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Oruj`s @urnp`cf @infnhmi _`s`crie Qcp`rs

ettp7//www.ind`urnp`.`u/t`hpdct`.csp>pcj`fch`8O@@_

Mfbnrhctmnfcd Ocrrm`rs tn @f`rjy @bbmim`fiy [e`nry cfk @urnp`cf Qndmim`s*

Dcrs-Hnrt`f Cfk`rs`f3cfk _cmhufk Od`msiewmtz

?

Indd`j` nb @urnp`, Oruj`s, O`djmuh

O@@_ pcp`r fn. 30

K`i`ho`r ?11=

* [ems O@@_ pcp`r ms c r`vms`k v`rsmnf nb te` inrr`spnfkmfj cutenrs hcst`rs te`smsk`dmv`r`k ct te` Indd`j` nb @urnp` mf ?11=. [e` te`sms wcs cwcrk`k te` Cdinc Qrmz` bnr

te` o`st te`sms r`dct`k tn sustcmfcod` k`v`dnph`ft wrmtt`f ct te` Indd`j` nb @urnp` mf

?11=. [e` cutenrs tecfl Fmind` [uh`d bnr us`bud kmsiussmnfs kurmfj te` bnrhudctmnf nb

te` hnk`d, Zndbjcfj Mrr`l bnr mfsmjets nf @P prng`its mf te` cr`c cfk Gciqu`s Q`dlhcfs

bnr `finurcjmfj inhh`fts. Cdd r`hcmfmfj nhmssmnfs cfk hmstcl`s cr` snd`dy te` cutenrs

cfk npmfmnfs `xpr`ss`k mf tems O@@_ kn fnt f`i`sscrmdy r`bd`it te` vm`w nb te` mfstmtutmnfs

te` cutenrs cr` cbbmdmct`k wmte.

3 Dcrs-Hnrt`f Cfk`rs`f - inrr`spnfkmfj cutenr (dcrs-hnrt`f.cfk`rs`fAind`urnp`.`u) ms jrckuct` stuk`ft ct te`

Pfmv`rsmty nb Inp`fecj`f cfk r`i`ft jrckuct` brnh te` Indd`j` nb @urnp` wmte c Hcst`rs mf @urnp`cf @infnhmi

Ytukm`s, @urnp`cf @infnhmi Mft`jrctmnf cfk Ousmf`ss.?

_cmhufk Od`msiewmtz ms vmsmtmfj prnb`ssnr mf te` `infnhmis k`pcrth`ft nb te` Indd`j` nb @urnp`. E` ms cdsn cbbmdmct`kwmte te` Zupp`rtcd Mfstmtut` cfk te` Pfmv`rsmtm`s nb Zupp`rtcd cfk Lcss`d.

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[ems O@@_ ckkr`ss`s mfbnrhctmnfcd ocrrm`rs tn `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy. Mt ms c wmk`dy cilfnwd`kj`k r`sudt

tect cf `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy jcp `xmsts mhpdymfj tect te` d`v`d nb `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy ms ct cf mf`bbmim`ftdydnw d`v`d. Y`v`rcd ocrrm`rs tn `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy ir`ct` tems jcp cfk te` pr`s`fi` nb csyhh`trmi

mfbnrhctmnf ms dml`dy tn o` nf` suie ocrrm`r. Mf tems crtmid` c te`nr`tmicd brch`wnrl ms pr`s`ft`k

ckkr`ssmfj te` mssu`s nb hnrcd eczcrk cfk ckv`rs` s`d`itmnf r`dct`k tn `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy. Ocs`k nf

te` te`nr`tmicd brch`wnrl, @urnp`cf pndmim`s nf `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy cr` `vcduct`k.

[e` crtmid` ms kmvmk`k mftn twn hcmf pcrts. [e` bmrst pcrt pr`s`fts te` te`nry nf mfbnrhctmnf

csyhh`trm`s cfk mts infs`qu`fi`s nf `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy bniusmfj nf te` prnod`hs nb hnrcd eczcrk

cfk ckv`rs` s`d`itmnf. Ecvmfj `stcodmse`k c te`nr`tmicd brch`wnrl tn ufk`rstcfk te` cj`fiy ocrrm`rs

tn `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy, te` s`infk pcrt `vcduct`s te` pndmim`s nb te` @urnp`cf Pfmnf nf `f`rjy

`bbmim`fiy.

[e` O@@_ bmfks tect prnod`hs nb hnrcd eczcrk cfk ckv`rs` s`d`itmnf mfk``k icf e`dp `xpdcmf te`

s``hmfjdy dnw d`v`ds nb `f`rjy. Mf onte pr`s`ft`k hnk`ds te` inst tn te` prmfimpcd brnh

mhpd`h`ftmfj emje `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy nutinh` ms mfir`cs`k wmte te` mfbnrhctmnfcd csyhh`trm`s. [e`

te`nry r`v`cds twn mhpdmictmnfs tn pndmim`s nf `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy. Bmrst, te` k`v`dnph`ft nb h`csur`s

tn `fcod` inftrcitucd pcrtm`s tn ocs` r`huf`rctmnf nf `f`rjy p`rbnrhcfi` hust o` `fecfi`k, cfk

s`infk, te` mfbnrhctmnf nf t`iefndnjm`s cfk te` `kuictmnf nb infsuh`rs cfk mfstcdd`rs nf `f`rjy

`bbmim`fiy hust o` mfir`cs`k. [ems inudk o` inhpd`h`ft`k wmte i`rtmbmictmnf nb mfstcdd`rs cfk

`f`rjy `bbmim`fiy ckvmsnrs tn `fcod` infsuh`rs tn s`d`it jnnk cj`fts. Bmfcddy, mt ms bnufk tect te`

pr`b`rr`k @P pndmiy mfstruh`ft nf `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy, sn bcr, s``hs tn o` te` us` nb hmfmhuh

r`qumr`h`fts. D`ss us`k mf @P d`jmsdctmnf ms te` us` nb h`csurmfj cfk v`rmbmictmnf cs w`dd cs te` us`

nb i`rtmbmictmnfs. [e`r`bnr`, mt ms infiduk`k tect te` @P senudk infsmk`r cf mfir`cs`k us` nb te`s`mfstruh`fts, cfk mf pcrtmiudcr bnius nf c burte`r k`v`dnph`ft nb stcfkcrks nf h`csurcomdmty cfk

v`rmbmictmnf cs w`dd cs cf mfir`cs`k bnius nf `kuictmnf nb infsuh`rs cs w`dd cs mfstcdd`rs cfk

ckvmsnrs nf f`rjy bbmim`fiy.

L`ywnrks7 @f`rjy `bbmim`fiy, Mfbnrhctmnfcd ocrrm`rs, @urnp`cf pndmim`s

G@D-ink`s7 S;5, K5?, B;?

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Mfbnrhctmnfcd Ocrrm`rs tn @f`rjy @bbmim`fiy

[e`nry cfk @urnp`cf Qndmim`s

Dcrs-Hnrt`f Cfk`rs`f cfk _cmhufk Od`msiewmtz

O@@_ pcp`r fn. 30

[e` Znrdk ms bcimfj inhpd`x `f`rjy iecdd`fj`s. Inuft`rmfj idmhct` iecfj` icus`k oy rmsmfj`hmssmnfs nb icronf kmnxmk`, `fsurmfj cbbnrkcod` cii`ss tn `f`rjy bnr cf mfir`csmfj pnpudctmnf cfk

s`iurmfj te` suppdy nb `f`rjy. [e`s` iecdd`fj`s ecs o`inh` hnr` s`v`r` wmte te` r`i`ft `infnhmi

knwfturf, smfi` cbbnrkcod` `f`rjy pdcys c l`y rnd` mf `infnhmi jrnwte cfk h`csur`s tcl`f tn iuro

te` rmsmfj icronf `hmssmnfs cr` dml`dy tn inh` ct c inst. Ckkmtmnfcddy, j`npndmtmicd `v`fts cfk

mfir`csmfj vndctmdmty nb `f`rjy prmi`s ecv` mfir`cs`k te` mfs`iurmty nb `f`rjy-suppdy. Mf nrk`r tn

ckkr`ss te`s` iecdd`fj`s, mf K`i`ho`r ?115, te` @urnp`cf Pfmnf (@P) cknpt`k cf mft`jrct`k

`f`rjy- cfk idmhct` iecfj` pndmiy `horcimfj te` w`dd lfnwf ?1 ?1 ?1 - ?1?1 jncds nb c ?1% iut mf

jr``fenus` jcs`s, ?1% r`kuitmnf mf `f`rjy infsuhptmnf cfk c ?1% secr` nb `f`rjy brnh

r`f`wcod` snuri`s oy te` y`cr ?1?1 (@urnp`cf Pfmnf, ?11=). Hnr`nv`r, mt ms `stmhct`k tect mf nrk`r

tn dmhmt te` cv`rcj` jdnocd t`hp`rctur` mfir`cs` tn d`ss tecf ?I inhpcr`k tn pr`-mfkustrmcd d`v`ds,

jdnocd jr``fenus` jcs `hmssmnfs hust o` r`kui`k tn d`ss tecf 01% nb 3==1 d`v`ds oy ?101(@urnp`cf Inhhmssmnf, ?11=). [e` @P ecs cffnufi`k c id`cr wmddmfjf`ss tn tcl` d`ck nf tems wmte

bcr-r`ciemfj r`kuitmnfs.

Mf Hcrie ?11= te` infjr`ss Idmhct` Iecfj`7 Jdnocd _msls, Iecdd`fj`s cfk K`imsmnfs wcs e`dk ct

te` Pfmv`rsmty nb Inp`fecj`f. Ct te` infjr`ss, sim`ftmsts, r`pr`s`ftmfj ornck r`s`crie cr`cs, id`crdy

stct`k tect te` jdnocd icronf kmnxmk` `hmssmnfs cr` rmsmfj bcst`r tecf pr`vmnusdy `xp`it`k cfk tect

te` wnrst ics` si`fcrmns nutdmf`k oy te` Mft`rfctmnfcd Qcf`d nf Idmhct` Iecfj` (MQII) cr` o`mfj

r`cdmz`k. Cdsn, te` infb`r`fi` pr`s`ft`k ecrk`r `vmk`fi` tecf `v`r tect te`s` `hmssmnfs cr` icusmfj

cf mfir`cs`k surbci` t`hp`rctur` ir`ctmfj s`c-d`v`d rms`, kmstnrtmnfs nb ni`cf cfk mi` se``t kyfchmis

cfk `xtr`h` idmhctmi `v`fts (Pfmv`rsmty nb Inp`fecj`f, ?11=). Zmte te` mrr`v`rsmod` fctur` nb te`s`

infs`qu`fi`s te` mhp`rctmv` tn ckkr`ss idmhct` iecfj` ms fnw strnfj`r tecf `v`r bnr jdnocd pndmiyhcl`rs ct te` wnrdk infb`r`fi`s mf Inp`fecj`f mf K`i`ho`r ?11= cfk H`xmin Imty mf ?131.

