Model of Dawes Model of Landsbergen and Wolken Other related work Summary GISF model Information Sharing for e-Government Models of information sharing in government Pablo Fillottrani Elsa Estévez Center for Electronic Governance United Nations University - International Institure for Software Technology July 2010 Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government Model of Dawes Model of Landsbergen and Wolken Other related work Summary GISF model Models of information sharing in government 1 Model of Dawes 2 Model of Landsbergen and Wolken 3 Other related work 4 Summary 5 GISF model Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government Model of Dawes Model of Landsbergen and Wolken Other related work Summary GISF model Theoretical background two most influential theoretical models of government information sharing were published several years ago. The first (Dawes, 1996) depicts a learning cycle of government agencies involved in the Information Sharing (IS) practice the model was based on the results of a survey conducted among public managers in the New York state, assessing the extent to which the IS-related benefits and barriers identified from literature were reflected in the IS practice the model depicts how a sharing experience is triggered by a pressing problem suitable for an IS-based solution Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government Model of Dawes Model of Landsbergen and Wolken Other related work Summary GISF model Theoretical background while the participants enter the experience with their own perceptions of potential benefits and risks, the sharing experience is shaped by the underlying policy and management frameworks of the organizational environment in turn, the sharing produces insights that help to improve the framework, promoting benefits and mitigating risks of future sharing experiences in addition to the model, information stewardship and use principles were proposed for driving the definition of IS policy frameworks Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
Transcript
Model of DawesModel of Landsbergen and Wolken
Other related workSummary
GISF model
Information Sharing for e-GovernmentModels of information sharing in government
Pablo Fillottrani Elsa Estévez
Center for Electronic GovernanceUnited Nations University - International Institure for Software Technology
July 2010
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
Model of DawesModel of Landsbergen and Wolken
Other related workSummary
GISF model
Models of information sharing in government
1 Model of Dawes
2 Model of Landsbergen and Wolken
3 Other related work
4 Summary
5 GISF model
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
Model of DawesModel of Landsbergen and Wolken
Other related workSummary
GISF model
Theoretical background
two most influential theoretical models of government informationsharing were published several years ago. The first (Dawes,1996) depicts a learning cycle of government agencies involvedin the Information Sharing (IS) practice
the model was based on the results of a survey conductedamong public managers in the New York state, assessing theextent to which the IS-related benefits and barriers identified fromliterature were reflected in the IS practice
the model depicts how a sharing experience is triggered by apressing problem suitable for an IS-based solution
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
Model of DawesModel of Landsbergen and Wolken
Other related workSummary
GISF model
Theoretical background
while the participants enter the experience with their ownperceptions of potential benefits and risks, the sharingexperience is shaped by the underlying policy and managementframeworks of the organizational environment
in turn, the sharing produces insights that help to improve theframework, promoting benefits and mitigating risks of futuresharing experiences
in addition to the model, information stewardship and useprinciples were proposed for driving the definition of IS policyframeworks
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
Model of DawesModel of Landsbergen and Wolken
Other related workSummary
GISF model
Model
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
Model of DawesModel of Landsbergen and Wolken
Other related workSummary
GISF model
Landsbergen and Wolken
while Dawes focuses on IS within one agency, (Landsbergen andWolken, 2001) draws on the authors’ work on interoperablesystems in a networked environmentthe model puts forward an IS support infrastructure built uponDawes, 1996 comprising three elements:
1 technical element to ensure hardware and software compatibility,availability of standard processes and the integration of bestpractices into such processes;
2 interoperability policy architecture to include meta-datainfrastructure and inter-agency contracts; and
3 a clearinghouse of best practices and a formbook of contracts tosupport IS
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
Model of DawesModel of Landsbergen and Wolken
Other related workSummary
GISF model
Landsbergen and Wolken
in addition, the model identified five IS-enabling tools:1 meta-data to identify the presence, nature and quality of
information;2 laws and policies to specify timing and conditions upon which
government agencies should make their information available;3 economic and budgetary mechanisms to identify IS costs and
benefits;4 the extent of shared information; and5 managerial tools to provide incentives and controls for IS
processes
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
Model of DawesModel of Landsbergen and Wolken
Other related workSummary
GISF model
Model
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
Model of DawesModel of Landsbergen and Wolken
Other related workSummary
GISF model
Other related work (I)
