Information Supplement to 'Soviet Studies' October 1964

University of Glasgow

Information Supplement to 'Soviet Studies' October 1964Source: Soviet Studies, Vol. 16, No. 2 (Oct., 1964), pp. 1-27Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd.Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/149368 .

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INFORMATION SUPPLEMENT TO 'SOVIET STUDIES'

OCTOBER 1964

This is the fourth issue of the Information Supplement. Although the Soviet press does not seem to suffer from 'the silly season', contributors' energy inevitably wilts during the summer months. However, a considerable amount of interesting material has been collected, and the editors are grateful for all the contributions. More will be welcomed.

Readers are reminded that the annual subscription (4 issues) is 10,/-. Cheques should be made payable to: Information Supplement, University of Glasgow. All correspondence (book notes, information items and subscriptions) should be addressed to: Information Supplement, Institute of Soviet and East European Studies, The University, Glasgow, W.2.

SOCIAL

LAW

CIVIL L4AWl: full text of new Civil Code and discussion of new Code of Civil Procedure (passed by Supreme Soviet RSFSR 11/vi/64). Sov. yust. 13- 14/64.*

- - -: reports of two cases in which art.7 of Basic Principles of Civil Law - on libel - has been applied by the courts. Kirov district court gave a decision in favour of a teacher against the newspaper Vecherny Sverd- lovsk, thus compelling the latter to repudiate its original statement; similar action in connection with Uralski rabochi. Irritation with these rulings expressed by Izvestiya, 23/iii/64.

: suggestion by a people's judge that cases based on art. 7 of the Basic Principles of Civil Law should only go before the courts if unable to be settled 'out of court'. The majority of such cases are directed against journals and newspapers; a complaint could first be made to the organs responsible for the publication, and the case only taken to court if no satisfaction is reached by a certain date. Sov. yust. 15/viii/64.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE: stated that at present 65% of all preliminary examinations are conducted by officers of the department for the preservation of public order (see amendment of 1/vii/63 to Code of Criminal Procedure in Ved. Verkh. Sov. RSFSR, 15/63). Sov. gos. i pravo, 6/64, p. 9.

ARBITR4ATION: table showing which tribunals are responsible for arbitrating between which organizations depending on the sums involved in the con- tract. Description of their role, functions, organization. Ekon. gaz. 16/v/,64, p. 38.

DELINQUENCY: first instalment of new book on delinquency by G. Medynski, author of Chest. Further instalments in subsequent issues. 1loskva, 7/64, pp. 157-77.

* For tables of journals and of abbreviations, see p. 26.



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HOUSING: details of new rules passed by Ministry of Communal Services RSFSR (6/ii/64) on drawing up of housing lists and distribution of flats. Relations between local soviets, enterprises and sovnarkhoz; priorities in distribution etc. Sov. prof. 11/64, pp. 44-6.

- -: see STANDARD OF LIVING

LABOUR: Law on the increases in salaries for educational, medical, housing and communal services' personnel; also increase in minimum wage. Ved. Verkh. Sov. SSSR, 29/64, p. 552.

PARASITES: a worker sentenced by a people's court to 3 years' exile for living above his means got the sentence repealed on a second hearing. The assistant procurator and two police officials were dismissed after pressure from the Odessa industrial obkom; request sent to Supreme Court UkSSR for the recall of the people's judge. Izvestiya, 14, 24/v'64.

PENSIONS: Law of 15/vii/64, to come into force on 1/i/65, on pensions and subsidies to members of collective farms. Ved. Verkh. Soy. SSSR, 29/64, pp. 547-51.

- - : see LABOUR AND WAGES

PRISONS: article on an open-prison in the Urals, the first of its kind. Prisoners are moved to it after serving half or more of their sentences, following a selection procedure carried out by a committee and court. Prisoners cut timber without guard supervision. Izvestiya, 10 v,'64.

PRIVATE PLOTS: private plots for employees of Selkhoztekhnika (0.15 ha maximum, 0.10 in suburban areas, including area under buildings). Ekon. gaz. 25/vii/64, p. 35.

TAXATION: details of differential rates and taxes payable by cooperatives and citizens for buildings and land used for other than agricultural purposes, with exceptions for military personnel, pensioners etc.; also for private vehicles, for keeping animals, for selling in kolkhoz markets, etc. Measures against defaulting taxpayers and in cases of wrong taxation. Sov. dep. trud. 7/64, pp. 94-100.

GOVERNMENT

LOCAL SOVIETS: no. existing 1/i/64. Territorial and provincial (krae., obl.) 196

industrial 75 agricultural 86 consolidated 35

Area (okruzhiniye) 10 District (raionniye) 1845

industrial 122 Town (gorodskiye) 1762 Town district (raionniye v gorodakh) 388 Settlement (poselkoviye) 3164 Village (selskiye) 39705



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There were 245,877 standing commissions in which 1,502,766 deputies served and 2,437,031 activists. Sov. dep. trud. 5/64, pp. 94-7.

: the relationship between social organizations and the structure of a village soviet is set out in tabular-form; in all cases social organizations are responsible to one or other of the standing commissions of the village soviet. Sov. dep. trud. 1/64, p. 44.

: village committees began to be established in Vinnitski oblast (Ukraine) in 1954 when the consolidation of village soviets began in earnest. In 1962 village committees were established in all villages without soviets; they are elected from among the activists for one year at a general meeting of the village. Sov. dep. trud. 6/64, pp. 27-32.

: Smolensk agricultural oblispolkom plans to reduce the number of villages drastically over the next 20 years. Sov. dep. trud. 7/64, p. 31.

REPUBLICAN: article by V. Klauson, head of Estonian government, on inadequacy of his government's information and power to control republic economic bodies, who receive directives from various all-Union sources. Instances of these and other anomalies, and proposals for reform. Izvestiya, 25/viii/64, p. 5.

POLITICAL

MILITARY: survey of contents of Voyenno-istoricheski zhiumal 1/53-6/64, for teachers' purposes. Prep. ist. v shkole, 5/64, p. 111.

PARTY/STATE CONTROL: statute on the groups and party; state control 'posts', adopted 30/vi/64. Groups to be formed in all organizations, with the exception of party, state, trade union institutions, party papers and institutions of general party education; participation of non-party members, all work to be voluntary, definite duties for each member and his right of access to leading organizations, immunity of dismissal from work unless assent given by group. Part. zh. 14/64.

.- - _- - : konsultatsiya on right to order deductions from salaries of officials with responsible positions for non-fulfilment of plans without good reason; for supply of sub-standard goods and other actions harmful to the state. Deductions cannot exceed 3 months salary; monthly deduction not to exceed 20% of salary. Regulations do not apply to kolkhoz officials. Izvestiya, 20/v/64.

RACE RELATIONS: negro students in Moscow. Long attack on article in Look with interviews with Nigerian and Cameroon students, the latter with a Russian wife. Errors in American article pointed out. African student demonstration ('provocation') also mentioned. Followed by many quotations about negro life in USA. G. Borovik, Ogonek, 28/64, p. 26.

REHABILITATION: article on Blucher, the 'legendary general'. Paustovski wrote a book on him, which was printed in 1938 but never published following Blucher's arrest and death on 9/ii/38. V. Nikitin, wishing in 1963 to write about him, could find no reference to him in the official archives;



4

however, he discovered Paustovski's book. Lit. gaz. 22/ii/64. Blucher's replenishment of and victories with the 51st Rifle Division, 1920; also, origin of his name. Iz. Sibir. otdel. AN SSSR (obshch. nauk), 1/64, pp.89-90.

FOREIGN RELATIONS

ISRAEL: analysis of Israeli policy by an Israeli communist journalist. Soviet anti-semitism indignantly denied. B. Balti, Az.i Af. sev. 6/64, p. 20.

JAPAN: publication of two letters (18/v/64 and 11/vii/64) from CC CPSU to CC of Japanese party; second letter shows that severance of relations between the two parties is complete. Part. zh. 14/64.

INTELLECTUAL AND IDEOLOGICAL

HISTORIOGRAPHY: plea by Gianni Rodari for honesty in the writing of history, especially as regards the treatment of nationalism. School children should be told the truth about the dark pages in their country's history: the lie is as dangerous as the atom bomb. Warm reference to Bertrand Russell. Izvestiya, 31/v/64.

