis for the mix

proportioning of ‘control mixes of pervious fly ash – cement

concrete’, without ‘fines’ (i.e. without fine aggregates), but

using coarse aggregates. Coarse aggregates were partially

replaced by fine aggregates by 5%, 10% and 15% (by weight).

About 60% of the total coarse aggregates content in the size

range of 19 mm to 9.5 mm and 40% in the size range of 9.5 mm

to 4.75 mm, were used for the production of pervious concrete

mixes. A constant water- binder (w/b) ratio of 0.34 was

maintained for all the mixes. The above w/b was adopted from

earlier studies conducted and reported (Lian et al, 2010) . All

the mixes were designed according to ACI 522 R - 10 as there

is no Indian code available for pervious concrete. All together

8 control mixes without fines (i.e. 4 with 10% and 4 with 20%

of fly ash replacement); 24 mixes with fines (12 each for each

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0.010.1110Pe

rce

nta

ge

of

pa

ssin

g

Particle size ( mm)

Percentage passing

Page 3: Influence of Fly Ash and Fine Aggregates on the ... · PDF filecoarse aggregates, river sand as fine aggregates and potable ... the mix. Fine aggregates conforming to Zone II of IS:

International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 12, Number 8 (2017) pp. 1598-1609

© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

1600

level of replacement of 10% and 20%), were proportioned for

casting various specimens for determining the strength,

permeability and void characteristics of pervious concrete. The

designations of various mix series and the corresponding mixes

in the series are given in Table 3. Further, details of a typical

mixes (for binder content 250kg/m3) are given in Table 4.

Table 3: Designation of mix series and the corresponding designation of mixes in the series

Sl. No Designation

of mix series

Designation of

‘mixes’

No. of

mixes

Remarks

1 CF1 C1F1S1 to C4F1S1 4 Control mixes with 10% replacement of cement by fly ash, but without fines

2 CF2 C1F2S1 to C4F2S1 4 Control mixes with 20% replacement of cement by fly ash, but without fines

3 CF1S1 C1F1S2 to C4F1S2 4 CF1 mix series with 5% fines

4 CF2S1 C1F2S2 to C4F2S2 4 CF2 mix series with 5% fines

5 CF1S2 C1F1S3 to C4F1S3 4 CF1 mix series with 10% fines

6 CF2S2 C1F2S3 to C4F2S3 4 CF2 mix series with 10% fines

7 CF1S3 C1F1S4 to C4F1S4 4 CF1 mix series with 15% fines

8 CF2S3 C1F2S4 to C4F2S4 4 CF2 mix series with 15% fines

Table 4: Details of typical mix proportion of 250 Kg/m3

Sl.

No

Mix

designation

Cement

content

(kg/m3)

Fly ash

(kg/m3)

Fine

aggregate

(kg/m3)

Coarse

aggregate

(kg/m3)

1 C1F1S1 225 19.5 0 1640

2 C1F1S2 225 19.5 82 1590

3 C1F1S3 225 19.5 164 1540

4 C1F1S4 225 19.5 246 1474

5 C1F2S1 200 39 0 1640

6 C1F2S2 200 39 82 1590

7 C1F2S3 200 39 164 1540

8 C1F2S4 200 39 246 1474

Note:

C1, C2, C3 and C4 – denote cement content 250, 300, 350 and

400 in Kg/m3, in the mixes

S1, S2, S3, S4 – denote the percentage of fine aggregates 0%,

5%, 10%, 15%, respectively.

F1 and F2 – 10%, 20% replacement of cement by fly ash in

the mixes

Preparation and testing of specimens

Compressive strength

Cubes of size 100mm x 100mm x 100mm were cast for each

mix and moist cured for 24 hours before demoulding and curing

in water continued at 24◦C until testing at 7 days and 28 days.

Compressive strength was determined in accordance with the

Indian standard IS: 516 - 1959. As the largest nominal size of

the coarse aggregate used in this study does not exceed 20mm,

100mm cubes have been used, as an alternative to the standard

size of cube of 150 mm, as recommended in the above code.