based on two policy principles identified by Dawes, The Insider’sGuide to Using Information in Government (Center forTechnology in Government, 2001) identified democratic principlesas the foundation for information policies, classified into policiespromoting information stewardship and policies promotinginformation use
the stewardship principle recognizes information as a public goodand is concerned with its accuracy, integrity, preservation andprotection. The usefulness principle recognizes governmentinformation as an asset and potential benefits gained through itsproper use. In upholding both principles, a government can playthe roles of: regulator, collector, producer, provider and user
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
Model of DawesModel of Landsbergen and Wolken
Other related workSummary
GISF model
Other related work (II)
(Pardo, Cresswell, Dawes and Burke, 2004), complementingtheoretical models for government IS, focuses on identifying ISperspectivesAccording to the technical and social processes involved in IScan be characterized according to four perspectives:
Technological standards, metadata, platform and applicationinteroperability, ontologies, data quality attributes and others;Organizational business and decision processes and theirrequired adjustments;Inter-organizational the creation and maintenance ofinter-organizational relationships, negotiation processes,commitments, trust-building, risk-reductions, resource conflictresolution and others; andPolitical legislations to enable collaboration and IS includingeconomic models to help agencies identify IS costs and benefits
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
Model of DawesModel of Landsbergen and Wolken
Other related workSummary
GISF model
Other related work (III)
(Gil Garcia et al., 2005) provides lessons learnt from studyinginter-organizational information integration in the criminal justiceenterprise including:
a classification of integration initiatives – focusing on meetingspecific needs and on building capacity, while consideringintra-organizational, inter-organizational and inter-governmentallevels of the initiatives;barriers for integration resistance to change, IT and dataincompatibility, organizational diversity and multiple goals, andpolitical complexities of the governance system; anduseful strategies for facilitating integration, such as retainingautonomy of the involved agencies, establishing and operatinggovernance structures, ensuring strategic partnerships, building acomprehensive and long-range planning, building understandingof business processes, securing financial resources, and securingleadership and legislative support
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
Model of DawesModel of Landsbergen and Wolken
Other related workSummary
GISF model
Other related work (IV)
(Gil-Garcia, Pardo, Burke, 2009) based on the study of social andtechnical aspects of inter-organizational information integration,identified four inter-related elements of IS: trusted socialnetworks, shared information, integrated data and interoperabletechnical infrastructure
a key requirement for trusted social networks is a clear definitionof responsibilities of their members: exercise of authority, diversityof participating organizations and their goals, and experiences
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
Model of DawesModel of Landsbergen and Wolken
Other related workSummary
GISF model
Other related work (V)
(Zheng, Yang, Pardo and Jiang, 2009) explored the meaning oforganizational boundaries, identified two directions for IS –vertical and horizontal, and multiple dimensions - organization,geography, personal, development phase, and process
combining both, they defined a theoretical framework forunderstanding the boundaries in IS initiatives
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
Model of DawesModel of Landsbergen and Wolken
Other related workSummary
GISF model
Other related work (VI)
(Jing and Pengzhu, 2009) identified and classified various ISchallenges in government, based on the case studies from China,resulting in a five-layered model:
Individual Expectations expected benefits and risks;Organizational Readiness top management support, IT capacity,costs and security;Inter-Agency Partnership trust and compatibility;Upper-Level Managerial Agencies cross-agency collaboration andauthority; andExternal Environment laws, policies and political awareness aboutIS
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
Model of DawesModel of Landsbergen and Wolken
Other related workSummary
GISF model
Other related work (VII)
finally, (Gil-Garcia, Chun, Janssen, 2009) recognizes the need forcombining social and technical aspects of IS, with technicalaspects including interoperability, data standards and specifictechnology applications, while social and organizational aspectsincluding trust building, knowledge sharing and privacy
the major knowledge areas for information integration includeleadership, trust, perceptions and measures of success,inter-organizational relations, organizational change andgovernance structures (Pardo and Tayi, 2007)
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
we now introduce the model Government Information SharingFramework (GISF) introduced in (Estevez, Fillottrani, Janowski,2010)the framework comprises two views:
the GISF Abstract Viewthe GISF Detailed View
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
the GISF Abstract View includes two perspectivesone (vertical axis) represents four dimensions identified in (Pardo,Cresswell, Dawes and Burke, 2004), after renaming the politicaldimension into environmental dimension to extend its scope:
technological ICT-related concepts supporting or affecting IS;organizational elements of an organization supporting or relevantto IS;inter-organizational IS-related concepts concerning severalorganizations; andenvironmental the environment affecting government IS, usuallyaddressed at the political level
