Influences on measurement of ultrafine Particles · 2017. 7. 18. · Verd. T. 1:8.61 Verd. T....

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Influences on measurement of ultrafine Particles

Stefan Carli, Volkswagen AG, D-38436 WolfsburgUlrich Matter, Thomas Mosimann, Matter Engineering AG, CH-5610 Wohlen

Influence of Sampling Conditions, Engine Load and Fuel Quality onMeasurement of Ultrafine Particles from a Modern Diesel Vehicle

- Parameter Variation Measurement Results -

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1. Load and fuel sulphur content influences on particle NSD and PM2. What causes the nucleation particle mode, how are measurement

conditions that provoke / avoid nucleation3. Comparison of mobility size to aerodynamic size classification4. Comparison of SMPS’s used during the investigation5. Summary / conclusions

Presentation overview

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Influences of load and fuel sulphur contend on NSD and PMInfluences of load and fuel sulphur contend on NSD and PMInfluences of load and fuel sulphur contend on NSD and PMInfluences of load and fuel sulphur contend on NSD and PM

VW-Passat Variant on roller dynamometer with CVSBetr. Pkt. I, 50 km/h, 3.G, S = 300 ppm

0,0E+00

5,0E+07

1,0E+08

1,5E+08

2,0E+08

10 100 1000

Mobilitätsdurchmesser Dp [nm]

Part.

-Kon

z. d

N/dl

og(D

p) [*

/cm

3] Exhaust, SMPS(ETH)CVS, SMPS(FH Biel-Subst.)

VW-Passat Variant on roller dynamometer with CVSBetr. Pkt. I, 50 km/h, 3.G, S = 25 ppm

0,0E+00

5,0E+07

1,0E+08

1,5E+08

2,0E+08

10 100 1000


Part.

-Kon

z. d

N/dlo

g(Dp

) [*/c

m3] Exhaust, SMPS(ETH)

CVS, SMPS(FH Biel-Subst.)

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VW-Passat Variant on roller dynamometer with CVSBetr. Pkt. III, 100 km/h, 5.G, S = 300 ppm

0,0E+00

5,0E+07

1,0E+08

1,5E+08

2,0E+08

10 100 1000


Part.

-Kon

z. d

N/dl

og(D

p) [*

/cm

3] Exhaust, SMPS(ETH)CVS, SMPS(FH Biel-Subst.)


0,0E+00

5,0E+07

1,0E+08

1,5E+08

2,0E+08

10 100 1000


Part.

-Kon

z. d

N/d

log(

Dp)

[*/

cm3]

Exhaust, SMPS(ETH)CVS, SMPS(FH Biel-Subst.)

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VW-Passat Variant on roller dynamometer with CVSBetr. Pkt. IV, 120 km/h, 5.G, S = 300 ppm

0,0E+00

1,0E+08

2,0E+08

3,0E+08

4,0E+08

5,0E+08

10 100 1000


Part.

-Kon

z.dN

/dlo

g(D

p) [*

/cm

3] Exhaust, SMPS(ETH)

CVS, SMPS(FH Biel-Subst.) Scan1




VW-Passat Variant on roller dynamometer w ith CVSBetr. Pkt. IV, 120 km/h, 5.G, S = 25 ppm

0,0E+00

1,0E+08

2,0E+08

3,0E+08

4,0E+08

5,0E+08

10 100 1000


Part.

-Kon

z. d

N/d

log(

Dp)

[*/c

m3]

Exhaust, SMPS(ETH)

CVS, SMPS (FH Biel-Subst) Scan 1



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Dependency between Mass and Number

0,000E+00

2,000E+07

4,000E+07

6,000E+07

8,000E+07

1,000E+08

1,200E+08

1,400E+08

0,00 20,00 40,00 60,00 80,00 100,00 120,00

Particulate Matter [mg/m3]

Tota

l Num

ber [

1/cm

3]

Stationary Tests

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

I: 50km/h 3.G

II: 50km/h 4.G

III: 100km/h 5.G

IV: 120km/h 5.G

I: 50km/h 3.G

II: 50km/h 4.G

III: 100km/h 5.G

IV: 120km/h 5.G

Betriebspunkte

Filte

r-Ana

lyse

n [m

g/m

3]P

art.-

Kon

z. [x

100

0'00

0 #/

cm3]