HISTORY: article devoted to G. Serebryakova's trilogy on the lives of Marx, Engels and Lenin. Her first book was proscribed after her arrest. Unusual story of its preservation. She is now working on Engel's later years. Lit. gaz. 7/iii/64, p. 3.

- -: article by N. Kolpinski and N. Pirumova in commemoration of Bakunin's 150th birthday. Recognition of his merits as well as his short- comings (as a lower-middle-class revolutionary); mention of relations with Marx and 1st International but more controversial questions ignored. Anar- chism said to have had a strong impact on backward countries but only temporarily on Russia; Chinese accused of reviving lower-middle-class revolutionary anarchism. Izvestiya, 31/v/64.

- -: V. Selunskaya, reviewing Yu. Artunyan's book on the Soviet peasantry during World War II, suggests that his assertion of collaboration by former kulaks with the German occupation authorities is questionable; other historians, e.g. A. Finarov, Istoriya sovetskovo krestyanstva i kolkhoznovo stroitelstva v SSSR (M. 1963) p. 278, refer to the patriotic behaviour of almost all former kulaks. Reviewer suggests that more research should be done in cases like this. Vop. ist. 5/64.

- -: memoirs of Marshal Chuikov on 'the end of the third Reich'. Useful data on German capitulation in Berlin and confused negotiations for surren- der. Oktyabr, 5/64, also (condensed) Ogonek, 19/64.

- -: on ex-camps Magadan and Kolyma. An ex-prisoner returns to see the site of camps, now vanished. Gold mines now worked by well-housed free labour. References to Berzin, ex-commander of Lettish soldiers, who 'unmasked the plot of Lockhart and Reilly' in 1918, was later head of Dalstroi, and was shot in 1937, apparently in Magadan. New gold find in villages of Ust-Omchug (Kolyma). Raikom office maybe pulled down because



it is in the way of mining operations. A. Aldan-Semenov, Ogonek, 25/64, p. 14.

- - : General Brusilov fell into disgrace posthumously in 1948, when Stalin heard about a second and anti-Soviet volumne of his autobiography. This volume is now argued to be, in all probability, by his wife. G. Belov, Ogonek, 31/64, p. 24.

NATIONALITIES: report of a sociological conference in Frunze on the problem of nationalities in the Soviet Union. General agreement that nationality as such will disappear - fusion into one common nationality. Armenian delegate argues that this will happen only after communism has been built. Vop. fil. 2/64, pp. 158-61.

PRESS: 'sad moments' - series of divorce court photographs at annual exhibition of Soviet life: 'The Seven-Year Plan in Action'. Sovo pechat, 6/64, inside back cover.

- results of the editorial amalgamations in 1963 of vernacular and Russian local newspapers. Sov. pechat, 7/64, p. 26.

RELIGION: examples of 'non-religious rituals' (various areas and occasions) to replace religious ceremonies and festivals. Agitator, 12/64, p. 39 ff.

- - : in order to replace confirmation, many towns in Latvia organize processions of young people on their 18th birthdays, to march through the town to the monument of Lenin and to make promises to devote their lives to their country. Sov. Lat. 26/v/64.

EDUCATION

HIGHER DEGREES: semi-critical observation in a correspondence on re- rearch-workers and aspirantura that in the USSR, as distinct 'from most countries in the world', salary increments are paid to holders of higher degrees; those who make no positive contribution to the development of productive resources should not enjoy this privilege. Izvestiya, 1/vii/64.

NATIONALITIES: text of ministerial prikaz on compulsory Russian instead of a foreign language for non-Russians in higher and secondary specialist education. Byull. min. vyssh. i sred. spets. obraz. SSSR, 7/64, pp 5-8.

SECONDARY SCHOOL: in Estonia there are six schools where the teaching is in a foreign language. In addition there are fee-paying groups in junior classes for early instruction in a foreign language. Nouk. opet. 11/iv/64.

- - - - -: survey of written work on the Marxism (obshchest- vovedeniye) course. Prep. ist. v shkole, 4/64, pp. 43-9.

.- - - - -: konsultatsiya of RSFSR Ministry of Education on school programmes in the transition back to 10-year schools. Uchi. gaz. 15, 20/viii/64. The Minister, E. Afanasenko, will personally answer telephone enquiries. Sov. Ross. 25/viii/64, p. 1.

SEX: a plea for proper sex instruction and for proper textbooks for the young. Social immaturity and the lack of sex education is the cause of much unhappiness in married life, of frequent divorces and even physical illness.



6

,lol. gvard. 6/64, pp. 164-91. The subject is taken up again in the next issue, combined with an analysis of the results of a survey conducted by Kom. pravda. V1ol. gvard. 7/64, pp. 255-82.

: teachers on handling of pupils' sex problems. Sov. ped. 7/64, pp. 43-51.

UNIVERSITY: A. Aleksandrov (rector of Leningrad University) and L. Stupin plead for the reorganization of the teaching of foreign languages to non- linguist students. The courses should concentrate on teaching the student to read the foreign literature in his subject rather than on verbal mastery. Izvestiya, 29/iv/64.

- .? : reduction in length of university and technical school courses announced by V. Elyutin, USSR Minister of Education. Some engineering and economic subjects - from 51/ to 5 years; law, journalism and some other arts subjects - from 5 to 4 years, etc. Further details given of changes, which are to be introduced within the next three years. Will not apply to students already studying. Pravda, 20/vi/64. See p.23 of Infor- mation Supplement.

VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS: severe criticism of the new aesthetics course; 89 hours of learning names in every field of art. Sov. kult. 13/vii/64, pp. 2-3.

VUZY: absurdities in allocating specialists who complete vuzy to various sovnarkhozy. Textile experts sent to work on dry-cleaning, furniture, railway equipment .... Strong protest. P. Moteyunas, Ekon. gaz. 13/vi/64, p. 15.

ARTS

ART: three letters written by N. Rerikh to I. Severyanin in 1938, and others written by him to M. Babenchikov in 1947. He is referred to as an artist and innovator in search of new means of expression. Nash sov. 5/64, p. 102.

CINEMA: in a discussion of the poorness of cinema-goers' tastes, list of 'top ten' films in popularity chart for 1959-61. Chelovek amfibiya comes first. Criticism of system of withdrawing a film if average attendance drops below 50% in Moscow, 75% in the provinces. Isk. kino, 6/64, pp.46-7.

- -: Peter Sellers writes on the nature of comedy and Dr. Strangelove. Isk. kino, 7/64, pp. 115-6.

LITERA TlURE: (agriculture) another instalment of rural diary by Efim Dorosh. Notable for evident dislike of excessively large farms. Novy mir, 6./64, pp. 11-83.

- - - : (agriculture) analysis of Ovechkin's sketches on Soviet agricultural problems. Praises him for his original boldness, but suggests he should restart writing with more attention to peasant feeling as a key element in agricultural progress (he should feel that the kolkhoz is 'his'). Novy mir, 6/64, pp. 207-29.

- - - : (poems) remarkable verses by Anna Akhmatova, and a friendly



7

review of her work in honour of her 75th birthday. Novy mir, 6/64, pp.172-6. : (poems) translation from Yiddish of two poems by L. Leon.

Mloskva, 6/54, p. 146. - . ..: (poems) R. Rozhdestvenski and A. Voznesenski. Yunost,

7/64, pp. 2-5 and 46-7. - - -: (prose) short story Okkulttzye nauki by A. Averchenko. He

is described as one of the most popular pre-revolutionary satirical writers. Mentions the forthcoming publication of his short stories in the series Khudozhestvennaya ateisticheskaya biblioteka. Nauka i zh. 4 /64, pp.64-9.

- : (prose) unusual spy story set in Constantinople in 1900. Subtle German plots against young Russian naval officer. Moral drawn about need for vigilance. A. Isakov, Nash sov. 5/64.

.- -. : (prose) two short stories by Yu. Kazakov. Mloskva, 6/64, pp. 109-26.

- - - -: (prose) novel by A. Vasilev on the functions of a raion party secretary, the procedure of admitting new members, the moral guardians of party officials' behaviour. Mentions that V. Shulgin (who was influential in the Tsar's abdication) was present as a visitor at XXII Party Congress. The differences between generations well brought out. Moskva, 6/64, pp. 4-106.