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
the second perspective (horizontal axis) identifies three maturitystages of government IS:
sharing experience the concepts that should be considered inearly stages of government IS, serving to lay the foundations forgovernment IS;infrastructure support the concepts referring to the sharedcomponents accessible to the whole public administration, likeinfrastructure components, IS facilitation and promotion, etc.; andinformation strategy the concepts defining the information sharingenvironment
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
the GISF Detailed View identifies the concepts within ISdimensions and maturity stages
the model is divided in four packages: one for each maturity stage(horizontal axis), and a global Information Sharing in Governmentpackage containing the dimensions (vertical axis)
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
this package includes the concepts that should be considered inearly stages of IS, constituting the foundations for IS
some concepts, particularly Scope, Principle and Lifecycle areconnected to the general Information Sharing concept, as theyserve general purposes and cannot be analyzed from the ISdimension perspective
the other concepts in this package, particularly Benefit, Barrierand Risk are related to the Dimension concept, providing a basisfor the classification
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
Scope determines the functional areas and organizationsinvolved in and affected by an IS initiative, with four typesidentified as follows:
Intra-Organizational an initiative that affects all functional areaswithin an agency. For example, an IS initiative involving alldepartments of a government agencyInter-Organizational an initiative involving different agencies at thesame (horizontal) or different (vertical) government levels. Forexample, an IS initiative affecting federal, state and localgovernment agencies (vertical)Cross-Sectoral an initiative affecting different organizations fromthe public, private and third sectors. For example, an IS initiativeinvolving a specific industry sector, including the governmentagency responsible for the sector and various private companiesof this sectorTrans-National an initiative affecting different administrations
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
Unit an organization involved in the IS initiatives, the lowestorganizational structure involved in or affected by an IS initiative.A unit has IS-related authority and responsibilities.Principle a comprehensive guiding assumption for governmentIS. Examples include:
Stewardship a conservative principle ensuring that governmentagencies work to protect the accuracy and integrity of informationthey collect and disseminate, and promote the fiduciaryresponsibility of all government agencies in managing informationUsefulness an expansive principle that focuses on the value ofinformation as a public asset, for instance publishing maps of acity at the local government portal highlighting public places withwireless access;Culture the recognition that IS denotes behavior and nottechnology (UIC, 2008). This principle emphasizes the holistic andintegrated approach required for IS
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
Life-cycle identifies different activities and responsibilitiesrequired for IS. Each activity is identified as a stage and thefollowing stages are identified:
Create bringing to existence new information, for exampleregistering a new company;Collect gathering or assembling information maintained by others,for example the agency responsible for public health collectingdata about common illnesses detected in public hospitals;Hold keeping created or collected information, for examplekeeping citizen records;Use making use of information for a given purpose, for instanceusing statistics on common illnesses for designing public healthpolicies; (5)
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
Life-cycle identifies different activities and responsibilitiesrequired for IS. Each activity is identified as a stage and thefollowing stages are identified:
Archive storing information for future use, for example archivingpolice, arrest and criminal records of citizens;Dispose destroying information, for example removing informationabout common illnesses detected more than ten years ago;Access allowing an entity to obtain access to information, forexample allowing citizens to access information related to publictenders; andProvide making information available, for instance broadcastingparliament sessions online
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
while executing different activities of the information lifecycle,units play different roles:
Regulator ensuring compliance with IS-related laws, regulationsand established rules, for example the agency acting as aregulator of intellectual property rights;Collector gathering information from other entities, for exampleJustice collecting information from Police;User making use of information, for example ImmigrationDepartments using information provided by Police;Producer producing information, for example the Statisticsdepartment collecting information on costs of living; andProvider supplying information, for example the local governmentdisseminating tourism information to visitors
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
Sharing Experience concepts: data component and benefit
Data Component data representing a physical or abstractconcept from the real world. For example, citizen, industry,holiday, etc. Data components are the target of ISBenefit refers to useful consequences of an IS initiative. Differentcategories of benefits are:
