Information System for Urban Planning

1

Information Systems for Urban Planning, A Hypermedia Cooperative ApproachRobert Laurini: http://lisi.insa-lyon.fr/~laurini/isup

A Book and a WebSite on

“Information Systems for Urban PlanningA Hypermedia Co-operative Approach”

Robert LAURINIhttp://lisi.insa-lyon.fr/~laurini/isup

2


Objectives of the book

• Not another GIS book !!

• Survey of novel computer tools in city planning

• Emphasis on – hypermedia

– collaboration between actors

– use of communications

– real time dimension (environment monitoring)

3


Contents

1 - Systems Analysis of the Urban Planning Processes

2 - Design Methodologies for Information Systems

3 - Data Acquisition in Urban Environment

4 - Quality Control and Multisource Updating of Urban Databases

5 - Hypermaps and Web Sites for Urban Planning

6 - From Urban Knowledge to Spatial Metainformation

4


Contents

7 - Visualisation for Displaying and Accessing Urban Information

8 - Groupware in Urban Planning

9 - Computer Systems for Public Participation

10 - Computer Architectures for Urban Planning

11 - Real Time Information Systems for Urban Environment and Risks Monitoring

5


Objectives of the WebSite

• Continuous updating of all URL’s

• Organizing a forum

• Links to other experiences / product

• A sort of Information System for ISUP’s

http://lisi.insa-lyon.fr/~laurini/isup

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Chapter 1

Systems Analysis of the Urban Planning Processes

7


City as a General System

Decision makingand planning

Informationsystem for city-widemanagement and planning

Informationalsubsystem

Steeringsubsystem

Controlledsubsystem

Externalinfluences

Input

Output

8


Main sources

Information

for decision

making

and planning

Strategic information

coming from the

steering subsystem

Information coming

from measures on the

controlled subsystem

Urban

information

system

9


Decision support systems

Based onOperations Research

Based onDocument Navigation

- data analysis- system modelling- search strategies- optimization- multi-criteria

- content analysis- documentation archiving- search strategies- browsing

- relevant information- controllability

Decision-SupportSystems

10


Urban planning / monitoring

CityPast and present

Urban planningsystem

Objectivesfor the future

Urban monitoringsystem

Indicatorsof plan

achievement

Planfor thefuture

Planfor thefuture

(a)

(b)City

Daily base

11


Actorsand theirMental Models

ActionsProblems

Group of urban plannerssupported by an information system

Real World=

City

CMM

Urbaninformation

system

CMM CMM

CMM

12


Architecture of an ISUP

Alternativesetting

CSCWmanagement

Publicparticipation

Planningofficers

Planningstaff

Citizens andother actors

What-ifmodels

Evaluationtechniques

Data Management

Dataacquisition

and updating

Planformatting

andvisualisation

Action plans

Maps

Written regulations

Database forUrban Planning

13


Chapter 2

Design Methodologies for Information Systems

14


Externalmodel 1

Logicalmodel

Internalmodel

REAL WORLD

Conceptualmodel

Externalmodel 2

Externalmodel n

Three modelling

levels

15


Multiple representations

REAL WORLD:

a street

Traffic Management

Direct graph

Cadaster

Two lines

PavementRevetment

2D object

Engineering networks

3D object

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- Country-ID- Country name

Simplepictogram

Complexpictogram

Parking lot

- etc...

Water Supply Network

Tap

Working Site

- etc...

Any occurrence of the entity "Parking Lot" is represented by an area

Any occurrence of the entity "Water Supply Network" is represented both at the minimum by a line and at the minimum by a point

Alternativepictogram

Any occurrence of the entity "Working Site" is represented the more often by an areaand otherwise by a point

(c)

Point Line Area Volume

Country

(a)

(b)

Pipe

Spatialpictograms

from Caron et al. 1993

17


OMEGA formalism

House

(Ag)

Contains

Composed of

Borders

Town

PlotRoad

OwnerA

Technical Class DiagramDecomposition of town into plots.

