Influence of milled rice on insect infestation I. Oviposition and development of post-harvest pests in different types of milled rice By K. SINGH Abstract The oviposition and development of post-harvest pests on various types of milled rice were studied, Parboiled milled rice was preferred by Rhizopertha dominica to raw long kernel rice for oviposition. Parboiled rice was less suitable than other types of rice for progeny production and rate of development of R. dominica. Considerable low oviposition and rate of development of Sitophilus oryzae, Sitophilus granarius, L a s w d e m serricorne and Sitotroga cerealeh were observed in parboiled rice. Moreover, parboiled rice was completely immune to the attack of Trogoderma granarium, Tribolium confusum, Tribolium castaneum, Oryzaephilus rurinamensis, Ephestiu cautella, Plodia interpunctella and Ephestia kuehniella. Long kernel milled rice was less suitable for the development of S. oryzae, S. granarius, R. dominica, T. granarium, L. serricorne and E. cautella than round kernel rice and glazed rice (long kernel and round kernel rice). Round kernel rice was found comparatively suitable for oviposition and development of all experimental insects except for the oviposition of R. dominica. The results show that long kernel and round kernel rice (glazed) coated with 0.3 '10 talc and 0.4 O/O glucose was more suitable for progeny production and development of S. oryzae, S. granarius, R. dominica, T. granarium, L. serricorne and E. cautella, whereas the glazing of rice coated with 0.3 O/O talc and 0.4 O/O glucose was not suited for progeny production and growth rate of T. confusum, T. castaneum, 0. surinamensis, E. kuebnieh and S. cerealella. The glazed rice has also a moderately adverse effect on the development of P. interpunctella. 1 Introduction Considerable infestation in stored milled rice by various species of insects in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world is recognized as one of the important problems. Excellent reviews are available that define the general as ect of this problem (PARKIN 1955). The information pertaining to the seems to be scanty, scattered and poorly published. MCGAUGHEY (1970) published some data concerning the effect of degree of milling on the develop- ment of stored products pests. Recently, MCGAUGHEY (1974) reported that parboiled rice was less suitable than raw milled rice for rogeny production by ricorne (F.), Tribolium confusum (Jaqueline du Val), Rhizopertha dominica (F.), Sitophilus oryzae (Linn.) and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.). From the findings reported by PINGALE et al. (1957) it is also concluded that parboiled rice was less suitable for the development of Sitophilus oryzae (Linn.) than husked rice. Recently, WOHLGEMUTH (1979) stated that the glazing of rice coated with in r hence of processing and milling on the development of post-harvest pests Plodia interpunctella (Hubner), Cadra cautelka (Wa P ker), Lasioderma ser- U.S. Copyright Clearance Center Code Statement: 0044-2240/80/9001-0001 $ 02.50/0 Z. ang. Ent. 90 (1980), 1-9 0 1980 Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg und Berlin ISSN 0044-2240 / ASTM-Coden: ZANEAE
Transcript
Influence of milled rice on insect infestation
I. Oviposition and development of post-harvest pests in different types of milled rice
By K. SINGH
Abstract
The oviposition and development of post-harvest pests on various types of milled rice were studied, Parboiled milled rice was preferred by Rhizopertha dominica to raw long kernel rice for oviposition. Parboiled rice was less suitable than other types of rice for progeny production and rate of development of R. dominica. Considerable low oviposition and rate of development of Sitophilus oryzae, Sitophilus granarius, L a s w d e m serricorne and Sitotroga cerealeh were observed in parboiled rice. Moreover, parboiled rice was completely immune to the attack of Trogoderma granarium, Tribolium confusum, Tribolium castaneum, Oryzaephilus rurinamensis, Ephestiu cautella, Plodia interpunctella and Ephestia kuehniella.
Long kernel milled rice was less suitable for the development of S. oryzae, S. granarius, R. dominica, T. granarium, L. serricorne and E. cautella than round kernel rice and glazed rice (long kernel and round kernel rice). Round kernel rice was found comparatively suitable for oviposition and development of all experimental insects except for the oviposition of R. dominica.
