Infraestructura de la Internet

7/28/2019 Infraestructura de la Internet

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Internet Infrastructure

N. Ganesan, Ph.D.


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Chapter Objectives

Bring together in perspective variouscomponents of the Internet

Network Infrastructure

Communication Infrastructure

Organizations and groups that set

standards


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Module

Network Infrastructure:

Hardware and AccessInfrastructure


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Evolution

Started as ARPANET

Grew with the introduction of PCs, LANs and

WANs CCITT (now ITU) was the initial standard

setting organization

Lower level protocols was X.25

Higher level protocol was TCP/IP thatfollowed the initial introduction of theNetwork Control Protocol (NCP)


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Current Trend

Global network based on high speedfiber lines

IPV4 is being replaced by IPv6

X.25, Frame Relay etc. are beingreplaced with ATM


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Hardware Infrastructure

The hardware infrastructure now isessentially a hierarchy of

interconnected networks Local

Departmental

Campus or Enterprise Wide Area


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Networking and Internetworking

Devices

Hubs

Layer 1 devices

Switches

Mostly Layer 2 devices

Routers

Layer 3 devices


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Connection to the Internet Example


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LA Fiber Connection Hierarchy

Source: http://www.above.net/products/maps/fibermaps_content.html
http://www.above.net/products/maps/fibermaps_content.htmlhttp://www.above.net/products/maps/fibermaps_content.html


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Major Digital Line Types

Lower speed access point

DSL

ISDN

High network connections

T1, T3 etc.

OC3, OC12 etc.


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Digital Lines and Speeds

Line Speed

DS0 64Kpbs

ISDN 128 Kbps (BRI) 2 DSO (B channels)

T1 1.544 Mbps 24 DSO

T3 43.232 Mbps 28 T1

OC3 155 Mbps 100 T1

OC12 622 Mbps 4 OC3OC48 2.5 Gbps 4 OC12

OC192 9.6 Gbps 4 OC48

Source: www.howstuffworks.com
http://www.howstuffworks.com/http://www.howstuffworks.com/


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Speed

Faster backbones are providing fasteraccess to the Internet

Internet2is a joint venture projectbetween many universities to develop ahigh-speed Internet

This development, however, is very likelyto be spearheaded by the industry giventhe commercial attractiveness of providingfast Internet access
http://www.internet2.edu/http://www.internet2.edu/


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High-Speed Internet (Abeline)


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Abeline Update

Source: http://www.internet2.edu/presentations/spring04/20040421-Abilene-Corbato.pdf
http://www.internet2.edu/presentations/spring04/20040421-Abilene-Corbato.pdfhttp://www.internet2.edu/presentations/spring04/20040421-Abilene-Corbato.pdfhttp://www.internet2.edu/presentations/spring04/20040421-Abilene-Corbato.pdfhttp://www.internet2.edu/presentations/spring04/20040421-Abilene-Corbato.pdfhttp://www.internet2.edu/presentations/spring04/20040421-Abilene-Corbato.pdfhttp://www.internet2.edu/presentations/spring04/20040421-Abilene-Corbato.pdf


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Internet Traffic

Source: http://www.internettrafficreport.com/main.htm
http://www.internettrafficreport.com/main.htmhttp://www.internettrafficreport.com/main.htm


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Internet Traffic Status in Asia

Source:


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Asia Traffic Index


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Response Time to Asia


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Packet Loss in Asia


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Connection Hierarchy


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Definition of Terms

POP (Point of Presence)

NAP (National Access Points)

High-speed backbone network service


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End of Module


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Module

Communication Infrastructure:

The Protocols


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Protocol of the Internet

TCP/IP


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IP Addressing

32-bit numbering system Divided into network ID and host ID

Grouped into Classes A, B, C, D and E Classes A, B and C are the ones relevant to

commercial use

Several IP addresses have been reserved for

private and other uses Addresses used in Network Address Translation(NAT)

Addresses used of IP multicasting


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TCP/IP Model


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ISO/OSI Model


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Mapping of the Models


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Meeting the Demand for IP

Addresses

DHCP

Network Address Translation (NAT)

IPv6

Classless Inter Domain Routing (CIDR)


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Some Application Layer Protocol

HTTP, HTTPS

FTP

Telnet POP3

IMAP

SMTP

DNS DHCP

SNMP

X.500

LDAP

For more info: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_layer
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_layerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_layer


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Transport Layer Protocols

TCP UDP

ICMP OSPF SPX NetBEUI

SMB For more information access:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_layer
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_layerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_layer


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Internet Layer Protocols

IPv4, IPv6

ARP

NWLink

NetBEIU


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Network Interface Layer Protocols

