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Khcmplftkmh fhd Omhtmzp `{ Ufpijp Jlljpsmh(h` ;

Upkhtjd `{ Lftbjlftkof cmp _tzdjhts

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jhoj jtwjjh twm okponjs tbft omppjnftjs tm tbj bjkgbt kh tbj tbkpd dkljhskmh. tbj pfdkzs mc tbj fsj mc tbj omhj obfhgjs kh f

u{tbfgmpjfh pjnftkmhsbku tm p fhd b(

Kh tbj lmdjn mc ujpojutzfn sufoj , tklj tbft K fl upmumskhg. tbj ufpfljtjps khmnjd ofh fnwf{s `j pjdzojd tm f skhgnj

jrupjsskmh mc f czhotkmh mc tklj. „kt ks hmt ljfhkhgczn tm fsi ljpjn{ bmw stpmhgn{ f gkjh zhkt pjsumhds tm f gkjh stklznzs9 tbj

lmpj pjnjfht fpkf`nj ks tbj tjlumpfn ufttjph mc tbj pjsumhsj“ @PU 044+( Ks kt umssk`nj tbft tbj ckpkhg mc tbj hjzpmhs pjnftjs

stpmhgn{ tm tklj. `jofzsj tbj sbfuj mc tbj stklznzs bfs fh khfpkfht omppjnftj gjmljtpkofnn{ tbpmzgb tklj=

Ljpnjfz Umht{ bfs sfkd mc tklj. "tbjpj ks mhj skhgnj tklj wbkob ks sjnc,omhckplftmp{. wbkob ofh `pkhg hmtbkhg khtm

jrkstjhoj zhnjss kt bfs fnpjfd{ nfkd tbft tbkhg's cmzhdftkmhs fs upjsjht fhd jjhtzfn ufst. fhd wbkob jstf`nksbjs ktsjnc fs f stpmij"

UmU 406+( Tbj tklj tbft ks sjnc omhckplftmp{ ks tbj tklj ft wbkob tbj bjkgbt mc tbj omhj bfs gmhj zu tm 0 u fhd omlj foi dmwh

mjp tbj omzpsj mc 4 u pfdkfhs( Kh tklj ljfszpjd kh sjomhds. tbks wmznd `j mhj lkhztj kh _(K( zhkts. `zt (

Khcmplftkmh mc fpkf`nj omhtmzp ks tpfhscjppjd tm tbj ujpojkjp `{ tbj cnzr mc khcmplftkmh kh fl`kjht nkgbt tbpmzgb jfob

umkht kh tbj mutko fppf{. pjupjsjhtjd { ktjl hzl`jp cmzp( Tbj pftj mc tbks fpkfhoj ks fhfnmgmzs tm jnmokt{ kh f pmtftkmhfn s{stjl.

nkij tbj stpzotzpkhg mc nkgbt tbpmzgb sufoj , tklj( Tbks ks wbft ks ljfht `{ khcmplftkmh kh tbj nkgbt( M`ajots ofh tpfjn tbpmzgb

sufoj,tklj kh f omhtkhzmzs wf{(

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Fhklfns mh Jfptb bfj jmnjd kh f gjhjpfn ujpojutkmh mc tklj kh tbj jhkpmhljht tm `j o{onko( Tbj df{ fhd hkgbt. tbjpb{tbl mc snjju. tbj obfhgj mc tbj sjfsmhs. fhd tbj o{onjs mc bjfjhn{ `mdkjs nkij tbj lmmh fnn unf{ f pmnj kh tbj jhkpmhljht mc 

jmnkhg fhklfns mh Jfptb( _mlj lmpj tbfh mtbjps. `zt cmp bzlfhs. lmst ojptfkhn{(

Gk`smh mccjps fh khtjpjstkhg khtjpupjtftkmh tm tbj upm`njl mc djutb ujpojutkmh( Djutb ujpojutkmh ks ft tbj bjfpt mc wbft wj

fpj dksozsskhg( Tbj bjkgbt mc tbj omhj. kh f lmpj jomnmgkofn omhtjrt. ks dkpjotjd tmwfpd tbj ujpojkjp fhd omhtfkhs omhtmzpjd

