Ingles Medico

MEDICAL ENGLISH 1

Autores:

Verónica Clavijo Bazalar.

Fernando Cornejo Sánchez.

Medical English 1 Page 1

Booking a Doctor's Appointment

Receptionist: Doctor's office. Jane speaking. How can I help you?

Caller: I need to make an appointment with Dr. Harris.

Receptionist: Do you know your chart number?

Caller: No, sorry. It's at home and I'm at work right now.

Receptionist: No problem. What's your name, please?

Caller: George Mason.

Receptionist: Okay Mr. Mason. Hold one moment while I grab your chart, please.

Caller: Sure.

Receptionist: Thanks for waiting. Now, what do you need to see the doctor about?

Caller: Well, I am fighting a cold these days, and I think I have a chest infection or something. My

cough is getting worse each day.

Receptionist: Hmm. Doctor Harris is off tomorrow. Do you think it can wait until Wednesday?

Caller: Oh, it is urgent. I feel bad

Receptionist: No problem, I will help you.

Check your understanding

1. Why does the caller phone the doctor's office?

a) He's running late for his appointment.

b) He's booking an appointment with Dr.

Harris.

c) He can't remember his chart number.

d) His medication ran out.

UNIT

1


2. Which is true about George Mason?

a) He has a bad cold.

b) He's running a fever.

c) His cough is better.

d) He's off on a sick day.

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

TO HAVE

Affirmative statements

SUBJECT VERB COMPLEMENT

I You We They

have have have have

fever a cold stiff neck a sunburn

He She It

has has has

fever a cold a stiff neck


1. Have a headache

2. Have an earache

3. Have a toothache

4. Have a stomachache

5. Have a backache

6. Have a sore throat

7. Have fever

8. Have a cold

9. Have a cough

10. Have a virus

11. Have an infection

12. Have a rash

13. Have an insect bite

14. Have a sunburn

15. Have a stiff neck

16. Have a runny nose

17. Have a bloody nose

18. Have a cavity

19. Have a wart

20. Have (the) hiccups

21. Have (the) chills

22. Have cramps

23. Have diarrhea

24. Have chest pain

25. Have shortness of breath

26. Have laryngitis

NEGATIVE STATEMENTS

SUBJECT AUXILIARY VERB COMPLEMENT

I You We They

do not / don’t have have have have

fever a cold a stiff neck a sunburn

He She It

does not / doesn’t

have have have



INTERROGATIVE STATEMENTS

AUXILIARY SUBJECT VERB COMPLEMENT QUESTION MARK

Do I you we they

have have have have


?

Does he she it

have have have


?

“WH” QUESTION

WORDS


How often do I you we they

have have have have


?

When Why

does does

he she it

have have have


?


TO BE

27. Be faint/weak

28. Be dizzy

29. Feel nauseous

30. Be bloated

31. Be congested

32. Be exhausted

TYPE OF SENTENCE SUBJECT AUXILIARY VERB NEGATIVE FORM COMPLEMENT

+ I am a patient.

+ You are a physician.

- She is not insane.

- We are not swollen.

? Is he weak.

? Are they vitamins?


OTHER VERBS

33. Cough

34. Sneeze

35. Wheeze

36. Burp

37. Vomit/throw up

38. Bleed

39. Twist

40. Sprain

41. Dislocate

42. Scratch

43. Scrape

44. Bruise

45. Burn

46. Break

47. Hurt

48. Cut

49. Swell

50. Itch


ACTIVITIES

A. CHANGE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO THE APPROPRIATE FORM.

affirmative sentences

negative sentences

interrogative sentences

1) She has a cold or allergies (?)

_______________________________________________________________________

2) They sneeze every minute (-)

__________________________________________________________________

3) My sister doesn’t cough (+)

________________________________________________________________________

4) My husband is dizzy (?)

________________________________________________________________________

5) Does he feel nauseous? (+)

__________________________________________________________________

6) His brother is exhausted (-)

_________________________________________________________________

7) You aren’t a good dentist (?)

_______________________________________________________________________

8) I don’t wait for anybody (+)

_________________________________________________________________

+

-

?


9) It itches badly (-)

_____________________________________________________________________

10) They aren’t here (+)

________________________________________________________________

B. PUT IN ORDER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES.

1. in / friends / I / have / don’t / class/ this / many.

________________________________________________________________

2. hospital / to / go / to / They / the / want.

_____________________________________________________________________

3. aren’t / These / your / patients.