- - -: (prose) story about a prison camp in the gold mines of Yakutia by A. Aldan-Semenov (arrested 1938, rehabilitated 1956). Realistic description, and statement by author that the story is true. Moskva, 7/64, pp. 68-154.

- - - : article by L. Nikulin commemorating I. Babel's 70th birthday. Deals with Babel's life in Paris, in Mlarseilles and in Russia. Article is based on letters from Babel. Mention of Gorki, Olesha, Bunin and Ehren- burg. Moskva, 7/64, pp. 182-7.

- - - -: little known short stories by I. Babel and some of his correspondence to friends. The commentary is based upon letters to his relatives taken from a Feltrinelli publication. Znamiya, 8/64, pp. 122-74.

- - - -: new literary club of prose writers, Prodolzheniye sleduyet, has been formed in Moscow. Account of subjects discussed. Lit. gaz. 14/v/64.

MUSIC: long and friendly extracts from Sir Adrian Boult's Thoughts on Conducting. Sov. muz. 5/64, p. 63.

OPERA: discovery of Shalyapin archives in his former house in Leningrad. Moskva, 6/64, pp. 160-74.

SOCIOLOGY

APPLIED: a 'legitimation' of 'concrete sociology' by G. Popov, the party leader of Leningrad. Kommunist, 3/64.



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ECONOMIC

ADMINISTRATION

FIRMlY: A. Pushkin discusses the different kinds of finny in existence at present, and the need for legal regulation of their rights and duties and those of affiliated enterprises. Sov. gos. i pravo, 6/64, pp. 41-50.

- - new experimental firma, Khimmash, chemical machinery and instal- lations, set up in Volgo-Vyatka sovnarkhoz. Original aspects include its own design centre and the fact that it is to be responsible for making, bringing together and installing many kinds of machines. N. Kozlov, Ekon. gaz. 20/vi/64, p. 12.

: views expressed on the relative status, financial position and powers of the firma and its subordinate enterprises. Experience of Lvov firma shows that the enterprises can evade responsibility for overspending. Author urges fuller khozrashchet status for them financially, though they should not control their own basic capital, which the firma should be able to shift at will, and its production programme should be based on its naryad-zakaz. P. Laban, Ekon. gaz. 18/vii/64, p. 17. - : see INDUSTRIAL PLANNING - PLANNING PROCEDURE

AANAGE1TENT: article by M. Shafir on the need to make use of new management techniques developed in the west, particularly in the USA. The use of computers should also be studied. Sov. gos. i pravo, 6/64, p. 21.

PLANNING ORGANIZATION: report of a (rare) decision of VSNKh USSR, relating to construction of new chemical factories. Gosplan and Gosstroi are given tasks to perform. Ekon. gaz. 4/viii/64, p. 40.

SOVNARKHOZY: article by Yu. Bagdasov on organization and activities of Central Asian sovnarkhoz. Directly subordinated to central organs, but relations with republic organs not clear; some parallelism. (See Information Supplement, July 1064, p. 20.) Sov. gos. i pravo, 5/64.

STATE COM.11ITTEES AND MlINISTRIES: State Committee for Fish Industry pri sovnarkhoze SSSR has been transformed into the State Production Committee for Fish Industry USSR. It controls fishing, also a few fishing- net factories. Appropriate republican'and regional bodies are subordinated to the new production committee, together with their enterprises. Ekon. gaz. ll/vii/64, p. 37.

FINANCE

BANKING: interest charge of 5% announced for overdue short-term credits. Ekon. gaz. 6/vi/64, p. 42.

BUDGET: Central Asian sovnarkhoz is one, but there are four republican budgets within it. Great confusion engendered by this. Authors propose



9

relating the sovnarkhoz's financing with the all-Union budget. A. Kuznet- sov, B. Averyanov, Ekon. gaz. 8/viii/64, pp. 9, 10.

STANDARD OF LIVING

ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES: discussion on factory canteens, urban transport (need for staggered hours), taller dwelling houses to avoid excessive growth of cities, need for more services for the housewife, etc. Poor supply of equipment for hairdressers and others. Gosbank refuses to sanction new investments in service enterprises without new designs (proyekty), which do not exist. Ekon. gaz. 18/vii/64, pp. 4-6.

HOUSING: complaints at meeting of CC of CP Latvia that, as in Estonia, there are too many enterprises building too few houses, and too many building organizations. The town soviet should be responsible and it should work with one building organization. Sov. Lat. 24/v/64.

-- -- : house-building cooperatives: 3,000 of these exist, covering 220,000 persons. Members paid 181 m. r. in 1963 to Stroibank. In 1964-5 these cooperatives are to erect 12.3 m. square metres of housing. But, last year, plan of cooperative house-building only fulfilled 54.6%. Reasons include lack of materials. D. Pudikov, Ekon. gaz. 18/vii/64, p. 17.

- -: self-contained one-room flats for small families (1 or 2 persons) in hotel-type blocks is current policy. Details of size, layout and equipment. Zhil. stroi. 7/64, pp. 13-6. - - -: see LAW

TOWN PLANNING: difficulties encountered when actual population growth of new town exceeds planned; lack of coordination of various authorities. Sov. prof. 10/64, pp. 27-9.

LABOUR AND WAGES

CONSTRUCTION: points on which the new tarifno-kvalifikatsionny handbook for the building industry should reflect changes in the industry. Ekon. stroi. 8/64, p. 63.

INVALIDS: (war) issue of small cars for war invalids, free, every ten years, with free driving instruction. Ekon. gaz. 30/v/64, p. 38.

LABOUR DISCIPLINE: numerous Estonian enterprises organised excursions to distant cities by bus, in working time, for their workers. Party/state controllers have stopped this abuse. Ekon. gaz. 6/vi/64, p. 42.

MANAGEM,ENT: (accountants) inadequate numbers and qualifications of accountants. Even in Moscow sovnarkhoz the number of chief accountants with higher education is 6% of total, Leningrad has only 4%, others have less, Tselinny Krai has zero. Average age is high. Need for qualified replacements is urgent. Leader in Ekon. gaz. 25/vii/64.

: (economists) role of chief economist as a deputy-director of



10

enterprise fully analysed in long article by V. Sukhov, chairman of Volga- Vyatka sovnarkhoz. Ekon. gaz. 1/v/64, p. 18.

NIGHT WORK: discussion of pros and cons of new 2-shift timetable in the textile industry; difficulties encountered; factors to be taken into account. By the spring of 1964 more than 600,000 workers have gone over to it. Sov. prof. 15/64, pp. 6-8.

- - : decision, signed by Volkov and Grishin, on the progressive elimination of night work in the textile industry. Two-shift system is beginning to be the most common, thereby relieving strain on women workers. Ivanovo has gone furthest in this direction. Others are urged to follow suit. Ekon. gaz. 4/vii/64, p. 8.

PENSIONS: some interesting questions and answers on entitlements to pensions, maximum earnings, etc. Ekon. gaz. 25/vii/64, p. 39. - - - : see AGRICULTURE

PREMIIA: (managerial) rules for the textile industry: up to 12% for fulfilling the cost reduction plan, up to 1.2% for every additional 0.1% reduction in costs, and up to 3% for every 1% overfulfilment of output plan. Also some quality premia. Maximum not to exceed 40% of monthly salary. All paid within and out of wages fund. Ekon. gaz. 9/v/64, p. 29.

- -: leading article by S. Shkurko on the current experiment in altering the premia system. For ITR; previous performance of enterprise and indices of leading enterprises will provide basis for assessment; other indices reduced; formation of special premia fund. For workers: increase in premia for machine-operators; emphasis on quality and reduction of waste products as indices. Further detailed articles by Yu. Nazaryants, I. Galitski, S. Zhunda, A. Zhukov. Sots. trud, 4/64, pp. 47-73.

- -: report on experiment in 80 enterprises with new premia system. Many snags. 'Sovnarkhoz fixed normativy arbitrarily.' 'Too many indicators.' 'No interest in overfulfilling plan.' 'No assurance that money will be available to pay the premia.' Reference to 'psychological barrier' - people are used to being praised for plan overfulfilment. I. Karpenko, V. Selyunin, Ekon. gaz. 18/vii/64, p. 8.