PM[mg/m3] BC[mg/m3] SOF[mg/m3] WSF[mg/m3] SO4[mg/m3] Anz.-Konz. CVS

Standard-Fuel typ. 300 ppm S <------ ------> Low -S-Fuel typ. 25 ppm S

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NSD measurements along the tail pipe; influence of dilution ratiNSD measurements along the tail pipe; influence of dilution ratiNSD measurements along the tail pipe; influence of dilution ratiNSD measurements along the tail pipe; influence of dilution ratiooooVW-TDI-Dieselengine on test stand with partial stream dilution tunnel

Betr. Pkt. II, 1340 rpm/ 27.8 Nm, S = 300 ppm

0,0E+00

2,0E+07

4,0E+07

6,0E+07

8,0E+07

1,0E+08

1,2E+08

10 100 1000Mobilitätsdurchmesser [nm]

Par

t.-K

onz.

dN

/dlo

g(D

p) [*

/cm

3]

vor Oxikatnach OxikatAuspuffvor Verd.-T.Verd. T. 1:7.27Verd. T. 1:8.84Verd. T. 1:20.66

VW-TDI-Diesel engine on test stand with partial stream dilution tunnel Betr. Pkt. II, 1340 rpm/ 27.8 Nm, S = 25 ppm

0,0E+00

2,0E+07

4,0E+07

6,0E+07

8,0E+07

1,0E+08

1,2E+08

10 100 1000

Mobilitätsdurchmesser [nm]

Part.

-Kon

z. d

N/d

log(

Dp) [

*/cm

3]

vor Oxikatnach OxikatAuspuffvor Verd.-T.Verd. T. 1:7.40Verd. T. 1:9.09Verd. T. 1:20.41

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NSD measurements along the tail pipe; influence of dilution ratiNSD measurements along the tail pipe; influence of dilution ratiNSD measurements along the tail pipe; influence of dilution ratiNSD measurements along the tail pipe; influence of dilution ratioooo

VW-TDI-Diesel engine on test stand with partial steam dilution tunnelBetr. Pkt. IV, 2500 rpm/83.7 Nm, S = 300 ppm

0,0E+00

5,0E+07

1,0E+08

1,5E+08

2,0E+08

10 100 1000


Par

t.-K

onz.

dN

/dlo

g(D

p) [*

/cm

3]P

robe

nahm

e in

Aus

puffs

yste

m

0,0E+00

2,0E+08

4,0E+08

6,0E+08

8,0E+08vor Oxikatnach OxikatAuspuffvor Verd.-T.Verd. T. 1:7.20Verd. T. 1:9.76Verd. T. 1:20.98

Par

t.-K

onz.

dN

/dlo

g(D

p) [*

/cm

VW-TDI-Diesel engine on test stand with partial stream dilution tunnelBetr. Pkt. IV, 2500 rpm/83.7 Nm, S typ. 25 ppm

0,0E+00

2,0E+07

4,0E+07

6,0E+07

8,0E+07

1,0E+08


Part.

-Kon

z. d

N/d

log(

Dp)

[*/c

m3]

vor OxikatAuspuffVerd. T. 1:7.21Verd. T. 1:8.61Verd. T. 1:20.14

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Influence of dilution ratio, dilution air humidity and temperature

VW-TDI-Diesel engine on test stand with partial stream dilution tunnelBetr. Pkt. IV, 2500 rpm/83.7 Nm, S = 300 ppm, DR = 1:20.95

Thermogramm with Thermodesorber

0,0E+00

2,0E+07

4,0E+07

6,0E+07

8,0E+07

10 100 1000


Par

t.-K

onz.

dN

/dlo

g(D

p)

[*/c

m3]

86 °C

115 °C

155 °

> 200 °C

Thermodesorbertemperatur

VW-TDI-Diesel engine on test stand with partial stream dilution tunnelBetr. Pkt. III, 2140 rpm/64.3 Nm, Fuel = 300 ppm S

1,E+05

1,E+06

1,E+07

1,E+08

1,E+09

1,E+10


Part.

-Kon

z. d

N/dl

ogDp

[#/c

m3]

Verd. 1:7.08Verd. 1:19.43Verd. 1:21.52. RH < 10%Verd. 1:48.47Verd. 1:7.78/80°C

synthetic dil. air, RH = <10%

dilution air heated to 80°C

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Oxidation catalyst temperature - formation of nucleation particles

Diesel engine on engine test standFuel < 10 ppm S, 1920 rpm, temp. at Oxikat

Samling out of partial stream dilution tunnel, DR = 1:6,3

0,0E+00

1,0E+08

2,0E+08

3,0E+08

4,0E+08

5,0E+08

6,0E+08

7,0E+08


Part.-

Konz

. dN/d

log(D

p) [#/

cm3]