_____________________________________________________________________

4. need / I / a / don’t / psychologist

_____________________________________________________________________

5. burp / he / vomit /?/ Does / and/ often

_______________________________________________________________

C. FIND THE MISTAKES IN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES AND REWRITE THEM.

1. He don’t eat fish __________________________________________________

2. The children is tired _____________________________________________

3. My patients isn’t there ____________________________________________

4. We has a sunburn and you feel nauseus ________________________________

5. Do she work in those medical facility? ____________________________________


Medical Specialists

Medical specialists are experts in certain fields of medicine. They treat specific parts of the body,

such as the stomach or the heart, or they specialize in certain diseases, such as AIDS. Family

doctors keep a list of local specialists and can help patients choose the right specialist for each

medical issue. In many cases, specialists require a referral from a family doctor before they will see

a patient.

Here is a list of the most common types of specialists. Study the list and then check your

understanding by taking the quiz.

Allergist: specializes in determining food and environmental allergies

Anesthesiologist: specializes in pain prevention during surgery

Cardiologist: heart specialist

Chiropractor: back specialist

Dentist: tooth specialist

Dermatologist: skin specialist

Fertility specialist: helps people who have difficulty getting pregnant

Gynecologist: specializes in women's needs

Massage therapist: specializes in muscle relaxation

Midwife: helps women deliver babies in a natural way

Naturopath: specializes in natural cures and remedies

Neurologist: brain specialist

Obstetrician: specialist for pregnant women

Occupational therapist: specializes in workplace health

Oncologist: tumor specialist, including cancer

Ophthalmologist: specializes in eye diseases

Pediatrician: specialist for babies and children


Physical therapist: specializes in the body's movement

Podiatrist: foot specialist

Psychiatrist: specialist in mental health

Radiologist: specializes in imaging tests

ACTIVITIES

A. Read the patient complaints and say which specialist each patient needs.

1. I have a terrible rash on my arms and legs. I think I'm allergic to dairy food, but it also might be

grass.

a) chiropractor

b) ophthalmologist

c) allergist

d) psychiatrist

2. My husband and I just took a home pregnancy test, and it came out positive. We want to know

when we are due and we want to make sure the fetus is healthy.

a) podiatrist

b) pediatrician

c) obstetrician

d) pharmacist

3. I still can't walk and it's been three months since my accident. I hate being stuck in a

wheelchair.

a) anesthesiologist

b) physical therapist

c) radiologist

d) dentist

4. The test results show that I have an advanced form of blood cancer.

a) oncologist

b) neurologist

c) midwife

d) allergist

5. My left eye has an infection that won't go away and my vision has been blurry for two weeks

now.

a) podiatrist

b) massage therapist

c) ophthalmologist

d) radiologist


6. I don't want to take any drugs that will cause me to become addicted to them, but I do need

some sort of pain relief.

a) naturopath

b) dentist

c) cardiologist

d) dermatologist

7. I've been having major chest pains this week. I'm also having trouble breathing.

a) gynecologist

b) cardiologist

c) oncologist

d) dermatologist

8. I get terrible acne and I have tried all of the products in the pharmacy. I don't know what to do

now.

a) massage therapist

b) podiatrist

c) occupational therapist

d) dermatologist

9. My baby is not developing properly. She hasn't put on any weight in two months and she keeps

getting ear infections.

a) anesthesiologist

b) pediatrician

c) midwife

d) massage therapist

10. My husband and I have been trying to get pregnant for three years. We have tried everything

that the books suggest.

a) fertility specialist

b) oncologist

c) psychiatrist

d) dentist

B. Which are they specialties? Choose the right word for each number.

X-ray technician; gynecologist; psychiatrist; emergency medical technician; surgeon; pediatrician;

cardiologist; optometrist, obstetrician; dentist; doctor; nurse; lab technician.


Head

Read the text below and answer the questions

Inside the head is the brain, which is responsible for thinking. The top of a person's scalp is covered with hair. Beneath the hairline at the front of the face is the forehead. Underneath the forehead are the eyes for seeing, the nose for smelling, and the mouth for eating. On the outside of the mouth are the lips, and on the inside of the mouth are the teeth for biting and the tongue for tasting. Food is swallowed down the throat. At the sides of the face are the cheeks and at the sides of the head are the ears for hearing. At the bottom of a person's face is the chin. The jaw is located on the inside of the cheeks and chin. The neck is what attaches the head to the upper body.