Technical a benefit that improves the efficiency of providing ICTsolutions, like adopting standards and metadata that enableheterogeneous applications to exchange data;Organizational a benefit addressing an organizational issue, likeincreasing quality, quantity and availability of data. For example,one benefit of implementing the National Spatial DataInfrastructure (NSDI) reported by the Federal Geographic DataCommittee is that the savings obtained from data sharing can beused for other vital areas and that the released resources can bereallocated to quality control, data management and collection ofother data (FGDC, 2006);
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
Sharing Experience concepts: data component and benefit
Data Component data representing a physical or abstractconcept from the real world. For example, citizen, industry,holiday, etc. Data components are the target of ISBenefit refers to useful consequences of an IS initiative. Differentcategories of benefits are:
Inter-Organizational a benefit received by more than oneorganization, like improved professional relationships orbroadened collaborative networks; andEnvironmental assisting public administration in delivering bettergovernance, for instance better understanding of economic anddemographic trends by sharing data (Dawes, 1996)
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
Barrier identifies a typical types of obstacles for implementing IS,such as:
Technical hardware and software incompatibility;Organizational lack of human and institutional capacity for IS;Inter-Organizational any barrier that requires the involvement ofseveral organizations to provide a solution, like inter-agencyagreements for managing shared data; andEnvironmental a barrier related to the overall environment orgovernance system, for example protecting the policy-makingpower of administrative agencies
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
Risk refers to possible threats affecting IS initiatives, classifiedinto:
Technical unauthorized disclosure of sensitive or personalinformation managed by government, for instance the risk that agovernment agency discloses personal information to the spouseof a citizen without his or her permission;Organizational competition for resources between agency-focusedand whole-of-government demands (Dawes, 1996), for examplean agency having all its IT human resources working on internalprojects and not being able to allocate time for developing newjoined IS projects;
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
Risk refers to possible threats affecting IS initiatives, classifiedinto:
Inter-Organizational difficulties to share values such as trust, forexample an agency B duplicating processes for collecting andmaintaining data that is already managed by agency A, because Bhas no trust in data provided by A;Environmental societal consequences of not sharing governmentinformation. For example, in the USA the commission created forinvestigating the 9/11 attacks illustrated several examples wherethe lack of effective IS between Federal, State and local agenciesresulted in the failure of authorities to intercept the attack (The9/11 Commission, 2004)
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
main concepts in this package are:Component – an element that can be present in an infrastructuresupporting IS; andBest Practice a technique, methodology, practice, procedure orother element that through experience or research has beenproven to reliably lead to good IS results.although best practices could be relevant, their transfer requirescustomization to local conditions. As an example, the FederalEmergency Management Agency of the US Department ofHomeland Security has created a national online network forsharing lessons learnt, best practices and innovative ideas foremergency response and homeland security. The initiative iscalled Lessons Learned Information Sharing (LLIS.gov)
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
Components can be further classified following IS dimensions,with Best Practices orthogonal to all of them
Technical Component a solution to facilitate an ICT-related ISproblem. Two types of Technical Components are Standards andAspects
Standards refer to adopted conventions, protocols and rulesnecessary for infrastructure or software interoperabilityAspects refer to cross-cutting technical concerns relevant tostandards, grouped into:
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
Hardware Channel-specific standards for computers, digital TV,mobile phones, smart cards, etc. For example, the MinimumHardware Configurations NASA Technical Standard specifying aminimum configuration to purchase software components:processors, memory, mass storage, displays, graphics cards,interfaces, sound, optical drives, network interfaces, removablestorage, smart card readers, etc.;
Network Communication and data transport protocols, forexample the well-known File Transfer Protocol (FTP) standard;
Data Exchange Standards for data representation, transformationand naming, for instance the ISO 3166 Codes (ISO, 1999) forrepresenting the names of countries;
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
Data Semantics Standards representing the meaning of data, forexample the DoD Enterprise Architecture Data Reference Modelproviding definitions of 33 subject areas with definitions of themain data entities in each area;
Service service and process description languages includingaccess and presentation, for example BPEL4WS (IBM, 2003);
Business Areas common business objects and standards fordomain-specific transactions, for example the BusinessReference Model of the U.S. Federal Enterprise Architecture(FEA) defining the lines of business (LoB) and all their supportinginternal operations. Such LoBs help to focus on governmentfunctions instead of functional areas responsible for theirexecution, promoting collaboration across the government
