Information Systems Framework

8/9/2019 Information Systems Framework

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Information Systems

Framework


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Information Systems

Concepts (Continued) Foundation Concepts

Fundamental concepts about the

components and roles of information

systems.

Information Technologies

Major concepts, developments, and

management issues in informationtechnology.


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What IS a system?

A group of interrelated or interacting

elements forming a unified whole, OR

A group of interrelated components

working together toward a common goal byaccepting inputs and producing outputs in

an organized transformation process

(dynamic system). Three basic interacting components:

Input

Processing (transformation process)

Output


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What IS a system?

A group of interrelated or interacting

elements forming a unified whole, OR

A group of interrelated components

working together toward a common goal byaccepting inputs and producing outputs in

an organized transformation process

(dynamic system). Three basic interacting components:

Input

Processing (transformation process)

Output


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Other System Characteristics

A system exists and functions in an

environment containing other systems.

Subsystem a component of a largersystem.

Systems that share the same

environment may be connected to one

another through a shared boundary, or

interface.

Open versus closed system.

Ada tive s stem


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MIS


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Major Roles of IS

SupportCompetitive

Advantage

SupportBusiness

Decision Making

Support ofBusiness Processes and Operations


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CLASSIFICATION OF INFORMATION SYSTEMSCLASSIFICATION OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS

DATAWORKERSDATAWORKERS

KIND OF SYSTEM GROUPS SERVEDKIND OF SYSTEM GROUPS SERVED

STRATEGIC LEVEL SENIORSTRATEGIC LEVEL SENIOR

MANAGERSMANAGERS

MANAGEMENT LEVEL MIDDLEMANAGEMENT LEVEL MIDDLEMANAGERSMANAGERS

OPERATIONALOPERATIONAL OPERATIONALOPERATIONAL

LEVEL MANAGERSLEVEL MANAGERS

KNOWLEDGE LEVEL KNOWLEDGE &KNOWLEDGE LEVEL KNOWLEDGE &

SALES & MANUFACTURING FINANCE ACCOUNTING HUMANSALES & MANUFACTURING FINANCE ACCOUNTING HUMAN

RESOURCESRESOURCESMARKETINGMARKETING


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Types of Information Systems


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Operations Support Systems

Transaction processing systems

Batch transaction data accumulate over time,

processed periodically.

Real-time data processed immediately after a

transaction occurs.

Process Control Systems monitor &

control physical processes.

Enterprise Collaboration Systems


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Operations Support Systems

Transaction processing systems

Batch transaction data accumulate over time,

processed periodically.

Real-time data processed immediately after a

transaction occurs.

Process Control Systems monitor &

control physical processes.

Enterprise Collaboration Systems


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An organization can be classified as a threelayered:

Layer 3 or top level or non programmed(unstructured) decision making processes arefound here that are required to design andredesign the entire system, to provide it with itsbasic goals and objectives and to monitor its

performance. Layer 2 or middle level have the programmed

(structured) decision making processes, theprocesses that govern the day to day operationsof the manufacturing and distribution system.

Layer 1 or Bottom level processes procure rowmaterials, manufacture the physical product,store them in warehouse and ship it.


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Characteristics ofMIS

There are several characteristics ofMIS as:

MIS is management oriented.

Management directed.

Integrated system Avoids redundancy in data storage.

Common data flow

Heavy planning elements.

Subsystem concept

Common database

Flexibility and case of use

Computerization


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(continued) Other Classifications

Expert systems expert advice

Knowledge management systems supportthe creation, organization, & dissemination

of business knowledge

Functional business systems support the

basic business functionsStrategic information systems strategic

advantage


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Managerial challenges of

information technology Information systems can be mismanaged

and misapplied so that they create both

technological and business failure.Top Five Reasons for Success Top Five Reasons for Failure

User involvement Lack of user input

Executive management support Incomplete requirements and

specificationsClear statement of requirements Changing requirements and

specifications

Proper planning

Lack of executive support

Realistic expectations Technological incompetence


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Role ofMIS

The MIS is to produce information so that people within the firm canuse it in their decision making. An MIS must manipulate greatquantities of data in various ways, often with the aid of computers.

Many kinds of manipulation and transfers of information support

daily operations and decision making in a manufacturing companydone by MIS.

Gathering information, analyzing it and reporting it are the main jobsof an MIS. To do so, MIS collects row data facts, statistics, opinionand predictions from both inside and the outside the company and

then organize them so that they can be stored. Not all of these areuseful to each manager, a lot may be too detailed or perhapsirrelevant. So the MIS must pull out from the flood of data that poursin each day, only the selected piece of data that a particularmanager needs.


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Developing IS Solutions to Busines

Challenges


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Competitive Strategies & the Role

ofIT

Cost Leadership (low cost producer)

Reduce inventory (JIT)

Reduce manpower costs per sale (see

RealWorld Case 1)

Help suppliers or customers reduce costs

Increase costs of competitors

Reduce manufacturing costs (process control)


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Intelligent

Decision Support Systems

IE 8541 / HUMF 8001


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Decision Support Systems

Computer tool that helps people make

betterdecisions, faster

Leaves the human in control of decisionmaking.


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Examples ofSituations in which

DSSs may be used

Help medical personnel in a hospital

setting to consider various diagnoses and

treatment plans,

Help engineers to analyze, develop and

compare solution options,

Help military planners to generate

alternative plans of military maneuvers,

Help search and rescue workers to

prioritize which of many critical activities

to attend next.


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The need forDSSs in the 21rst

Century

The move towards global comepetion in a

global market place has increased the

market formore complexsystems and

products,

At the same time companies and

organizations must produce these systems

and products faster, and with lesspersonnel,

DSSs provide a way to help manage this

complexity,


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Example ofHow a DSS can

multiply human capabilities

NASA Mars Rover program demonstrated

that a DSSs can enable people to

effectivelymanage more complex systems

than would be possible with out DSS

assistance.

Operations staff at JPL could produce

40% more activities with the rovers whenusing a DSS, than not.


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A Continuum of Human Control

and Automation

Computer in ControlHuman in Control

*Adapted from Fischer et al. Critics, and Emerging Approach to knowledge-based ,

International Journal ofMan-Machine Studies, 35 (5) 695-721, 1991.


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IntelligentDecision Support

Systems

IntelligentDSSs perform some part of theproblem solving for the user.

Non-intelligent DSSs my simply structure orpresent knowledge in a way that facilitatesproblem solving or decision making.

This course will emphasize intelligent DSSswhich assist in complexproblem solvingsituations, usually requiring expertise


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Challenges

DSSs are hard to characterize as points on this

scale:

They may be highly automated in some portions, and

human driven in others. A single system may incorporate multiple styles of

interaction.

Need additional ways in which to characterizeDSSs design space, map out specific planning

functions.

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Information Systems Framework

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