1. Where is the brain?

___________________________________________________________________

2. Where is the forehead?

___________________________________________________________________

UNIT

2


3. Where are the lips?

__________________________________________________________________

4. What can you do with your teeth?

__________________________________________________________________

5. Where are the ears?

__________________________________________________________________

6. Where is the chin located?

__________________________________________________________________

7. Where is the jaw located?

_________________________________________________________________

Present Progressive

We use the present continuous tense to talk about:

action happening now action in the future

SUBJECT AUXILIARY VERB MAIN VERB COMPLEMENT

+ I am examining a patient.

+ You are prescribing the medicine

- She is not sleeping in the hospital.

- We are not coughing

? Is he vaccinating the children?

? Are they taking vitamins?

ACTIVITIES

A. Complete the following sentences with the present continuous.

1. The doctors _______________ (vaccinate) the children right now.

2. The gynecologist ________________________ (examine) Lucia these days.

3. The doctor __________________ (prescribe) medicines right now.

4. Listen! Michael_____________________ (cough) a lot.


5. I ______________________ (drink) cough syrup at this moment.

6. Jake _________________________ (suffer) a terrible disease.

7. Doctor, ______________________ you ________________ (cure) Mr. Baker?

8. Look! A biologist _____________________ (analyze) a microbe.

9. My children __________________________ (catch) a cold.

10. _______________ you _______________(arrange ) an appointment?

B. Decide which of the choices below would best complete the article if inserted in the

blanks. Circle the appropriate letters.

Too Much Fast Food?

According to a recent survey, these days Hong Kong consumers (1)_______ more money on

convenience foods since the economic downturn. Because companies are trying to make more

with fewer staff, employees (2) ________ harder than ever before. More women (3)__________

the workforce as well. They (4) _________less time to prepare nutritious home-cooked meals for

their families. Instead, families (5)_________ out or (6) ________ convenience foods, such as

frozen pizzas and instant noodles. These foods (7) …………more fat, salt and sugar than home-

cooked meals. Experts say that eating too much of them (8)………… the risk of serious health

problems, including diabetes and heart disease.

However, the current trend towards convenience foods (9) ………benefitting some business

sectors. Supermarkets (10)………….. to the higher demand for quick, easy-to-serve meals by

increasing their selection of convenience and pre-packaged foods. These products (11) ………. for

higher prices than fresh food. Restaurants also (12)…………. from the trend: most Hong Kong

people now (13)………… out at least once a day.

Is convenience food just a fad or is home-cooked food (14)…………. a thing of the past?

How (15) …………………….this trend affecting our health? 1. A are spending B spends C spend 2. A work B works C are working

3. A joins B are joining C join 4. A has B have C had


5. A are eating B eats C eat 6. A bought B buys C buy 7. A containing

B contains C contain 8. A increase B increasing C increases 9. A is B are C be

10. A respond B responded C are responding 11. A sells B are sold C sell 12. A profit B are profiting C profits 13. A eat B ate C were eating 14. A become B became C becoming

15. A does B is C have

C. Supplies and Tools. Here is a list of some of the most common supplies found in doctor's offices, operating rooms, and medical kits. Study the vocabulary and try the matching exercise.

1. Antiseptic a) thin, netted material used for dressing wounds 2. Bandage b) an instrument used to check a person's body temperature 3. Forceps c) liquid used to sterilize (clean) the surface of the skin 4. Gauze d) a cylinder-shaped piece that attaches to a needle and can be filled with liquid

5. Microscope e) a cloth covering that is placed over a wound to prevent bleeding, swelling and infection

6. Oxigen mask f) glass cylinder that is filled with blood or other liquids and can be capped and placed in a storage area

7. Scales g) equipment that fits over the nose and mouth and supplies oxygen 8. Syringe h) instrument used during operations and medical procedures (assists the

doctor in pulling, holding, and retrieving) 9. Test tube i) a device that measures a person's weight 10. Thermometer j) equipment that makes small things appear larger than they are

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

http://www.hospitalenglish.com/flashcards/files/procedures_flash.pdf

Explain: take blood pressure, give a shot, listen to lungs, check ears, check eyes, start an IV, look at an MRI scan,

take temperature, take pulse, prep for surgery, operate, bandage, write in the chart, pay the bill, take the patient to...

http://www.hospitalenglish.com/flashcards/files/procedures_flash.pdf


Main Structures of the Digestive System

The digestive tract is a long continuous tube that starts with the mouth and ends with the anus. It

includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The tongue

and teeth located in the mouth are accessory structures. The salivary glands, gallbladder, liver, and

pancreas are the other accessory organs of the digestive system that secretes digestive enzymes

into the digestive tract that are involved in the process of digestion.

