Date post: | 10-Apr-2018 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | norma-torrontegui |
View: | 227 times |
Download: | 0 times |
of 22
8/8/2019 Ing. Bioquimica
1/22
8/8/2019 Ing. Bioquimica
2/22
Here are some products of White Biotechnology
Transportation fuels
New intermediates for the bulk chemical industry New food and feed
And the technology isFermentation and Bio-catalysis
8/8/2019 Ing. Bioquimica
3/22
Transportation fuels
Bio-ethanol
Bio-butanol Bio-diesel
Ethanol can be used in mixtures with gasoline in up to 85 % by
volume. In Brazil 40 % of all private cars drive on 85 % ethanol, theremainder on 25 % ethanol.
Brazil, USA, India, and perhaps Australia and Thailand will be able tomake bioethanol as cheap as gasoline.
Butanol can be used by all cars, alone or in mixtures with gasoline. Itis (as yet) more expensive than ethanol.
England and perhaps other EU countries) and USA are comitted toproduce bio-butanol
8/8/2019 Ing. Bioquimica
4/22
Production methods for bio-fuels
Bio-ethanol is produced by fermentation from
1. Cane sugar or starch (first generation processes)2. Cellulosic material (second generation processes)
First generation processes: Sugar is fermented using yeastor bacteria (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Zymomonas sp.)
Starch is hydrolysed to glucose and used as above
Second generation processes: Straw, wood chips etc, arehydrolyzed to glucose and other sugars. Thereaftertreated as in First generation processes
8/8/2019 Ing. Bioquimica
5/22
Production methods for bio-fuels
Bio-butanol is produced from sugar, household waste or
some other carbon source.Here the bacterium Clostridium acetobutylicumis used
About 50 % of the sugar can be converted to butanol,another 25 % to acetone and the remainder to biomassand ethanol.
The price of butanol is 1100 US$ per ton
The world market is about 1.3 million tons/year
BP and DuPont are comitted to produce bio-butanol onthe British market by 2007
8/8/2019 Ing. Bioquimica
6/22
Production methods for bio-fuels
Bio-diesel is produced from animal fat (lard) or from
vegetable oil (e.g. rape seed oil) using a catalytic trans-esterification process (acid, base or enzymes)
Glycerol-fatty acid + CH3OHMe-fatty acid + glycerol
A methanol based bio-diesel is very similar to high gradeoil-derived diesel, but no sulphur, less NOx etc.
This could be a fine outlet for a large MeOH-production!
As a byproduct glycerol is formed. This could be thestarting point for a chemistry based on glycerol
8/8/2019 Ing. Bioquimica
7/22
The new raw materials for production of chemicals
Glucose
Either directly or derived from starch or cellulosic material
Polymers (poly-lactic acid, poly-esters)
Solvents (butanol, acetone etc)
Pharmaceuticals (antibiotics, proteins and hormones, therapeuticamino-acids, and many others)
Foods and food ingredients (new sugars, dairy products, citric acid,lactic acid, emulsifiers, thickeners, pro-biotic diets)
- or glucose can be converted to another compound whichcan serve as starting point for a family of chemicals
Succinic acid, (CH2 COOH)2, is a good example.
8/8/2019 Ing. Bioquimica
8/22
Glucose as progenitor of families of chemicals
Succinic acid
C6H12O6 + 2 H2 + 2 CO2 2 (CH2COOH)2 + 2 H2O
Lactic acid
C6H12O6 2 C3 H6 O3 (formula: CH3-CHOH-COOH)
1,3 propane diol
C6H12O6 + 4 H2 2 C3H8O2 + 2 H2O (formula: CH2OH - CH2- CH2OH)
8/8/2019 Ing. Bioquimica
9/22
Which disciplines are needed to work in Biotechnology?
Fundamental Bio-Sciences
Microbiology and Biochemistry
a. The functioning of the living cell: DNA, RNA, Proteins Growth
b. The Chemistry of Life: Pathways, Metabolites, Energy
Applied Physics and Mathematics as in Chemical EngineeringThe conceptof model-driven experimental science
a. Steady- and unsteady state Pathway Fluxes
b. The interpretation of large amounts of uncertain data
Design and optimization of large-scale processes
a. Reactor design and design of separation processes.
8/8/2019 Ing. Bioquimica
10/22
Illustrative Examples
Lactobionic Acid
Lactose (Galactose-Glucose) + O2 Lactobionic Acid
A chemical reaction in H2
O at 38 oC using a commercial enzyme
Method of investigation:
a. Find the kinetics of the reaction as a function of [O2] and [Lactose]
b. Run Pilot Plant experiments to find influence of O2 transfer
8/8/2019 Ing. Bioquimica
11/22
Why would we make lactobionic acid?