Nr.5 120 Nm 377°CNr.6 170 Nm 408°CNr.7 180 Nm 418°CNr.8 170 Nm 405°C

Diesel engine on engine test standFuel = 300 ppm S, 1920 rpm, Temp at Oxikat

Sampling out of partial stream dilution tunnel, DR 1 : 6,3

0,0E+00

1,0E+08

2,0E+08

3,0E+08

4,0E+08

5,0E+08

6,0E+08

7,0E+08


Part.-

konz

. dN/

dlog(D

p) [#/

cm3]

Nr. 10 50 Nm 278°CNr. 11 80 Nm 327°CNr. 12 120 Nm 377°CNr. 13 80 Nm 330°C

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Roller dynamometer transfer line - formation of nucleation particlesVW Passat Variant on roller dynamometer; Fuel 10 ppm S

Rotating disc diluter and partial stream dilution tunnel samling at exhaust pipe

1,0E+05

1,0E+08

2,0E+08

3,0E+08

4,0E+08

5,0E+08


Part.-

Konz

. dN/d

log(D

p) [#/

cm3]

50km/h, Teilstr.-V. 1:16.3100km/h, Teilstr.-V. 1:22.4120km/h, Teilstr.-V. 1:20.250km/h, Ausp. 1:276100km/h, Ausp. 1:276120km/h, Ausp. 1:276

VW Passat Variant on roller dynamometer; Fuel 10 ppm SRotating disc diluter and partial stream dilution tunnel sampling at entrance CVS tunnel

1,0E+05

1,0E+08

2,0E+08

3,0E+08

4,0E+08

5,0E+08


Part.-

konz. d

N/dlog

(Dp) [#

/cm3]

50km/h, Teilstr.-V. 1:12.1100km/h, Teilstr.-V. 1:13.1120km/h, Teilstr.-V. 1:12.050km/h, vor CVS 1:276100km/h, vor CVS 1:276120km/h, vor CVS 1:276

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Comparison mobility to aerodynamic size classificationComparison mobility to aerodynamic size classificationComparison mobility to aerodynamic size classificationComparison mobility to aerodynamic size classification

VW-Passat Variant on roller dynamometer with CVSBetr. Pkt. II, 50 km/h, 4.G, S = 300 ppm

0,0E+00

2,0E+07

4,0E+07

6,0E+07

8,0E+07

1,0E+08

10 100 1000

Mobility / Aerodynamic Diameter Dp [nm]

Part.

-Kon

z. d

N/dl

og(D

p) [*

/cm

3] CVS, SMPS(FH Biel-Subst)CVS, ELPI

VW-Passat Variant on roller dynamometer with CVSBetr. Pkt. II, 50 km/h, 4.G, S = 25 ppm

0,0E+00

2,0E+07

4,0E+07

6,0E+07

8,0E+07

1,0E+08

10 100 1000


Part.

-Kon

z. d

N/d

log(

Dp)

[*/c

m3] CVS, SMPS(FH Biel-Subst)

CVS, ELPI

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0,0E+00

5,0E+07

1,0E+08

1,5E+08

2,0E+08

10 100 1000

Mobility / Aerodynamic diameter Dp [nm]

Part.

-Kon

z. d

N/dl

og(D

p) [*

/cm

3]

CVS, SMPS(FH Biel-Subst.)CVS, ELPI


0,0E+00

5,0E+07

1,0E+08

1,5E+08

2,0E+08

10 100 1000Mobility / Aerodynamic Diameter Dp [nm]

Part.

-Kon

z. d

N/d

log(

Dp)

[*/

cm3]

CVS, SMPS(FH Biel-Subst.)SMPS, ELPI

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VW-Passat Variant on roller dynamometer w ith CVSBetr. Pkt. IV, 120 km/h, 5.G, S = 25 ppm

0,0E+00

1,0E+08

2,0E+08

3,0E+08

4,0E+08

5,0E+08

10 100 1000


Part.

-Kon

z. d

N/d

log(

Dp)

[*/c

m3]

CVS, SMPS (FH Biel-Subst) Scan 1CVS, SMPS (FH Biel-Subst) Scan 3CVS, ELPI Scan 1CVS, ELPI Scan 3

VW-Passat Variant on roller dynamometer with CVSBetr. Pkt. IV, 120 km/h, 5.G, S = 300 ppm

0,0E+00

1,0E+08

2,0E+08

3,0E+08

4,0E+08

5,0E+08

10 100 1000


Part.