Mouth: The mouth contains tongue and teeth. With the help of these the food is chewed (broken

into tiny pieces) and mixes with saliva (secreted by salivary glands)

Pharynx: Is a funnel shaped opening through which the food from mouth passes to esophagus.

Esophagus: Is a long tubular structure that with the help of peristalsis movement passes food to

the stomach.

Stomach: A large sac-like structure that holds the food for a while where it gets mixed with the

hydrochloric acid and gastric juice.

Small intestine: It is a long muscular tube that is divisible into the duodenum, the jejunum, and

ileum. Secretions of liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are passed into the small intestine, where the

major part of the digestion occurs.

Large intestine: Minor part of the digestion occurs in large intestine and is divisible into cecum,

colon, and rectum. Reabsorption of water and absorption of food material takes place in large

intestine.

Anus: The indigested food is excreted out through anus.

Liver: Liver is the largest organ of the human body and it is involved in synthesis and secretion of

bile that plays a role in emulsification of fats. Liver secreted from live is stored in gallbladder, from

which it flows into small intestine.

Pancreas: Pancreas secretes pancreatic juice.

UNIT

3


PLURAL FORM OF NOUNS

CASE DESCRIPTION OF THE RULE

STRUCTURE EXAMPLE

General rule The plural form of most nouns is created simply by adding the letter “s” to the end of the word.

NOUN + “-S” minute - minutes

When nouns end in -ch, -x, -s, -sh, -z or s-like sounds

The plural is formed by adding “es”

NOUN + “-ES” church - churches box -boxes index -= indexes ( also indices) gas - gases bush - bushes ass -asses quiz – quizzes

Nouns ending in “o” When they are preceded by a consonant. Except: newly created words or words with Spanish or Italian origin.

NOUN + “-ES” NOUN + “-S”

potato - potatoes tomato – tomatoes volcano - volcanoes photo - photos piano - pianos portico - porticos

Noun ending in “y” When they are preceded by a consonant, they drop the “y” and add “ies” When they are preceded by a VOWEL, add a “s”

NOUN – “Y” +” IES” NOUN + “-S”

party - parties lady - ladies Boy - boys Toy - toys Ray – rays

Noun ending in “f” or “fe” Drop the “f” or “fe” and add “ves”

NOUN – “F” + VES NOUN – “FE” + VES

calf – calves half - halves wolf - wolves wife – wives

Nouns ending in “is” Drop the “-is” and add “-es”

NOUN – IS + ES crisis - crises hypothesis - hypotheses oasis - oases

Irregular plural Some nouns change their structure to form their plural form.

ODD PLURAL FORM child - children ox - oxen man – men woman - women person - people foot - feet tooth - teeth


mouse - mice louse - lice

Identical singular and plural form

Some nouns have identical plural and singular forms, although they are still considered to have a plural form.

NO CHANGE aircraft - aircraft fish - fish sheep - sheep deer - deer species - species headquarters - headquarters

Collective words or nouns associated with two parts.

These nouns exist only in the plural form and take a plural verb.

ONLY PLURAL FORM cattle scissors trousers tweezers congratulations pajamas

Compound nouns In compound nouns the plural ending is usually added to the main noun.

MAIN NOUN + -S court martial - courts martial son-in-law - sons-in-law passer-by - passers-by

Uncountable noun Uncountable nouns on the other hand have no plural form and take a singular verb (is / was ...).

NO PLURAL FORM advice information luggage headquarters - headquarters news - news


CASE DESCRIPTION OF THE RULE

STRUCTURE EXAMPLE

Latin or Greek origin These nouns maintain their Latin or Greek form in the plural.

NOUN – US + I NOUN – ON + A NOUN - UM + A NOUN + E

nucleus = nuclei syllabus = syllabi focus = foci fungus = fungi cactus = cacti (cactuses is acceptable) phenomenon = phenomena criterion = criteria datum = data medium= media alumna = alumnae trachea=tracheae

NOTES:

Third person of singular in simple present tense conjugation uses the same rules that plural forms.


ACTIVITIES

1. PRONUNCIATION

A. Say the plural nouns. Then write them in the correct columns.

/S/ /Z/ /IZ/

actress box boy carrot class

dictionary girl house lemon notebook

roommate son state student watch

carrots _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________

boys ______________ ______________ _____________

______________

actresses _____________

______________ ______________ ______________

B. Simple present tense conjugation. Say the third person conjugations. Then write them in

the correct columns.