However, in order to assess the potential applications of

pervious concretes investigated in the study for pavement

application, it becomes necessary to investigate the ‘size effect’

on cube compressive strength of pervious concretes, as the

strength requirements specified in the relevant IS codes

correspond to the values based on tests conducted on 150 mm

cube specimens. Accordingly, the size effect on compressive

strength was carried out on a typical series of mixes and the

average value of size effect for pervious concrete was

determined as 0.91, which compares well with the size effect

for conventional concretes are on reported by (Neville, 2006).

The above factor was used latter, to assess the suitability of

pervious concrete for various types of pavement applications,

based on the strength requirements stipulated in the relevant IS

codes.

Flexural strength

Flexural strength of pervious concrete specimens was

determined by three-point load test on beam specimens of size

100 mm x 100 mm x 500 mm, and in accordance with the

Indian standard IS: 516 - 1959, after 28 days of normal curing.

The above size of specimen is chosen, for the reasons stated

above.

Split tensile strength

Split tensile strength was determined in accordance with the

Indian standard IS:5816 - 1999, on cylindrical specimens of

size 100 mm diameter and 200 mm height, after 28 days normal

curing. Even though, 150 mm diameter cylinder specimen is

recommended in the above code, 100 mm diameter was chosen

so as to limit the consumption of materials. Hence, all the

Page 4: Influence of Fly Ash and Fine Aggregates on the ... · PDF filecoarse aggregates, river sand as fine aggregates and potable ... the mix. Fine aggregates conforming to Zone II of IS:

International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 12, Number 8 (2017) pp. 1598-1609

© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

1601

reported results in this paper, are based on the above size of

specimen only.

Permeability

Specimens of size 90 mm diameter and 150 mm height were

cast and tested after 28 days of normal curing. An experimental

set up [Figure 2] was exclusively fabricated for determining the

permeability of pervious concrete specimens, based on the

falling head permeability method, proposed and reported by

(Neithalath et al, 2006), as there is no equivalent standard

prescribed in Indian codes. The above procedure has also been

prescribed as the standard procedure in ACI 522R - 10.

Figure 2. Experimental setup of permeability testing

Total and Permeable voids

Specimens of size 90 mm diameter and 150 mm height were

cast and tested after 28 days of normal curing, and the total

voids were determined in accordance with ASTM C 1754/C

1754M - 12. Permeable voids (∅𝑝𝑣) were calculated using the

procedure in the above code and using Equation (1).

∅𝑝𝑣 = [1 −(𝑤2 − 𝑤1)

𝜌𝑣] x 100 ----- (1)

where w1 is the specimen weight under water, w2 is the weight

of the specimen with the SSD condition, ρ is the density of

water and v is the volume of the specimen (Seo, 2006).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The compressive strength of pervious concretes for different

binder contents (with 10% and 20% replacement of cement by

fly ash) and percentage of fines are shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3. Compressive strength (28 days) of pervious fly ash- cement concrete for various binder contents (two levels of fly ash

replacement) and percentage of fines

The actual compressive strength of pervious concretes in CF1

and CF2 - series (i.e. zero fines) increase with increase in binder

content and the strength ranges from 5.70 to 8.83 MPa (at 28

days) for the range of binder contents considered. Incorporating

the size effect, the estimated value of the above compressive

strength ranges from 5.19 to 8.04 MPa (at 28 days) and the

0

5

10

15

20

10 20 10 20 10 20 10 20

0 5 10 15

Co

mp

ressiv

e s

tren

gth

(M

Pa)

Percentage of fines and percentage of fly ash

250

300

350

400

Fly ash %

Fines %

Page 5: Influence of Fly Ash and Fine Aggregates on the ... · PDF filecoarse aggregates, river sand as fine aggregates and potable ... the mix. Fine aggregates conforming to Zone II of IS:

International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 12, Number 8 (2017) pp. 1598-1609

© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

1602

above strength range falls within the typical compressive

strength reported (i.e. 2.8 to 20MPa) for pervious concretes in

ACI522R - 10.