O`icus` nb te`s` hudtmbci`t`k iecdd`fj`s, strct`jm`s tn inuft`r idmhct` iecfj` cr` dml`dy tn pns`

trck`-nbbs. Mfir`cs`k `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy ms c l`y strct`jy wmte dnw trck`-nbbs cfk euj` wmf-wmf

nppnrtufmtm`s. Y`v`rcd stukm`s ecv` ctt`hpt`k tn qucftmby te` pnt`ftmcd mhprnv`h`fts tn `f`rjy

`bbmim`fiy. Mf ?113 te` MQII bnufk tect inst-`bb`itmv` `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy mhprnv`h`fts inudk

inftrmout` tn ecdb nb te` f``k`k icronf `hmssmnfs r`kuitmnf oy ?1?1 (Mft`rfctmnfcd Qcf`d nf Idmhct`

Iecfj`, ?113), wemie wcs infbmrh`k `.j. oy D`iet`foeh`r `t. cd. (?110) cfk oy te` HiLmfs`y

Jdnocd Mfstmtut` (?11:). Ckkmtmnfcddy, mfv`sth`fts mf `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy mhprnv`h`fts nbt`f ym`dk

emje r`turf rct`s. [e` w`dd-lfnwf HiLmfs`y stukm`s nf te` coct`h`ft inst iurv` bnr icronf

`hmssmnfs ecv` mddustrct`k enw c hnr` `bbmim`ft us` nb s`v`rcd t`iefndnjm`s citucddy icf coct`

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?

icronf `hmssmnfs cfk r`sudt mf cf `infnhmi jcmf (@flvmst, Fcuid`r, & _nscfk`r, ?11:) (HiLmfs`y

& Inhpcfy, ?11=). Enw`v`r, stukm`s sujj`st cs w`dd tect tems dcrj` `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy pnt`ftmcd ms

fnt r`cdmz`k (Mft`rfctmnfcd Qcf`d nf Idmhct` Iecfj`, ?113) (@inbys, ?113) (Ousmf`ss @urnp`,

?11:). [ems kmbb`r`fi` o`tw``f te` hnst `f`rjy `bbmim`ft cvcmdcod` prni`ss`s cfk t`iefndnjm`s cfk

tens` citucddy mf us` ms icdd`k te` `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy jcp ([e` Cdd`f Infsudtmfj Jrnup, ?11;).

[e` `xmst`fi` nb tems jcp ms nbt`f `xpdcmf`k oy te` pr`s`fi` nb hcrl`t bcmdur`s suie cs f`jctmv`

`xt`rfcdmtm`s, te` puodmi jnnk cttrmout` nb mfbnrhctmnf, te` pnsmtmv` `xt`rfcdmtm`s nb t`iefndnjy

cknptmnf cfk te` csyhh`trmi mfbnrhctmnf mf `f`rjy s`rvmi` hcrl`ts d`ckmfj tn prnod`hs nb ckv`rs`

s`d`itmnf, hnrcd eczcrk cfk spdmt mfi`ftmv`s. Ckkmtmnfcddy, te` bnddnwmfj ocrrm`rs, wemie cr` fnt

infsmk`r`k cs hcrl`t bcmdur`s, hmjet cdsn inftrmout` tn cf `xpdcfctmnf nb te` `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy jcp7

Emkk`f insts, r`kui`k prnkuit p`rbnrhcfi` cfk mfir`cs`k nptmnf vcdu`s nb k`dcymfj mfv`sth`fts

(Ynrr`d, ?11;) (Od`msiewmtz, Ocef-Zcdlnwmcl, Ormfj`zu, Duics, & Yt`j`r, ?11=).

[ems pcp`r bnius`s nf te` hcrl`t bcmdur` pns`k oy mfbnrhctmnfcd csyhh`trm`s. Mf knmfj sn mt krcws

upnf r`i`ft bmfkmfjs nb `infnhmis nb mfbnrhctmnf cfk f`w mfstmtutmnfcd `infnhmis. [e` dctt`rcpprncie nbb`rs pnt`ftmcddy c ornck sinp` bnr cf cfcdysms tect icptur`s cdd lmfks nb trcfscitmnf insts

cfk o`ecvmnrs (Ynrr`d, ?11;) (Yt`rf, ?115)9. Zemd` cilfnwd`kjmfj te` f``k tn ckvcfi` suie c ornck

sinp` (Od`msiewmtz _. , ?119), tems O@@_ tcl`s mts pnmft nb k`pcrtur` mf te` f`i`ssmty tn ufk`rstcfk

te` ocrrm`rs tn `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy icus`k oy csyhh`trmi mfbnrhctmnf.

Yn bcr, te` bnius mf te` dmt`rctur` nf cj`fiy cfk mfbnrhctmnfcd ocrrm`rs ecs dcrj`dy o``f nf te`

prnod`h nb spdmtt`k mfi`ftmv`s o`tw``f prmfimpcds cfk cj`fts (M@C, ?11:). [ems prnod`h k`vmct`s

brnh trckmtmnfcd prmfimpcd cj`ft prnod`hs smfi` te` prnod`h ms icus`k oy c spdmt o`tw``f te`

mfv`stnr cfk te` us`r nb t`iefndnjm`s, cfk fnt oy csyhh`trm`s nb mfbnrhctmnf. Cs suie, c iecfj` mf

te` inftrcitucd crrcfj`h`ft inudk mf te`nry e`dp cdd`vmct` te` prnod`h, bnr mfstcfi` oy

mhpd`h`ftmfj h`csur`s tect `fsur`s tect us`rs nb `f`rjy icf cdsn mfv`st mf `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy.Enw`v`r, te`r` s``h tn o` c dcil nb te`nr`tmicd k`sirmptmnfs nf enw mfbnrhctmnfcd csyhh`trm`s

mhpcit te` nutinh` nb `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy.

[ect ms `xcitdy we`r` tems O@@_ stcrts< mt s``ls tn inftrmout` tn te` ufk`rstcfkmfj nb hcrl`t ocrrm`rs

crmsmfj ternuje mfbnrhctmnfcd csyhh`trm`s. [ems ms knf` oy prnpnsmfj c smhpd` te`nr`tmicd

brch`wnrl cfcdyzmfj te` icus` cfk pnt`ftmcd cdd`vmctmnfs nb mf`bbmim`fim`s icus`k oy te` prnod`hs

nb hnrcd eczcrk cfk ckv`rs` s`d`itmnf. Mf c s`ttmfj cknpt`k brnh dmt`rctur` nf `infnhmis nb

mfbnrhctmnf mt ms mddustrct`k enw hnrcd eczcrk cfk ckv`rs` s`d`itmnf mhpcit nf te` nutinh` nb

`f`rjy `bbmim`fiy. Mt ms crju`k tect te`s` mfbnrhctmnfcd ocrrm`rs cr` ct d`cst cs mhpnrtcft cs spdmtt`k

mfi`ftmv`s. Cbt`rwcrks, @urnp`cf d`jmsdctmnf ms orm`bdy `vcduct`k tn css`ss te` `xt`ft tn wemie

mfbnrhctmnfcd csyhh`trm`s cr` ciinhhnkct`k.

[ems crtmid` ms kmvmk`k mftn twn hcmf pcrts. [e` bmrst pcrt pr`s`fts te` te`nry nf mfbnrhctmnf

csyhh`trm`s cfk mts infs`qu`fi`s nf `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy wmte c bnius nf te` prnod`hs nb hnrcd

eczcrk cfk ckv`rs` s`d`itmnf. Bnr `cie prnod`h te` icus` nb te` prnod`h ms mddustrct`k cfk te`

nptmhcd inftrcits mf ics` nb syhh`trmi cs w`dd cs csyhh`trmi mfbnrhctmnf cr` mk`ftmbm`k. [e`

infs`qu`fi`s nb te`s` inftrcits nf te` d`v`d nb `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy cr` te`f cfcdyz`k. Ecvmfj

`stcodmse`k c te`nr`tmicd brch`wnrl tn ufk`rstcfk te` cj`fiy ocrrm`rs tn `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy, te`

s`infk pcrt senrtdy `vcduct`s te` pndmim`s nb te` @urnp`cf Pfmnf nf `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy.

9

Y`` cdsn (Brm, ?119), (Jruoo & Pdpe, ?11?), (Gcinossnf & O`rj`l, ?11;), (Gcbb`, F`w`dd, & Ytcvmfs, ?11?), (H`ff`d& Yturh, ?115) cfk (Nst`rtcj, ?11?)

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Bnddnwmfj Crrnw (3=2?), cf mhpdmimt cssuhptmnf mf w`dbcr`-`infnhmis ms tect te` mfbnrhctmnf ms

syhh`trmi chnfj te` pcrtmimpcfts mf te` hcrl`ts. Br``-hcrl`t Zcdrcsmcf `qumdmormuhs wmdd te`f,

ciinrkmfj tn te` Bmrst Z`dbcr` [e`nr`h, d`ck tn Qcr`tn `bbmim`ft nutinh`s, we`r` fn w`dbcr`

mhprnv`h`fts icf o` hck`. Mf r`cdmty, enw`v`r, te` mfbnrhctmnf ms nbt`f csyhh`trmi, wemie icus`ste` mhpdmimt cssuhptmnf bnr te` w`dbcr` te`nr`h tn or`cl knwf, we`r`oy te` nutinh` ms dml`dy tn

`fk up o`mfj mf`bbmim`ft (Hcs-Ind`dd, Zemfstnf, & Jr``f, 3==0). [e` nos`rv`k `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy

jcp hmjet o` te` r`sudt nb suie cf mf`bbmim`ft nutinh` cfk pnt`ftmcddy icus`k oy mfbnrhctmnfcd

csyhh`trm`s o`tw``f te` pcrtmimpcfts mf te` hcrl`t bnr `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy.

