INFORMATION WANTS SOMEONE ELSE TO PAY FOR IT : AS SCIENCE AND SCHOLARSHIP EVOLVE, WHO CONSUMES AND...

Prepared for

57th Annual Meeting of National Federation of Advanced Information Services (NFAIS)

Washington, D.C.

February 2015

“Information wants someone else to pay for it : as science and scholarship evolve,

who consumes and who pays?”Dr. Micah Altman

<[email protected]>

Director of Research, MIT Libraries

DISCLAIMERThese opinions are my own, they are not the opinions of MIT, Brookings, any of the project funders, nor (with the exception of co-authored previously published work) my collaborators

Secondary disclaimer:

“It’s tough to make predictions, especially about the future!”

-- Attributed to Woody Allen, Yogi Berra, Niels Bohr, Vint Cerf, Winston Churchill, Confucius, Disreali [sic], Freeman Dyson, Cecil B. Demille, Albert Einstein, Enrico

Fermi, Edgar R. Fiedler, Bob Fourer, Sam Goldwyn, Allan Lamport, Groucho Marx, Dan Quayle, George Bernard Shaw, Casey Stengel, Will Rogers, M. Taub, Mark Twain, Kerr

L. White, etc.

Information wants someone else to pay for it

Collaborators & Co-Conspirators

• Margy Avery, Program on Information Science• Project CREDIT Working Group• OCLC Task Group on Researcher Identifiers• NDSA Coordination Committee

Research Support Thanks to the Digital Science, Sloan

Foundation


Related Work• Liz Allen, Jo Scott, Amy Brand, Marjorie M.K. Hlava, Micah Altman (2014),

Beyond authorship: recognising the contributions to research; Nature. • Altman M, Crosas M., 2014.The Evolution of Data Citation: From Principles to

Implementation. IASSIST Quarterly.• Smith-Yoshimura, Karen; Micah Altman; Michael Conlon; Ana Lupe Cristán;

Laura Dawson; Joanne Dunham; Thom Hickey; Daniel Hook; Wolfram Horstmann; Andrew MacEwan; Philip Schreur; Laura Smart; Melanie Wacker; and Saskia Woutersen. 2014. Registering Researchers in Authority Files. Dublin, Ohio: OCLC Research.

• Amy Brand, Liz Allen, Micah Altman, Marjorike Hlava, Jo Scott, (2015) “Beyond authorship: attribution, contribution, collaboration, and credit”, Learned Publishing. Forthcoming.

• Altman M, Bailey J, Cariani K, Corridan J, Crabtree J, Gallinger M, Goethals A, Grotke A, Hartman C, Lazorshak B, et al. 2015 National Agenda for Digital Stewardship. National Digital Stewardship Alliance (NDSA); 2014.

Reprints available from:informatics.mit.edu


http://informatics.mit.edu

Roadmap for this Talk

* Some Trends in Information Creation and Use in Scholarship and Science *

* Why the market alone cannot sort it out--Information is not a Pure Public Good *

* Implications for Change Among Consumers, Producers, Publishers, and Funders *



Some Trends in

Authorship

Then


Clarke, Beverly L. "Multiple authorship trends in scientific papers." Science 143.3608 (1964): 822-824.

Later

• By 1980, average number of authors in high-ranked medical journals was 4.5

• By 2000, average number of authors was 6.9

[Weeks et al. 2004]


Now


Now is More



Some Trends

More…… Forms of Evidence

… Collaborators

… Data

… Publishing, and Filtering

… Learners

… Access

… Evaluation


Increasingly Complex Information Flow


idea

People

Team

Collaborations

Trainees

Affiliations

Employer

Professional Associations

Education

Funding

Grants

Contracts

Seed Funding

Coop Agreements

Publications

Journal Articles

Books

Patents

Legal Briefs

Algorithms

Software Code

Datasets

Physical Objects

Electronic Files

Protein Structures

Genetic

Sequences

Impacts

Policy

Legal

Health

Environment

Education

Product Development

Spin Off

Workforce

Service Activities

Peer Review

Working Groups

Leadership Positions

Training and Mentoring

More Contribution Types


More more…

•Rapid Fabrication•Social Media•Mobile Devices •Learning Analytics

•Discovery•Models of education

•Inter-institutional collaboration

•Adaptive learning•Linked data•Identifiers•Sensors•Multidisciplinary work

•Data Science



Why the Market

Alone Can’t Sort

it Out

Practical Economics Principle #1:Keynesian Long-Run Equilibrium Theory


“But this long run is a misleading

guide to current affairs.