The above strength range also satisfies the typical strength

range prescribed in the relevant Indian codes (Table 5) for use

in lean cement concrete (LCC) as a base / sub - base layer of a

flexible pavement. However, the strength range achieved even

up to 20% replacement of cement by fly ash, (i.e. in CF1 and

CF2 series of mixes) is less than the typical strength range

prescribed for use in DLC in the relevant Indian codes. Thus,

there is scope for improvement in the strength of pervious fly

ash - cement concretes, for potential application / (s) as a sub –

base / base material in pavements.

Table 5: Strength requirements for LCC and DLC as per Indian Standards

Sl. No Purpose Compressive strength (MPa) Reference

1 Lean cement concrete (LCC) for base / sub base

of flexible pavement. 3.7 - 7.2 (at 28 days) IRC: 74 - 1979

2 Dry lean Concrete (DLC) for sub - base of rigid

pavement.

7.0 (at 7 days)

10 (at 28 days)

IRC: SP: 49 -2014

IRC:58 - 2015

Addition of “fines” has increased the compressive strength of

pervious fly ash - cement concretes, for all the range of fines-

content considered. This is attributed to better packing of the

matrix and improvement in interfacial bond, when compared to

‘no fines’ pervious concrete. Further, there is continuous

improvement in the compressive strength due to the addition

fines, ranging from marginal to high as the Binder content

increases.

The strength behaviour of pervious fly ash - cement concrete,

with and without fines, is similar, (Figure 4 and 5) for the range

of binder contents considered, and is independent of fly ash

replacement levels. As the minimum compressive strength of

10 MPa (at 28 days) is required for DLC to be used as a sub -

base in a rigid pavement (Table 5), the strength range achieved

pervious fly ash - cement concrete, excluding the binder

content of 250 Kg/m3 alone, fulfils the above requirement.

Therefore, it can be stated safely that the minimum binder

content for pervious fly ash - cement concretes, to be used in

DLC in a rigid pavement with fines (10 and 15%) is 300 kg/m3.

Figure 4. Compressive strength of pervious fly ash-cement for various binder contents and percentage of fines (10% fly ash

replacement).

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

200 250 300 350 400 450

Co

mp

ressiv

e S

tren

gth

(M

Pa)

Binder content with 10% fly ash replacement (Kg/m3)

0

5

10

15

Page 6: Influence of Fly Ash and Fine Aggregates on the ... · PDF filecoarse aggregates, river sand as fine aggregates and potable ... the mix. Fine aggregates conforming to Zone II of IS:

International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 12, Number 8 (2017) pp. 1598-1609

© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

1603

Figure 5. Compressive strength of pervious fly ash-cement for various binder contents and percentage of fines

(20% fly ash replacement).

The variation of 7 - days compressive strength of pervious

concretes is shown in Figure 6. It is observed that the average

ratio of 7 to 28 - days compressive strength of pervious fly ash

- cement concretes reported in this study, is 0.83 and 0.8, for

with and without fines respectively, and for the range of

parameters and binders considered. The above value is within

the range (0.75 to 0.87), reported by several earlier

investigators (Joshaghani et al, 2015; Aoki et al, 2012;

Ravindrarajah et al, 2012 and Kevern et al, 2008) for pervious

cement concrete. Further, the trend in the compressive strength

at 7 - days and 28 - days are also similar. The above behaviour

is in line with the reported behaviour of pervious cement

concrete ( Joshaghani et al, 2015; Aoki et al, 2012;

Ravindrarajah et al, 2012 and Kevern et al, 2008).

Figure 6. Compressive strength (7 days) of pervious fly ash - cement concrete for various binder contents (two levels of fly ash

replacement) and percentage of fines.

Density with compressive strength

Density of pervious fly ash - cement concrete with and without

fines ranges from 1849 to 2087 kg/m3, for the two levels of fly

ash replacement. The influence of fly ash content on the density

of pervious concretes, is negligible. Considering the lowest

value of density reported in this study for pervious fly ash -

cement concrete, it is about 77% of the standard density of

conventional concrete and comparable to the reported value of

earlier investigators, for pervious concretes. The effect of

density on the compressive strength of pervious concretes is

shown in Figure 7. As the density of pervious fly ash - cement

concrete increases, its compressive strength also increases.