khcmplftkmh wktbkh kt `fsjd mh tbj wfjnjhgtb mc nkgbt fhd tklj jnnfusjd dzpkhg tpfhsktkmh( Tbks omhtmzpjd khcmplftkmh jrksts kh

jjp{ umkht mc tbj fppf{. fhd jomnmgkofn omhtmzp ks `fsjd mh tbj ukoizu mc jfob wfjnjhgtb kh kts pjnftkmh tm tbj mtbjps kh tbj

fppf{(

65   Khcmplftkmh fhd Omhtmzp `{ Ufpijp Jlljpsmh(h`

Upkhtjd `{ Lftbjlftkof cmp _tzdjhts

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Gk`smh sf{s tbft. "tbj upm njl mc djutb ujpojutkmh ks khsmnzf nj. jofzsj tbj upm njl ks cfnsj" @PU 633+( Bj fnsm

szggjsts tbft wj fpj lkstfijh kh tbkhikhg tbft tbj. "tbkpd dkljhskmh mc tbj ofptjskfh ommpdkhftj s{stjl ks f ubjhmljhfn cfot mc 

ujpojutkmh" @PU 633+( Mzp ommpdkhftj s{stjl cmp djsopk`khg f tkh{ ukjoj mc khtjpfotkmhs gmkhg mh kh tbj fl`kjht fppf{ ks `fsjd.

hmt mh f tbkpd dkljhskmh mc ofptjskfh ommpdkhftjs. `zt mc f skhgnj tpfhsktkmh mc sz`stfhoj tbpmzgb tklj( Kt sbmznd `j hmtjd tbft ft

tbj jjht mc ujpojutkmh. tbj khcmplftkmh mc omhtmzp kh tbj nf{mzt mc tbj wmpnd ks djnkjpjd tm tbj pjojutmps ft f njhgtb tbft bfs mhn{

mhj dkljhskmh ft tbj tklj mc pjojutkmh( Tbj oml`khjd jccjot mc. "umkhts mc m`sjpftkmh kh tbj ljdkzl" @PU 637+. fs Gk`smh

lkgbt uzt kt. tpfhslkts tbj nf{mzt mc tbj wmpnd tm tbj ujpojkjp `{ f ljsb mc khtjpwmjh sujokckjps(

Tbj ujpojutzfn sufoj pjnkjs mh f omhsokmzs jrujpkjhoj( Lftb fhd tbj `md{ mc sokjhojs ofh `j zsjczn kh lmdjnkhg tbj

jnjljhts khmnjd kh tbj djnkjpfhoj mc sz`ajotkj jrujpkjhoj kc jhmzgb pjnjfht omhtjrtzfn khcmplftkmh ks gkjh tm tbj lmdjn(

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dmjs hmt bfj tbj jmnztkmhfp{ pjsmzpojs djjnmujd kh fh jhkpmhljht mjp tklj wbjh omhstfhtn{ pjsumhdkhg tm kts khuzts(

Tbj cfots njt lj sjj omhtmzp. wbknj fnsm pjomghkqkhg tbft omhtmzp cpml f skhgnj klfgj omznd `j knnzsmp{( Wj tfij dftf

ffknf`nj kh nkgbt. fhd omhstpzot fh klfgj cpml tbft dftf mc fh m`ajot. „tbmzgb szob cnku , cnmuukhg sjndml moozps wbjh wj fpj

nmmikhg ft pjfn ofts. kt smljtkljs bfuujhs wktb sujokfnn{ omhstpzotjd ckgzpjs kjwjd zhdjp pjstpkotjd omhdktkmhs“ @PU 072+( Kc 

wj tfij tbj khcmplftkmh kh nkgbt fhd stpzotzpj tm `j f cfot. K wmznd sf{ tbft cnku , cnmuukhg fnsm moozps zhdjp tbj lmst gjhjpfn

omhdktkmhs fhd omppjnftjs mc ihmwh cfots tm ujpsujotkfn jlfhftkmhs. wbkob sujokc{ vzfnktkjs mc f ujpojutkmh( Djutb gkjs zs szob

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S( Tbj Wfjnjhgtb wktb Omhstfht Sfnzj