/S/ /Z/ /IZ/ kiss watch study knock clean

work touch cough sneeze

like stay clear put

It knocks _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________

She studies ______________ ______________ _____________

______________

He kisses _____________

______________ ______________ ______________

2. GRAMMAR

A. Write the s plural form of the following words.

1. thesis ____________

2. stimulus ____________

3. alumnus ____________

4. loaf ____________

5. medium ____________

6. crisis ____________

7. veto ____________

8. fireman ____________

9. diagnosis ____________

10. ox ____________

11. watch ______________

12. mountain ______________

13. louse ______________

14. family ______________

15. shelf ______________

16. cloud ______________

17. area ______________

18. photo ______________

19. home ______________

20. logo _______________


B. Next to each word in the list, write correctly the plural for that word. If that word cannot

be pluralized because it's a non-count noun, write the letter X.

1. man ______________

2. furniture ______________

3. experience ______________

4. Kennedy ______________

5. ski ______________

6. gas ______________

7. box ______________

8. peace ______________

9. cactus ______________

10. criterion ______________

11. baby ______________

12. memo ______________

13. work ______________

14. self ______________

15. applause ______________

16. dancing ______________

17. 1990 ______________

18. aluminum ______________

19. fax ______________

20. roof ______________

21. fish ______________

22. child ______________

23. difficulty ______________

24. knowledge ______________

25. goose ______________

26. video ______________

27. curriculum ______________

28. biology ______________

29. URL ______________

30. dish ______________

C. Write the plural form of the following medical nouns.

1. mouth ______________

2. pharynx ______________

3. anus ______________

4. trachea ______________

5. pancreas ______________

6. enzyme ______________

7. duodenum ______________

8. cecum ______________

9. rectum ______________

10. bronchus ______________

D. What are MASS (NON-COUNT or UNCOUNTABLE) NOUNS?

Here is a list of MASS NOUNS for you to consider.

Can you count any of these things?

Do we use the plural form of any of these words in common speech and writing?

What do the things in the first column have in common? The second column?


wood

cloth

ice

plastic

wool

steel

aluminum

metal

glass

leather

porcelain

hair

dust

air

oxygen

water

milk

wine

beer

cake

sugar

rice

meat

cheese

flour

reading

boating

smoking

dancing

soccer

hockey

weather

heat

sunshine

electricity

biology

history

mathematics

economics

poetry

Chinese

Spanish

English

luggage

equipment

furniture

experience

applause

photography

traffic

harm

publicity

homework

advice


READING COMPREHENSION

Read the following text and answer the questions below.

Human Digestive System

How does food get digested?

Digestion involves mechanical as well as chemical changes in the food taken. Mechanical

alteration is brought about by teeth, grinding organs and muscular contraction of stomach and

intestinal walls. Breaking food into small pieces increases the surface area exposed to the enzymes

of digestive juices.

INTRODUCTION OF FOOD DIGESTION PROCESS

Chemical changes, whether in protozoans or in animals from sponges to man, involve cleaving of

complex, insoluble macro molecules into simpler, soluble sub units, and are brought about by the

action of enzyme.


Food Digestion Process

Food Intake: Different organisms obtain food in different ways but carry out similar reactions. To

take food, protozoans use pseudopodia, flagella or cilia; sponges and muscles use a current of

water; hydra uses tentacles beset with stinging cells; planarians and earthworms use a muscular

pharynx; flukes and leeches use oral succer.

Digestive System and process: Parts of the body concerned with the uptake and digestion of food

and elimination of indigestible remains from the digestive system, also called elementary system.

The digestive system consists of two sets of organs:

Alimentary canal: It is a tube comprising many specialized organs. It provides and helps in the

process of:

(i)An inlet, the mouth, to ingest food

(ii)A cavity, the lumen, where food is digested

(iii)A surface for the absorption of digested food

(iv)A space where indigestible remains are changed in to faeces

(v)An outlet the anus for elimination of faeces.

Digestive glands and their function in the process: These are the structures associated with the

different regions of the alimentary canal. They sent into the digestive track their secretions which

contains enzyme and other materials to help in the digestion of food. Most of the alimentary

canal and certain digestive glands are supported and held in place by mesenteries, the double

sheets of peritoneum with a layer of connective tissues in between.

Summary for Food Digestion Process

The digestive system serves three major functions are:

1. Nutrition: The digestive track primarily serves to provide food to the tissues to the body.

2. Breathing: The interior part of the alimentary canal also plays a role in respiration in the

chordates.