Cs Fno`d dcur`ct` Ndmv`r @. Zmddmchsnf (3=:0) (3=50) ecs `hpecsmz`k, inftrcits pdcy c hcgnr rnd`

mf nrjcfmzmfj `infnhmi r`dctmnfsemps cfk pnnrdy k`smjf`k inftrcits icf d`ck tn mf`bbmim`ft nutinh`s

dml` te` `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy jcp. Bnr tems r`csnf, te` ufk`rstcfkmfj nb te` k`smjf nb inftrcits, jmv`f

te` mfbnrhctmnfcd `fvmrnfh`ft, ms mhpnrtcft mf nrk`r tn ufk`rstcfk wey mf`bbmim`ft nutinh`s niiur

cfk wect icf o` inf` tn cdd`vmct` te`s` mf`bbmim`fim`s (Hcien-Ytckd`r & Qr`z-Icstrmddn, 3==:). [ems

pcrt ctt`hpts tn prnvmk` suie cf ufk`rstcfkmfj nb inftrcitucd s`ttmfjs r`dct`k tn `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy.

[e` pr`s`ft`k brch`wnrl oumdks nf dmt`rctur` nf `infnhmis nb mfbnrhctmnf cfk hmirn`infnhmis cs

pr`s`ft`k oy Hcien-Ytckd`r cfk Qr`z-Icstrmddn (3==:) cfk Hcs-Ind`dd, Zemfstnf cfk Jr``f

(3==0). [ems h`cfs tect te` bnrhcd wcy nb pr`s`ftmfj cfk sndvmfj te` prnod`hs bnddnws te` dmf`s nb

te` dmt`rctur` mf te` s`fs` tect te` hnk`ds inftcmf c prmfimpcd hcxmhmzmfj cf nog`itmv` bufitmnf

suog`it tn cf cj`fts pcrtmimpctmnf infstrcmft. [e` hcxmhmzctmnf ms knf` usmfj te` Dcjrcfj` h`tenk.

Enw`v`r, mf tems s`ttmfj te` brch`wnrl ecs o``f ckcpt`k tn ciinhhnkct` cf `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy

inft`xt. [e` bmrst s`itmnf mddustrct`s te` ocsmi s`tup. [ems h`cfs tect te` inftrcit we`r` c prmfimpcd

inftrcits cf cj`ft ufk`r syhh`trmi mfbnrhctmnf ms bnufk. [e`f te` hnk`d ms `xt`fk`k tn mddustrct`

te` nptmhcd inftrcits ufk`r hnrcd eczcrk cfk ckv`rs` s`d`itmnf. Mf onte `xt`fsmnfs te` mk`cd

smtuctmnf te` bmrst o`st - ms mk`ftmbm`k. [e`f, te` prnod`h mf ecfk ms mddustrct`k cfk te` nptmhcdinftrcit te` s`infk o`st - jmv`f te` mfbnrhctmnf csyhh`try ms mk`ftmbm`k. Bnr `cie prnod`h te`

infs`qu`fi`s nb te` prnod`h cfk te` inftrcitmfj mf ics` nb csyhh`trmi mfbnrhctmnf ms cfcdyz`k.

Bmfcddy, te` bmfkmfjs cr` suhhcrmz`k mf c infidusmnf.

?.3 [e` Ocs` Hnk`dOnte hnk`ds pr`s`ft`k mf tems pcrt cr` k`v`dnp`k brnh c inhhnf brch`wnrl. C prmfimpcd inftrcits

cf cj`ft mf nrk`r tn hcxmhmz` cf nog`itmv` bufitmnf. Ymfi` onte hnk`ds nrmjmfct` brnh tems

brch`wnrl mt ms r`csnfcod` bmrst tn k`v`dnp te` ocsmi brch`wnrl we`r` mfbnrhctmnf ms syhh`trmi cfk

te`f dct`r `xt`fk mt tn te` mssu`s nb csyhh`trmi mfbnrhctmnf. Cdsn, smfi` te` inftrcit ufk`r

syhh`trmi mfbnrhctmnf wmdd o` us`k cs c o`fiehcrl ics` bnr dct`r inhpcrmsnf mt ms r`csnfcod` bmrst

tn k`v`dnp mt. [e`r`bnr`, te` bnddnwmfj pcrcjrcpes bmrst stct` te` cssuhptmnfs ufk`rdymfj te` hnk`d,te`f pr`s`ft cfk sndv` te` hcxmhmzctmnf prnod`h mf nrk`r tn bmfk te` nptmhcd inftrcit ufk`r

syhh`trmi mfbnrhctmnf.

Cssuhptmnfs

Mf te` ocs` hnk`d te` mfbnrhctmnf ms syhh`trmi. [ems h`cfs tect te` prmfimpcd lfnws wect `bbnrt te`

cj`ft `x`rts cs w`dd cs te` cj`fts typ`, we`r`oy te` prmfimpcd icf wrmt` c inftrcit k`p`fk`ft nf

`bbnrt cfk kmr`it tems inftrcit tn c sp`imbmi cj`ft. [e` prmfimpcd wcfts tn emr` te` cj`ft tn s`crie bnr

cfk mfstcdd c jmv`f chnuft nb `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy,, cfk te`r`bnr` nbb`rs te` cj`ft c inftrcit. [emsinftrcitucd r`dctmnfsemp jn`s nf bnr nf` p`rmnk. Mt ms cssuh`k tect te` d`v`d nb `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy icf

o` trcfsdct`k mftn c hnf`tcry jcmf bnr te` prmfimpcd, bnr mfstcfi` ternuje c dnw`r `f`rjy omdd. [e`

inftrcit sp`imbm`s te` `bbnrt te` cj`ft hust `x`rt k`fnt`k oy cfk te` wcj` cs c bufitmnf nb te`

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;

nutinh`, k`fnt`k oy . [e` inftrcit icf o` infsmk`r`k cs c kniuh`ft sp`imbymfj te` cj`ftsnodmjctmnfs cfk te` trcfsb`rs tect hust o` hck` mf kmbb`r`ft nutinh`s. [e` inftrcit prnpns`k oy te`

prmfimpcd ms `mte`r cii`pt`k nr r`g`it`k oy te` cj`ft. Enw`v`r, mt ms cssuh`k tect te` inftrcit ms

k`smjf`k suie tect mt wmdd cdwcys o` cii`pt`k mf `qumdmormuh. Cbt`r te` cj`ft ecs `x`rt`k ems `bbnrt

te` nutinh` ms r`cdmz`k.

[e`r` cr` pnssmod` nutinh`s k`fnt`k oy , we`r` 8, , , cfk 4 4 4 , h`cfmfj tect te` emje`r te` suosirmpt te` emje`r ms te` `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy. [ems bmfcdnutinh` ms te` r`sudt nb onte nf te` `bbnrt `x`rt`k oy te` cj`ft out cdsn nb snh` rcfknh inhpnf`ft.

Nf` icf mhcjmf` tect te` k`jr`` nb h`csur`k `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy k`p`fks onte nf te` cj`fts `bbnrt

out cdsn nf snh` rcfknh inhpnf`ft r`dctmfj tn te` o`ecvmnr nb te` us`rs, te` inhpd`xmty nb te`

t`iefndnjm`s mfstcdd`k cfk nb te` `fvmrnfh`ft te` t`iefndnjm`s cr` mfstcdd`k mf, te` idmhct` cfk

hcyo` pur` duil. [e` prnocomdmty nb c jmv`f nutinh`, , k`p`fks nf te` `bbnrt `x`rt`k oy te`cj`ft cfk 6 1bnr cdd , we`r` 8 3. [e` prnocomdmty bnr c jmv`f nutinh` hust o`pnsmtmv` bnr cdd `bbnrt-d`v`ds smfi`, mb tems wcs fnt te` ics`, c jmv`f r`sudt inudk smjfmby wect `bbnrt

d`v`d wcs fnt `x`rt`k. Ze`f te` nutinh` ms r`cdmz`k te` wcj` ms pcmk tn te` cj`ft.

Ymfi` onte te` prmfimpcd cfk te` cj`ft cr` `xpns`k tn ufi`rtcmfty ternuje te` rcfknh inhpnf`ft,

te`mr rmsl pr`b`r`fi`s hust o` `xchmf`k. [e` infi`pt `hpdny`k e`r` ms tect nb `xp`it`k utmdmty,

h`cfmfj tect te` pr`b`r`fi`s cr` nb c vnf F`uhcff-Hnrj`fst`rf typ`. [e` prmfimpcds pcynbb

bufitmnf, wemie hust o` mfir`csmfj mf te` notcmf`k d`v`d nb `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy cfk k`ir`csmfj mf te`

wcj` pcyh`ft tn te` cj`ft, ms jmv`f oy7

we`r` mt ms cssuh`k tect

6 1 cfk tect

8 1 r`bd`itmfj tect te` pcynbb nb emje`r `f`rjy

`bbmim`fiy cfk dnw`r wcj` pcyh`ft ms mfir`csmfj ct c infstcft pci` cfk tect te` prmfimpcd ms rmsl-

f`utrcd. Fnt` tect te` prmfimpcd, cs suie, kn`s fnt icr` conut te` `bbnrt `x`rt`k oy te` cj`ft, nfdy

o`icus` mt cbb`its te` bmfcd nutinh`. [e` cj`fts utmdmty, wemie ms cssuh`k tn o` mfir`csmfj mf te`

wcj` out k`ir`csmfj mf te` `bbnrt `x`rt`k, ms jmv`f oy7

, 8 we`r` mt ms cssuh`k tect 6 1cfk 4 1r`bd`itmfj te` stcfkcrk cssuhptmnfs tect te` cj`ft ecs ck`ir`csmfj hcrjmfcd utmdmty tn wcj` cfk tect te` cj`ft ms rmsl-cv`rs` we`f mt inh`s tn te`

r`huf`rctmnf. Mt ms cdsn cssuh`k tect 6 1 cfk 6 1r`bd`itmfj te` cssuhptmnfs tect te` cj`ftsubb`rs brnh cf mfir`csmfj hcrjmfcd kmsutmdmty tn `bbnrt. Mt ms cdsn cssuh`k tect te` cj`ft ecs c

r`s`rvctmnf utmdmty nb

, wemie ms te` d`v`d nb utmdmty tect te` inftrcit nbb`r`k hust ct d`cst o` `qucd

tn. Nf` icf mhcjmf` tect te` cj`ft ecs cfnte`r nptmnf tecf te` inftrcit prnpns`k we`r` tems nte`r

nptmnf jmv`s te` cj`ft c utmdmty `qucd te` r`s`rvctmnf utmdmty. O`icus` nb tems te` inftrcit nbb`r`k oy

te` prmfimpcd hust ct d`cst jmv` te` cj`ft c utmdmty `qucd tn te` r`s`rvctmnf utmdmty.