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fs tbj okponj. kjwjd cpml bjfd mh. pjojdjs cpml tbj ujpojkjp khtm tbj dkstfhoj. kt gjts slfnnjp( Tbks ks f obfhgj kh flmzht mc 

szpcfoj fpjf tfijh zu mh tbj pjtkhfn klfgj. `zt fnsm f wf{ mc kszfnkqkhg bmw tbj klfgkhfp{ smnztkmhs cmp tbj tklj jnjljht mc wfjs tpfjnkhg kh sufoj fccmpds f ujpojutkmh mc nf{mzt(

Nkgbt tpfjns tbpmzgb sufoj. `zt wktbkh kts tpfjn ks tbj khcmplftkmh tbft tbj fhgznfp jnjljht mc tbj s{stjl. wbkob ks fikh

tm tklj. omhj{s sujokckofnn{ f`mzt tbj nmoftkmh mc omhtmzp kh ujpojutzfn sufoj tbpmzgb f gjmljtpko omppjnftkmh( Tbks omppjnftkmh

moozps tbpmzgb tbj omlunjr unfhj fhd bfs tbj ofuf`knkt{ mc lfuukhg mzt omhtmzp kh tbj kszfn ujpojutkmh dkpjotn{ `{ fhfnmg{ mc 

nfpgjp jomnmg{ tm khdkkdzfn unf{ mc fl`kjht nkgbt mcc mc f omhtmzp( Wj wknn tp{ tm sbmw tbks s{l`mnkofnn{ fs wjnn fs dkpjotn{(

60   Khcmplftkmh fhd Omhtmzp `{ Ufpijp Jlljpsmh(h`

Upkhtjd `{ Lftbjlftkof cmp _tzdjhts

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djutb ks khtklftjn{ omhhjotjd wktb omhtmzp( Omhtmzp ks djnkjpjd `{ tbj ukoizu mc tbj khfpkfht. p. kh tbj fl`kjht fppf{. obfhgkhg

omhtjrt kh f dkccjpjht wf{ cpml umkht tm umkht( Tbzs. zhdjpstfhdkhg mc twm tpztbs kh tbj pjfn wmpnd nkij khcmplftkmh gkjh tm tbj

ujpojkjp mc fh m`ajot `{ fh jdgj. cmp khstfhoj ks jhf`njd(

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tm tbj stklznzs kh tbj wmpnd( Tbj sufoj , sjhsj upmkdjs f wmpisufoj cmp tbj khdkkdzfn sjhsjs nkij sjhsj mc skgbt fhd tmzob tm

jhf`nj f ujpojutzfn jrujpkjhoj(„ Tbj ujpojutkmh mc Djutb djujhds mh jrtpf , mooznfp jrujpkjhojs“ @PU 662+ ks fh kdjf tbft

lfijs f gpjft djfn mc sjhsj tm lj. `jofzsj wbjh wj jrujpkjhoj mp ujpojkj tpztb. wj zsj lzntkunj cfozntkjs tm lfij sjhsj mc f

ubjhmljhmh(

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tbpmzgb tbj omlunjr unfhj. fhd fccmpds tbj ujpojutkmh mc m`ajots. jofzsj m`ajots dkspzut tbj fppf{ kh tbj pjfn. `zt tbj stpzotzpj mc 

nkgbt fsszpjs tbft tbj klfgkhfp{ jnjljhts mc m`ajots omppjsumhd tm mhn{ mhj pjfn m`ajot( Mp. kc tbjpj ks f pjfn m`ajot. tbjh tbj

klfgkhfp{ jnjljhts mc ujpojkkhg tbft m`ajot sujokc{ f skhgnj jjht mc ujpojkkhg tbft m`ajot(

Tbj klfgkhfp{ smnztkmhs tm ujpojkkhg m`ajots tbpmzgb tklj omznd obfhgj mhn{ kc tbj vzfnkf mc tbj nf{mzt mc m`ajots

obfhgjd. mp tbj dkspzutkmh kh tbj fppf{ obfhgjd tm pjlfkh fnnmwkhg tbj mjpfnn oml`khftkmhs mc lmdznfps kh tbj skhgnj lmdznfp mc 

ujpojutkmh tbpmzgb omhsokmzshjss( Wj stknn fsi kc ujpsmhfnkt{ mc tbj ujpojutkmh obfhgjd tbj ljfhkhg mc tbj m`ajot tm nf{mzt mc tbj

wmpnd wktbkh tbj zhkckjd lmdznfp mc ujpojutkmh. wmznd tbj stpzotzpkhg mc tbj fppf{ obfhgj mp bfplmhkqj wktb tbj sz`stfhoj=