The results show that long kernel and round kernel rice (glazed) coated with 0.3 '10 talc and 0.4 O/O glucose was more suitable for progeny production and development of S. oryzae, S. granarius, R. dominica, T. granarium, L. serricorne and E. cautella, whereas the glazing of rice coated with 0.3 O/O talc and 0.4 O/O glucose was not suited for progeny production and growth rate of T. confusum, T. castaneum, 0. surinamensis, E . kuebnieh and S . cerealella. The glazed rice has also a moderately adverse effect on the development of P. interpunctella.
1 Introduction
Considerable infestation in stored milled rice by various species of insects in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world is recognized as one of the important problems. Excellent reviews are available that define the general as ect of this problem (PARKIN 1955). The information pertaining to the
seems to be scanty, scattered and poorly published. MCGAUGHEY (1970) published some data concerning the effect of degree of milling on the develop- ment of stored products pests. Recently, MCGAUGHEY (1974) reported that parboiled rice was less suitable than raw milled rice for rogeny production by
ricorne (F.), Tribolium confusum (Jaqueline du Val), Rhizopertha dominica (F.), Sitophilus oryzae (Linn.) and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.). From the findings reported by PINGALE et al. (1957) it is also concluded that parboiled rice was less suitable for the development of Sitophilus oryzae (Linn.) than husked rice.
Recently, WOHLGEMUTH (1979) stated that the glazing of rice coated with
in r hence of processing and milling on the development of post-harvest pests
Plodia interpunctella (Hubner), Cadra cautelka (Wa P ker), Lasioderma ser-
U.S. Copyright Clearance Center Code Statement: 0044-2240/80/9001-0001 $ 02.50/0 Z. ang. Ent. 90 (1980), 1-9 0 1980 Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg und Berlin ISSN 0044-2240 / ASTM-Coden: ZANEAE
2 K . Singh
0.3 O/O talc (hydrous silicate of magnesium) and 0.4 O/O glucose has a limited effect against the infestation of some species of stored products insects.
The information pertaining to cause of stomach cancer due to ingestion of rice contaminated with asbestos present in the talc has been reported by MERLISS (1971). He stated that rice grown in California and meant for the American consumer is milled mechanically. Rice is prepared differently for the Japanese consumer. It is milled and treated with glucose and then talc is added. The talc is held to the surface of grain and is said to preserve its flavour better. Japanese considered this rice more tasty. Talc, the mineral is a hydrous silicate of magnesium. So are some forms of asbestos. The difference between these two minerals is not their chemical composition, but rather in their structure, asbestos being fibrous and mineral, talc being flaky or granular. It is quite clear that pure mineral talc is not the cause of stomach cancer. Commercial talc composed not only of the pure mineral talc, but also of fibrous silicates (Asbestos) may be the cause of Japanese stomach cancer.
Rice in common with other cereals grown in humid areas, is often infested by insects during storage. Nowadays rice is available in the international market in different forms and types in which processing of rice during milling is also involved. Not much attention has been given so far to elucidate the effect of processing, milling and physical nature of rice kernels, more informa- tions are needed about the effect of different types of rice on the developmental behaviour of post-harvest pests. Hence, the experiment reported here was planned to determine the response of oviposition and development of twelve species of stored grains pests on various types of milled rice.
2 Materials and methods
Twelve species of insects namely Sitophilus oryzae Linn., S. granarius Linn., T r o g o d e m granarium Everts, Rhizopertha dominica Fab., Triboliurn confusum Duv., T. castaneum Herbst, Oryzaephilus surinamensis Linn., Lasioderma serricorne F., Sitotroga cerealella Olv., Ephestia cautella Walker, E . kuehniella Zeller, and Plodia interpunctella Hubner were subjected to this study.