Ethernet

Token Ring

IEEE 802.11x PPP

X.25

FDDI

Frame Relay ISDN

ATM

T and E carriers

OC carriers

xDSL Cable Modem


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Some Popular Ports and Protocols

80 HTTP

Web services

20/21 FTP


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Additional Port Information

Extensive list of port numbers at IANA

http://www.iana.org/assignments/port-numbers
http://www.iana.org/assignments/port-numbershttp://www.iana.org/assignments/port-numbershttp://www.iana.org/assignments/port-numbershttp://www.iana.org/assignments/port-numbershttp://www.iana.org/assignments/port-numbershttp://www.iana.org/assignments/port-numbers


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Some Useful TCP/IP Commands

ping

ipconfig

finger hostname

nslookup

tracert nbtstat

netstat

telnet

ftp


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Further Information on TCP/IP

Commands

In Windows XP help, search forTCP/IP Utilities and Services

Access Garry Kesslers manual at: http://www.garykessler.net/library/rfc21

51.pdf
http://www.garykessler.net/library/rfc2151.pdfhttp://www.garykessler.net/library/rfc2151.pdfhttp://www.garykessler.net/library/rfc2151.pdfhttp://www.garykessler.net/library/rfc2151.pdf


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End of Module


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Module

Domains and DNS Infrastructure


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Top Level Domain (TLD) Extensions

There are two types of top-leveldomains, generic and country code,plus a special top-level domain (.arpa)for Internet infrastructure. Genericdomains were created for use by theInternet public, while country codedomains were created to be used byindividual countries as they deemednecessary.

Source: http://www.iana.org/domain-names.htm
http://www.iana.org/domain-names.htmhttp://www.iana.org/domain-names.htmhttp://www.iana.org/domain-names.htmhttp://www.iana.org/domain-names.htm


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The Three Top-Level Domains

Country Code Domains (.uk, .de, .jp,.us, etc.)

Generic Domains (.aero, .biz, .com,.coop, .edu, .gov, .info, .int, .mil,.museum, .name, .net, .org, and .pro)

Infrastructure Domain (.arpa)
http://www.iana.org/cctld/http://www.iana.org/gtld/gtld.htmhttp://www.iana.org/arpa-dom/http://www.iana.org/arpa-dom/http://www.iana.org/gtld/gtld.htmhttp://www.iana.org/cctld/


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Country Extensions

http://www.iana.org/cctld/cctld-whois.htm
http://www.iana.org/cctld/cctld-whois.htmhttp://www.iana.org/cctld/cctld-whois.htmhttp://www.iana.org/cctld/cctld-whois.htmhttp://www.iana.org/cctld/cctld-whois.htmhttp://www.iana.org/cctld/cctld-whois.htm


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Domain Extensions

Some prominent domain names

.com, .edu, .org,

Some interesting newer domain names .net, .pro


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More Information on Domain

Extensions

Some useful information onqualifications, contact etc. can be

obtained by navigating through thefollowing IANA web link

http://www.iana.org/gtld/gtld.htm
http://www.iana.org/gtld/gtld.htmhttp://www.iana.org/gtld/gtld.htm


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Where to Find Domain Registrant

Information?

http://www.networksolutions.com/en_US/whois/index.jhtml
http://www.networksolutions.com/en_US/whois/index.jhtmlhttp://www.networksolutions.com/en_US/whois/index.jhtmlhttp://www.networksolutions.com/en_US/whois/index.jhtmlhttp://www.networksolutions.com/en_US/whois/index.jhtml


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Internet Domain Growth

Source: http://www.isc.org/index.pl?/ops/ds/
http://www.isc.org/index.pl?/ops/ds/http://www.isc.org/index.pl?/ops/ds/


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A d d


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Accredited Domain Name Registrar

Directory

Companies that are accredited byICANN

http://www.internic.net/alpha.html
http://www.internic.net/alpha.htmlhttp://www.internic.net/alpha.html


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End of Module


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Module

Internet Agencies


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Important Internet Groups

Internet Architecture Board (IAB)

The Internet Engineering Steering

Group (IESG)

Internet Society (ISOC)

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA)

I E i i T k F
http://www.isi.edu/iab/http://www.ietf.org/iesg.htmlhttp://www.ietf.org/iesg.htmlhttp://www.isoc.org/http://www.iana.org/http://www.iana.org/http://www.iana.org/http://www.iana.org/http://www.isoc.org/http://www.ietf.org/iesg.htmlhttp://www.ietf.org/iesg.htmlhttp://www.isi.edu/iab/


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Internet Engineering Task Force

(IETF)