NamePopulation

NameAddress

NameTypeDirection

Owner IDNameAge

AddressFloorspaceTotal area

By clicking here the spatial aggregation detaildiagram of the «House» Class can be viewed

Is in possession

of house

1-n

1-1

2-n 3-n

1-n

0-1

1-n1-n 1-n

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AIGLE CASE Tool

• Computer Aided Software Engineering

• Developed in our lab

• Marketed by the CIRIL company

http://www.ciril.net

• Totally visual

• Drivers in MapInfo, MapObjects, JAVA

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Chapter 3

Data Acquisition in Urban Environment

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Cyclomediahttp://www.cyclomedia.nl/cm_2/UK/cyclomedia.htm

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Air-borne Laser Acquisitionhttp://www.optech.on.ca/imagegall.htm;http://www.eaglescan.com/products.html

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GPShttp://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/gps/gif/orbits.gif

http://www.nvlt.com/pioneer.htm

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Acquisition with vehicle

(a) (b)

GPSsatellite

Links to acontrol center

UrbanMeasuring

Unit

24


Voice Technologyhttp://www.datria.com/

• Provided by Datria / Stantec

• GPS-positioned messages are stored into computers

• Interesting for example to describe certain situations

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Chapter 4

Quality Control and MultisourceUpdating of Urban Databases

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Updating

GeographicDatabase

ExistingDatabase

Zone or objectmodification

Globalrefinement

Globalcorrections

Multi-layerintegration

Coverageextension

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Various kinds of updating

P1

P3

P2

P4

P5

P1

P3

P2

P4

P5

P6

P1

P3

P2

P4

P5P62

P61

P62

P61

(a) (b) (c)

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Regular updating by meansof aerial photos

Global Updating Global Updating

Urbandatabase

t

Urbandatabase

t+1

Urbandatabase

t+2

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From photos to vectors

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

30


Topological control

Parcel #45

Parcel #46

Parcel #47

Parcel #48

Parcel #52

Parcel #51

31


Chapter 5

Hypermaps and Web Sites for Urban Planning

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Hypermaps

Coordinate-accessed

documents

(a)

Document describingthe history of the historical precinct

(b)

Document describingthe flooding of the riverin the XVIIth century

(c)

Document describingthe history and evolution of themanufacturesin the XIXth century

(d)

Document describingthe planning of Central Business District and the induced trafficcongestion

(e)

Document describingthe history ofthe churchesin the city (f)

Document describingsocial problemsin this zone due toimmigration

(g)

Document describingthe Master Planimposed by the regionaladministrative level (h)

Document describingwith signal, auditoryor noise informationthroughout the city

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URL anchored on buildinghttp://www.cvl.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~murao/

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Turin Land Use Planhttp://sit.comune.torino.it/html/PRG/info/consulta.html

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On-line Permitting

City of City of City of City of ElastyElastyElastyElasty----CityCityCityCity

Online building permittingOnline building permittingOnline building permittingOnline building permitting

- Online submission

- Online comments

- Permit Status

- Get information

- Quit

36


Chapter 6

From Urban Knowledge to Spatial Metainformation

37


FGDCMetadatahttp://www.fgdc.gov

Dataquality

Accuracy

Logicalconsistency

Complete-ness

Source /Lineage

Spatial datareference

Mapprojection

Coordinatesystem

Datum

Identificationinformation

Geographiccoverage

Custodian

Name

Description

Keywords

Status

Softwareenvironment


Geographiccoverage

Custodian

Name

Description

Keywords

Status

Softwareenvironment


Geographiccoverage

Description

Status

Softwareenvironment

Entity/attributeinformation

Typeand formats

Description

Domains

Measurementunits

Distributioninformation

Distributor

Accessprocedure

Format

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Argumaps

• Argumaps = Argumentation maps

• Created by Claus Rinner

• Electronic discussion and GIS

• Linked WWW and Collaborative DM

• Storing arguments– planning arguments

– pro-opinion

– contra-opinion

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Argumaps with pins

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Argumapswith flags

41


Argumapswith

smileys

42


Chapter 7

Visualisation for Displaying and Accessing Urban Information

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Project visualisation(CommunityWorks)http://www.simcenter.org/index.html

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Visualizing building possibilities

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Virtual Reality in Cities

http://www.cica.indiana.edu/

http://www.ireality.com/ http://viswiz.gmd.de/IMF/rw.html

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Façade databasehttp://www.snv.fr

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Visual Accessing to Information

• Ben Shneidermann’s approach

• STARFIELD approach for accessing to a collection of objects

• SPACE FILLING TREEMAPS for accessing various collections

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Starfield Access to a Building Permit Database