Orm`bdy tn suhhcrmz` te` tmhmfj nb te` r`dctmnfsemp< bmrst, te` prmfimpcd nbb`rs te` cj`ft te` inftrcit

wemie te` cj`ft cii`pts (nr r`g`its). [e`f te` cj`ft suppdm`s c v`rmbmcod` `bbnrt, wemie tnj`te`r wmte

te` rcfknh inhpnf`ft k`t`rhmf`s te` bmfcd nutinh` cfk te` pcynbb cr` pcmk. [e` tmhmfj ms

mddustrct`k mf te` tmh`dmf` o`dnw.

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Yndvmfj te` hnk`d

Ymfi` te` r`dctmnfsemp ms nb c s`

p`rb`it Fcse qumdmormuh. [ems m

prmfimpcd nbb`rs te` cj`ft c inft

nutinh`s cfk te` `bbnrt te` cinftrcit ms hck` suie tect te` cj

emje`r utmdmty brnh fnt `fjcjmfr`g`its te` inftrcit cbt`r icdiudctm

`bbnrt mftn ciinuft. [e` prmfimp

`xp`it`k pcynbb tclmfj ciinuft

te` bnddnwmfj hcxmhmzctmnf prno

,

we`r` te` infstrcmft `fsur`s tecte` notcmfs ms ct d`cst `qucd tn em

pcrtmimpctmnf infstrcmft(QI). [e

8 we r` te` sndutmnf icf o` mk`ftm

infkmtmnf (YNI) ms f`jctmv`. B

irnss-k`rmvctmv` hust o` z rn. [e

BNI7 8YNI7

Irnss

u`ftmcd fctur` te` sndutmnf infi`pt cppdm`k

pdm`s tect te` sndutmnf ms bnufk brnh ocilw

cit, wemie sp`imbm`s te` trcfsb`r te` cj`ft

`ft hust `x`rt, 8,,, ft wmdd notcmf ems r`s`rvctmnf utmdmty smfi` nt

mf te` r`dctmnfsemp. Brnh ocilwcrks, te`fj wect ems xp`it`k utmdmty wmdd o` cfk tclm

d te`f nbb`rs te` cj`ft te` inftrcit tect `f

b wect te` cj`fts k`imsmnf wmdd o . Bnrhcdd

d`h7

,,

te` cj`ft wmdd pcrtmimpct mf te` inftrcit smf

s r`s`rvctmnf utmdmty, bnr wemie r`csnf te` i

` prnod`h ms sndv`k usmfj te` Dcjrcfjmcf7

m`k brnh te` bmrst nrk`r infkmtmnf (BNI) mf

rte`rhnr`, smfi` w` cr` hcxmhmzmfj nv`r

`s` infkmtmnfs cr`7

3 8

k`rmvctmv`7 8 1

0

ms tect nb c suo-jch`

crks, h`cfmfj tect te`

mdd j`t mf cdd pnt`ftmcd. Burte`rhnr`, te`e`rwms` e` inudk j`t c

cj`ft te`f cii`pts nrj te` nptmhcd d`v`d nb

sur`s emh te` emje`st

y, te` prmfimpcd sndv`s

i` te` `xp`it`k utmdmty

nfstrcmft ms icdd`k te`

ics` te` s`infk nrk`r

s`v`rcd vcrmcod`s te`

8 14 1

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2

_`jcrkmfj te` YNI mt ms s``f tect tems infkmtmnf hust o` f`jctmv` smfi` onte prnocomdmtm`s cr`

pnsmtmv`, ms omjj`r tecf nr `qucd tn z`rn (icf oy k`bmfmtmnf fnt o` f`jctmv`) cfk smfi` onte cfk cr` f`jctmv` (s`` cssuhptmnfs conv`). _`jcrkmfj te` irnss k`rmvctmv` tems hust o` z`rn smfi`

kn`s fnt niiur mf te` BNI. Cs te` infkmtmnfs f``k`k tn mk`ftmby te` sndutmnf brnh te` BNI

cr` pr`s`ft te` sndutmnf ms bnufk brnh te` BNI tn o`7

8 [ems infkmtmnf ms icdd`k te` nptmhcdmty infkmtmnf k`fnt`k wmte te` sup`rsirmpt (N) mf te` wcj`s.

Fntmi` tect smfi` onte cfk cr` pnsmtmv`, hust o` pnsmtmv` cs w`dd, h`cfmfj tect te`pcrtmimpctmnf infstrcmft omfks mf `qumdmormuh. [ems ms id`crdy fn surprms` smfi` te` nfdy `bb`it nb c

inhomfctmnf nb wcj` cfk `bbnrt tect `fsur`s c utmdmty emje`r tecf te` r`s`rvctmnf utmdmty ms tect te`

prmfimpcds pcynbb ms dnw`r`k. [e`r`bnr`, te` prmfimpcd ecs fn mfi`ftmv` tn nbb`r c inftrcit tect jmv`s

te` cj`ft c utmdmty emje`r tecf f``k`k tn inftrcit emh. Lfnwmfj tect te` prmfimpcd ms rmsl f`utrcd,

8 1, mt hust o` te` ics` tect `qucds c infstcft, we`r`oy te` nptmhcdmty infkmtmnf r`qumr`s tect`qucds c infstcft bnr cdd nutinh`s, .Lfnwmfj tect te` cj`ft ms rmsl cv`rs` (ems utmdmty bufitmnf ms inficv`), te` nfdy pnssmod` wcy tn

`fsur` tect ems hcrjmfcd utmdmty ms te` sch` bnr cdd nutinh`s ms tn jmv` emh te` sch` wcj` mf cdd

nutinh`s. Mf nte`r wnrks 8 r`qumr`s tect 8 ,h`cfmfj tect te` nptmhcd inftrcit ms mfk`p`fk`ft nb te` r`sudt. Zey ms tems te` ics`> [e` r`csnf ms

tect te` `bbnrt ms v`rmbmcod`, wemie `fcod`s te` pcrtm`s tn inftrcit kmr`itdy nf te` `bbnrt, cfk tect te`

prmfimpcd ms rmsl-f`utrcd cfk te` cj`ft rmsl cv`rs`. Zmte tems rmsl-pctt`rf mt ms nptmhcd bnr te`

prmfimpcd tn k`hcfk te` `bbnrt d`v`d brnh te` prmfimpcd tect hcxmhmz`s ems pcynbb cfk mfsur` te`

cj`ft inhpd`t`dy brnh te` rmsl mf te` nutinh` oy nbb`rmfj emh c infstcft wcj`. [e` cj`ft r`i`mv`s mf cdd nutinh`s cfk tems wcj` nfdy k`p`fks nf te` `bbnrt d`v`d k`hcfk`k oy te` prmfimpcd.Bmfcddy, smfi` te` pcrtmimpctmnf infstrcmft omfks te` `xcit wcj` pcyh`ft icf o` bnufk7 8 8

[ems wcj` wmdd o` us`k cs c r`b`r`fi` wcj` mf inhpcrmsnfs dct`r.

Infs`qu`fi`s

[n infiduk`, mf te` ocs` hnk`d we`r` mfbnrhctmnf ms syhh`trmi, te` prmfimpcd cfk te` cj`ft icf

wrmt` inftrcits kmr`itdy nf te` `bbnrt d`v`d. Lfnwmfj tems bcit te` prmfimpcd wmdd k`smjf c inftrcit

suie tect te` cj`ft wmdd cii`pt mt cfk `x`rt te` `bbnrt wemie jmv`s te` prmfimpcd te` emje`st pcynbb.

Ze`f k`smjfmfj te` inftrcit te` prmfimpcd dnnls ct te` inhomfctmnfs nb wcj` cfk `bbnrt wemiehcl`s te` cj`ft pcrtmimpct`. [e` prmfimpcd te`f ienns`s tn nbb`r te` cj`ft te` inftrcit wemie jmv`s

te` prmfimpcd te` emje`st pcynbb. Fn nte`r nutinh` icf o` o`tt`r tecf tems, cfk smfi` te` prmfimpcds

prnbmt ms hcxmhmz`k te` nutinh` hust o` Qcr`tn nptmhcd. [e` cj`ft inudk o` hck` o`tt`r nbb, out

tems wnudk inh` ct c inst tn te` prmfimpcd. [e` infs`qu`fi` nb inftrcitmfj mf te` ics` nb syhh`trmi

mfbnrhctmnf ms tect te` hnst `bbmim`ft nutinh` ms r`cie`k, cfk cssuhmfj tect te` nutinh` wmte te`

emje`st `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy pcys te` prmfimpcd te` emje`st pcynbb, te` emje`st pnssmod` d`v`d nb `f`rjy

`bbmim`fiy wmdd o` mfstcdd`k cfk te` `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy jcp idns`k. Enw`v`r, tems ms fnt dml`dy tn o`

te` ics` cfk te` twn hnk`ds `xpdcmf`k o`dnw nbb`r snh` `xpdcfctmnf.

