Information Technology INT1001 Lecture 12 Privacy, Crime & Security 1.

Information Technology INT1001

Lecture 12Privacy, Crime &

Security1

Computers Are Your Future

Tenth Edition

Chapter 9: Privacy, Crime, & Security

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 2

Privacy, Crime, & Security


Privacy in Cyberspace

Privacy is the ability of a person or entity to control and prevent others from collecting, using, and selling personal, confidential information.

With the use of computers and the Internet, having anonymity, the means to communicate without disclosing your identity, has become more difficult to achieve.Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice

Hall 4


Technologies that jeopardize online anonymity include: Cookies Global unique

identifiers Ubiquitous

computing Radio frequency

identificationCopyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 5


After a user visits a Web site, a small text file known as a cookie may be written to the user’s hard disk by the Web site. Although some cookies are used for

justifiable reasons, this is not always the case.

Some cookies are used to gather personal information without the user’s consent.



Anonymous use of the Internet is made more difficult through the use of global unique identifiers (GUIDs), an identification number produced by software or a piece of hardware.

Companies that have GUIDs integrated into their products usually do not inform the public.



The tendency to interact with more than one computer at a time is called ubiquitous computing.

Given that smaller devices such as smartphones can receive and transmit personal user information, if they are lost, the privacy of the user could be compromised.



Radio frequency identification (RFID) uses radio waves to track a chip or tag. Often used for inventory control in

stores Example of a concern about RFID

technology: It could compromise a person’s anonymity

and privacy if information stored on RFID tags attached to U.S. passports is misused



To protect society, governments should provide privacy rights including but not limited to: Informing users of the collection of

information and its intended use. Allowing users to give or deny their

consent to have their information collected.



Privacy online: Use protective software or devices

such as Anonymous Surfing or IronKey Secure USB flash drives when using the Internet.

Create e-mail addresses from free Web-based services whenever you use your e-mail address for such things as chat rooms and mailing lists.



Privacy online (continued): Teach children the importance of getting

permission prior to giving out personal information over the Internet.

Before you fill out any online registration forms, make sure the privacy policy statement of a Web site states that the information provided will not be sold.



Privacy at home: GPS capabilities are embedded in

newer cell phones so they can be located.

Services such as Wherify and uLocate can determine the precise location of a cell phone.

Software is available to determine and provide notification when a cell phone leaves a specific geographic area.



Privacy at work: Refrain from making personal calls

on a work phone. Avoid using a company e-mail

account for personal purposes. Assume that your actions at work

are being monitored.




Computer Crime & Cybercrime

Actions that violate the law are known as computer crimes.

Crimes perpetrated through the use of the Internet are cybercrimes.

The area of law dedicated to computer crime is called cyberlaw.

Many Web sites educate users about cybercrime and cybercriminals.





Types of computer crime Identify theft: A criminal gains

access to personal information in order to impersonate another

Phishing: Legitimate-looking e-mails or Web sites are created in an attempt to obtain confidential data about a person for illegal purposes.



Types of computer crime (continued) Malware (short for malicious

software): programs developed to intentionally harm or gain access to a computer system without permission.

Includes spyware, viruses, worms, zombies, and Trojan horses



Types of computer crime (continued) Spyware: software that gathers private

information and tracks Web use, and provides that information to third parties

Adware: a form of spyware that generates annoying pop-up and banner ads

Keyloggers: keep track of keystrokes to provide cybercriminals with confidential data



Types of computer crime (continued) Computer virus: code that is concealed

inside a program and intended to harm or destroy files

File infectors attach themselves to files. Boot sector viruses attach to the first

tracks on a hard drive and execute each time you start the computer.

Macro viruses attach to data files and take advantage of application macros.





Rogue forms of malware include: Time bomb: A virus program that

remains dormant on a computer system until it is activated by a specific event

Worm: Similar to a virus but does not need the action of a user to execute the code and cause damage



Denial of service (DoS) attack Assaults an Internet server with so

many requests that it cannot function Accomplished through zombies,

individual computers in a botnet—a group of “hijacked” computers.



Trojan horse Normal-looking program that includes

concealed instructions Created to cause harm



As the stealing of private and confidential information increases, the possibility of fraud also increases.

The physical stealing of computer equipment is also growing, especially computer components such as microprocessors and chips.



Types of fraud and theft Memory shaving: only a portion of

RAM is stolen to make the theft less evident

Password stealing: unauthorized gathering of passwords


Computer Crime & Cybercrime Techniques to obtain passwords



Types of fraud and theft (continued) Salami shaving: an embezzlement

tool in which a program takes a little money from numerous accounts

Data diddling: individuals change data so that it is hard to determine that the resulting theft has occurred



Types of fraud and theft (continued) Forgery: information is transmitted

over the Internet as if from a user by an illegal source that appears to be legitimate.

A high percentage of cybercrimes go unreported because of blackmail.



Crackers Cybergangs Virus authors Swindlers

Shills Cyberstalkers Sexual

predators Cyberbullies


Types of computer criminals



Examples of Internet Scams


Cyberstalkers use the Internet, social networking sites, and e-mail to harass or threaten an individual. Most perpetrators are men. Most victims are college-age women.

Cyberbullies send threatening messages via e-mail or text messages. Cyberbullying involves minors. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 33

Security

Computer security risk is: Any intentional or unintentional action

that results in damaging a computer system and/or its data

Increased by wireless LANs because transmissions occur over shared airwaves instead of dedicated lines.


Security

Security options available for wireless networks include: WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) WPA2


Security

Threats to the security of computer systems include: Corporate espionage Information warfare Security loophole detection programs Attacks on safety-critical systems Terrorism


Security

To reduce security risks: Use an uninterruptible power supply

(UPS), which supplies additional power during power outages or electrical current fluctuations to prevent damage or loss to computer components and/or data.

Control access to computer systems though appropriate password selection and know-and-have authentication.


Security

To reduce security risks (continued): Use biometric authentication—the

use of voice recognition, retinal scans, and fingerprint scans for authentication purposes.

Incorporate firewalls, which can be hardware or software, to prevent unauthorized access.


Security

Avoiding scams on the Internet and preventing cyberstalking Use common sense. Don’t give out personal information. Be cynical of information provided in

chat rooms. Read documents carefully. Remain cautious when using the

Internet.Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 39

What You’ve Learned

The lack of complete federal regulations to protect the right to privacy for individuals has resulted in numerous Web sites collecting and accumulating personal information.

Computer crime and cybercrime are on the rise, including such crimes as identity theft, malware, fraud, and theft.



Computer criminals, such as crackers, cybergang members, and virus authors, are often the cause of the increase in computer security risks.

Security risks are events, actions, and situations that could lead to losses.



Although no computer system can be totally safe, you can take simple steps to protect your computer and data.

Encryption can be used to guard privacy online through public key encryption.

The government must keep trying to find a balance between its need to know and the privacy rights of individuals.


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Information Technology INT1001 Lecture 12 Privacy, Crime & Security 1.

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