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
Security refers to the elements supporting secure interoperation,for example security aspects considered in NZ e-GIF (NZ, 2008)to recommend Web Services Security (WSS) (WSS, 2002) astechnical foundation for ensuring secure exchange of messages
Quality ensures that the information is correct and complete, withindicators for measuring reliability and efficiency. For example,Guideline 32 of the Guidelines for Juvenile Information Sharing(OJJDP, 2006) issued by the U.S. Office of Juvenile Justice andDelinquency Prevention recommends designing procedures forensuring that the information disclosed by the JIS participatingagencies is accurate and complete
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
Authentication includes specifications for digital signatures anddigital rights. For example the International Standard ISO/IEC9594-8 – ITU-T Recommendation X.509 (ITU-T, 2005) defining aframework for public-key certificates
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
Organizational Component an element supporting organizationalaspects of IS. Includes in particular the following issues
Business Process– comprises a set of coordinated tasks andactivities executed by persons and software that enables theaccomplishment of IS-related goals. IS requires that businessprocesses of various organizations are understood and mutuallyadjusted, with common processes identified, reengineered andprovided as part of the infrastructure. For example, one of thepillars of the interoperability approach adopted by the Governmentof Australia addresses the harmonization of common businessprocesses for service delivery
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
Organizational Component an element supporting organizationalaspects of IS. Includes in particular the following issues
Leadership a functional role enforcing the organizational, processand cultural changes necessary for IS. For example, in USA therole is fulfilled by CIOs. The Clinger-Cohen Act created theFederal CIO position within the Office of Management and Budget(OMB) reporting directly to the OMB Director as well as the CIOfunction in every federal agency
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
Inter-Organizational Component elements used for creating,supporting or maintaining relationships between organizations
Agreement an arrangement between organizations regarding acourse of action related to IS. For instance, the Internal RevenueService in the USA has written agreements with all 50 states forsharing information on the regular basis – monthly, quarterly orannually, usually called Fed/State Agreements
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
Inter-Organizational Component elements used for creating,supporting or maintaining relationships between organizations
Partnership a formalized agreement between public andnon-public organizations specifying collaboration rules andprecisely defining the roles and responsibilities of parties. Forexample the NIH Program on Public-Private Partnerships wasestablished by the U.S. National Institutes of Health aimed atfacilitating collaboration between public and private sectors toimprove public health through biomedical research. The programis responsible for defining partnership policies related to datasharing, data access, intellectual property, participation,governance and decision-making processes, among others
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
Inter-Organizational Component elements used for creating,supporting or maintaining relationships between organizations
Negotiation a process by which organizations involved in aspecific issue resolve matters of dispute by holding discussionsand making commitments which are formalized in agreements.For example, the Statement on Information Sharing and PersonalData Protection between the European Union and the USAexplicitly mentions the need for negotiation. Both parties agreethat due to the conflict of laws, the processing of personalinformation in specific areas should be made according to specificconditions and considering safeguards for the protection ofprivacy, personal data and personal liberties. Such conditionswould be defined through negotiation of an information sharingagreement (SISPDP, 2008)
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
Inter-Organizational Component elements used for creating,supporting or maintaining relationships between organizations
Contract a document formalizing an agreement between parties.Contracts can be modeled as a “formbook” similar to those usedby lawyers to specify common practices. An example is thedocument “A Model Contract for Health Information Exchange”(Markle, 2006). A component of the Connecting for HealthCommon Framework provided by the Markle Foundation, itprovides a model of the terms and conditions that collaboratingentities use for IS within the network
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
Inter-Organizational Component elements used for creating,supporting or maintaining relationships between organizations
Trust refers to the confidence required by the parties for effectivelysharing information. Creating inter-organizational relationships forIS between public and non-public organizations requiresnegotiation and development of commitments primarily relying ontrust (Markle, 2006). For example, one of the goals of theInformation Sharing Strategy of the US Intelligence Community(ISS, 2008) is to establish a common trust environment. The goalis to establish uniform identity management, information securitystandards, information access rules, user authorization, auditing,and access control to promote trust.