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ujpojutkmh. fhd sbfpjs f sklknfp stpzotzpj tm jfob umkht wktbkh kt( Tbks ks f lfhhjp mc ujpojutkmh(

 

64   Khcmplftkmh fhd Omhtmzp `{ Ufpijp Jlljpsmh(h`

Upkhtjd `{ Lftbjlftkof cmp _tzdjhts

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Tbj lfuukhg mzt mc omhtmzp cpml khcmplftkmh kh nkgbt sbfpjs f sklknfp stpzotzpj tm tbj ljfszpjljht mc skqj( K dmh‛t tbkhi

kt lfijs sjhsj tm `jgkh `{ umstznftkhg fh m`ajot. mhn{ umstznftkhg tbft tbjpj ks tbj ukoizu mc khcmplftkmh tbft tbjpj ks omhtmzp kh

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kc wj omhskdjp tbft Dp < p , p6( Fntbmzgb kt ks khfpkfht kh tbj omhtjrt mc fnwf{s `jkhg tbj snfht mc tbj omhj. kt obfhgjs wbjh

zhdjpstmmd tm `j tbj `fsj mc tbj omhj( Kt fnsm obfhgjs ljfhkhg wbjh wj omhskdjp tbj stpzotzpj kh fh jomnmgkofn omhtjrt( Tbj

bjkgbt mc tbj omhj stfpts ft tbj unfoj wbjpj tbjpj ks fh khckhktjn{ ujpojkjd pfdkzs k(j( hm ujpojutkmh. fnn wbktj j{j,ofus. mp

zhsjjh. `jofzsj kt ks sm cfp fwf{ mh tbj bmpkqmh+. fhd gmjs tmwfpd tbj nmozs mc ujpojutkmh. wbkob ks tbj ujpojkjp( Kt ks pjfsmh,

f`nj. tm tbkhi tbft f wfjnjhgtb omznd obfhgj dzpkhg tbj omzpsj mc tpfjnkhg f skhgnj wfjnjhgtb tbpmzgb omlkhftkj sz`stfhojs

nkij nkgbt mp wftjp( Wbjh tbj okponj ks khckhktjn{ cfp fwf{. kt bfs f ujpojkjd pfdkzs mc 5. fhd tbks ks tbj sflj umkht ft wbkob tbjpj

ks hmtbkhg ujpojkjd. `jofzsj obfhhjns mc sjhsftkmh jjhtzfnn{ dksfuujfp fctjp jrtjhdkhg kh tklj( Nf{mzt fhd omhtmzp omlj khtm

cmozs `jst wbjh dzpkhg tbj fwfpjhjss mc tklj jrtjhds khtm tbj jp{ slfnn flmzhts mc fhgznfp ufssfgj ujp sflunj(

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Tbj pfdkzs ks sfkd tm `j khfpkfht tbpmzgb tbj tpfhsktkmh cpml `jkhg tbj khktkfn pfdkzs mc f okponj tm `jkhg tbj bjkgbt mc f

omhj( Wj sjt zu tbj jvzftkmh tbft sf{s tbft fh fpo njhgtb mc tbj mpkgkhfn okponj ks jvzfn tm f dkcjpjhoj kh okpozlcjpjhojs cpml

tpfhsktkmh tm f omhj. wbjpj tbj U{tbfgmpjfh Tbjmpjl tjnns zs tbj jvzftkmh cmp bjkgbt kh tjpls mc mhn{ p fhd v . fhd fhgznfp jnjljht

fikh tm tklj( Kt ks fnwf{s jktbjp tbj mpkgkhfn pfdkzs mc tbj okponj. tbj snfht mc tbj omhj. mp tbj bjkgbt mc tbj omhj( Tbj khktkfn pfdkzs

ks omhstfht. `zt obfhgjs omhtjrt kh tbj s{stjl tbpmzgb tpfhsktkmh(

SK( Fh Khbjpjho{ mc Pjnftkkt{ tm Khfpkfhoj

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