The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)is a large open international community of

network designers, operators, vendors, andresearchers concerned with the evolution ofthe Internet architecture and the smoothoperation of the Internet. It is open to any

interested individual. - IETF http://www.ietf.org
http://www.ietf.org/glossary.htmlhttp://www.ietf.org/http://www.ietf.org/http://www.ietf.org/glossary.html


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IETF Working Groups

The actual technical work of the IETF is done in itsworking groups, which are organized by topic intoseveral areas (e.g., routing, transport, security, etc.).The IETF holds meetings three times per year. IETF

The IETF working groups are grouped into areas,and managed by Area Directors, or ADs. The ADsare members of the Internet Engineering SteeringGroup (IESG). Providing architectural oversight is

the Internet Architecture Board, (IAB). The IAB alsoadjudicates appeals when someone complains thatthe IESG has failed. The IAB and IESG are charteredby the Internet Society (ISOC) for these purposes.
http://www.ietf.org/glossary.htmlhttp://www.ietf.org/glossary.htmlhttp://www.ietf.org/glossary.htmlhttp://www.ietf.org/glossary.htmlhttp://www.ietf.org/glossary.htmlhttp://www.ietf.org/glossary.htmlhttp://www.ietf.org/glossary.htmlhttp://www.ietf.org/glossary.htmlhttp://www.ietf.org/glossary.html


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Functional Overview of IETF

http://www.ietf.org/tao.html
http://www.ietf.org/tao.htmlhttp://www.ietf.org/tao.html


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Internet Society

The Internet SOCiety (ISOC) is a professionalmembership society with more than 150 organizationand 16,000 individual members in over 180 countries.

It provides leadership in addressing issues thatconfront the future of the Internet, and is theorganization home for the groups responsible forInternet infrastructure standards, including theInternet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the

Internet Architecture Board (IAB). - ISOC http://www.isoc.org/
http://www.iab.org/http://www.isoc.org/http://www.isoc.org/http://www.iab.org/


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Internet Architecture Board (IAB)

The IAB is chartered both as a committee ofthe Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)and as an advisory body of the InternetSociety (ISOC). Its responsibilities includearchitectural oversight of IETF activities,Internet Standards Process oversight andappeal, and the appointment of the RFC

Editor. The IAB is also responsible for themanagement of the IETF protocol parameterregistries. IAB


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IAB Access

http://www.iab.org/
http://www.iab.org/http://www.iab.org/


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ICANN

Home page

http://www.icann.org/

Further Information on ICANNs role http://www.icann.org/tr/english.html

A i R i t f I t t
http://www.icann.org/http://www.icann.org/tr/english.htmlhttp://www.icann.org/tr/english.htmlhttp://www.icann.org/


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American Registry for Internet

Numbers (ARIN)

We at the American Registry for InternetNumbers manage the Internet numberingresources for North America, a portion of theCaribbean, and sub-equatorial Africa. A fulllist of countries in the ARIN region can befound by clicking here. As a nonprofitcorporation with a bottom-up, community-

based structure, our focus is completely onserving our members and the Internetcommunity at large. ARIN
http://www.arin.net/library/internet_info/ARINcountries.htmhttp://www.arin.net/library/internet_info/ARINcountries.htm


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More About ARIN

http://www.arin.net/about_us/about.html
http://www.arin.net/about_us/about.htmlhttp://www.arin.net/about_us/about.htmlhttp://www.arin.net/about_us/about.htmlhttp://www.arin.net/about_us/about.html


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ARIN Equivalent in Asia

Asia Pacific

http://www.apnic.net/
http://www.apnic.net/http://www.apnic.net/


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National Registries

For further information of nationaldomain registries for different countries

access the following site: http://www.norid.no/domenenavnbaser/

domreg.html
http://www.norid.no/domenenavnbaser/domreg.htmlhttp://www.norid.no/domenenavnbaser/domreg.htmlhttp://www.norid.no/domenenavnbaser/domreg.htmlhttp://www.norid.no/domenenavnbaser/domreg.html


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More on CORE

CORE's members are professional registrarsfrom various areas (Europe, North America,Asia-Pacific) who handle domain nameregistration on behalf of customers. CurrentlyCORE has members in present in 14 countriesand manage in total over 400,000 domainnames in various TLDs.