Because we wish to find use of a byproduct from cheese production
A normal size cheese factory produces per hour 15 m3 waste water
with 4.5 wt % lactose. Why pay to clean it up?
Because we find many applications for Lactobionic acid, once acheap production method has been developed
Lactobionic acid is an excellent chelating compound, i.eit bindsmetal ions: This property can be used to
a. make functional foods (e.g with a high Ca-content)
b. make new detergents without polyphosphates (added to prevent
the formation of C-soaps when using hard water, but givesterrible pollution problems due to discharge of phosphates)
8/8/2019 Ing. Bioquimica
12/22
Excerpts from the laboratory scale investigation (1 L):
The enzyme deactivates when strong base is used to keep pH constantThe rate is virtually independent of the lactose concentration.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Time (h)
Baseadditionrate(mmol/h)
8/8/2019 Ing. Bioquimica
13/22
Production of LBA in 600 L tank using RJHThe laboratory results are confirmedWe can provide a sufficient O2 transport
0 2 4 6 8 10 120
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
y2=1.1059x-5.502
R2=0.9999
y1=0.2021x+0.095
R2=0.9987
Totalbase
added
[k
g]
Time [hr]
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Middle
Bottom
Loop
Dissolvedoxygentension[%]
Time [hr]
Airflow 100 L min-1
10 L min-1
DO measured in system
10 L min-1 100 L min-1
Red : DO in loop
Green orblue: DO in tank
8/8/2019 Ing. Bioquimica
14/22
Fast recirculation ofliquid back to the
V = 3.4 m3 tank.
Gas and substrate areadded in the loop.
A plate-type heatexchanger w ith U ~5000 W m-2 C-1 is partof the loop.
Gas
Rotary jet head
Bulk mixing in a more effective way
8/8/2019 Ing. Bioquimica
15/22
Gearing
Nozzle diameter,d = 10mm
The rotary jet head
IM20 is a 4 nozzle jet headwhich gives a 3-D flow pattern
Pressure energy is convertedinto kinetic energy
The functioning of Rotary Jet Heads
8/8/2019 Ing. Bioquimica
16/22
The production of Single Cell Protein from Methane or Methanol
Why would this process be contemplated?
1. Most animals require a diet with both plant- and animal protein
2. Animal protein (fish-meal) is rapidly becoming expensive
3. The protein obtained from SCP production is animalprotein
4. The price of fish-meal is now 1200 US $/ ton up from 700US $/ ton in mid 2006.
5. SCP from CH4 or CH3OH is indistinguishable from fish-meal
6. Natural microorganisms (no GMO) are used.
8/8/2019 Ing. Bioquimica
17/22
Methylococcus capsulatuswith membranes of the crucial enzymeMethane-monooxygenase
CH4 + H 2 + O2 CH3OH + H2O
8/8/2019 Ing. Bioquimica
18/22
.more on the biochemistry ofMethylococcus capsulatus
The Methanol produced from methane is dehydrogenated
CH3OH HCHO (formaldehyde) + H2
Formaldehyde is oxidized to CO2 to create energy (ATP)
- or it is used together with NH3 and minerals to build cellmass.
HCHO + O2 CO2 + H2O
HCHO + NH3 + P + S +.. Protein, lipids, carbohydrates +
8/8/2019 Ing. Bioquimica
19/22
Some numbers on Carbon and Oxygen demand for SCP
From 1.25 kg methane one obtains 1 kg biomassThis corresponds to 1 kg biomass per 1.75 N m3 methane
or Ysx = 0.520 C-mole biomass per mole methane
The O2 demand is (8 0.5204.20) / 4 = 1.45 mol O2 per CH4or 2.53 N m3 O2 / kg biomass = 3.62 kg O2 / kg biomass.
Stoichiometry of methane conversion to biomass:CH4 + 1.45 O2 + 0.104 NH3 0.52 CH1.8O0.5N0.2 + 0.48 CO2 + 1.69 H2O
.
8/8/2019 Ing. Bioquimica
20/22
Some process conditions
1. Continuous fermentation at 45 oC and 1-3 bar
pressure (to improve mass transfer of gases to liquid)
2. The flow rate of liquid through the reactor is
1 volume/ volume reactor /5 hours (D = 0.2 h-1)
3. The gas flow rate is much, much higher
8/8/2019 Ing. Bioquimica
21/22
500 L pilot fermentor (height 6.5 m) used at DTU
6
11
4
12
5
7
10
3
10
89
11
11
66
1111
44
1122
55
77
1010
33
1010
8899
1111
1111
8/8/2019 Ing. Bioquimica
22/22
250 m3 reactor (9000 t / year SCP) in Norway