TIZlE & -MOTION: general article by Prudenski on the need for time and motion study; the methods used. More detailed article by Glushkov on the experience of Krasnoyarsk sovnarkhoz in this field, and on the tackling of idle time. Some figures; emphasis on photographing of work-process. Iz. Sibir. otdel. AN SSSR (obshch. nauk), 1/64, pp. 3-21.

WAGES: valuable table showing wage differentiation within and between industries. For instance, the lowest category of worker in the coal industry has a tariff wage 1.33 times that of the lowest in the food industry, the ratio for the top grades being 1:2.78. Author discusses criteria for differentiation. I. Gomberg, Vop. ekon. 7/64, p. 21.

- : see LAW - LABOUR



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ECONOMIC THEORY

ECONOMIC LAWS: L. Leontiyev argues against bourgeois economists who claim that Soviet economists, in recognising categories such as profit, the comparative effectiveness of investments, etc., have dropped Marxist principles. According to Marx, socialism is characterized by a higher development of productive resources than capitalism. The 'Stalinist' concept that heavy industry entailed 'rentability in a higher sense' dis- torted a temporary phenomenon into an allegedly general law of socialism. Pravda, 10/vii/64

MATHEM.ATICAL ECONOMlICS: vigorous, even furious, discussion on the achievements and limitations of mathematical methods. Includes contributions by I. Birman, A. Vainshtein, M. Fedorovich and others. Lit. gaz. 14, 18, 23, 30/v/64.

-.........-: (programming, etc.) V. Nemchinov discusses 'models of economic planning', V. Glushkov and N. Fedorenko consider problems of computerization ('the creation of a single system of optimal planning and control on the basis of a single state network of computer centres'). Numerous bodies involved, coordinated by a special department of the State Cdmmittee for Coordination of Research (p. 88). Some details of recommendations. Alternative models discussed, including one from the

.Institute of Cybernetics of Ukrainian Academy. Discussion of all this is to take place in pages of Vop. ekon. In same issue, V. Pugachev discusses optimal planning, definition of parameters, criteria, preparation and trans- mission of data, etc. Vop. ekon. 7/64.

PRICE FIXING: report of a major meeting of presidium of Academy, with speeches by major academicians. Full text of paper by A. Arzumanyan, on need for economics to find adequate measures of real costs and effectiveness of production. Refers to major advances, jointly by Gosplan Institute and Institute of Economics, under Efimov, in direction of inter-sector balance of national economy for 1965 and 1970, in value terms and in physical quantities. By use of computers, optimal variants sought. Says that in 1938, Molotov forbade a discussion of prices because prices concerned politics, and not economics! Ekon. gaz. 13/vi/64, pp. 3-4.

- - : theory and methodology of price formation discussed. Dyachenko argues that prices 'must serve the achievement of maximum results at minimum cost', but denies that relative utility and scarcity can be regarded as consistent with labour theory of value. But he admits all these things in practice, including idea of selling goods in high demand at high prices, thereby financing a fund for selling less popular goods at low prices. Discussion reported. Strumilin objects to anything reminiscent of 'production price', same line taken by Kronrod, Turetski and others. But majority favoured taking fondoyemkost into account. Kantorovich spoke of his concept of optimal planning price, and was criticised. Vop. ekon. 7/64, p. 147 ff.

TEXTBOOKS: critique of various textbooks for theoretical errors (e.g. the omission of 'finance' from the course published by Tsagalov, lack of



12

attention to various 'laws' of socialist economy, etc.). M. Atlas et al. Vop. ekon. 7/64, p. 104.

INDUSTRIAL PLANNING

CONSUiMER GOODS: (perfume and cosmetics) present shortages to. be over- come; also improved tooth paste and shampoo to be introduced. Recommen- dations from State Committee for Food Industry (sic) to sovnarkhozy. Some plan figures. Ekon. gaz. 1/v/64, p. 36.

CHEMICAL INDUSTRY: long survey of investment projects in chemical industry, notably design of a factory which was working badly. Lack of any role by sovnarkhoz emphasised and criticised. Ekon. gaz. 18/vi/64, pp. 29-31.

INVESTMENT CRITERIA: inadequacies in investment decision in electricity generation. Tendency greatly to overspend on capital construction, dif- ficulty to identify who and what is responsible. Investments per KW in- stalled capacity has fallen from 200 r. in 1940 to 100-120 r. Expected to fall further to 70-90 r. as power stations get larger and more efficient. N. Stroganov, Ekon. gaz. 4/vii/64, p. 5.

LOCALIS,: leading article attacks mestnichestvo, non-fulfilment of delivery obligations, etc. Ekon. gaz. 6/vi/64, p. 2.

MATERIALS ALLOCATION: poor planning of electrical equipment. No link between global gross-output plan and detailed orders received. Enterprise makes 3?2m. types of product. There is no particular shortage so why not base plan on demand as expressed in contracts? 'Centralization and multi- stage allocation' unnecessary. I. Ivanyshin, director, Ekon. gaz. 6/vi/64, p. 12.

..-...... - : sad story of a perfume factory and its efforts to get packaging materials (bottles), and other essentials. Numerous efforts and appeals produce no results, despite promises after past com-

plaints had been publicised in this weekly. Ekon. gaz. 25/vii/64, p. 47.

MULTI-STAGE IRRESPONSIBILITY: Complaints about bauxite mines and aluminium factory project, addressed to multitude of responsible organs: Krasnoyarsk sovnarkhoz, department of Gosplan USSR, another department of USSR sovnarkhoz, Gosplan RSFSR, sovnarkhoz RSFSR, etc. A. Ulyanov, Ekon. gaz. 30/v/64, p. 11.

PLANNING PROCEDURE: outline of 1966-70 5-year plan discussed. Annual growth rate of chemical industry envisaged at 20% per annum. Reduced growth gap between A and B, especially as A rose very much faster than B in the most recent years. Siberia to be rapidly developed. More active role of enterprises in preparing proposals for long-term plans (without being subject, at this stage, to various limity). Republican gosplans now work out 'fully balanced' long-term plans. Closer link of USSR plans with Come- con countries. Plan. khoz. 5/64, p. 13.



13

: long report of 'all-Russian conference on questions of economics of industry and construction'. Baibakov draws attention to many oil-wells out of action. Sukhov (chairman, Volgo-Vyatka sovnarkhoz) reports creation of several production unions (obedineniya) and also transfer to large enterprises of small ones (with status of a shop, tsekh). Lagutkin, (deputy-chairman, RSFSR sovnarkhoz) and Romanov (Leningrad party secretary) also referred to creation of firmy and enterprise amalgama- tion, as well as giving 'economic' status to individual departments, e.g., in Leningrad sovnarkhoz. Romanov deplores lack of legal status for firmy. Main speech was by Kirilenko. Warns against excesses in creating unions and firmy, criticises 'style of work' of RSFSR sovnarkhoz, overproduction of radios and sewing machines. Ekon. gaz. 30,/v/64, pp. 5-0.

: granite quarries near Rovno. Firma created, ignored, transferred, liquidated. Now quarry is worked by over 10 enterprises under different authorities, including Belorussian railway, all-Union transport construction, Lithuanian road-making, Lvov sovnarkhoz, etc. A. Kosar, Ekon. gaz. 6/vi/64, p. 11.

: see ADMINISTRATION - FIRMY - : 76 recommendations on organization and pro-

cedure made by a conference of the building industry. Ekon. stroi. 6/63, pp. 57-66.

- : financial plans argued about in Moscow, repeated- ly altered, much time wasted by representatives of sovnarkhozy. Plans often defective because, e.g., financial plan of Khabarovsk forestry combine assumes timber to go to east Siberia, and, when much of it goes to Urals, extra transport costs are borne by combine ('destination station prices'), and no one can know in advance where timber will be sent. I. Lvov, Ekon. gaz. 25/vii/64, p. 6.

: (excessive consultations) excessive numbers of officials, directors etc. called to Moscow for various consultations, sometimes. the same people several times within 7-14 days. Chelyabinsk sovnarkhoz received last year 1,708 such 'calls' for its officials (of which 775 from RSFSR sovnarkhoz, 498 from 'various committees', 191 from USSR sovnarkhoz etc.). Only 500 visits actually made, rest ignored. G. Men- chinov, Ekon. gaz. 30,/v/64, p. 16.