The samples of different types of milled rice, i. e., USA long kernel, USA long kernel glazed (0.3 O/O talc + 0.4 O/o glucose), USA long kernel parboiled, Italian round kernel and Italian round kernel glazed (0.3 O/O talc + 0.4 O/O glucose) were obtained from “Euryza Rice Mill”, Hamburg.
Samples of all types of rice were sterilized before experimentation. The sterilized grains were conditioned to aquire constant moisture content by keeping them in suitable glass jars (2 litres). The glass jars were covered with muslin cloth and were kept in a controlled room in which 70 O/o
R. H. was maintained. When equilibrum was reached, the moisture content of milled rice was determined by a Brabender tester. Results of these determinations are given in table 1.
Table 1. Moisture content of rice grains in equilibrium with 70 O/O relative humidity, hardness and size of rice kernels
Hardness Size of the kernels
30 mesh Length Breadth Rice grains Moisture V o (Percentage passing) mm
Long kernels 12.1 9.7 7.00 k 0.06 2.18 f 0.03 Round kernels 13.5 13.2 4.99 f 0.09 2.17 f 0.04 Long kernels glazed 12.0 8.6 6.82 X 0.02 2.17 3~ 0.03 Round kernels glazed 13.4 13.1 4.99 f 0.12 2.18 f 0.02 Long kernels parboiled 11.8 4.6 6.91 f 0.08 2.07 f 0.03
Influence of milled rice on insect infestation 3
The hardness of the experimental rice grains was estimated by rinding the grains conditioned to 70 R. H. (= 12.0 to 13.5 '/a moisture) in a Brabender mill. T ie ground grains were screened with 30 mesh to the inch, and the fractions retained and passed by mesh were weighed, the softest grains were that which when ground yielded the largest quantity passing a 30 mesh sieve (DAVEY 1965). These observations are given in table 1.
The experiment was designed to determine the rate of oviposition by em loying a "Cafeteria or free-choice'' technique. The choice was created in between two types of milfed rice at a time and in this way that the samples of all experimental grains were arranged into four different combinations, i. e., 1. Long kernel/Round kernel; 2. Long kernel glazed/Long kernel un lazed. 3 Round kernel glazed/Round kernel unglazed; 4. Long kernel raw rice/Long kernel partoiledl '
For the free-choice test, the petri-dish (18 cm diameter) was divided into eight different parts equal in size by wire gauze. One hundred twenty grams of grains of each type of rice were taken from conditioned grains at 70 "lo R. H. and 30 g grains were placed in each of the four parts of the petri-dish alternatively and in the other four parts, the grains of other types of rice were placed in the same quantity, i. e., these had a choice of milled rice. One hundred unsexed, one week old adults of test insects were added to petri-dishes and were kept inside the room maintaining 28 "C temperature and 70 " l a R. H. The grains were x-rayed on the 7th day after oviposition to count the number of eggs in case of 3. oryzae and S. granarius only because both these insects lay the eggs inside the rains
To xu$ thk development of insects in different types of milled rice, the grains exposed for oviposition of S. oryzae and S. granariBs were placed in glass jars and in case of other experimental insects, 50 eggs were placed in each jar containing 100 g of different types of rice separately and allowed to hatch, then counts were made daily of emerging adults.
The suitability of each diet was assessed on the basis of adults emerged and the length of developmental period, i. e., on the basis of rowth index obtained by dividing the logarithm of the percentage of survival (Log S ) by the devekpmental period (T) (HOWE 1971).
All tests were performed at 28 "C temperature and 70 ' 1 0 R. H. with four replications.
3 Results and discussion
3.1 Oviposition
The numbers of eggs laid by experimental insects in different types of milled rice are summarized in table 2. It is evident that significantly more eggs of S.