3. Excretion: The digestive system brings about sum excretion too. Excretion is the elimination of

unwanted materials from the body.


QUESTIONS

1. Does digestion only involve mechanical changes?

__________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. Why are enzymes important during the digestion process?

__________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

3. Which is the final step of the digestion process?

__________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

4. How is the alimentary canal supported?

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

2. Matching

Match the numbers with the letters

1. Cleave a) excrement

2. Intake b) the cavity of a tubular organ or part

3. Lumen c) tube

4. Faeces d) the amount taken in

5. Canal e) divide

ON-LINE EXERCISES

The following links could provide you further information and resources on plural form.

Find mistakes

http://www.englishteststore.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=707:Fi

nd-Mistakes-Basic-Level-Test-001&catid=117:find-mistakes&Itemid=365

Plural forms

http://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/english-grammar-nouns-plural3.html

http://www.clafoti.com/Imagenes/PLURALNOUNS.htm

http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/quizzes/cross/plurals_gap.htm

http://www.caihometype.com/course.html

http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/pluraltext.htm#Irregula

http://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/english-grammar-nouns-plural3.html

http://www.clafoti.com/Imagenes/PLURALNOUNS.htm

http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/quizzes/cross/plurals_gap.htm

http://www.caihometype.com/course.html

http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/pluraltext.htm#Irregula


THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

What is the respiratory system? Your respiratory system is made up of the organs in your body that help you to breathe. Remember, that respiration = breathing. The goal of breathing is to deliver oxygen to the body and to take away carbon dioxide.

Parts of the respiratory system

Lungs The lungs are the main organs of the respiratory system. In the lungs oxygen is taken into the body and carbon dioxide is breathed out. The red blood cells are responsible for picking up the oxygen in the lungs and carrying the oxygen to all the body cells that need it. The red blood cells drop off the oxygen to the body cells, then pick up the carbon dioxide which is a waste gas product produced by our cells. The red blood cells transport the carbon dioxide back to the lungs and we breathe it out when we exhale.

Trachea The trachea (TRAY-kee-uh} is sometimes called the windpipe. The trachea filters the air we breathe and branches into the bronchi.

Bronchi The bronchi (BRAHN-ky) are two air tubes that branch off of the trachea and carry air directly into the lungs.

UNIT

4


Diaphragm Breathing starts with a dome-shaped muscle at the bottom of the lungs called the diaphragm (DY-uh-fram). When you breathe in, the diaphragm contracts. When it contracts it flattens out and pulls downward. This movement enlarges the space that the lungs are in. This larger space pulls air into the lungs. When you breathe out, the diaphragm expands reducing the amount of space for the lungs and forcing air out. The diaphragm is the main muscle used in breathing.

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

Why Do I Yawn? When you are sleepy or drowsy the lungs do not take enough oxygen from the air. This causes a shortage of oxygen in our bodies. The brain senses this shortage of oxygen and sends a message that causes you to take a deep long breath - a YAWN.

Why Do I Sneeze?

Sneezing is like a cough in the upper breathing passages. It is the body's way of removing an irritant from the sensitive mucous membranes of the nose. Many things can irritate the mucous membranes. Dust, pollen, pepper or even a cold blast of air are just some of the many things that may cause you to sneeze.

What Causes Hiccups?

Hiccups are the sudden movements of the diaphragm. It is involuntary. You have no control over hiccups, as you well know. There are many causes of hiccups. The diaphragm may get irritated, you may have eaten to fast, or maybe some substance in the blood could even have brought on the hiccups.

Simple Present / Negative and Interrogative Sentences

Type of sentence Subject Auxiliary (-) Base form of the verb Complement

- She He

does not / doesn’t

operate a patient

They You

do not/ don’t

take care of me

http://hes.ucfsd.org/gclaypo/repiratorysys.html#Diaphragm


Type of sentence Auxiliary Subject Base form of the verb

Complement Question mark

? Does she he

operate a patient ?

Do they you

take care of me ?

Type of sentence “Wh” question words

Auxiliary Subject Base form of the verb

Complement Question mark

? Why Where

does does

she he

visit operate

a patient that boy

? ?

When How

Do Do

they You

take care heal

of me them

? ?

ON-LINE EXERCISES

Go to the following links to practice. http://www.englischhilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/simple_present_negation_long.htm http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/questions/simple_present.htm

ACTIVITIES

A. Read carefully the following text.

I have a terrible stomachache.