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?.? Hnrcd eczcrk[e` pr`vmnus s`itmnf mddustrct`k te` nptmhcd inftrcit mf te` smtuctmnf we`r` c prmfimpcd inftrcits cf

cj`ft tn mfstcdd snh` `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy mf c s`ttmfj we`r` te` `bbnrt `x`rt`k oy te` cj`ft ms

v`rmbmcod`. Enw`v`r, mf hcfy r`dctmnfsemps tems cssuhptmnf hmjet o` ufr`cdmstmi. [cl` bnr mfstcfi`

te` ics` nb cf criemt`it nr cf `fjmf``r emr`k oy c prmfimpcd tn `x`rt snh` `bbnrt tn mfstcdd `f`rjy`bbmim`fiy. Mb te` d`v`d nb `bbnrt `x`rt`k oy te` cj`ft, m.`. enw huie tmh` cfk r`snuri`s cr` sp`ft oy

te` cj`ft mf dnnlmfj bnr te` hnst `bbmim`ft cfk o`st p`rbnrhmfj t`iefndnjm`s, icffnt o` v`rmbm`k te`

r`dctmnfsemp subb`rs brnh pnt`ftmcd hnrcd eczcrk. Mb c inftrcit mf tems smtuctmnf gust pcys te` cj`ft c

bmx`k wcj`, wemie wcs nptmhcd mf te` ocs` hnk`d, te` cj`ft ecs fn mfi`ftmv` tn wnrl ecrk cfk bmfk

te` o`st p`rbnrhmfj t`iefndnjm`s jmv`f te` `fvmrnfh`ft. @v`f tenuje c inftrcit hmjet ecv`

sp`imbm`k tect te` cj`ft hust wnrl ecrk, ku` tn te` fnf-v`rmbmcomdmty nb `bbnrt te`r` ms rnnh bnr

nppnrtufmstmi o`ecvmnr oy te` cj`ft, we`r`oy te` `x`rt`k `bbnrt-d`v`d wmdd o` te` dnw`st pnssmod`.

Bnrtufct`dy, te` fnf-v`rmbmcomdmty kn`s fnt inhpd`t`dy `xiduk` te` pnssmomdmty tn wrmt` inftrcits. Mf

te`nry, mt hmjet stmdd o` pnssmod` bnr te` prmfimpcd tn inftrcit te` cj`ft mf c rctmnfcd wcy, wemie ms

knf` oy k`smjfmfj c inhp`fsctmnf sie`h` tect r`wcrks te` cj`ft we`f te` nutinh` smjfcds tect e`

`x`rt`k emje `bbnrt cfk pufmse te` cj`ft we`f te` nutinh` smjfcds c dnw `bbnrt.

[ems s`itmnf cfcdyz`s te` smtuctmnf we`r` c prmfimpcd emr`s cf cj`ft tn mfstcdd snh` `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy

cfk we`r` te` `bbnrt `x`rt`k oy te` cj`ft tn dnnl bnr te` o`st p`rbnrhmfj t`iefmqu`s ms fn dnfj`r

v`rmbmcod`. [n sp`imby, c fnf-v`rmbmcod` `bbnrt h`cfs tect mt hmjet o` nos`rv`k out mt icffnt o`

v`rmbm`k mf c inurt-rnnh, we`r`oy mt o`inh`s mhpnssmod` tn inftrcit nf mt. [e` h`tenk us`k mf te`

cfcdysms ms te` bnddnwmfj. Bmrst te` nptmhcd inftrcit, te` bmrst o`st, mf te` ics` nb v`rmbmcod` `bbnrt ms

sp`imbm`k. [ems ms bnddnw`k oy cf mddustrctmnf nb te` prnod`h nb hnrcd eczcrk. Cs h`ftmnf`k, `v`f

tenuje `bbnrt hmjet o` fnf-v`rmbmcod`, mt hmjet stmdd o` pnssmod` bnr te` prmfimpcd tn inftrcit te`

cj`ft. [e`r`bnr`, te` bnddnwmfj s`itmnf cfcdys`s te` nptmhcd inftrcit mf te` pr`s`fi` nb hnrcd

eczcrk. [e` bmfcd s`itmnf mddustrct`s te` dml`dy infs`qu`fi`s nb onte te` hnrcd eczcrk mf mts`db, cfk

te` mhpdmictmnfs nb te` nptmhcd inhp`fsctmnf sie`h` we`f hnrcd eczcrk ms pr`s`ft.

Bmrst o`st

[e` bmrst o`st nutinh` ms te` mk`cd smtuctmnf we`r` te` `bbnrt `x`rt`k oy te` cj`ft ms ct mts nptmhcd

d`v`d. [ems mhpdm`s tect onte te` cj`ft wmdd `fjcj` mf te` inftrcit smfi` mt nbb`rs emh c utmdmty `qucd

tn ems r`s`rvctmnf utmdmty cfk hcxmhmz`s te` prmfimpcds pcynbb. [ems ms smhpdy te` inftrcit bnufk mf

te` ocs` hnk`d, o`mfj7

8 Mf tems hnk`d te` prmfimpcd ecs iens`f te` `bbnrt d`v`d tect hcxmhmz`s ems prnbmts jmv`f tect te` cj`ft

wmdd pcrtmimpct`. Nf` icf bnr mfstcfi` mhcjmf` tect te`r` cr` twn `bbnrt d`v`ds< emje cfk dnw. [e`inftrcit conv` icf te`f o` wrmtt`f suie tect c emje `bbnrt r`sudts mf c emje wcj` (, ) nr tect cdnw `bbnrt r`sudts mf c dnw wcj` ( , ). Mf te` ics` nb v`rmbmcod` `bbnrt c inftrcit sctmsbymfj temsinfkmtmnf, bnddnwmfj te` hcxmhmzctmnf prnod`h mf te` ocs` hnk`d, icffnt o` mhprnv`k. Mt ms ct mts

nptmhcd d`v`d.

Qrnod`h

Cs h`ftmnf`k mf te` mftrnkuitmnf tn hnrcd eczcrk, mf hcfy s`ttmfjs mt ms mhpnssmod` tn inftrcit

kmr`itdy nf `bbnrt. Enw`v`r, mf prcitmi` inftrcits hmjet stmdd o` k`smjf`k cs mb te` `bbnrt wcs

v`rmbmcod` (out mt ms fnt!) nr mt hmjet o` te` ics` tect mt ms mhpnssmod` tn wrmt` nte`r inftrcits tecf

inftrcits wmte c bdct wcj`. [ems mhpdm`s tect te` `x`rt`k `bbnrt ms ct mts dnw`st pnssmod` d`v`d,

h`cfmfj tect7

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[ems r`sudt endks onte mf ics`s

sp`imbmi `bbnrt d`v`d (m.`. te` prm

smtuctmnf we`r` te` prmfimpcd lmhpnssmod` tn mfinrpnrct` nte`r

Y`infk o`st

@v`f tenuje `bbnrt ms fnf-v`rmbm

wcy tect `fsur`s cf bbnrt d`v`d c

cssuhptmnfs hust o` hck`. Bmrst

emje (E) we`r` te` cj`ft wnrls

hmfmhuh `bbnrt-d`v`d. Bnrhcddy

kmsutmdmty te`s` bbnrt d`v`ds mhp

te` fntctmnf icf o` smhpdmbm`k su

nutinh`s cr` hnr` dml`dy ufk`r[e` nutinh`s nb te` r dctmnfsem

nutinh`s k`fnt`k oy, we`r`Orm`bdy tn suhhcrmz` te` tmhmfj

wemie te` cj`ft cii`pts (nr r g`i

wmte te` rcfknh inhpnf`ft k`t

tmhmfj ms mddustrct`k mf te` tmh dmf

[e` prmfimpcd icf cs suie, ternu

cfk te` prmfimpcd hcl`s tems k`i

ics` we`r mt ms te` dnw `bbnrt d``xmsts, smfi` te` prmfimpcd icf gus

utmdmty ms r`cie`k, mhpdymfj tect

te` inftrcit ms smhmdcr tn te` nf`s

[e` smtuctmnf o`inh`s hnr` mft`

brnh te` cj`ft. [ems wmdd o` te`

te` d`v`d nb `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy,

mfi`ftmvmz` te` cj`ft, h`cfmf

hcxmhmzctmnf prnod`h. [ems mfi`

8 e`r` `bbnrt ms fnf-v`rmbmcod` out te` inftrc

impcd o`dm`v`s mt ms pnssmod` tn inftrcit nf

fnws mt ms mhpnssmod tn inftrcit kmr`itd`csur`s mf te` inftrcit.

od`, cs h`ftmnf`k conv`, mt hmjet stmdd o` p

onv` te` hmfmhcd nf`. Bnr te` s`ttmfj nb te`

mf te` bnddnwmfj mt ms cssuh`k tect te`r` cr`

ecrk cfk dnw (D) we`r` te` cj`ft ms dczy c

mt ms jmv`f oy , . Bnddnwmfj brnh tm`s tect 6 . Ckkmtmnfcddy, wmtee tect,

8

cfk

8

. Mf nr

mje tecf dnw `bbnrt mt hust o` te` ics` tect74 bnr cdd 8 3, , 3p cr` ufiecfj`k brnh conv`, h`cfmfj tect8, , , cfk 4 4nb te` r`dctmnfsemp< bmrst, te` prmfimpcd nbb`rs

ts). [e`f te` cj`ft suppdm`s c fnf-v`rmbmcod`

`rhmf`s te` bmfcd nutinh` brnh wemie te`

` o`dnw.

e te` inftrcit e` nbb`rs, k`hcfk twn `bbnrt

msmnf ocs`k nf wemie `bbnrt d v`d tect hcxm

v`d tect mt nptmhcd bnr te` prmfimpcd, fn r`cdt nbb`r te` cj`ft c bmx`k wcj` `fsurmfj tect8 . [ems smtuctmnf ms fnt rconv`.

r`stmfj we`f mt ms nptmhcd bnr te` prmfimpcd t

ics` we`f jnnk nutinh`s cr` subbmim`ftdy c, ms emje bnr dcrj` s. Mb tems ms te` itect cf mfi`ftmv` infstrcmft hust o`

ftmv` infstrcmft ms te` bnddnwmfj7

5

it ms stmdd wrmtt`f nf c

te` `bbnrt), cfk mf te`

nf `bbnrt, out mt ms

ssmod` tn inftrcit mf c

nk`d snh` ckkmtmnfcd

nfdy twn `bbnrt d`v`ds ]`s, v`ry dml`dy sn. Ymfi` te` rctmnfcdus` nb fcturcd r`snuri`s ms k`t`rhmf`k cs cf cmh nb te` @P mf crt. 3:; nb te` [@I,

sustcmfcod` k`v`dnph`ft ms cilfnwd`kj`k mf crt. 2 nb te` [@I cfk smfi` `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy

pnt`ftmcddy iecrcit`rmz`s `ss`ftmcd csp`its nb prnkuits pdci`k nf te` Mft`rfcd Hcrl`t, `f`rjy

`bbmim`fiy icf o` infsmk`r`k cs cf cr`c nb secr`k inhp`t`fi`s.