0

5

10

15

20

200 250 300 350 400 450Co

mp

ressiv

e S

tre

ng

th (

MP

a)

Binder content with 20% fly ash replacement (Kg/m3 )

0

5

10

15

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

10 20 10 20 10 20 10 20

0 5 10 15

Co

mp

ressiv

e s

tren

gth

(M

Pa)

Percentage of fines and percentage of flyash

250

300

350

400

Fly ash %

Fines %

Page 7: Influence of Fly Ash and Fine Aggregates on the ... · PDF filecoarse aggregates, river sand as fine aggregates and potable ... the mix. Fine aggregates conforming to Zone II of IS:

International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 12, Number 8 (2017) pp. 1598-1609

© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

1604

Figure 7. Effect of density on the compressive strength of

pervious fly ash- cement concretes.

Flexural and split- tensile strength

Variation of flexural and split-tensile strengths of pervious fly

ash - cement concrete for different binder contents with two

levels of fly ash replacements and fines are shown in Figure 8

and 9, respectively. Both the above strength behaviour of

pervious fly ash - cement concrete is similar to that of the

corresponding compressive strength behaviour with respect to

no fines and range of fines considered.

Figure 8. Flexural strength of pervious fly ash - cement concrete for various binder contents (two levels of fly ash replacement)

and percentage of fines.

Figure 9. Split tensile strength of pervious fly ash - cement concrete for various binder contents (two levels of fly ash

replacement) and percentage of fines.

y = 0.0021e0.0043xR² = 0.882

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100Com

pre

ssiv

e s

trength

(M

Pa)

Density(Kg/m3)

0

1

1

2

2

3

3

10 20 10 20 10 20 10 20

0 5 10 15

Fle

xu

ral

str

en

gth

(M

Pa)

Percentage of fines and fly ash

250

300

350

400

Fly ash %

Fines %

0

1

1

2

2

3

3

10 20 10 20 10 20 10 20

0 0 5 5 10 10 15 15

Sp

lit

Ten

sile s

tren

gth

(M

Pa)

Percentage of fines and fly ash

250

300

350

400

Fly ash %

Fines %

Page 8: Influence of Fly Ash and Fine Aggregates on the ... · PDF filecoarse aggregates, river sand as fine aggregates and potable ... the mix. Fine aggregates conforming to Zone II of IS:

International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 12, Number 8 (2017) pp. 1598-1609

© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

1605

The actual flexural strength attained is in the range of 1.40 to

2.06 MPa and 1.45 to 2.75 MPa for pervious fly ash - cement

concretes with no fines and fines, respectively. Similarly, the

split tensile strength attained is in the range of 1.45 to 1.86 MPa

and 1.49 to 2.57 MPa for pervious fly ash-cement concretes

with no fines and fines, respectively. It is observed that

replacement of cement by fly ash, up to 20%, has only a

marginal reduction in the flexural and split tensile strengths.

Influence of total voids on compressive strength

characteristics

The total voids contents are in the range of 17.58 to 28.76%

(for 10% fly ash content) and 13.55 to 24.76 % (for 20% fly ash

content), and the corresponding compressive strength ranges

from 6.30 - 16.95MPa (for 10% fly ash content) and 5.70-

15.03MPa (for 20% fly ash content) respectively (Figure 10

and 11). The above total voids contents and the compressive

strength of pervious fly ash - cement concrete (with 10%

replacement of cement by fly ash) ranges are within the typical

void content and strength ranges of pervious concrete reported

in ACI 522 R - 10, whereas the total void content of pervious

fly ash - cement concrete 20% replacement of cement by fly

ash is slightly lesser.

Figure 10. Effect of total void on the compressive strength of pervious fly ash - cement concretes (10% fly ash replacement).

Figure 11. Effect of total void on the compressive strength of pervious fly ash - cement concretes (20% fly ash replacement).

In general, replacement of cement by fly ash has resulted in

reduction in total voids content, and this is primarily attributed

to the micro-filler effect of fly ash, thereby reducing the total

voids in the pervious fly ash - cement concrete. In spite of the

above effect, the resulting compressive strengths are within the

typical range reported in ACI 522R - 10 for pervious concrete.