1925 1950 1975

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0

Floor space

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1900 1925 1950 1975

Sea

mp 50

mp 40

mp 30

mp 20

mp10

mp 0

AuditoryDocuments

Photos

Reports

Starfield visualisationof flood documents

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Accessing a Real City througha Virtual City Portal

http://www.nettuno.it/bologna/MappaWelcome.html

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Chapter 8

Groupware in Urban Planning

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Cooperative Information Systems

CooperativeInformation

System

ParticipatoryDesign

Task andmessage

Management

53


Alternative plans

A B C

A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 C1 C2 C3

Startingsituation

B1 C1A1 A1 B2 C2 A3 B2C3

Legend

Selectedversion

Refusedversion

54


Chapter 9

Computer Systems for Public Participation

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Public Participation

• Issues– participatory design

– urban plan visualization

– opinion collection and synthesis

– communication between residents and city council

– facilities organization

• Existence of NIMBY’s (Not In My Back Yard)

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Public Participation in Final Decision

PP in Assessing Consequencesand Recommending Solutions

Public Right to Object

Informing the Public

Public Right to Know

PP in Defining Interests,Actors and Determining Agenda

Low levelParticipation

Top levelParticipation

Public Participation Ladder

57


Computer Systems

• Techniques– virtual reality

– discussion forum

– argumaps

• Technical barriers, administrative barriers, technocratic barriers

• To few experiences

• ==> cyber-citizens

58


Chapter 10

Computer Architectures for Urban Planning

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Architecture of a Cooperative Systems for Urban Planning

Urban Planner

Architect

Utilities planner Environmental planner

Socio-economicplanner

Network

Legislativeadviser

Co-operativeInformation

System

ParticipatoryDesign

Task andMessage

Management

Finance planner

DB

DB

DB

DB

DB

DB

DB

GlobalDatabase

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Data fragmentation

LAYER FRAGMENTATION

ZONAL FRAGMENTATION

GasDatabase

BuildingDatabase

CadastreDatabase

(a)

(b)

Zone ADatabase

Zone BDatabase

Zone CDatabase

61


Federation of Spatial Databases

RN 75

RN 75

RD 34

RD 41

RiverC

Tributaryto the

River C

Zone A

Zone B

Building artificiallycut into

two parts

Roads

Missinglink

Site A

Site B

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Interoperabilitybased on

ontologies

Mappinginformation

Mappinginformation

Cadastre

GISWater supply

GIS

Electricitycompany GIS

Gas company

GIS

Sharedurban

ontology

Mappinginformation

Mappinginformation

63


Chapter 11

Real Time Information Systems for Urban Environment and Risks Monitoring

64


Applications of TeleGeoMonitoring

• Monitoring of air pollution

• Monitoring of pollution along rivers

• Monitoring of major risks

• Fleet management

• Turnpike traffic management

• Hazmat transportation

• Disaster management

• etc.

65


Real time information system for air pollution

Real time DatabaseManagement system

Real timemapping device

Environmentalurban

real timedatabase

Front-end computer for signal reception and management

Air PollutionControl Center

66


Turnpike Traffic Management

G.P.S

INMARSAT

Ground Station

Telephone network

GIS

Control Center

67


TGM forthe control

of the pollutionof the

Venice Lagoonhttp://www.port.venice.it/amav/

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Home page of an extranet for urban risks

City of City of City of City of ElastyElastyElastyElasty----CityCityCityCity

Urban Areas' Risk Management and ControlUrban Areas' Risk Management and ControlUrban Areas' Risk Management and ControlUrban Areas' Risk Management and Control

- Risk knowledge and diagnosis

- Emergency prevention and control

- Risk assessment

- Get new information

- Quit

69


Example of a RiskMap

http://cenas.dmsa.unipd.it/results/littoral/fig30.html

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Website

71


http://lisi.insa-lyon/~laurini

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73


Final Remarks

74


Conclusions

• Modern telecommunications and information technology can change the nature of urban planning and public participation

• GIS is a piece of a global information infrastructure within a city

• Synergy between book and website

75


Thanks for your attention !!

“Information Systems for Urban Planning; A Hypermedia Co-operative Approach”

http://lisi.insa-lyon.fr/~laurini

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