Doctor: — Good morning. Please have a seat here. What´s the problem?

Paul Ryefield: — I have a terrible stomachache.

Doctor: — Do you have diarrhea?

Paul Ryefield: — Yes, I do.

Doctor: — Do you have any other symptoms?

Paul Ryefield: — Yes, I feel sick.

Doctor: — You mean you feel nauseous?

Paul Ryefield: — That´s right. I feel like vomiting. And right now I feel dizzy, too.

Doctor: — All right. Please take off your clothes to the waist and lie down there ... Just tell me if it

http://www.englischhilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/simple_present_negation_long.htm

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/questions/simple_present.htm


hurts when I do this.

Paul Ryefield: — It doesn´t hurt. ... Ouch. It hurts there.

Doctor: — Okay. Let´s hope it´s just indigestion, but we´ll need to run some diagnostic tests to be sure. We´ll run a blood test and we´ll also need a urine sample.

Paul Ryefield: — Can you give me something for the time being?

Doctor: — Yes, I´ll give you a prescription for indigestion tablets.

B. Write a dialogue using the interrogative and negative sentences. Use the

vocabulary above _________________________________________________________________________

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C. VOCABULARY. Read the text then Work with a partner and match the term in column A with its contextual meaning in column B.

Influenza is a viral infection of the respiratory tract that produces severe discomfort and debilitation. Flu should not be confused with a cold. Influenza produces symptoms that require bed rest for several days. There are several types of influenza virus and all have certain characteristics: rapid transmission from person to person, an incubation period of few days, and symptoms that become severe in a short time. Symptoms are generally respiratory in nature but gastrointestinal involvement is common with certain types of influenza. Headache and painful respiration are usually the first symptoms. Within the first hours the body temperature increases and remains elevated for several days. Severe muscle aches, headache, weakness, and chest discomfort accompany the fever. Throat tenderness and episodes of coughing are present in most cases. Symptoms are severe for 3 to 5 days, and then subside slowly. Weakness and coughing may persist for 10 days to 2 weeks.

A B

1. debilitation 2. confuse 3. cold 4. require 5. severe 6. involvement 7. increases 8. remain 9. elevated 10. accompany 11. throat 12. tenderness 13. episodes 14. subside

a. abate / diminish b. acute / grave / critical c. complement / to go together with something d. event / occurrence e. higher than normal f. need or demand g. pharynx h. rhinovirus or coronavirus infection i. sensitive / painful j. to be mistaken for something else k. to be part of / to be included in l. to go up m. to incapacitate n. to stay / to continue being

D. READING COMPREHENSION.

Instructions: Work with a partner. Discuss each question in English and decide if the statements are T (true) or F (false.)

a. Influenza is caused either by virus or bacteria. T F b. The flu is the same thing as a cold. T F c. Fever is not a typical sign of the flu. T F d. Some patients may develop gastrointestinal troubles during influenza. T F e. Influenza is a very infectious disease. T F f. The incubation period for the flu is usually about one month. T F


THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

The circulatory system is made up of the vessels and the muscles that help and control the flow of

the blood around the body. This process is called circulation. The main parts of the system are the

heart, arteries, capillaries and veins.

As blood begins to circulate, it leaves the heart from the left ventricle and goes into the aorta. The

aorta is the largest artery in the body. The blood leaving the aorta is full of oxygen. This is

important for the cells in the brain and the body to do their work. The oxygen rich blood travels

throughout the body in its system of arteries into the smallest arterioles.

On its way back to the heart, the blood travels through a system of veins. As it reaches the lungs,

the carbon dioxide (a waste product) is removed from the blood and replace with fresh oxygen

that we have inhaled through the lungs.

UNIT

5


Arteries

Arteries are tough, elastic tubes that carry blood away from the heart. As the arteries move away

from the heart, they divide into smaller vessels. The largest arteries are about as thick as a thumb.

The smallest arteries are thinner than hair. These thinner arteries are called arterioles. Arteries

carry bright red blood! The color comes from the oxygen that it carries.

Veins

Veins carry the blood to the heart. The smallest veins, also called venules, are very thin. They join

larger veins that open into the heart. The veins carry dark red blood that doesn't have much

oxygen. Veins have thin walls. They don't need to be as strong as the arteries because as blood is

returned to the heart, it is under less pressure


Heart

Did you know that your heart is the strongest muscle? Your heart is divided into two sides. The

right side pumps blood to your lungs where it picks up oxygen. The left side pumps oxygen-soaked

blood out to your body. They do not work on their own, but together as a team. The body's blood

is circulated through the heart more than 1,000 times per day. Between five and six thousand

quarts of blood are pumped each day. Your heart is about the same size as your fist.