?. Icf te` [@I crt. 0 irmt`rmc nf te` f``k-tn-cit-mf-inhhnf o` cppdm`k> ]`s. Bmrst, `f`rjy`bbmim`fiy r`dct`s kmr`itdy tn te` `fvmrnfh`ft wmtemf cr`cs dml` icronf `hmssmnfs cfk

pnddutmnf, smfi` emje`r `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy, bnr c jmv`f infsuhptmnf nb `f`rjy, mhpdm`s c dnw`rpnddutmnf. Icronf `hmssmnfs cfk pnddutmnf ecv` irnss-onrk`r `bb`its wemie mhpdy c f``k tn

cit nf inhhnf. Y`infk, smfi` `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy icf o` ckkr`ss`k ct te` d`v`d nb `cie

prnkuit pdci`k nf te` hcrl`t wmtemf te` Mft`rfcd Hcrl`t te`r` hmjet o` c f``k tn cit

tnj`te`r tn cvnmk kmsturocfi`s nb te` Mft`rfcd Hcrl`t.

9. Ms r`dmcod` mft`r h`ho`r stct` innp`rctmnf ir`kmod`> Qrnocody fnt cdwcys. Cs wect ms s``f mfnte`r cr`cs nb d`jmsdctmnf r`dct`k tn te` `fvmrnfh`ft te`r` cr` kmbb`r`ft pr`b`r`fi`s o`tw``f

te` h`ho`r stct`s k`p`fk`ft nf< mfinh` d`v`d, idmhct` znf` cfk prnkuitmnf inhpnsmtmnf

`ti. Cs suie, te`r` cr` ics`s we`r` vnduftcry innp`rctmnf prnocody wmdd fnt wnrl. Cdsn, bnr

te` r`csnf nb kmbb`r`ft pr`b`r`fi`s te`r` hmjet o` dmhmtctmnfs tn te` `xt`ft nb @P d`jmsdctmnf,

h`cfmfj tect kmbb`r`ft pr`b`r`fi`s mhpdy emje i`ftrcdmzctmnf insts.

;. Ymfi` st`p 3 cfk ? w`r` cii`pt`k cfk st`p 9 k`fm`k, te` t`st infiduk`s tect pndmim`s nf`f`rjy `bbmim`fiy icf o` `fcit`k ct te` @P d`v`d.

0. [e` bmbte st`p te`f ckkr`ss`s tn wect `xt`ft (prnpnrtmnfcdmty) te` mhpd`h`ftctmnf,hnfmtnrmfj cfk `fbnri`h`ft nb te` pndmim`s senudk o` cssmjf`k tn te` @P d`v`d. Ymfi` mt kn`s

fnt cpp`cr tn o` strmitdy f`i`sscry tn ecv` f`mte`r te` mhpd`h`ftctmnf fnr te` hnfmtnrmfj nr

te` `fbnri`h`ft ocs`k ct te` @P d`v`d, te` sinp` bnr @P pndmiy hclmfj nf `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy

ms prnocody dmhmt`k tn c bnius nf nv`rcdd mssu`s cfk hnstdy mf te` bnrh nb kmr`itmv`s, wemie

cr` te`f trcfspns`k mftn fctmnfcd dcw oy te` h`ho`r stct`s.

[n infiduk`, te` suosmkmcrmty t`st infbmrhs tect @P pndmim`s ocs`k nf `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy icf o`

gustmbm`k. [e` `xt`ft cfk d`v`d nb k`tcmd nb te`s` pndmim`s cr` enw`v`r dmhmt`k tn o` mf te` bnrh nb

nv`rcdd kmr`itmv`s, wemie mhpdm`s tect te` mhpd`h`ftctmnf ms d`bt tn te` h`ho`r stct`s.

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3=

9.? Nv`rvm`w nb `xmstmfj d`jmsdctmnfBnddnwmfj te` hcfkct` infbmrh`k oy te` suosmkmcrmty t`st conv`, te` @P ecs `fcit`k d`jmsdctmnf nf

`f`rjy `bbmim`fiy wmte mfir`csmfj strmfj`fiy smfi` ?111. [e` @P dmsts te` bnddnwmfj `mjet kmr`itmv`s

cs kmr`itmv`s k`cdmfj wmte `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy (@urnp`cf Inhhmssmnf, ?11=)7

@f`rjy `fk-us` `bbmim`fiy cfk `f`rjy s`rvmi`s Kmr`itmv` (?112/9?/@I)< s`ts j`f`rcdtcrj`ts bnr fctmnfcd `f`rjy scvmfjs, prnhnt`s `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy mf puodmi prniur`h`ft,

ckvnict`s `f`rjy p`rbnrhcfi` inftrcitmfj cfk temrk-pcrty bmfcfimfj nb `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy

mfv`sth`fts, cfk ckkr`ss`s citmvmtm`s suie cs `f`rjy cukmts cfk `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy bufks cs

w`dd cs te` h`csur`h`ft cfk v`rmbmictmnf nb `f`rjy scvmfjs.

@f`rjy p`rbnrhcfi` nb oumdkmfjs Kmr`itmv` (?11?/=3/@I)< prnhnt`s te` `f`rjyp`rbnrhcfi` nb oumdkmfjs oy mftrnkuimfj c brch`wnrl bnr cf mft`jrct`k h`tenkndnjy bnr

h`csurmfj `f`rjy p`rbnrhcfi`, cppdymfj hmfmhuh `f`rjy p`rbnrhcfi` r`qumr`h`fts tn

f`w cfk i`rtcmf `xmstmfj oumdkmfjs wmte c r`judcr upkctmfj nb te`s` r`qumr`h`fts,

mhpd`h`ftmfj `f`rjy i`rtmbmictmnf cfk ckvms` bnr enus` nwf`rs;.

@ink`smjf bnr `f`rjy-usmfj cppdmcfi`s Kmr`itmv` (?110/9?/@I)< prnhnt`s `f`rjy`bbmim`fiy oy `stcodmsemfj c brch`wnrl we`r` hcfubcitur`rs nr mhpnrt`rs nb `f`rjy usmfj

prnkuits cr` nodmj`k tn dnw`r te` `f`rjy infsuhptmnf nb te` prnkuit ternujenut te`

prnkuits dmb`iyid`. [e` hcfubcitur`rs cr` nodmj`k tn tcl` te`s` h`csur`s cdr`cky ct te`

k`smjf stcj`. [e` h`csur`s us`k cr` hmfmhuh p`rbnrhcfi` r`qumr`h`fts.

Enus`endk cppdmcfi`s dco`dmfj Kmr`itmv` (3==?/:0/@@I)< s``ls tn prnhnt` `f`rjy`bbmim`fiy ternuje te` dco`dmfj nb te` `f`rjy p`rbnrhcfi` nb prnkuits wmtemf s`v`f typ`s nb

enus`endk cppdmcfi`s (hcmfdy f`rjy mft`fsmv` wemt` jnnks).

Ocddcsts bnr bdunr`si`ft dmjetmfj Kmr`itmv` (?111/00/@I)< prnhnt`s `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy mfbdunr`si`ft dmjetmfj oy jrckucddy hnvmfj tnwcrks te` us` nb hnr` `bbmim`ft ocddcsts. [ems ms

knf` ternuje hmfmhuh pnw`r infsuhptmnf r`qumr`h`fts.

@f`rjy `bbmim`fiy nb knh`stmi r`brmj`rctmnf cppdmcfi`s Kmr`itmv` (3==2/0:/@I)< cppdm`shmfmhuh `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy stcfkcrks tn knh`stmi r`brmj`rctmnf cppdmcfi`s mf nrk`r tn

prnhnt` `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy. Ckkmtmnfcddy, te` I@ infbnrhmty hcrlmfj jucrcft``s tect te`

cppdmcfi` h``ts te`s` stcfkcrks.

@f`rjy `bbmim`fiy nb ent-wct`r onmd`rs (3==?/;?/@@I)< cppdm`s hmfmhuh `f`rjy `bbmim`fiystcfkcrks tn dmqumk nr jcs`nus bu`d bmr`k ent-wct`r onmd`rs. Ckkmtmnfcddy, te` I@ infbnrhmty

hcrlmfj jucrcft``s tect te` cppdmcfi` h``ts te`s` stcfkcrks.

Inj`f`rctmnf Kmr`itmv` (?11;/5/@I)< prnhnt`s te` us` nb inj`f`rctmnf t`iefmqu`s mf te`prnkuitmnf nb e`ct cfk `d`itrmimty. Ymfi` inj`f`rctmnf ms infsmk`r`k cs c hnr` `bbmim`ft

t`iefmqu` tecf trckmtmnfcd t`iefmqu`s te` kmr`itmv` ms infsmk`r`k cf `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy

kmr`itmv`.

Mf ckkmtmnf tn te`s` kmr`itmv`s, te` @urnp`cf Inhhmssmnf ecs cknpt`k te` @f`rjy Ytcr prnjrch

gnmftdy wmte te` Pfmt`k Ytct`s tn prnhnt` te` hcfubciturmfj nb `f`rjy `bbmim`ft nbbmi` `qumph`ft.

Burte`rhnr`, te` Inhhmssmnf ecs cknpt`k cf citmnf pdcf nf `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy inv`rmfj te` p`rmnk

?11: ?139 (@urnp`cf Inhhmssmnf, ?11=). [e` @P cdsn prnhnt`s `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy ternuje

s`v`rcd bdcflmfj pndmim`s suie cs hcrl`t-ocs`k mfstruh`fts. Cs wmte hcfy nte`r @P pndmim`s,

stcfkcrks prnhnt`k oy mft`rfctmnfcd nrjcfmzctmnfs cr` us`k, cfk ternuje te` Mft`ddmj`ft @f`rjy

@urnp` prnjrch te` @P ecs suppnrt`k citmnf nf `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy, in-bmfcfi`k s`v`rcd stukm`s nf

;Bnr c burte`r tr`cth`ft nb tems kmr`itmv` s`` (Od`msiewmtz, Jmdguh, Luefkt, & Yiehmkt-Od``l, ?11=)

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?1

te` prnhntmnf nb `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy cfk rcms`k puodmi cwcr`f`ss nf `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy ternuje

mfbnrhctmnf ichpcmjfs (@urnp`cf Inhhmssmnf, ?11=).