: (methodological)- important article by A. Efimov. Urges that plan be based on final output (konechny obshchestvenny produkt), and not the latter on gross output. Notes a fall in 'effectiveness of investments'; capital/output ratio rose by 11%. Considers this a reason for more careful and rational investment choices. Machinery output does not meet latest requirements, even though quantity overfulfills plan. Hence large purchases abroad. Plan. khoz. 5/64, p. 13.

: (methodological) A. Notkin argues that Soviets do not replace obsolete equipment fast enough. Capital/output ratio has been rising, especially in agriculture. Also discusses A : B relationship, points to failure to expand investments in production of B goods since 1958. Plan. khoz. 6/64, pp. 1-10. Similar points made on capital/output ratio by Khachaturov in discussion reported in Plan. khoz. 7/64, p. 90.



14

: (methodological) 'cybernetics, planning and social progress'. Long report of a conference. Speeches by, and portraits of, Novozhilov (now entitled zasluzhenny deyatel nauki), Kantorovich, Kha- chaturov, Nemchinov, Strumilin (who attacked Kantorovich) and others. Khachaturov attacked price increases of scarce products, because logically it means higher prices for bread if grain is short. (!) Dorodnitsyn discusses computerization, urges decentralization to avoid contradictory orders from above. Malyshev attacks concept of super-automated centralization, with 8 million prices fixed in Moscow with billions of inter-relationships. Debate continues. Ekon. gaz. 20/vi/64, p. 7 ff.

: (methodological) 'allocation or trade' in producer goods? Three-page report on debate in this issue. Nemchinov says 'trade', with strong arguments. Shortages created by planning errors and by impossible attempt to allocate in quantitative terms. Others argue that state must reallocate in accordance with its changing priorities (e.g. chemical industry today or defence needs), which can only be done by allocation. A sovnarkhoz (USSR) official asserts that, logically, free trade in materials goes with free decision about what to produce, regardless of plan. Pro- fessor Birman supports Nemchinov strongly: 'shortages are due either to the fact of allocation or to errors of planning'. Summarizing the discussion, Professor Lokshin supports the need for administrative priorities, to decide which needs are the most important. Ekon. gaz. 27/vi/64, pp. 9-11.

: (Poland) reforms described. Greater role for profits. Price reform. Enterprise fund (for premia) related to improvements over previous year's performance. Plans for light industry based on retail trade orders. New bonus system in trade. Experiments in progress. E. Szyr, Ekon. gaz. 18/vii/64, p. 20.

REGION.AL PL4ANS: serious analytical article by E. Gorbunov on the development of unequal economic regions of the country; attention mainly directed towards the problem of why and how eastern Siberia and the Far East lag behind. Jz. Sibir. otdel. .N SSSR (obshch. nauk), 1/64, pp. 45-55.

: (Transcaucasia) report of a conference of Transcaucasian economists. Discussion of shortage of power, undesirability of more thermal power stations (too little local fuel), inadequate plans for hydro-electricity. Excessive concentration of industrial development in Tbilisi, Baku, Erevan. Ekon. gaz. 1/v/64, p. 33.

COSTING, PRICES, INCENTIVES (INDUSTRIAL)

CONSUAlER DEcl.AND: several participants at a discussion urge direct links between trade and manufacturing enterprises. Far too many bureaucratic stages exist. Demand must influence supply. Shop staffs must also be more interested in satisfying customers. Frequently quality improvements are unprofitable. Ekon. gaz. 9/v/64, pp. 5-6.

: discussion article urges much more direct influence of supply and demand on prices of consumer goods. Frequent cases cited of scarce goods being the least profitable to produce. However, author



15

denies favouring free price fluctuations. V. Budaragin, Vop. ekon. 5/64, p. 54.

CONSUMER GOODS: formerly produced by local industry, no longer produced after transfer of local industry to sovnarkhozy in a number of areas. Presidium of RSFSR sovnarkhoz reprimands those responsible, orders resumption of production. Ekon. gaz. 30/v/64, p. 38.

: television set, portable. 26 transistors, 12-channel, weighs 7 kgs. To be in mass production in 1965. Illustrated. Also portable tape-recorder, an 'electromusical universal instrument' and a large new refrigerator. Ekon. gaz. 8/vii/64, p. 48.

PRICES: valuable article on prices of universal fertilizer. Illogicalities alleged. Large number of prices cited, including those due to operate in 1965, also annual expected profit rates. A. Nikolashkin, Vop. ekon. 5/64, p. 64.

- : new prices will be used for all accounting purposes as from January 1966. But already the plan indicators and the budget of 1964 are being recalculated into the new prices, to the dismay of overworked accountants. A finance official explains why it is necessary to do this. B. Lakhova, Ekon. gaz. 20/vi/64, p. 5.

SUCCESS INDICATORS: analysis of planned-processing value (normativnaya stoimost obrabotki) as applied experimentally in Tatar ASSR. Results compared with gross value indicators. But there are difficulties in deter- mining normativy, especially for machinery. V. Ivashkevich, Bukh. uchet, 4/64, p. 12 ff.

.- . .....'-: detailed analysis and discussion of experience with planned-processing value (normativnaya stoimost obrabotki). General view is that it leads to desirable results; eliminates most of the effect of materials bought in, and also profitability differences which could be accidental consequences of wrong prices. But it has its defects too. Diagram reproduced on p. 22 of Information Supplement. L. Lopatnikov et al. Ekon. gaz. 4/vii/64. pp. 16-8.

- - - - --: decision reported on applying planned-processing value (normativnaya stoimost obrabotki) to leather, wool, footwear and some other industries. Norms being worked out, will be ready 1965. Ekon. gaz. 4/vii/64, p. 47.

-- .-.-. -: article by V. Trapeznikov advocating less rigid economic guidance of enterprises as regards composition of labour force and distribution of wages fund. Guidance should take the form of incentives, taxes, penalties for non-fulfilment of contracts and an elastic price system. These measures should enable profit to reflect both the success of the enterprise and the interests of the economy as a whole. Pravda, 17/viii/64.

-: joint discussion article by Ya. Kronrod and I. Mozhaiskova suggests that the much discussed issue of success indicators is not as important as the establishment of an incentive system indepen- dent of planners' whims; one which removes the point of seeking easy plans. Rewards should be based on actual reduction in production costs (i.e. profit), after payment of planned deduction to state budget, and should



16

be paid out of the substantial premia fund thus formed. Wage increases should be met out of this fund rather than from raising basic rates. Izvestiya, 24/viii/64.

- - - - - : (chemicals) rocks added to phosphorite to fulfil tonnage plan. Also excess moisture. Honest quality inspector overruled by director, party secretary, sovnarkhoz. Waste. E. Bulgakov, Ekon. gaz. 6/vi/64, p. 16.

AGRICULTURE

ACCOUNTING PROCEDURES: supplement on finance and accounts in kolkhozy and sovkhozy. Details include valuation of basic capital, use of profits in sovkhozy, procedure and figures relating to bank credits to kolkhozy En. Ekon. gaz. 16/v/64, pp. 21-8.

COLLECTIVIZATION: article on 'how people live and work' in a kolkhoz in the Kuban begins with parallel between Chinese excesses, blamed on local errors, and Stalin's excesses in 1930 collectivization campaign, also blamed on local 'dizziness with success'. In early '30s, whole rich Kuban districts were declared 'black', and entire inhabitants, including raikom secretaries, deported. Agriculture was ruined, men were deported for

keeping back food for families. Conditions now are good, except there has been no rain in spring and hardly any snow in winter. Good social amenities, canteens etc. M. Andriasov et al. Ogonek, 27/vi/64, p. 5.

COSTS 4N)D OUTPUT: (Estonia) deputy chairman of Estonian government considers plans for agricultural specialization, and particularly in livestock products. Comparisons with Scandinavian countries. Aim to overtake even Denmark in livestock 'intensity'. Analysis of costs in the three Baltic republics: these are lowest in Estonia, but, in all three republics, sub- stantially higher in sovkhozy than in kolkhozy. 95% of kolkhozy now pay cash for work. Pay per man-day in Estonia rose as follows in kolkhozy:

1953: 0.57r. 1960: 2.15 1961: 2.35 1962: 2.31 1963: 2.49

In 1963, average of 20% allocated to indivisible fund, 39% to pay kolkhozniki. E. Tynurist, Vop. ekon. 7/64, p. 31 ff.