Thus, addition of fly ash has resulted in beneficial effects from

technical, economic and environmental considerations. The

range of total voids of pervious concretes reported in this study,

are within the range of void content reported (i.e. 14.95% to

40.14%) by several earlier investigators (Joshaghani et al,

2015; Bhutta et al, 2013; Hossain et al, 2012; Kuo et al, 2013;

Ravindrarajah et al, 2012 and Kevern et al, 2008).

Permeability

The permeability of pervious concretes for different binder

contents (with 10% and 20% replacement of cement by fly ash)

and percentage of fines are shown in Figure 12. Permeability of

pervious fly ash - cement concrete without fines, decreases with

y = 53.414e-0.072x

R² = 0.799

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

15 20 25 30

Co

mp

ressiv

e s

tren

gth

(MP

a)

Total voids (%)

y = 39.214e-0.073x

R² = 0.783

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

10 15 20 25 30

Co

mp

ressiv

e s

tren

gth

(MP

a)

Total voids (%)

Page 9: Influence of Fly Ash and Fine Aggregates on the ... · PDF filecoarse aggregates, river sand as fine aggregates and potable ... the mix. Fine aggregates conforming to Zone II of IS:

International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 12, Number 8 (2017) pp. 1598-1609

© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

1606

increase in binder content, and it ranges from 1.19 cm/s to 0.641

cm/s. Permeability of pervious fly ash - cement concrete with

fines are in the range of 1.028 cm/s to 0.324 cm/s.

Addition of fines has decreased the permeability of pervious fly

ash - cement concretes, for all ranges of fines considered and

that the average reduction in permeability is 15.63%, for

pervious fly ash - cement concrete. However, the overall

reduction in permeability due to fines in pervious fly ash -

cement concretes is even up to 60%. The above reduction in

permeability is attributed to the combined effect of fines, and

the type of binder (cement / fly ash) and binder content. The

permeability of pervious concretes in this study is observed to

be within the range (i.e. 0.1 to 2 cm/s) reported for pervious

cement concrete, by various researchers (Kevern et al, 2008; Li

et al, 2013; Martin et al, 2014; Qin et al, 2015; Haselbach et al,

2005 and Deo et al, 2011). It is to be noted that the higher value

reported by a group of earlier researchers is for the case of using

higher size coarse aggregates (i.e. 12.5 mm to 19 mm)

(Joshaghani et al, 2016).

Influence of permeable voids on permeability

characteristics

The trend in the compressive strength behaviour and

permeability are inversely related, for all the range of binder

contents (with 10% and 20% replacement of cement by fly ash)

and percentage of fines considered, which is on expected lines

(Figure 10,11 and Figure 13 and 14). Increase in permeable

voids increases the permeability and it is independent of the

binder content in pervious concretes (Figure 13 and 14).

Permeable voids content range from 11.08 to 25.89%,

considering all the range of parameters considered in this study.

It is seen that the above range is 75% to 91% of the

corresponding total voids, obtained in this study and the above

fact can be considered as an advantage for various applications

of pervious concrete.

Figure 12. Permeability of pervious fly ash - cement concrete for various binder contents (two levels of fly ash replacement)

and percentage of fines.

Figure 13. Effect of permeable voids on the permeability of pervious fly ash- cement concretes

(with 10% replacement of fly ash).

0.000

0.500

1.000

1.500

10 20 10 20 10 20 10 20

0 5 10 15

Perm

eab

ilit

y (

cm

/sec

)

Percentage of fines and percentage of fly ash

400

350

300

250

Fly ash %

Fines %

y = 0.0596x - 0.3662R² = 0.865

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

10 15 20 25 30

Perm

eabili

ty (

cm

/s)

Permeable void (%)

Page 10: Influence of Fly Ash and Fine Aggregates on the ... · PDF filecoarse aggregates, river sand as fine aggregates and potable ... the mix. Fine aggregates conforming to Zone II of IS:

International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 12, Number 8 (2017) pp. 1598-1609

© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

1607

Figure 14. Effect of permeable voids on the permeability of pervious fly ash- cement concretes

(with 20% replacement of fly ash).