In the long run we are all dead”

- Keynes, 1923, A Tract on Monetary Reform

Practical Economics Principle #2:Bator’s Theory of Market Failure


Many things in the real world violate

[market assumptions] –

Bator, 1958, The Anatomy of Market Failure

Some Conditions for Market Function


• Condition on Markets

–No political/legal distortions

Common knowledge

–No barriers to entry

• Conditions on agents

–Perfect rationality

–Self-interested

–Infinitely many agents

–Stable preferences

• Conditions on goods

–Consumptive goods

–Excludable goods

–Decreasing returns to scale

–Transferability

–No externalities

• Conditions on exchange

–No transaction costs

–No information asymmetries

• Conditions on equilibrium

valuation

–Pareto optimality vs. economic

surplus

–Ignorability of distributional

concern

Practical Economics Principle #3:Kranzberg’s Theory of Technological

Change


Technology is neither good nor bad;

nor is it neutral.

Kranzberg, (1986) Technology and History:

"Kranzberg's Laws", Technology and Culture

Practical Economics Principle #4:Ostrom’s Principle of Commons Goods

Ideal market goods are

excludable and consumable --

otherwise, watch out.

[Not a quote!]


Managing a Commons is Different from Managing

a Market

• Clearly defined boundaries should be in place.

• Rules in use are well matched to local needs and conditions.

• Individuals affected by these rules can usually participate in

modifying the rules.

• The right of community members to devise their own rules is

respected by external authorities.

• A system for self-monitoring members’ behavior has been

established.

• A graduated system of sanctions is available.

• Community members have access to low-cost conflict-resolution

mechanisms.


Ostrom & Hess 2007

Softwar

e

Best

Practice

Preserve

d Digital

Content

Storage

Provisionin

g


Excludable

Rivalrous

Willing

Researc

h

Subject

s

Public, Private, Toll, and Commons Goods

McCleod’s Corollary of Information Purchasing


Source: © Hugh Macleod,

Gapingvoid Art

gapingvoid.com

http://gapingvoid.com


Changing

Information,

Changing

Relationships

Scholarly Publication Unpacked?

• Digital information Allows us to “Unpack”

• Traditional Scholarly Publication Bundles

–durability & fixity

–identification

–discovery

–content indexing and previewing, interaction

–business broker

–selection

–production workflow

–distribution channels

–market - consumers & Channels

–market -producers

–Content - format, organization and boundaries

• As we unpack, and rebundle – how do we manage stakeholders &

frameworks Information wants someone else to pay for it

Creation/Collection

Storage/Ingest

Processing

Internal Sharing

Analysis

External dissemination/publica

tion

Re-use

• Scientific

• Educational

• Scientometric

• Institutional

Long-term access

Information Lifecycle


Creation/Collection

Storage/Ingest

Processing

Internal Sharing

Analysis

External dissemination/

publication

Re-use

Long-term

access

Many Stakeholders

Scholarly

Publishers

Researche

rs

Data

Archives

/Publish

er

Researc

h

Sponsor

s

Data

Sources/S

ubjects

Consumers

Service/Infra

structure

Providers

Research

Organization

s

Information wants someone else

to pay for it

Digital Stuff is Different

•Accessible

•Replicable

•Computable

•Changeable

•…


Some Questions Raised by Changes in Information Flow

•How to design systems to carry provenance?•How to communicate “trustworthiness” of the information displayed, especially when you have similar information from multiple sources?