-Kon

z. d

N/dl

og(D

p) [*

/cm

3] CVS, SMPS(FH Biel-Subst.) Scan1CVS, SMPS(FH Biel-Subst.) Scan4CVS, ELPI Scan1CVS, ELPI Scan4

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Diesel particle at low load Diesel particle at high load

Transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis show Morphology changesSource: Dr. w. Koch et al, Fraunhofer-Insitut of Toxicology and Aerosol Research, Hannover

The relationship between aerodynamic and mobility diameter depends stronglyon the fractal dimension of the agglomerate

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Comparison of SMPSComparison of SMPSComparison of SMPSComparison of SMPS----ETH and SMPSETH and SMPSETH and SMPSETH and SMPS----FH FH FH FH BielBielBielBiel substitute (TSI)*substitute (TSI)*substitute (TSI)*substitute (TSI)*

SMPS ETH SMPS Biel Verh. ETH/Biel SMPS ETH SMPS Biel Verh. ETH/Biel

Scan 1 3,30E+06 2,77E+06 1,19 4,92E+06 4,87E+06 1,01Scan 2 3,13E+06 2,59E+06 1,21 4,48E+06 4,69E+06 0,96Scan 3 3,06E+06 2,44E+06 1,25 4,60E+06 4,23E+06 1,09

Mittel 3,16E+06 2,60E+06 1,22 4,67E+06 4,60E+06 1,02

Anzahl-K. [#/cm3] Peak-Höhe [#/cm3]

*Original instrument was for repair at TSI

VW-Passat Variant auf Rollenprüfstand und CVSBetr. Pkt II, 50 km/h, 4.G, S = 300 ppm

0,0E+00

1,0E+06

2,0E+06

3,0E+06

4,0E+06

5,0E+06

10 100 1000


Part.

-Kon

z. d

N/dl

ogDp

[#/c

m3]

SMPS ETH MittelErsatz_SMPS Biel Mittel

CMD = 102 nm CMD = 88 nm

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Comparison of SMPSComparison of SMPSComparison of SMPSComparison of SMPS----ETH and original SMPSETH and original SMPSETH and original SMPSETH and original SMPS----FH FH FH FH BielBielBielBiel* * * * Pumpe-Düse-Dieselmotor auf Prüfstand mit Teilstromverdünner

Betr. Pkt. II, 1340 rpm/27.8 Nm, Treibstoff = 300 ppm S

0,0E+00

5,0E+04

1,0E+05

1,5E+05

2,0E+05

2,5E+05

3,0E+05

3,5E+05


Part.

-Kon

z. d

N/dl

ogDp

[#/c

m3] SMPS ETH Mittel

SMPS Biel Mittel

SMPS ETH SMPS Biel Verh. ETH/Biel SMPS ETH SMPS Biel Verh. ETH/BielScan 1 2,099E+05 1,394E+05 1,51 3,108E+05 2,405E+05 1,29Scan 2 2,166E+05 1,326E+05 1,63 3,083E+05 2,317E+05 1,33Scan 3 2,181E+05 1,293E+05 1,69 3,157E+05 2,236E+05 1,41Scan 4 2,165E+05 1,288E+05 1,68 3,060E+05 2,239E+05 1,37Mittel 2,153E+05 1,325E+05 1,62 3,102E+05 2,299E+05 1,35

Anzahl-K. [#/cm3] Peak-Höhe [#/cm3]

*Original instrument was for repair at TSI

CMD = 74 nm

CMD = 79 nm

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Summary / conclusions Summary / conclusions Summary / conclusions Summary / conclusions

� Measuring NSD at higher load the formation of nucleation particles occurs,especially with high sulphur fuel

� Already little variation of CVS-DR has a strong effect on particle number and size(no reproducible measurements possible)

� Provoke nucleation: Low DR, cold humid dil-air, high sulphur fuel� Avoid nucleation: High DR > 50, hot dil-air, sulphur free fuel� Good correlation between PM and Total Number excluding nucleation effect� Oxidation catalyst seems to be the main cause for nucleation particles�“Memory effect” of exhaust line probable� No significant nucleation particle effect observed from transfer line� Relationship between aerodynamic and mobility diameter depends on particle

morphology (density), morphology changes dependent on load and fuel quality� High discrepancy in particle number and size comparing SMPS’s - only good for

relative measurements as long as no reliable standard exists

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Thank you to

Dr. Ulrich Matter and Thomas Mosimannfor the excellent work and the very good collaboration

Acknowledgements

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Influences on measurement of ultrafine Particles · 2017. 7. 18. · Verd. T. 1:8.61 Verd. T....

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