CONCLUSIONS

The actual compressive strength of pervious fly ash - cement

concrete with no fines, ranges from 5.70 to 8.83 MPa (at 28

days) for binder contents ranging from 250 to 400 kg/m3 and

the above strength range achieved has potential applications for

use as a typical sub-base / base layer in flexible pavement,

especially, in Indian conditions. Replacement of cement up to

20% by fly ash has reduced the above compressive strength

range only marginally, and therefore it still has potential

applications in flexible and rigid pavements, after improvement

in the above strength by various established methods. However,

if a minimum binder content of 300 kg/m3 is used in pervious

fly ash - cement concrete with 10% and 15% fines, then, it can

be used for DLC as a sub - base in a rigid pavement, satisfying

Indian standard code provisions. Addition of fine aggregates

(ranging from 5 to 15%) has increased the compressive strength

of pervious fly ash - cement concretes, ranging from ‘marginal’

to ‘high’. Strength behaviour of flexural and split- tensile

strength is similar to that of the corresponding compressive

strength behaviour of pervious fly ash - cement concrete, for all

the parameters and their ranges considered in this study.

Replacement of class C fly ash has resulted in reduction of total

voids, which may be attributed primarily to the micro - filler

effect of fly ash. There is a reduction of about 12 - 16% in the

permeability of fly ash - cement pervious concretes,

considering all the effect of no fines and fines in the above two

systems.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors would like to acknowledge the support and

cooperation extended by the Department of Civil Engineering,

Pondicherry Engineering College, Pondicherry, India, to carry

out this work.

REFERENCES

[1] Mc Cain, G.N., and Dewoolkar, M M., 2009, “Strength

and permeability characteristics of porous concrete

pavements”, Transp Res. Board, pp.1–13.

[2] Nguyen, D.H., Sebaibi, N., Boutouil, M., Leleyter, L.,

and Baurd, F., 2014, “A modified method for the design

of pervious concrete mix”, Construction and Building

Materials 73, pp.271– 282.

[3] Huang, B., Wu, H., Shu, X., and Burdette, E G., 2009,

“Laboratory evaluation of permeability and strength of

polymer-modified pervious concrete”, Construction

and building materials 24, pp.818–823.

[4] Chandrappa, A K., and Biligiri, K P., 2016, “Pervious

concrete as a sustainable pavement material – Research

findings and future prospects: A state-of-the-art

review”, Construction and Building Materials 111, pp.

262–274.

[5] Ibrahim, A., Mahmoud, E., Yamin, M., and Patibandla,

V C., 2014, “Experimental study on Portland cement

pervious concrete mechanical and hydrological

properties”, Construction and Building Materials 50,

pp. 524–529.

[6] Cheng, A., Hsu, H M., Chao, S J., and Lin, K L., 2011,

“Experimental Study on Properties of Pervious

Concrete Made with Recycled Aggregate”, Internal

Journal of Pavement Research and Technology 4(2),

pp. 104-110.

[7] Lian, C., and Zhuge, Y., 2010, “Optimum mix design

of enhanced permeable concrete – An experimental

investigation”, Construction and Building Materials 24,

pp. 2664–671.

[8] Girish, G., and Manjunath Rao, R., 2011, “A step

towards mix proportioning guidelines for pervious

concrete”, International Journal of Earth Sciences and

Engineering 4, pp. 768 -771.

y = 0.0617x - 0.3714R² = 0.851

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

10 15 20 25

Perm

eabili

ty (

cm

/s)

Permeable void (%)

Page 11: Influence of Fly Ash and Fine Aggregates on the ... · PDF filecoarse aggregates, river sand as fine aggregates and potable ... the mix. Fine aggregates conforming to Zone II of IS:

International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 12, Number 8 (2017) pp. 1598-1609

© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

1608

[9] Yang, J., and Jiang, G., 2003, “Experimental study on

properties of pervious concrete pavement materials”,

Cement and Concrete Research 33, pp.381–386.