9.9 Ciinhhnkctmnf nb cj`fiy ocrrm`rs mf te` d`jmsdctmnf

[e` r`vms`k te`nry bnius`s ocsmicddy nf twn h`tenks tn cdd`vmct` te` mf`bbmim`fim`s icus`k oy te`csyhh`trmi mfbnrhctmnf. [e` bmrst ms te` h`csurcomdmty cfk v`rmbmictmnf nb `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy, te`

vcrmcod` , cfk dct`r nb `bbnrt, , r`qumr`k tn mfstcdd `f`rjy `bbmim`fiy, wemie hmjet cdd`vmct` te`hnrcd eczcrk prnod`hs. [e` s`infk ms te` mfir`cs`k mfbnrhctmnf nf te` cj`fts iecrcit`rmstmis

W@Z Kmsiussmnf Qcp`r fn. 15-11;.

Nst`rtcj, L. (?11?). Fn-_`jr`t Qnt`ftmcds mf @f`rjy Infs`rvctmnf7 Cf Cfcdysms nb [e`mr _`d`vcfi`,

Ymz` cfk K`t`rhmfcfts.E`mk`do`rj7 Qeysmic.

Q`dlhcfs, G. (?112).@urnp`cf Mft`jrctmnf - H tenks cfk @infnhmi Cfcdysms.Oruj`s7 Q`crsnf

@kuictmnf.

Ynrr`d, Y. (?11;). [e` @infnhmis nb @f`rjy @bbmim`fiy.Fnrtechptnf7 @kwcrk @djcr Quodmsemfj.

Yt`rf, F. (?115, Hcy). @infnhmis nb Idmhct` Iecfj` - _miecrk [. @dy d`itur`.Ch`rmicf @infnhmi

_`vm`w - Qcp`rs cfk Qrni``kmfjs, pp. 3-9:.

Yw`kmse B`k`rctmnf nb Infsudtmfj @fjmf``rs cfk Criemt`its. (?115). Y`itnr _`vm`w ?115 -

Infsudtmfj @fjmf``rmfj cfk Criemt`its - C Yw`kmse cfk Mft`rfctmnfcd Yurv`y.Ytnilendh7 Yw`kmse

B`k`rctmnf nb Infsudtmfj @fjmf``rs cfk Criemt`its.

[e` Cdd`f Infsudtmfj Jrnup. (?11;). [e` @f`rjy @bbmim`fiy Jcp.H`donurf`7 [e` Cdd`f Infsudtmfj

Jrnup.

Pfmv`rsmty nb Inp`fecj`f. (?11=). L`y h`sscj`s. _`trm`v`k Hcy 9, ?11=, brnh Idmhct` Iecfj` -

Jdnocd rmsls, Iecdd`fj`s cfk K`imsmnfs7ettp7//idmhct`infjr`ss.lu.kl/f`wsrnnh/infjr`ss^l`y^h`sscj`s/

Zmddmchsnf, N. @. (3=:0).Hcrl`ts cfk Em`rcriem`s7 Cfcdysms cfk Cftm-[rust Mhpdmictmnfs.F`w

]nrl7 Br`` Qr`ss.

Zmddmchsnf, N. @. (3=50). [e` @infnhmi Mfstmtutmnfs nb Icpmtcdmsh7 Bmrhs, Hcrl`ts cfk _`dctmnfcd

Inftrcitmfj.F`w ]nrl7 Br`` Qr`ss.

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?5

Cff`x M

Zey onte infstrcmfts omfk mf te` hnrcd eczcrk prnod`h -

Mf te` hnrcd eczcrk prnod`h onte infstrcmfts hust omfk h`cfmfj tect onte Dcjrcfj`-hudtmpdm`rs, cfk , cr` pnsmtmv`. E`r` tems r`sudt ms prnv`f. [e` prnnb ms hck` oy `xidukmfj pnssmomdmtm`s we`r`te` infstrcmfts kn fnt omfk.

Cssuh` bmrst tect fnf` nb te` infstrcmfts omfk, h`cfmfj tect 8 1 cfk 8 1. [e`f te` BNIo`inh`s7

8 1Enw`v`r, tems icffnt o` c sndutmnf smfi` 6 1mhpdm`s tect 1Cssuh` te`f tect nfdy te` pcrtmimpctmnf infstrcmft omfks, h`cfmfj tect 6 1cfk 8 1. [e`f te`BNI o`inh`s7

8 Enw`v`r, tems icf f`mte`r o` c sndutmnf smfi` mt mhpdm`s tect te` wcj` ms infstcft dml` mf te` ocs`

hnk`d, m.`. tect 8 , we`r`oy te` cj`ft wmdd iens` tn `x`rt dnw `bbnrt. [ems ms fntpnssmod` smfi` te` mfi`ftmv` infstrcmft ms vmndct`k.

F`xt, cssuh` tect nfdy te` mfi`ftmv` infstrcmft omfks, h`cfmfj tect 8 1cfk 6 1. [e`f te` BNIo`inh`s7 3 8 8

Yuhhmfj nv`r te` nutinh`s,

8

r`v`cd tect tems icffnt o` c sndutmnf smfi` te` d`bt ecfk smk` ms `qucd tn z`rn (te` suhs nb te`

prnocomdmtm`s cr` oy k`bmfmtmnf `cie `qucd tn nf`) cfk te` rmjet ecfk smk` ms dcrj`r tecf z`rn. [ems dcst

r`sudt ms fnt surprmsmfj smfi` te` mhpdmictmnf nb c fnf-omfkmfj pcrtmimpctmnf infstrcmft wnudk o` tect

te` prmfimpcd pcmk te` cj`ft hnr` tecf f`i`sscry tn `fjcj` mf te` inftrcit.

[e` bmfcd r`sudt ms tect we`f`v`r te`r` ms c sndutmnf onte infstrcmfts omfk.

S@K

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?=

Cff`x MM

K`rmvctmnf nb te` sdnp`s nb te` iurv`s mf te` bmrst o`st nutinh` mf te` ckv`rs` s`d`itmnf -

Mf te` ckv`rs` s`d`itmnf prnod`hs bmrst o`st nutinh`, te` infkmtmnfs iecrcit`rmzmfj te` nptmhcd

inftrcits cr`7

Bnr te` jnnk typ`7

3) 8 (CY.3)?) 8 (CY.?)

cfk bnr te` ock typ`

9)8

(CY.9)

;) 8 (CY.;)E`r` te` sdnp`s nb te` infkmtmnfs mf c (w,`)-kmcjrch cr` mk`ftmbm`k.

[ntcd kmbb`r`ftmctmfj `quctmnf (CY.3) jmv`s7

8

8 4 1[e` sdnp` hust o` f`jctmv` smfi` te` fuh`rctnr ms pnsmtmv` cfk te` k`fnhmfctnr ms f`jctmv`. [e`

fuh`rctnr ms pnsmtmv` smfi` ms f`jctmv`, mhpdymfj tect ms pnsmtmv`, cfk ms pnsmtmv`. [e` k`fnhmfctnr ms f`jctmv` smfi` ms f`jctmv` we`r`cs te` nte`r k`rmvctmv`scr` pnsmtmv`.

[ntcd kmbb`r`ftmctmfj (CY.?) jmv`s7

8 1

8

6 1

[e` sdnp` hust o` pnsmtmv` smfi` onte k`rmvctmv`s cr` pnsmtmv`.

Ymhmdcr r`csnfmfj icf o` cppdm`k tn te` infkmtmnfs (CY.9) cfk (CY.;) smfi` te` nfdy kmbb`r`fi` ms te`

infstcft .

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91

Cff`x MMM

Zey mt ms te` (MI-J) cfk (QI-O) tect omfks mf te` ckv`rs` s`d`itmnf hnk`d -

Mf te` ckv`rs` s`d`itmnf prnod`h mt ms nfdy te` mfi`ftmv` infstrcmft bnr te` jnnk typ` cfk te`

pcrtmimpctmnf infstrcmft bnr te` ock typ` tect omfks.

Brnh (MI-J) cfk (QI-O) te` bnddnwmfj hust endk7

Zemie mhpdm`s tect (QI-J), , hust o` hnr` tecf budbmdd`k, h`cfmfj tect te`infstrcmft kn`s fnt omfk wmte `qucdmty. [e` infidusmnf ms tect mb onte (MI-J) cfk (QI-O) cr`

budbmdd`k, te`f (QI-J) ms budbmdd`k bnr sur` cfk kn`s fnt ecv` tn o` tcl`f mftn ciinuft mf te`

hcxmhmzctmnf prnod`h.

Burte`rhnr`, brnh (MI-O) cfk (MI-J) te`f bnddnwmfj endks7

[ems `quctmnf icf nfdy endk mb 6 1smfi` 6 3. [ems mhpdm`s cs w`dd tect 6 .Enw`v`r, mb 6 1 mt hust o` te` ics` tect 6 1, we`r`oy te` jnnktyp` hust j`t c emje`r wcj`. [e` infidusmnf ms tect (MI-O) cfk (MI-J) icffnt omfk smhudtcf`nusdy.

Cssuh` te`f tect (MI-O) omfks mf te` sndutmnf. Enw`v`r, tems wnudk mhpdy tect te` ock typ`s utmdmty

wnudk ecv` tn o` f`jctmv` icus`k oy c f`jctmv` wcj`, wemie ms fnt pnssmod`.

Bmfcddy, suppns` tect (QI-O) cfk (MI-O) cr` te` omfkmfj infstrcmfts. [e`f wnudk o` cs emje cspnssmod` we`r`cs

wnudk o` cs dnw cs pnssmod`, wemie wnudk vmndct` (QI-J).