Table 2. Numbers of eggs laid in 7 days by test insects given a choice of two types of milled rice. Each figure is the mean of four replications
Insects Mean numbers of eggs count in each type of rice
' LK/RK = long kernel/round kernel. - LKG/LKUG = long kernel glazed/long kernel unglazed. - RLG/RKUG = round kernel glazedhound kernel unglazed. - LKRI LKP = long kernel raw riceflon kernel parboiled rice. The figures in italics denote signifi- cance at the 0.05 probability levef
K. Singh
o y z a e , S. granarius, T. granarium, L. serricor- ne, 0. surinamensis and E. cautella were found in glazed rice in both combinations, i. e., long kernel glazed/long ker- nel unglazed and round kernel glazed/round kernel unglazed rice, whereas significantly poor oviposition rate of T. castaneum and P. in- terpunctella was recor- ded in glazed rice. In case of R. dominica and S. cerealella, needier oviposition was also observed in glazed rice than unglazed. In case of T. confusum and E. kuehniella, analysis of variance showed that difference between gla- zed and unglazed in both cases of round and long kernels of rice was not statistically signifi- cant.
Significantly more eggs of R. dominica were found in long ker- nel than in round kernel rice, whereas round kernel rice was prefer- red significantly by E. cautella for oviposition to long kernel rice, and in case of other experi- mental insects, insigni- ficant long kernel and round kernel rice diffe- rences were apparent.
Results on the ovi- position response of S. oryzae, S. granarius, T. granarium, T. confu- sum, T. castaneum, 0. surinamensis, E. cautel- la, E. kuehniella and S. cerealella in long kernel
Influence of miiled rice on insect infestation 5
raw rice and parboiled rice show that the oviposition was not affected significantly. The oviposition rate of R. dominica was affected significantly in parboiled and raw rice. More eggs were found in parboiled rice than in raw rice, whereas L. serricorne and P. interpunctella preferred significantly long kernel raw rice to parboiled for oviposition.
3.2 Progeny
The results obtained on the progeny emerged in different types of milled rice are summarized in table 3. Parboiled rice was found to be immune to the attack of T. granarium, T. con usum, T. castaneum, 0. surinamensis, E . cautella, P.
oryzae and S. granarius were produced in parboiled rice, whereas poor progeny of R. dominica, L. serricorne and S. cerealella emerged in parboiled rice. Round kernel rice was more susceptible to all experimental species than long kernel rice. However, the mean number of adults emerged of S. oyzae and S. granarius were insignificant in round kernel and long kernel glazed rice. R. dominica, L. serricorne and E. cautella also produced more progeny in long kernel glazed rice than long kernel unglazed. The same was observed in case of round kernel glazed and unglazed. Significantly less progeny of T. confusum, T. castaneum, 0. surinamensis, E . kuehniella and S. cerealella were produced in glazed rice in both cases of long kernel and round kernel than in unglazed rice of long and round kernel.
interpunctella and E . d uehniella. Considerable numbers of progeny of S.
3.3 Development
Results pertaining to the development of 12 species of experimental insects in five different types of milled rice are summarized in tables 4 and 5:
It is obvious from tables 4 and 5 that development was significantly affected by various types of milled rice. The growth index for S. oyzae was signifi- cantly less on long kernel rice than on round kernel rice, whether that former be parboiled, glazed or unglazed. That of S. granarius was also much less on lon kernel as opposed to round kernel rice. When the grain was untreated or
that of round kernel rice. par % oiled the index for long kernel glazed rice cannot be differentiated from
kernel rice to 11 tested species, whereas no significant effect o s long kernel and Round kernel rice was found comparatively more susce tible than long
round kernel rice was found on the development of E. kuehniella. High growth index of S. oyzae, S. granarius, R. dominica, T. granarium, L. serricorne was recorded in glazed rice in case of both types of rice (long and round kernel) in which 11.33-93.00 per cent larvae became adults in an average period of 26.75-53.75 d. No adults of T. granarium, T. confurum, T. casta- neum, 0. surinamensis, E. cautella, P. interpunctella and E. kuehniella were found in parboiled rice. Considerable poor growth index of T. confusum, T. castaneum, 0. surinamensis, E . kuehniella and S. cerealella was recorded on glazed rice in both cases of rice (long and round kernel) in which only 4.00-27.00 per cent larvae became adults in an average period of 34.0042.00 d. No influence of glazing was observed on the development of E. cautella, whereas a moderate effect of glazing was found on the development of P. interpunctella in case of long kernel rice.