[10] Bhutta, M A R., Tsuruta, K., and Mirza, J., 2012,

“Evaluation of high-performance porous concrete

properties”, Construction and building materials ,31,

pp. 67-73.

[11] Hesami, S., Ahmadi, S., and Nematzadeh, M., 2014,

“Effect of rice husk ash and fiber on mechanical

properties of pervious concrete pavements”, 53, pp.

680-691. Construction and building materials

[12] Wu, H., Huang, B., Shu, X., and Dong, Q., 2011,

“Laboratory Evaluation of Abrasion Resistance of

Portland Cement Pervious Concrete”, Journal of

Materials in Civil Engineering 23(5), pp. 697-702.

[13] Dong, Q., Wu, H., Huang, B., Sh, X., and Wang, K.,

2013, “Investigation into Laboratory Abrasion Test

Methods for Pervious Concrete”, Journal of Materials

in Civil Engineering 25(7), pp.886-892.

[14] Kevern, J T., Wang, K., and Schaefer, V R., 2014,

“Effects of Macro Synthetic Fibers on Pervious”

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering: ISSN 0899-

1561/06014031(6).

[15] Gesog, M., Guneyisi, E., Khoshnaw, G., and

Suleymanpek., 2014, “Investigating properties of

pervious concretes containing waste tire rubbers”,

Construction and Building Materials 63, pp. 206–213.

[16] Nguyen, D H., Boutouil, M., Sebaibi,L, N., Leleyter.,

and Baraud, F., 2013, “Valorization of seashell by-

products in pervious concrete pavers”, Construction

and Building Materials 49, pp.151-160.

[17] Bhutta, M A R., Tsuruta, K., and Mirza, J., 2013,

“Properties of porous concrete from waste crushed

concrete (recycled aggregate)”, Construction and

building materials 47, pp. 1243-1248.

[18] Guneyisi, E., Mehmet Gesoglu, M., Kareem, Q., and

Ipek, S., 2014, “Effect of different substitution of

natural aggregate by recycled aggregate on

performance characteristics of pervious concrete”,

Material and structures: DOI 10.1617/s11527-014-

0517-y.

[19] Hossain, T., Abdus Salam, M D., and Abdul Kader, M.,

2012, “Pervious concrete using brick chips as coarse

aggregate: An experimental study”, Journal of Civil

Engineering (IEB) 40(2), pp.25-137.

[20] Kuo, W T., Liu, C., and Su, D., 2013, “Use of washed

municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash in

pervious concrete”, Cement and concrete composites

37.pp. 328-335.

[21] Sumanasooriya, M S., and Neithalath, N., 2011, “Pore

structure features of pervious concretes proportioned

for desired porosities and their performance

prediction”, Cement & Concrete Composites 33, pp.

778-787.

[22] Neithalath, N., Sumanasooriya, M A., and Deo, O.,

2010, “Characterizing pore volume, sizes, and

connectivity in pervious concretes for permeability

prediction”, Materials Characterization 61, pp.802 –

813.

[23] Deo, O., and Neithalath, N., 2010, “Compressive

behavior of pervious concretes and a quantification of

the influence of random pore structure features”,

Materials Science and Engineering 528, pp.402–412.

[24] Chen, Y., Wang, K., Wang, X., and Zhou, W., 2013,

“Strength, fracture and fatigue of pervious concrete”,

Construction and Building Materials 42, pp. 97-104.

[25] Tho-in, T., Sata, V., Chindaprasirt, P., and

Jaturapitakkul, C., 2012, “Previous high-calcium fly

ash geopolymer concrete”, Construction and Building

Materials 30, pp. 366–371.

[26] Sata, V., Wongsa, A., and Chindaprasirt, P., 2013,

“Properties of pervious geopolymer concrete using

recycled aggregates”, Construction and Building

Materials 42, pp.33–39.

[27] Aoki, Y., Ravindrarajah, R S., and Khabbaz, H., 2012,

“Properties of pervious concrete containing fly ash”,

Road materials and pavement design ,13(1), pp. 1-11.