: flax output poor, seeds very short, losses immense, equipment inadequate. Strong measures needed. V. Nesterovich, I. Seryakov, Ekon. gaz. 1/viii/64, p. 6.

EASTERN EUROPE: organizational changes of farming in E. Germany; other east European countries treated more briefly. Prep. ist. v shkole, 5/64, p. 19.

MECHANIZATION: new proposals discussed concerning role of Selkhoz- tekhnika. In Stavropol, head of this organization became deputy chief of



17

agriculture production administration. Author urges that all maintenance and repair of kolkhoz and sovkhoz equipment be responsibility of Selkhoz- tekhnika, and paid for not per repair job done, but per unit of work done by the machinery. I. Barakov, Kolkh.-sovkh. proiz. 4/64, p. 14 ff.

--.-- .: why endless delays in mass-producing necessary equipment? One reason is confusion in design. State Committee of Tractor and Agricultural Machinery has hardly any design staff of its own. Mostly these are scattered among 400 enterprises, sovnarkhozy, institutes etc. etc. Union, republican and sovnarkhoz agencies control planning of different machines, Selkhoztekhnika not sufficiently active. I. Seryakov, Ekon. gaz. 20/vi/64, p. 30.

KOLKHOZ: long-term credits to kolkhozy. Total granted in 1963 was 940m. r. Interest only 0.75% for long-term, 1% for short-term credits (3% if overdue). Full description of rules, also authorised purposes for which credits can be granted. Figures cited show fall in investment in livestock buildings, 1959-63. A. Matveyev, Ekon. sel. khoz. 7/64, p. 53 ff.

- - -: (pay) leader on vital need for guaranteed pay. Appropriate minimum share of money revenues is now 'recommended'. Bonuses should be based on improvements over actual average yields for previous 5 years. Grading of kolkhozniki should be unified; they vary too widely today. Ekon. sel. khoz. 7/64, p. 2.

- - : (pay) an approved variant of incentive pay to kolkhozniki. 75% of tariff pay advanced monthly, the rest being retained for subsequent payment by results. Description in detail. Kolkh.-sovkh. proiz. RSFSR, 7/64, pp. 26-7.

- - - : (pay of officials) pay of kolkhoz chairmen and other officials. New and better system in a production administration area in Orel oblast. Not enough to relate it to gross revenues; should be related to net revenues. Table shows method of calculation used in this area. B. Kudinov, N. Dubovitski, Ekon. gaz. 30/v/64, p. 32.

PENSIONS: article describes existing, uncoordinated systems of pensions in kolkhozy; comparison of different oblasts, with figures, to show con- trasts. Sots. obespech. 4/64, pp. 4-6.

- -: see LAW

PLANNING: powerful article attacking crude interference of planning and other officials with kolkhozy and sovkhozy. Praise for those who ignored stupid instructions. Argues that ex-kolkhozniki should always be urged to reduce their private plots and livestock to area permitted for sovkhoz workers. V. Nikishov, Kolkh.-sovkh. proiz. RSFSR, 5/64, pp. 1-3.

PRICES: agricultural equipment prices analysed. Numerous price and profitability quotations. Very wide disparities. Profits too high. Tractor transport costs, also the trading margins of Selkhoztekhnika, vary too widely. I. Karlyuk, Vop. ekon. 5/64, p. 75.

PRIVATE PLOTS: private plot produce, and payments in kind surplus to requirements, may be sold freely in markets. However, citizens are en- couraged to sell to cooperatives, stock procurement organs or their kolkhoz.



18

Rules of such purchases given in reply to readers' questions. Ekon. gaz. 4/vii/64, p. 34.

SPECI.LIZATION: large increases in captial assets produce disappointing results. Reason is said to be no specialization. Large farms are in fact split up, with each growing almost all crops. Mechanization poor, yet local procurement agency distributes orders for all products to all farms. I. Korovkin and V. Maslin (sic), Ekon. gaz. 25/vii/64, p. 31.

TSELINNY KRAI: article by Matskevich, ex-Minister of Agriculture, on problems of virgin lands. Urges fallow and other sensible measures. Kolkh.-sovkh. proiz. 4/64, p. 13.

INTERNAL TRADE

HIRE PURCHASE: instalment sales in Ukraine in 1Q63 have reached 13.6% of retail turnover in non-food items. Detailed figures given. In all USSR, the fixed value of such sales was 2,133 m. r. Ideas exchanged on expanding and improving such sales. Many local variations and anomalies reported, particularly in respect of obstacles to instalment sales by rural cooperatives in RSFSR. Ekon. gaz. 25/vii/64, pp. 7-8.

ORGANIZATION: delays in placing orders via official wholesalers and in agreeing prices for new .clothing models at various levels. Solution: experimental direct links of two clothing firmy with shops, with some freedom of price-fixing (by firmy) and enforceable contracts. Plan based on commercial orders from shops, indicator will be value of sales and percentage profit. New bonus scheme linked with new system. Important changes foreshadowed. Ekon. gaz. 1/viii/64, pp. 6-7.

RETAIL TRADE: too many and too complex prices, also too much variety between republics, for canned goods and bottled preserves (konservy). In one price-zone of RSFSR there are 2,300 prices listed. G. Kabko, Ekon. gaz. 9/v/64, p. 46.

.....- : price cuts (utsenka) forbidden in respect of foodstuffs, by order of the Ministry of Trade RSFSR. Ekon. gaz. 9/v/64, p. 38.

.....- : rules for sales at reduced prices of obsolete consumer goods. Must be in special shops or departments, or in specially organized bazaars or yarmarki, or at kolkhoz markets. Finance is out of a special fund, consisting of 0.5% of retail turnover. Ekon. gaz. 16/v/64, p. 39.

-: procedure for sales of goods at reduced prices. Dangers of rackets, e.g. sales at quarter-prices of tape-recorders to trade officials. Need for sales of products in little demand, as well as post-season sales. V. Kuzmenko, Ekon. gaz. 18/vii/64, p. 32.

-: analysis of costs, showing upward move (1962-3) of wages, rent, interest on credits, etc., fall in losses of goods, etc. Ekon. gaz. 4/vii/64, p. 15.

- - - : self-service shops have been introduced in both town and country in Estonia. However, cases of stealing both by shoplifters and shop assistants are reported, and some assistants have been held responsible for the losses. Consequently unwillingness shown by young people



19

to work as shop assistants. R. liail, 29/iv/64. : fascinating account by a journalist of experience of

working in a food shop. Deplorable equipment, overcrowding, atmosphere of suspicion (cadres head 'assumes everyone is a crook'). Suppliers cheat by short-weight and incomplete egg boxes. Checking virtually impossible. Odd system of hiring extra staff, all kinds of extra payments made in cash, illegally, out of 'spoilage of perishables'. Director has hardly any cash. Repairs often done by outside agency, because for trade enterprise to do it itself (at tenth of cost) would require authorization for increase in wages fund. Deep suspicion of public that they are cheated, though usually unfounded. A. Gudimov, Ekon. gaz. 18/vii/64, p. 33-5o

WHOLESALE TRADE: argument about whether wholesale trade should be under industrial organizations, as before 1958. Author is strongly against this. G. Karnaukhov, Ekon. gaz. 15/viii/64.

FOREIGN TRADE

COMECON: (agriculture) February 164 meeting of Comecon committee on agriculture reported. Rumanians were represented. Aid to Mongolian agriculture discussed. Mezhd. sel. zh. 2/64, p. 2.

- - : discussion of advantages of joint investment projects. Difficul- ties of measurement, also question of ownership. References to many projects, also credits, including one from Poland to USSR to purchase mineral salts for export to Poland. Y. Kormnov, B. Ladygin, Plan. khoz. 3/64, p. 62.

- - : : special issue wholly devoted to this subject, with articles by economists from all member-countries, including Bogomolov (USSR), Rachmut (Rumania) and others. Rachmut (p. 12) insists that all countries must have 'complex and multi-sector economy' with its own heavy industry. Plan. khoz. 4/64.

- - : Bogomolov criticizes article by E. Valev on Problems of Eco- nomic Development of the Danube Region (V.M .U. geog. 2/64) for its treatment of the question without due consideration for the need to streng- then the national economic complex, and for its excessive emphasis on supra-national units. This approach may harm cooperation. Izvestiya, 4/vii/64.