Tabl
e 4. D
evel
opm
enta
l per
iod
(T),
perc
enta
ge s
urvi
val (
S) a
nd g
row
th in
dex
(Log
SiT
) of
tes
t ins
ects
in d
iffe
rent
type
s of
mill
ed ri
ce (
othe
r abb
revi
atio
ns s
ee
tabl
e 2)
. Eac
h fi
gure
is th
e m
ean
of f
our
repl
icat
ions
Inse
cts
Dev
elop
men
tal p
erio
d (T
) Pe
rcen
tage
surv
ival
(S)
LK
RK
LK
G
RK
G
LKP
LK
RK
LK
G
RK
G
LKP
Sito
philu
s 44
.75
39.0
0 37
.75
37.5
0 37
.00
10.0
6 34
.01
11.3
3 43
.12
7.09
or
yzae
Si
toph
ilus
40.2
5 36
.50
34.5
0 32
.00
31.0
0 11
.82
28.4
8 25
.84
62.4
7 9.
29
gran
ariu
s R
hizo
pert
ha
39.0
0 36
.75
35.2
5 33
.25
39.0
0 15
.00
34.0
0 26
.00
72.0
0 4.
50
dom
inic
a Tr
ogod
erm
a 57
.50
45.5
0 53
.75
45.2
5 -
34.0
0 53
.00
45.5
0 93
.00
0.00
Gro
wth
inde
x (L
og S
II)
LK
RK
L
KG
R
KG
LK
P
0.05
1a'
0.08
1b
0.06
4~ 0
.100
d 0.
050a
0.06
1a
0.09
1b
0.09
4b
0.12
6~
0.07
1a
0.06
9a
0.09
5b
0.09
2b
0.12
8~ 0
.038
d
0.07
7a
0.08
7b
0.08
4b
0.10
0~
0.00
0 gr
anar
ium
Tr
ibol
ium
29
.00
27.5
0 35
.00
34.5
0 -
47.0
0 74
.50
6.00
7.
50
0.00
0.
132a
0.
156b
0.
051~
0.0
58~
0.0
00
casta
neum
Tr
ibol
ium
59
.50
53.7
5 62
.00
49.5
0 -
35.0
0 78
.50
7.00
17
.00
0.00
0.
059a
0.
081b
0.
031~
0.0
57a
0.00
0 co
nfus
um
Lasio
devm
a 36
.75
27.7
5 30
.00
26.7
5 37
.25
25.5
0 50
.00
39.0
0 82
.00
5.00
0.
088a
0.
140b
0.
122b
0.
164~
0.0
43d
serr
icor
ne
Ory
zaep
hilu
s 33
.00
29.5
0 34
.50
34.2
5 -
17.5
0 38
.00
4.00
11
.50
0.00
0.
086a
0.
123b
0.
040~
0.
076a
0.
000
surin
amen
sis
Ephe
stiu
36.7
5 31
.25
35.2
5 29
.00
-
16.6
0 32
.50
22.5
0 39
.00
0.00
0.
076a
0.
111b
0.
088a
0.
126b
0.
000
caut
elkz
1 P
lodi
a 35
.75
32.7
5 38
.00
33.5
0 -
41.5
0 62
.00
32.0
0 49
.00
0.00
0.
104a
0.
126b
0.
091~
0.1
16b
0.00
0 in
terp
unct
elka
Ep
hesti
a 35
.55
38.0
0 42
.50
41.7
5 -
40.5
0 65
.00
11.0
0 27
.00
0.00
0.
104a
0.
109a
0.
056b
0.