[e` infidusmnf ms tect mt ms te` pcrtmimpctmnf infstrcmft bnr te` ock typ` cfk te` mfi`ftmv` infstrcmft

bnr te` jnnk typ` tect omfks mf `qumdmormuh.

S@K

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Dmst nb Oruj`s @urnp`cf @infnhmi _`s`crie Qcp`rs (O@@_)

O@@_ pcp`r f 30 (K`i`ho`r ?11=)

Mfbnrhctmnfcd Ocrrm`rs tn @f`rjy @bbmim`fiy [e`nry cfk @urnp`cf Qndmim`s, oy Dcrs-Hnrt`f

Cfk`rs`f cfk _cmhufk Od`msiewmtz

O@@_ pcp`r f 3; (K`i`ho`r ?115)

@P Qndmim`s cfk Idust`r K`v`dnph`ft nb Eykrnj`f Inhhufmtm`s, oy _cmhufk Od`msiewmtz,

Fmlndcs Ock`r, Cff` Fyjccrk Hcks`f cfk Q`r Kcff`hcfk Cfk`rs`f

O@@_ pcp`r f 39 (Cprmd ?115)

@infnhmi Cpprncie s nb te` Mft`rfcd Hcrl`t, oy Gciqu`s Q`dlhcfs.

O@@_ pcp`r f 3? (Hcrie ?115)

Icrt`ds7 te` Qrnocomdmty nb J`ttmfj Icujet mf te` @urnp`cf Pfmnf, oy @hhcfu`d Inho`, Infstcfi`Hnffm`r cfk _`fcuk D`jcd.

O@@_ pcp`r f 33 (Guf` ?11:)

_`jmnfcd Ousmf`ss Iyid` Yyfiernfmzctmnf mf @urnp`>, oy Dnurk`s Ci`kn Hnftnyc cfk Gclno k`

Eccf.

O@@_ pcp`r f 31 (Hcrie ?11:)

Bchmdy [yp`s cfk te` Q`rsmst`fi` nb _`jmnfcd Kmspcrmtm`s mf @urnp`, oy Jmdd`s Kurcftnf, Cfkrs

_nkrju`z-Qns` cfk _miecrk Ycfkcdd.

O@@_ pcp`r f = (B`orucry ?11:)Cfcdysmfj te` Inftrmoutmnf nb Ousmf`ss Y`rvmi`s tn @urnp`cf @infnhmi Jrnwte, oy E`fl Lnx cfk

Dums _uocdicoc.

O@@_ pcp`r f 5 (Fnv`ho`r ?112)

[e` K`t`rhmfcfts nb Inuftry _msl mf @cst`rf @urnp`cf Inuftrm`s. @vmk`fi` brnh Ynv`r`mjf Onfk

Ypr`cks, oy Lmrmd Ytrcemdnv.

O@@_ pcp`r f : (Fnv`ho`r ?112)

_`jmnfcd ousmf`ss iyid`s cfk te` `h`rj`fi` nb se`dt`r`k `infnhm`s mf te` snute`rf p`rmpe`ry nb

@urnp` oy Cfkrs _nkrju`z-Qns` cfk Pjn Brct`sm.

O@@_ pcp`r f 2 (Fnv`ho`r ?112)

[e` ?110 _`bnrh nb te` Ytcomdmty cfk Jrnwte Qcit7 [nn Dmttd`, [nn Dct`>, oy Bmnr`ddc Lnstnrms

Qcknc Yiemnppc.

O@@_ pcp`r f 0 (Nitno`r ?112)

_&K, Ypmddnv`rs, Mffnvctmnf Yyst`hs cfk te` J`f`sms nb _`jmnfcd Jrnwte mf @urnp`, oy Cfkrs

_nkrju`z-Qns` cfk _miicrkn Ir`si`fzm.

O@@_ pcp`r f ; (Gudy ?112)

Hmx`k Quodmi-Qrmvct` @ft`rprms`s mf @urnp`7 @infnhmi [e`nry cfk cf @hpmrmicd Cfcdysms nb Mtcdmcf

Zct`r Ptmdmtm`s, oy Cd`sscfkrn Hcrrc.

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9?

O@@_ pcp`r f 9 (Fnv`ho`r ?110)

_`jmnfcd Zcj` Cfk @hpdnyh`ft _`spnfs`s [n Hcrl`t Qnt`ftmcd Mf [e` @P, oy L`mte E`ck &

[em`rry Hcy`r.

O@@_ pcp`r f ? (Hcy ?110)

[`iefndnjy kmbbusmnf, s`rvmi`s cfk `fknj`fnus jrnwte mf @urnp`. Ms te` Dmsonf Ytrct`jy stmdd

cdmv`>, oy Qcndn Ju`rrm`rm, O`rfcrkn Hcjjm, Rcd`ftmfc H`dmimcfm & Qm`r Icrdn Qckncf.

O@@_ pcp`r f 3 (Fnv`ho`r ?11;)

@kuictmnf, Hmjrctmnf, Cfk Gno Yctmsbcitmnf7 [e` _`jmnfcd _`turfs Nb Euhcf Icpmtcd Mf [e` @P,

oy Cfkrs _nkrju`z-Qns` & Hnfts`rrct Rmdcdtc-Oub.

Dmst nb Oruj`s @urnp`cf @infnhmi Qndmiy orm`bmfjs (O@@Q)

O@@Q orm`bmfj f 3= (Y`pt`ho`r ?115)

[e` Qndmiy Brch`wnrl bnr te` Qrnhntmnf nb Eykrnj`f cfk Bu`d I`dds mf @urnp`, C Irmtmicd

Css`ssh`ft, oy _cmhufk Od`msiewmtz cfk Fmlndcs Ock`r

O@@Q orm`bmfj f 35 (Y`pt`ho`r ?11:)

Enw Ynimcd ms @urnp`cf Mft`jrctmnf>, oy Gciqu`s Q`dlhcfs.

O@@Q orm`bmfj f 3: (Y`pt`ho`r ?11:)

[e` Yustcmfcomdmty Mhpcit nb te` @P @hmssmnfs [rckmfj Yyst`h nf te` @urnp`cf Mfkustry, oy

_cmhufk Od`msiewmtz, Lctrmf Buerhcff cfk @dmcs Euied`r.

O@@Q orm`bmfj f 32 (Hcrie ?11:)

Y`rvmi`s mf @urnp`cf Qndmim`s, oy Dums _uocdicoc.

O@@Q orm`bmfj f 30 (Gudy ?112)

@urnp`cf Mfkustrmcd Qndmiy, oy Gciqu`s Q`dlhcfs.

O@@Q orm`bmfj f 3; (Hcrie ?112)

Ecs te` @urnp`cf MI[ Y`itnr c Iecfi` tn o` Inhp`tmtmv`>, oy Jnk`brny Kcfj Fjuy`f & Iermstcf

J`ftenf.

O@@Q orm`bmfj f 39 (B`orucry ?112)

[`stmfj bnr Yuosmkmcrmty, oy Gciqu`s Q`dlhcfs

O@@Q orm`bmfj f 3? (Fnv`ho`r ?110)

Dc j`stmnf k` dc trcfsmtmnf v`rs dc hnffcm` ufmqu` `t dtcodmss`h`ft k` dc irkmomdmt k` d`urn, oy

G`cf-Idcuk` [rmie`t.

O@@Q orm`bmfj f 33 (Y`pt`ho`r ?110)

Kn`s te` @urnp`cf Pfmnf Ir`ct` te` Bnufkctmnfs nb cf Mfbnrhctmnf Ynim`ty bnr cdd>, oy Jnk`brny

Kcfj Fjuy`f & Hcrm` Gndds.

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O@@Q orm`bmfj f 31 (Gcfucry ?110)

C [rmpd`-M Ytrct`jy bnr te` Butur` nb @urnp`, oy _cmhufk Od`msiewmtz.

O@@Q orm`bmfj f = (K`i`ho`r ?11;)[e` [urlmse Ocflmfj Y`itnr, Iecdd`fj`s cfk Nutdnnl mf [rcfsmtmnf tn @P H`ho`rsemp, oy Cdbr`k

Yt`mfe`rr, Cdm [ul`d & Hurct Pi`r.

O@@Q orm`bmfj f 5 (Nitno`r ?11;)

[e` @infnhmis nb @P _cmdwcy _`bnrh, oy Gciqu`s Q`dlhcfs & Dnrms km Qm`trcftnfmn.

O@@Q orm`bmfj f : (Guf` ?11;)

Yustcmfcod` K`v`dnph`ft cfk Indd`itmv` D`crfmfj7 [e`nry cfk c @urnp`cf Ics` Ytuky, oy

_cmhufk Od`msiewmtz, Hmiec`d Dctsie & Lrmstmcf Yfnrr` Cfk`rs`f

O@@Q orm`bmfj f 2 (Gcfucry ?11;)Icf @urnp` K`dmv`r Jrnwte> [e` Ycpmr _`pnrt cfk O`ynfk, oy Gciqu`s Q`dlhcfs & G`cf-Qm`rr`

Ics`y.

O@@Q orm`bmfj f 0 (Cprmd ?119)

@bbmim`ft [cxctmnf nb Hudtm-Fctmnfcd @ft`rprms`s mf te` @urnp`cf Pfmnf, oy Yt`bcfn Hminssm, Qcndc

Qcrcsicfkndc & Ocrocrc [rmo`rtm.

O@@Q orm`bmfj f ; (Cprmd ?119)

@P @fdcrj`h`ft7 @xt`rfcd @infnhmi Mhpdmictmnfs, oy Gciqu`s Q`dlhcfs & G`cf-Qm`rr` Ics`y.

O@@Q orm`bmfj f 9 (Hcrie ?119)

Hutucd _`injfmtmnf, Pf`hpdnyh`ft cfk te` Z`dbcr` Ytct`, oy Bmnr`ddc Lnstnrms Qcknc Yiemnppc.

O@@Q orm`bmfj f ? (K`i`ho`r ?11?)

Hutucd _`injfmtmnf mf Jnnks cfk Y`rvmi`s7 cf @infnhmi Q`rsp`itmv , oy Gciqu`s Q`dlhcfs.

O@@Q orm`bmfj f 3 (Nitno`r ?11?)

@infnhmi Mhpdmictmnfs nb @fdcrj`h`ft, oy Gciqu`s Q`dlhcfs