- - : article on problems of evening out economic development of socialist countries. Claim that Rumanians and Bulgars have developed industry relatively faster, as is right and proper. USSR hopes to expand its trade turnover with (non-socialist) developing countries from 1,4c9 m. r. (1963) to 3,300 m. in 1970. Arguments within socialist camp admitted, and regarded as inevitable. I. Oleinik and E. Rayevskaya, Vop. ekon. 7/64, p. 61.

CREDIT AGREEIIEXT: agreement with Cuba of 6/ii/63 on credit of 403. m. US dollars to the Cuban government (ratified 8/vii/63). Ved. Verkh. Sov. SSSR, 15/64.



20

CUSTOMS: decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (USSR) on approval of the Customs Code USSR, text of Code and list of abrogated legislative acts in connection with the coming into force of the new Code. Ved. Verkh. Sov. SSSR, 20/64.

-- : new Code (valid from l/vii/64) renders illegal the sale within the USSR of goods brought in privately, and also by parcel post. Penalties for smuggling also given. Ekon. gaz. 8/viii/64, p. 39.

FOREIGN EXCHANGE: answers to inquiries about gold content of ruble and its international value. 1961 reform explained by need to unify exchange rates (4 to 10 r. per dollar). It was decided the dollar was worth 90 new kopeks after purchasing power comparisons. 70% of all foreign trade of USSR is accounted in rubles (all socialist countries, plus Finland and Lebanon). Reference to convertible ruble used for multilateral clearing by Comecon bank. M. Polyakov, Ekon. gaz. 30/v/64, p. 28.

UNDERDEVELOPED COUNTRIES: report on Soviet trade policy towards developing countries. Elimination of customs tariffs on the imports of these countries and proposal for long-term trade agreements 'to protect economy of developing countries from 'proizvol monopolii'. Y. Yudanov, Ekon. gaz. 9/v/64, p. 34.

: article on losses of developing countries from unfavourable conditions of trade. Strong attack on GATT and Common Market. L. Klochkovski, Az. i Af. sev. 5/64, p. 19.

TRANSPORT

RAIL: new Ustav zheleznykh dorog comes into operation 1/x/64. Reform of tariff, with average reduction of 20%. Ekon. gaz. 6/vi/64, p. 39.

SEASONAL FLUCTUATIONS: holiday peak caused by concentration at beginning of July and August of holiday journeys, plus orgnabor, plus seasonal labour to virgin land areas. Yet trains cancelled in mid-month for lack of passengers. D. Revin, G. Krimnus, Ekon. Gaz. 9/v/64, p. 12.

STATISTICS

FALSIFICATION: denounced in west Siberian sovnarkhoz. But sovnarkhoz officials seem to support directors against those chief accountants who report various false reports and illegalities. Trade union officials seek to expel and malign troublesome chief accountants. In one enterprise, trade union officials were paid as officials of labour and wages office. Ekon.. gaz. l/viii/64, p. 10.

US-SOVIET COMPARISONS: by the end of the 7-year plan, Soviet industrial output will reach three quarters of US output in 1963. L. Volodarski, Ekon. gaz. 1/v/64, p. 3.



COUNCIL OF MINISTERS RSFSR

Consolidaled Regional Execntive Committees ASSR (Autonomous Republics) Councils Committees (k-ria' obUltspolkomy ) of Miaisters Committee for Agriculture RSFSR

Amurski Arkhangelski Astrakhanski Committee for Party/State Control Kaiiningradski Kamchatski Khabarovskl Bashkirskoi Buryatskoi Chuvashsloi of Bumr CPS RSFSR and CM RSFSR Magadanski Murmanski Novgorodski Checheno-Ingushskoi Dagestanskol Pskovski Sakhalinski Tomski Kabardino-Balkarskoi Kalmytskoi

Vologodski Karelskoi Komi Mariskoi j Mordovskoi Severo-Osetinskoi

.. . . .... Tatarskoi Tuvinskoi Udmurtskoitat o te RF sState Commlttees RSFSR - Yakutskoi . Coordination ut Scientific inventions ~

.....' .

. . . fC Cinematography Construction Press

Separate Industrial& Agricolturmi Reglosal l tEecuUve C'ummitsees fkrat obispolkomy) - - *

Belgorodski Bryanski Chelyabinski Union-RopubUcaa MiiYstries RSFSR I Chitinski Gorkovski Ivanovski Defence Culture Trade Irkutski Kalininski Kalyzhski Finance Foreign Affair in Administrttive Boarsd Kemerovski Kirovski Kostromski Health Higher & Secondary Special FoGeoty and ineralt Preservation Krasnodarski Krasnoyarski Kuibyshevski Educationoogy and Minerl Preservation

Kurganski Kurski Leningradski Hunting and Reserves

Lipetski Moskovski Novosibirski -Professional-Technical Education Lipetski Moskovski Novosibiand Welfae Oreski Orenburgski Orlovski Supply and Welfare Penzenski Penski Prmorsk - <N Penzenski Perm ki Primorski ^ I -. Transfer and Recruitment of Workers Rostovskii Ryazanski Saratovski' Trarnportation and Supply of Oil Rostovski Ryazanski Saratovski

Republican Ministries itSFSR Weltare (bytovoye obsluzhtvaniyc) Smolenski Stavropolski Sverdlovski Republican Ministries RSFSWe e (byoye bsuhan Tambovski Tulskt ryumenski Automobile Transport & Highways Ulyanovski Yaroslavski Altaiski Communal Services (kommunalnoye khozyaistvo) Vladimirski Volgogradski Voronezhski Construction

Education (prosveshcheniye) Production & Procurement of Agricultural Other Organlsations

Products Central Statistical Office RSFSR -...~ ~ - ,-,River Transport Committee for State Security

'| ~Social Security Gosgortekhnadzor Goszemvodkhoz RSFSR Social Order (okhrany obshchestvennwo Gosplan RSFSR Legal Commission

Moscow City Soviet poryadka) Rosselkhoztekhnika State Arbitration Leningrad City Soviet y

SNKh RSFSR See Information Supplement, January 1964, p. 9,-- | for a complete list of these.

Sovnarkhozy RSFSR* c .... .. _ . l .. .. 121/, /h4.. IC

I

8Uuol.t; L[t,n gaUL. )./ nV /U , p. -J.



GROSS OUTPUT & PLANNED-PROCESSING VALUE*

semi- Auxiliary materials, Wages and Enterprise t,

;oods, ? power, capital Pods, power, capital extra payments profit cts depreciation. 23% 5%

10%

Volume of output -

planned-processing value 33%

*PTInned-prrce~ssing value is suggested as a translation of normativnava stoIn'ost obrabotki. For a

detailed erplanation of the cxncept see the number of the journal quoted below.

Source: Ekon. gaz, 4/vii/64, pp. 16-18.



23

LENGTH OF PROFESSIONAL TRAINING

New Rules to come into effect September 1964

HIGHER EDUCATION1 Technical-engineering, economic-engineering Agronomy, zootechnology, forestry Veterinary surgery University courses (except for law, journalism, history) Banking, accountancy and statistics, tovarovedeniye*,

librarianship, journalism, law, history International economics, international relations Medicine Pharmacy, stomatology Physical training Production, music Art Acting, is kusstvovedeniye,* * kultttrno-prosvetitelriye***

5 years 4 " 4 months 5 s 5 "

4 of

5 t, 5 " 6 4 '" 6 " 4 9 4 "9

5 " 4

6 "

Teacher-training courses in pedagogical institutes and courses in applied art remain unchanged in accordance with the postanovleniye CC CPSU and CM USSR of 9/v/63, no. 533.

*Literally - commodity management, loose translation - buying and selling. **Art appreciation, art criticism etc.

***Literally - cultural-education workers; contains element of community, club work, organization of culture in a wider sense.