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
Environmental Component a component that exists or should bedeveloped in the environment to facilitate, enforce or enable ISinitiatives, including capabilities and legal instruments:
IS Capability refers to the capacity for executing IS initiatives incollaboration with others, including
Coordination is the act of ensuring harmonious functioning ofparties for obtaining the most effective results related to IS. Forexample, the Interagency Threat Assessment and CoordinationGroup (ITACG) was established within the Information SharingEnvironment (ISE). ISE is an initiative created by the US Congressand the President to facilitate the sharing of terrorist informationamong five communities: Intelligence, Law Enforcement, Defense,Homeland Security, and Foreign Affairs. Within the scope of ISE,the aim of ITACG is to improve the sharing of terrorist informationwith state, local, tribal, and private sector officials.
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
IS Capability refers to the capacity for executing IS initiatives incollaboration with others, including
Collaboration refers to the act of working jointly with others. Forexample, the new IS model proposed by the IS Strategy of theIntelligence Community seeks greater collaboration between theIntelligence Community stakeholders. Moreover, one goal of thestrategy is to enhance collaboration across the communityFunding is related to the mechanisms for ensuring financialresources for executing IS projects. For example, the US Office ofJustice Programs provides information on several fundingmechanisms for developing or improving IS. It explains thatsources from both the Department of Justice and the Departmentof Homeland Security distribute funding that can be used forcriminal justice IS projects. It also explains some mechanismsused for distributing the funds to the states, such as in block,formulas (e.g. taking into account population and other factors)and grants.Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
Environmental Component a component that exists or should bedeveloped in the environment to facilitate, enforce or enable ISinitiatives, including capabilities and legal instruments:
Laws comprise the body of rules and principles that govern IS ingovernment, enforced by a political authority. For instance, theData Protection Act of UK regulates the processing of informationrelated to individuals, including obtaining, holding, using anddisclosing such information. The Act was enforced by the QueenRegulation is an official rule to control the behavior of those towhom it applies. For example, the regulation published by the U.S.Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) specifyingagreements with foreign jurisdictions, such as those in theEuropean Union. The regulation enables agencies of suchjurisdictions to submit information requests concerning money orother terrorist finance investigations to financial institutions in theUSA through FinCEN
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
Environmental Component a component that exists or should bedeveloped in the environment to facilitate, enforce or enable ISinitiatives, including capabilities and legal instruments:
Agency Directive is an order or instruction given by a governmentagency. For example, the directive number 501 of the IntelligenceCommunity establishes policies for discovery, dissemination andretrieval of intelligence-related information collected or producedby the Intelligence CommunityOfficial Statement
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
Technical IS Initiative comprises any project delivering anICT-related resource to support IS, like
Repository is a collection of electronic resources with servicesprovided for adding new resources and for discovering andretrieving existing ones. Usually, repositories of standards andmetadata are created by IS initiatives. For example, the e-GIFregistry explained in Section 3.2. Repositories also include datacomponents to be used by organizational units, activities in whichthe units are involved, and their roles
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
Technical IS Initiative comprises any project delivering anICT-related resource to support IS, like
Blog is a specialized website that enables information exchangeand sharing, as well as opinion- making on specific topics ofinterest to various government stakeholders. For example, the USHomeland Security Department implemented Blog@HomelandSecurity, a blog for publishing daily activities of theDepartment and receiving citizen opinions. The Blog wasimplemented as part of the Open Government Initiative whichaims at publishing and improving the quality of governmentinformation, creating and institutionalizing a culture of opengovernment, and enabling policy frameworks for open governmente-Newsletter is an online medium for disseminating information,such as agency experiences with IS initiatives. For example, thee-Newsletter part of the National Information Exchange Model
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
Organizational Initiative refers to any IS-related project thataffects the organizational structure, functions, processes orresponsibilities of a functional area
Function recognizing information as an asset that must bemanaged, IS initiatives of the Function type assign theresponsibility for information management within agencies. Forexample, in Australia, the Queensland Government EnterpriseArchitecture (QGEA) Information Standard defines principles forimplementing custodianship processes of information assets ingovernment agencies. The standard defines custodians as theofficers responsible for implementing and maintaining informationassets to ensure their quality, security, integrity, correctness,consistency, privacy, confidentiality and accessibility. Custodiansare also responsible for classifying and categorizing specificinformation assets (QGEA, 2009).