•How to enable corrections and annotations from information consumers?

•Are all entities identified?•How does all information integrate into lifecycle workflows?


Questions Raised for AnalyticsHow to…

• Reduce error in standard analytics-- impact factors, citation indices

• Which new measures become feasible-- collaboration analysis

• Include new research objects-- grants, datasets, software

• Include new populations-- graduate students, postdocs, citizen scientists

• Include new connections-- new maps of science, revealing “dark matter”

• Improve predictive and causal validity


Some Questions Raised from Changes in Production

Trend Potential Authorship Issues Questions

Increase in number of coauthors

- ‘honorary’ authorship- ‘ghost’ authorship- disputes

- How to disambiguate author names?

- How to communicate attribution in citation?

- How to describe contributions to work?

- How to evaluate and predict impact?

- Who is responsible?

Shift from academic publishing in books to journals

- loss of sole-author-book as a evaluation measure

- How to integrate name authority and researcher identifier systems?

Decreasing granularity of publications

- persistence of “nano” publication vs. authorship

- How to document authorship over substructure of work?

Dynamic documents - version misattribution - How to document authorship over time?

Increasing diversity in citable scholarly outputs

- citation cannibalization, overrcounting

- How to cite data, software, protocols …. presentations, blogs, tweets


No Single Organization can Preserve all the

Information upon which it Relies

• More production of digital content

• More publishing, filtering and access

• More learners and collaborators

• More attention to public information

• More embedding of information you

want, in a larger context required to

understand it

Single Institutions Cannot Counter all Risks

– Digital Offers Opportunity to Diversify

•Distribute to mitigate external risks–Third party attacks

–Institutional funding

–Change in legal regimes

•Distribute to mitigate internal risks(“Quis custodiet ipsos custodes?)

–Unintentional curatorial modification

–Loss of institutional knowledge & skills

–Intentional curatorial de-accessioning

–Change in institutional mission

• Distribute Management of Information


References• Clarke, Beverly L. "Multiple authorship trends in scientific papers." Science 143.3608 (1964): 822-824.

• Weeks, William B., Amy E. Wallace, and B. C. Kimberly. "Changes in authorship patterns in prestigious US medical journals." Social science & medicine 59.9 (2004): 1949-1954.

• Liz Allen, Jo Scott, Amy Brand, Marjorie M.K. Hlava, Micah Altman (2014), Beyond authorship: recognising the contributions to research; Nature.

• Altman M, Crosas M., 2014.The Evolution of Data Citation: From Principles to Implementation. IASSIST Quarterly.

• Smith-Yoshimura, Karen; Micah Altman; Michael Conlon; Ana Lupe Cristán; Laura Dawson; Joanne Dunham; Thom Hickey; Daniel Hook; Wolfram Horstmann; Andrew MacEwan; Philip Schreur; Laura Smart; Melanie Wacker; and Saskia Woutersen. 2014. Registering Researchers in Authority Files. Dublin, Ohio: OCLC Research.

• Amy Brand, Liz Allen, Micah Altman, Marjorike Hlava, Jo Scott, (2015) “Beyond authorship: attribution, contribution, collaboration, and credit”, Learned Publishing. Forthcoming.

• Altman M, Bailey J, Cariani K, Corridan J, Crabtree J, Gallinger M, Goethals A, Grotke A, Hartman C, Lazorshak B, et al. 2015 National Agenda for Digital Stewardship. National Digital Stewardship Alliance (NDSA); 2014.

• Bator, Francis M. "The anatomy of market failure." The Quarterly Journal of Economics (1958): 351-379.

• Keynes, John Maynard. A tract on monetary reform. Ed. Elizabeth Johnson. Vol. 4. London: Macmillan, 1923.

• Hess, Charlotte. "Elinor Ostrom, eds. 2007." Understanding Knowledge as a Commons: From Theory to Practice.


Questions?

E-mail: [email protected]: informatics.mit.edu


mailto:[email protected]

http://informatics.mit.edu

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