[28] Hager, A., Durham, S A., and Rens, K., 2016,

“Sustainable design of pervious concrete pavement

systems”, submitted to the transporatation research

board (TRB) for presentation at the TRB and

publication in the Transportation Research Record.

[29] ACI 522R-10, “Report on pervious concrete”.

[30] Neville, A.M., 2006, “Properties of concrete”, Pearson Education, South Asia, Size effects in compressive

strength, Chapter 12, pp. 605-607.

[31] Neithalath, N., Weiss, J., and Olek, J., 2006,

“Characterizing Enhanced Porosity Concrete using

electrical impedance to predict acoustic and hydraulic

performance”, Cement and Concrete Research 36, pp.

2074-2085.

[32] ASTM C 1754/C1754M-12, Standard test method for

Density and Void content of Hardened pervious

concrete.

[33] Seo, DS., 2006. “An experimental study on sound

absorption properties of multi- functional porous

concrete for building material”, Ph.D, Thesis,

Chungnam National University.

[34] Joshaghani, A., Ramezanianpour, A A., Ataei, O., and

Golroo, A., 2015, “Optimizing pervious concrete

pavement mixture design by using the Taguchi

method” Construction and Building Materials 101(1),

pp.317–325.

[35] Ravindrarajah, R S., Wang, N D H., and Ervin, L J.,

2012, “Mix Design for Pervious Recycled Aggregate

Concrete”, International Journal of Concrete Structures

and Materials 6(4), pp.239–246. DOI 10.1007/s40069-

012-0024-x.

[36] Kevern, J. T., Schaefer, V R., Wang, K., and Suleiman,

M T., 2008, “Pervious Concrete Mixture Proportions

for Improved Freeze-Thaw Durability”, Journal of

ASTM International 5(2), pp.1-

12. https://doi.org/10.1520/JAI101320..

[37] Li, H., Kayhanian. M., and Harvey, J T., 2013,

“Comparative field permeability measurement of

permeable pavements using ASTM C1701 and NCAT

permeameter methods”, J Environ Management 118,

pp. 144–152.

Page 12: Influence of Fly Ash and Fine Aggregates on the ... · PDF filecoarse aggregates, river sand as fine aggregates and potable ... the mix. Fine aggregates conforming to Zone II of IS:

International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 12, Number 8 (2017) pp. 1598-1609

© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

1609

[38] Martin, WD III., Kaye, NB., and Putman, BJ., 2014,

“Impact of vertical porosity distribution on the

permeability of pervious concrete”, Construction and

Building Materials 59, pp. 78–84.

[39] Qin, Y., Yang, H., Deng, Z., and He, J., 2015, “Water

permeability of pervious concrete is dependent on the

applied pressure and testing methods”, Advanced

Mater Sci Engg, pp.1–6.

[40] Haselbach, LM., Valavala, S., and Montes, F., 2005,

“Permeability predictions for sand-clogged Portland

cement pervious concrete pavement systems”, J

Environ Management 81, pp. 42–49.

[41] IRC58-2015, Guidelines for the Design of Plain Jointed

Rigid Pavements for Highways - 4th Revision.

[42] IRC74-1979, Tentative Guidelines for Lean-Cement

Concrete and Lean Cement Fly Ash Concrete as a

Pavement Base or Sub Base.

[43] IRCSP49-2014, Guidelines for the Use of Dry Lean

Concrete as Sub-base for Rigid Pavement - 1st

Revision 2014.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Uma Maguesvari, M, is a Research scholar in the Department

of Civil Engineering Pondicherry Engineering College,

Pondicherry, India. Her research interest is in pervious

concrete and its characterization. Her teaching experience in

the similar field for more than 10 years.

Dr. Sundararajan, T, is currently Professor of Civil

Engineering at Pondicherry engineering college, Pondicherry,

India. He has a total of over 38 years of experience covering

all facets of civil engineering. He earned his Ph.D. from Indian

Institute of Technology, Madras. His areas of research

interests include: water resources engineering, computer

applications in civil engineering, construction management.

He has made extensive/overseen studies in the areas of natural

fibre cementitious composites, fly ash activation and

applications and in general in the area of supplementary

cementitious materials and applications.


Recommended