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
Organizational InitiativeCapacity-Building such initiatives aim at building human andinstitutional capacity to ensure that the responsibility forinformation management is performed effectively. Buildingcapability for inter-organizational and cross-sectoral collaborationand for interoperable systems and procedures is essential. Forexample, a capacity-building initiative introducing participants tothe U.S. National Information Exchange Model (NIEM). Theinitiative includes an online course that teaches XML-relatedconcepts required for understanding NIEM, implementationconcepts, and steps enabling information exchange with NIEMCapability Maturity Model it refers to a model for assessing thestate of practice related to IS of an organizational unit. Forexample, the UK Cabinet Office created an Information AssuranceMaturity Model (IAMM) to improve the information riskmanagement, identifying five maturity levels
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
Inter-Organizational Initiative it refers to any project affectingcollaboration between or producing deliverables used bygovernment units like
Governance refers to the system for managing and leading ISinitiatives. For instance, the U.S. Department of HomelandSecurity established the information sharing governanceframework comprising: (1) the Information Sharing GovernanceBoard (ISGB) as the higher-level decision- making body for all ISand collaboration issues related to the Department, (2) theInformation Sharing Coordination Council (ISCC) as theimplementing body on IS issues, and (3) the Shared MissionCommunities (SMC) comprising members of a shared missionthat support ISCC and ISGB in gathering IS requirements andimplementing solutions
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
Inter-Organizational Initiative it refers to any project affectingcollaboration between or producing deliverables used bygovernment units like
Working Groups comprise expert groups responsible for IS-relatedissues, such as standards, metadata and other resources adoptedby agencies. For example, the Global Justice Information SharingInitiative that advises the US Attorney General on justice, IS andintegration initiatives has defined the following working groups: (1)Global Infrastructure and Standards Working Group - GISWG, (2)Global Intelligence Working Group - GIWG, (3) Global OutreachWorking Group - GOWG, (4) Global Privacy and InformationQuality Working Group - GIPQWG, and (5) Global SecurityWorking Group. In particular, GPIQWG assists governmentagencies, institutions and justice entities in ensuring that personalinformation is appropriately collected, used and disseminatedwithin the justice information systems
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
Inter-Organizational Initiative it refers to any project affectingcollaboration between or producing deliverables used bygovernment units like
Stewards are persons responsible for managing and coordinatingIS initiatives across government. For example, ISCC, part of thegovernance structure of the U.S. Department of HomelandSecurity (DHS) comprises IS officers representing 22 offices andcomponents of DHS. Such officers, responsible for IS actions intheir own units, represent IS stewards.Adoption Procedures are required for adopting government-widepractices by agencies. For example, the procedure defined by thepolice of Hertfordshire aims at raising awareness about the needfor IS and providing a uniform approach and general guidance forIS
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
Inter-Organizational Initiative it refers to any project affectingcollaboration between or producing deliverables used bygovernment units like
Update Procedures keep standards and practices up-to-date withinnovations introduced by new technologies. For instance, thePolicy document of NZ e-GIF (NZ, 2008) outlines procedures forextending the framework by submitting new standards.Communities of Practice are groups of experts that share interestsin government IS initiatives. For example, the Shared MissionCommunities (ISMIHS, 2009), part of the governance frameworkdefined by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security
Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
Environmental Initiative refers to any project introducing a new ISor IS-supporting practice. Such projects are usually promoted bysenior government officials since they require strong politicalsupport
Information Strategy comprises a plan for implementing IS orinformation-related policies. An example is the InformationSharing Strategy defined by the United States IntelligenceCommunity. IS strategy includes the IS vision, IS model, goals andobjectives, implementation plan and the governance systemStakeholder Engagement refers to a process that identifies andinvolves stakeholders, e.g. through a consultation process, inproviding feedback about IS-related government policies. Forexample, the Stakeholder Engagement Policy by the Departmentof Local Government, Sport and Recreation of the QueenslandGovernment specifies six principles for stakeholder engagement:inclusiveness, reach-out, mutual respect, integrity, affirmingdiversity and adding value.Pablo Fillottrani, Elsa Estévez Information Sharing for e-Government