CORE also acts as Registry Operator for twoSponsored TLDs, .aero and .museum. -CORE

Internet Network Information Center


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Internet Network Information Center

(InterNIC)

Provides the public with informationregarding internet domain name

registration services http://www.internic.net/
http://www.internic.net/http://www.internic.net/


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All About Registering a Domain

FAQ on domain registration fromInterNIC

http://www.internic.net/

Internet Research Task Force
http://www.internic.net/http://www.internic.net/


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Internet Research Task Force

(IRTF)

Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)

To promote research of importance to the

evolution of the future Internet by creatingfocused, long-term and small Research Groupsworking on topics related to Internet protocols,applications, architecture and technology. -

IRTF http://www.irtf.org/
http://www.irtf.org/http://www.irtf.org/


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World Wide Web (W3) Consortium

The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)develops interoperable technologies

(specifications, guidelines, software, andtools) to lead the Web to its full potential.W3C is a forum for information, commerce,communication, and collective

understanding. W3 http://www.w3.org/
http://www.w3.org/http://www.w3.org/


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A Sample Work of W3C

For more information on W3Cs workon the http protocol

http://www.w3.org/Protocols/

National Telecommunication and
http://www.w3.org/Protocols/http://www.w3.org/Protocols/


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National Telecommunication and

Information Administration (NTIA)

The National Telecommunications andInformation Administration (NTIA) is

the Executive Branch agency principallyresponsible for domestic andinternational telecommunications and

information policy issues. - NTIA


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NTIA Responsibilities

NTIA also manages the Federal use of the spectrum;administers infrastructure grants to support thedevelopment of a national information infrastructure

accessible to all Americans; manages publictelecommunications facilities grants designed tomaintain and extend the public broadcastinginfrastructure; and performs cutting-edgetelecommunications research and engineering,

including resolving technical telecommunicationsissues for the Federal government and private sector. - NTIA


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VeriSign

Manages the .com and .net domains

Access at:

http://www.verisign.com/products-services/naming-and-directory-services/index.html
http://www.verisign.com/products-services/naming-and-directory-services/index.htmlhttp://www.verisign.com/products-services/naming-and-directory-services/index.htmlhttp://www.verisign.com/products-services/naming-and-directory-services/index.htmlhttp://www.verisign.com/products-services/naming-and-directory-services/index.htmlhttp://www.verisign.com/products-services/naming-and-directory-services/index.htmlhttp://www.verisign.com/products-services/naming-and-directory-services/index.htmlhttp://www.verisign.com/products-services/naming-and-directory-services/index.htmlhttp://www.verisign.com/products-services/naming-and-directory-services/index.htmlhttp://www.verisign.com/products-services/naming-and-directory-services/index.htmlhttp://www.verisign.com/products-services/naming-and-directory-services/index.htmlhttp://www.verisign.com/products-services/naming-and-directory-services/index.htmlhttp://www.verisign.com/products-services/naming-and-directory-services/index.html


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Network Solutions

One of the largest and earliest domainname registrars

http://www.networksolutions.com/en_US/home.jhtml;jsessionid=N4E3VGWI3GXDSCWLEAMCFEY?_requestid=16

2872&layoutIdIndex=0&_requestid=162872
http://www.networksolutions.com/en_US/home.jhtml;jsessionid=N4E3VGWI3GXDSCWLEAMCFEY?_requestid=162872&layoutIdIndex=0&_requestid=162872http://www.networksolutions.com/en_US/home.jhtml;jsessionid=N4E3VGWI3GXDSCWLEAMCFEY?_requestid=162872&layoutIdIndex=0&_requestid=162872http://www.networksolutions.com/en_US/home.jhtml;jsessionid=N4E3VGWI3GXDSCWLEAMCFEY?_requestid=162872&layoutIdIndex=0&_requestid=162872http://www.networksolutions.com/en_US/home.jhtml;jsessionid=N4E3VGWI3GXDSCWLEAMCFEY?_requestid=162872&layoutIdIndex=0&_requestid=162872http://www.networksolutions.com/en_US/home.jhtml;jsessionid=N4E3VGWI3GXDSCWLEAMCFEY?_requestid=162872&layoutIdIndex=0&_requestid=162872http://www.networksolutions.com/en_US/home.jhtml;jsessionid=N4E3VGWI3GXDSCWLEAMCFEY?_requestid=162872&layoutIdIndex=0&_requestid=162872http://www.networksolutions.com/en_US/home.jhtml;jsessionid=N4E3VGWI3GXDSCWLEAMCFEY?_requestid=162872&layoutIdIndex=0&_requestid=162872http://www.networksolutions.com/en_US/home.jhtml;jsessionid=N4E3VGWI3GXDSCWLEAMCFEY?_requestid=162872&layoutIdIndex=0&_requestid=162872http://www.networksolutions.com/en_US/home.jhtml;jsessionid=N4E3VGWI3GXDSCWLEAMCFEY?_requestid=162872&layoutIdIndex=0&_requestid=162872http://www.networksolutions.com/en_US/home.jhtml;jsessionid=N4E3VGWI3GXDSCWLEAMCFEY?_requestid=162872&layoutIdIndex=0&_requestid=162872


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References

ARIN

High speed internet backbone

North American Network OperatorsGroup


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End of Module

End of Chapter

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