078~
0.0
00
kueh
niel
la
Sito
tro
a 33
.00
32.5
0 34
.50
34.0
0 34
.50
22.0
0 38
.50
6.50
26
.00
2.50
0.
093a
0.
112b
0.
054~
0.
095a
0.
026~
ce
real
ekz
Com
pari
son
of g
row
th in
dex on
the
diff
eren
t fo
ods
are
mad
e fo
r sin
gle
spec
ies.
The
mea
ns fo
llow
ed b
y th
e sa
me
lette
r do
not
dif
fer s
igni
fica
ntly
at t
he
0.05
pro
babi
lity
leve
l. I
Influence of milled rice on insect infestation 7
From the foregoing results it is evident that glazed rice (long and round kernel) was better for the development and oviposition of S. oryzae, S. granarius, T. granarium and L. serricorne. These findings indicate that devel- opment was better on the type of rice preferred for oviposition. Therefore, these insects seem to be guided in their ovi osition preference by certain other
SINGH et al. (1974). According to the rate of oviposition of R. dominica experimental combinations of rice could be arranged in increasing order (long kernel/ arboiled rice, round kernel/long kernel rice, and glazed/unglazed
the rice preferred for development. These findings are in conformity with the observations reported by BREESE (1963).
factors. Similar observations were made E y TEOTIA and SINGH (1968) and
rice). T K ese findings indicate that oviposition of R. dominica was not better in
Table 5. Growth of stored pests on various types of milled rice
Insects Effect of glazing Effect of parboiling Round kernel Long kernel Long kernel
+ LK>>LKP k LK>>LKP + LK>>LKP + LK>>LKP + L K > L K P
- L K > L K P
- L K > > L K P
- L K > L K P
* f + ++ ++ ++ + ++ ++ ++ ++ .c
+ + = indicates immunity; + = indicates least suitability; k = indicates corresponding slow growth; - = indicates more suitable for growth; > = indicates statistically significant decrease growth index (Log SiT) at the 0.5 probability. - Abbreviations see table 2.
It is apparent that glazing of rice coated with glucose and talc has an adverse effect on the development of T. confusum, T. castaneum, 0. surinamensis, E . kuehniella and S. cerealella and has a moderate effect on P. interpunctella. These findings are in agreement with WOHLGEMUTH (1979). However, the influence of glazing was not clearly observed on the progeny emerged of E . kuehniella by WOHLGEMUTH (1979) and he has not included P. interpunctella in his research. High development rate of T. granarium was recorded on
azed rice. This might be due to the effect of glucose. The same was observed fY PANT and UBEROI (1958). No significant effect of long kernel raw rice and long kernel parboiled was found on the development of S. oryzae and S. granarius. It might be due to the high degree of polishing and poor nutritional value of long kernel rice and in case of parboiled rice it might be due to variation in the parboiling process. These findings are not in conformity with the observations reported by PINGALE et al. (1957) and MCGAUGHEY (1974), whereas the findings reported in this paper in case of other species are in agreement with MCGAUGHEY (1974).
8 K. Singh
4 Conclusion
The rice, round and long kernel glazed with 0.3 O/O talc and 0.4 ‘//o glucose, is least suitable to T. castaneum, T. confusum, 0. surinamensis, E . kuehniella and S. cerealella. Long kernel glazed rice is also not suitable for the development of P. interpunctella. The round kernel glazed rice has also a moderate effect on the growth of E . cautella, the same is in case of long kernel glazed rice. Round kernel glazed rice has also a moderately adverse effect on P . interpunctella. According to these findings, it has been concluded that the glazing process of rice is comparatively effective to check the infestation of 7 species of stored grains insects in milled rice. Little if any insect development occurred in parboiled rice and in some cases parboiled rice is completely immune to insect infestation.