SECONDARY-SPECIAL SCHOOLS2 Instrument-making, radio-technology, communications,

production automation, power engineering, construction, machine-construction, lumbering, woodworking

Mining, metallurgy, chemicals, transport Geology, geodesy and cartography, hydrology, meteorology Technology of consumer goods Agriculture Finance and economics, statistics, trade Pedagogy, librarianship, kultutrno-prosvetitelniye, law,

editorial work Medicine (except for feldshera* and midwifery), pharmacy,

physical training Feldshera, midwifery Art, music

Theatre, applied art

up to 3 years 6 months t, ,, 4 t,

t, ,,) 3 t' *s *9 3 t .' " 3 9 6 "

o, Os 3 ,,

9 9, 3 9,

.9 9, 3 9"

... 3 "' 6 .. t 3 " 6 - 4 years

... 3 " 6

2In pedagogical schools, where both a national language (republican, krai, or oblast) and Russian language is used, the course can be lengthened to 4 years.

*Medical assistants.

The Ministry of Higher and Secondary Education USSR has the right, by agreement with Gosplan USSR, to lengthen courses for evening students and external students of institutes of higher education by a period from 6 months to 1 year; for students of secondary special schools by a period of 6 months.

Source: Ekon. gaz. 18/vii/64, p. 39.

* 9

9



24

BOOKS

SOCIAL

I.M. Ilinskaya, L.F. Lesnitskaya, Sudebnoye predstavitelstvo v grazhdanskom protsesse. Izd. yurid. lit., 1964. 164 pp. Interesting study on advocacy and other representation in civil suits. Reports a number of cases, some rather unfavourable to the profession. Contains the rates paid to advocates (forthe RSFSR unchanged since 1939).

V.N. Kudryavstev, Teoreticheskiye osnovy kvalifikatsii prestupleni. Izd. yurid. lit., 1963. 324 pp. Interesting book dealing with the application of codified criminal law in concrete cases. Author suggests and discusses use of cybernetics in relating crime to appropriate article of code.

Tsivilny kodeks ukrainskoi SSR. Izd. pol. lit. UkSSR, 1963. 216 pp. The first republican civil code to be published.

S.S. Karinski, Pravovoye regulirovaniye zarabotnoi platy. Izd. yurid. lit., 1963. 208 pp. Comprehensive account of legislation on wages and premia, the rights and duties of the various bodies concerned, the application in the enterprise, and the problems which arise. Useful references to relevant legislation and literature.

Trudovoye pravo. Entsiklopedicheski slovar. Izd. sovet. entsiklopediya, 1963. 576 pp. Revised, enlarged version of the 1959 edition. Covers historical items and western labour law as well as contemporary Soviet regulations. Useful listing of relevant legislation with each item; relevant literature sometimes listed.

Komandarm Ubarevich. Voyenizdat, 1964. 262 pp. Collection of articles by friends and relatives of the purged general. Important appendix containing biographical details on persons mentioned in the book, most of whom died in the purges.

L. Nikulin, Tukhachevski. Voyenizdat, 1964. 197 pp. First biography to appear of the marshal purged in 1937.

M.M. Rozental, P.F. Yudin (eds.), Filosofski slovar. Izd. polit. lit., 1963. 554 pp. A substantial revision of the compact reference volume first issued under the same title and editors and revised in 1940, 1951, 1952 and 1955. The broader range and treatment of entries reflects the increased access of intended users to foreign and domestic material on philosophy and allied subjects since 1955. Alphabetical sequence in this edition is sometimes combined with other conveniences, e.g. Marxist philosophy since 1917 is treated under the successive entries: 'Soviet Marxist Philosophy' and 'Con- temporary Marxist Philosophical Thought Abroad'.

Pod maskoi blagochestiya. Izd. mol. gvard., 1963. 224 pp. An anthology of



25

anti-religious short stories and poems. Contributors include E. Evtushenko and A. Gusev. The most remarkable story, by A.V. Pomerantsev, is about an obscure sect of old believers in a lonely Siberian village. Poor contribution from Yu. Kazakov.

ECONOMIC

Osnovy ekonomiki sotsialisticheskovo selskovo khozyaistva. Ekonomizdat, 1963. 414 pp. Textbook for external students. Routine book, with useful statement of official policy, structure, etc. Praises reduction in private plots (p. 65), very large farms (p. 170), useful data on sovkhoz pay rates (p. 206) and kolkhoz pay (p. 216). Percentages given of cash and kind in trudodni for each year, 1954-61. Bonus system described, (pp. 231 ff.) Cal- culations of costs in kolkhozy discussed (p. 241 ff).

Planirovaniye i ekonomiko-matematicheskiye metody. (In honour of V.S. Nemchinov, edited by N.P. Fedorenka.) Izd. Nauka, 1964. 480 pp. Important collection of articles. Notable contributions by Strumilin, Dyachenko, E. Liberman, Novozhilov, Kantorovich, Konyus and others, mostly touching vital problems of pricing, values, use of mathematical models and programming, and so on. Strumilin, inter alia, proposes taking military production out of output statistics so as not to confuse analysis of optimum relations of departments I and II.

Promyshlennost SSSR. M, 1964. 496 pp. New statistical handbook.

SSSR v tsifrakh v 1963 godu. M, 1964. 218 pp. Handbook smaller than usual. Sent to press on 1 April. No crop output statistics for 1963. National income data imply increase of 4.5% for 1963.

S.I. Shkurko, Premirovaniye rabochikh v promyshlennosti. Pravoviye voprosy. Gosyurizdat, 1963. 95 pp. One of the leading economic experts on premia describes the existing system from the legal point of view. Lawyers will disagree with some of his interpretations but the book gains by beingpractical and comprehensive. Probably the best clear introduction to the premia system (pre-1964 experiments) that exists.



26

Table of abbreviations and corresponding titles of newspapers and journals

.Newspcapers

Ekon. gaz. Ekonomicheskaya gazeta Izvestiya Kom. pravda Komsomolskaya pravda Lit. gaz. Literaturnaya gazeta Nouk. opet. Noukogude opetaja Pravda R. Haal Rahva Haia Sov. kult. Sovetskaya kultura Sov. Lat. Sovetskaya Latviya Sov. Ross. Sovetskaya Rossiya Uch. gaz. Uchitelskaya gazeta

Periodicals

Agitator Az. i Af. sev, Bukh. uchet

Byull. min. vyssh. i sred.

spets. obraz. SSSR

Ekon. sel. khoz. Ekon. stroi. Iz. Sibir. otdel. AN SSSR

(obshch. nauk)

Kolkh.-sovkh. proiz. Kolkh.-sovkh. proiz. RSFSR Kommunist Isk. kino Mezhd. sel. zh.

Mol. gvard. Moskva Nash sov. Nauka i zh.

Novy mir

Ogonek Oktyabr Part. zh. Plan. khoz.

Aziya i Afrika sevodnya Bukhgalterski uchet

Byulleten ministerstva vysshevo i srednevo spetsialnovo obrazovaniya SSSR

Ekonomika selskovo khozyaistva Ekonomika stroitelstva

Izvestiya Sibirskovo otdeleniya Akademii Nauk SSSR (obshchestvenniye nauki)

Kolkhozno-sovkhoznoye proizvodstvo Kolkhozno-sovkhoznoye proizvodstvo RSFSR

Iskusstvo kino

Mezhdunarodny selskokhozyaistvenny zhumal

Molodaya gvardiya

Nash sovremennik Nauka i zhizn

Partiinaya zhizn

Planovoye khozyaistvo



27

Prep. ist. v shkole Sots. trud Sots. obespech. Sov. muz. Sov. pechat Sov. ped. Sov. yust. Sov. prof. Sov. gos. i pravo Sov. dep. trud. Ved. Verkh. Sov. RFSFR Ved. Verkh. Sov. SSSR V.M.U. (geog.)

Vop. ekon.

Vop. fil.

Vop. ist. Yunost Zhil. stroi

Znamiya

Prepodavaniye istorii v shkole Sotsialisticheski trud

Sotsialisticheskoye obespecheniye Sovetskaya muzyka Sovetskaya pechat Sovetskaya pedagogika Sovetskaya yustitsiya Sovetskiye profsoyuzy Sovetskoye gosudarstvo i pravo Sovety deputatov trudyashchikhsya Vedomosti Verkhovnovo Soveta RFSFR Vedomosti Verkhovnovo Soveta SSSR Vestnik Moskovskovo Universiteta

(geografii) Voprosy ekonomiki

Voprosy filosofii

Voprosy istorii

Zhilishchnoye stroitelstvo

CC Central Committee CM Council of Ministers CP Communist Par ty

Abbreviations

ha hectare m. million r. ruble



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Information Supplement to 'Soviet Studies' October 1964

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