Parboiling is a process that varies considerably depending upon the intend- ed use of the rice. Light parboiled rice may be more suitable for the insect growth than rather dark arboiled rice. The other problem is that in some
to unliking of taste and the opinion of rice millers is that the process of parboiling is not economical and rather complicated. The glazing of rice is effective against insect infestation, easy and economical. That is why this process is preferable and definitely better.
countries namely Thailan B and Indonesia people don’t like parboiled rice due
Acknowledgements
The author is thankful to Dr. R. Wohlgemuth for providing facilities and taking interest in the work, and M/S Euryza Rice Mill, Hamburg, management for supplying the milled rice samples for this investigation.
Zusammenfassung
Uber den Einfhj3 der Verarbeitung von Reis auf Znsektenbefall. 1. Eiablage und Entwicklung won Nachernte-Schadlingen bei verschieden verarbeitetem Reis
Die Eiablage und Entwicklung von Vorrarsschadlingen auf verschiedenen Verarbeitungsformen von Reis wurde untersucht. Von Rhizopertha dominica wurde Parboiled-Reis zur Eiablage gegenuber unbehandeltem Langkornreis bevorzugt, obwohl Parboiled-Reis im Vergleich zu den anderen Verarbeitungsformen fur die Entwicklung der Nachzucht weniger geeignet ist. Die Schadlinge Sitophilus oryzae, Sitophilus granarius, Lasioderma serricorne and Sitotroga cerealeh zeigten auf Parboiled-Reis eine merklich geringere Eiablage und Entwicklun srate. Gegenuber Trogoderma granarium, Tribolium confusum, Tribolium castaneum, Ory zaephus surinamensis, Ephestia cautella, Plodia intwpunctella und Ephestia kuehniella war Parboiled-Reis vollig immun.
Unbehandelter Langkornreis war fur die Entwicklung von S. oryzae, S. granarius, R. dominica, T. granarium, L. serricorne und E. cautella weniger geeignet als unbehandelter Rundkornreis und glasierter Lang- bzw. Rundkornreis. Aui3er fur R. dominica envies sich unbehandelter Rund- kornreis hinsichtlich Eiablage und Entwicklung der Nachzucht als am besten geeignet.
Glasierter, d. h. mit 0,4 O/O Glucose und 0,3 O/O Talkum (bezogen a d das Reisgewicht) behandelter Rundkorn- und Langkornreis forderte die Entwicklung von S. oryzae, S. granarius, R. dominica, T. grunarium, L. serricorne und E. cautella, whrend lasierter Reis fur die Entwicklung von T. confusum, T. castaneum, 0. surinamensis, E . kuehnieja und S. cerealella nicht geeignet war. Die Glasur von Reis hatte auch einen beschrankten Effekt gegen die Entwicklung von P. interpunctella.
Influence of milled rice on insect infestation 9
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Author's address: Biologische Bundesanstalt fiir Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Institut fur Vorrats- schutz, Konigin-Luise-StraBe 19, D-1000 Berlin 33 (Humboldt-Forschungssti- pendiat)
Laboratory of Experimental Entomology, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Capacities of increase of the soil mite Hypoaspis aculeifer Canestrini (Mesostigmata: Laelapidae)
By P. LOBBES and C. SCHOTTEN
Abstract
Life-tables of Hypoaspis aculeiferwere constructed at tem eratures of 15.0-27.5 "C with Tyro ha gus putrescentiae and a mixture of Tetranychus urticae an{ dead Drosophila melanogarter as Lad: Capacities of increase were determined. The time of development decreases rapidly with increasing temperature and is lower with the mixture of D. melanogaster and T. urticae than with T. putrescentiae as food. Other kinds of food were offered as well and the re roduction of the females was measured at 24.5 "C in order to compare these types of food. H. acu&ferwas found to survive both on plant and on animal food, although the reproduction is considerably higher when animal food is presented.
U.S. Copyright Clearance Center Code Statement: 0044-2240/80/9001-0009 $ 02.50/0 Z. ang. Ent. 90 (1980), 9-22 0 1980 Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg und Berlin ISSN 0044-2240 / ASTM-Coden: ZANEAE