Blood is thicker than water and has a little bit salty taste. In an adult body there is 10.6 pints of

blood circulating around. In their blood there is billions of living blood cells floating in a liquid

called plasma. If you took a small sample of this blood and poured it into a test tube and then put

it in a machine called a centrifuge, you would be able to see the layers of this blood. This machine

spins the blood around so fast that it separates the red blood cells, from the white blood cells,

from the platelets. The red blood cells sink to the bottom because they are the heavier, more solid

parts, but the plasma remains at the top because it is lighter. The plasma is 95% water and the

other 5% is made up of dissolved substances including salts.


PRONOUNS

A pronoun is a word that can be used instead of another word.

Examples:

The X-ray machine is automatic, so it does not need to be programmed.

Helen was diagnosed as hypertensive, so the doctor gave her some beta-blockers.

If you did not pass one or more laboratories, you must take them this semester.

SUBJECT PRONOUNS OBJECT PRONOUNS I Me

You You

He Him She Her

It It

We Us

You You They Them

When pronouns are used as subjects of clauses they are called SUBJECT PRONOUNS (SP). Their

position is before verbs.

They have discovered the cure.

SP

We are wasting time.

SP

OBJECT PRONOUNS (OP) are located after verbs or prepositions.

They fight cancer They fight it.

I gave one scalpel and three tweezers to the surgeon I gave them to him

NOTE:

A pronoun acts as a subject or an object in a clause, so it is an error to repeat the noun it refers to

in the same clause.

Example

The administrators they are willing to discuss your queries.

Bottle-feeding them young children is as nutritious for them as breast feeding.

OP

OP

OP


Demonstrative adjectives vs. demonstrative pronouns

DISTANCE SINGULAR PLURAL

NEAR This These

FAR That Those

This, that, these, those are words used to refer to nouns that are near or further away in time or

space.

They work as adjectives when they modify a noun (the noun is written or pronounced in the same

clause). If they replace a noun these words work as pronouns.

Example:

This chocolate tastes delicious. (ADJECTIVE)

This tastes delicious. (PRONOUN)

I don't like this prognosis. (ADJECTIVE)

I don't like this. (PRONOUN)

That athlete will run for an hour. (ADJECTIVE)

That will run for an hour (PRONOUN)

Jim wrote that prescription. (ADJECTIVE)

Jim wrote that. (PRONOUN)

These patients look good. (ADJECTIVE)

These look good. (PRONOUN)

Possessive adjective vs. possessive pronouns

Possessive adjectives modify a noun (that is written or pronounced in the clause) and show that

there is a possession relation.

Possessive pronouns are used when we want to substitute a group of words that are indicating a

possession relation.


POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE

POSSESSIVE PRONOUN

My Mine

Your Yours

His His Her Hers

Its Its

Our Ours Your Yours

Their Theirs

For example:

This is my book. (ADJECTIVE)

This is mine. (PRONOUN)

Their patients are in the intensive care unit (ADJECTIVE).

Theirs are in the intensive care unit. (PRONOUN)

This is your disk and that's mine. (ADJECTIVE – PRONOUN)

The smallest stethoscope is hers. (PRONOUN)

NOTE

Read the following sentence

When you drive to Manitoba, will you take your car or theirs?

The possessive adjective "your" depends on the noun "car."

The possessive pronoun, "theirs," stands in the place of the noun phrase, "their car."

ACTIVITIES

A. Underline the object in each sentence and replace it using an object pronoun.

a) Please help doctor Takashi.

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b) Peter loves chemistry

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c) Read page 104.

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d) Ask doctor Huapaya and doctor Carhuancho.

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e) Buy five syringes for Miss La Rosa.

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B. Unscramble the words groups to write sentences. Use the correct punctuation and capitalization.

a) lend / him / money / some / always / I

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b) the / showing / the / something / women / is / man / to.

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c) them / she / help / some / gives / rarely.

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d) you / tell / the / him / do / ? / answers

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e) this / us / does / explain / kind / exercises / of / she / not / to.

C. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate possessive adjective, then use possessive pronouns

to replace the group of words expressing possession relation.

1. What’s the boy’s name? _____________ name is Ben Scott.

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2. Debbie has a dog. ____________ dog is very lively.

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3. The dog is very lively. _____________ name is Ben.

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4. We are at school. _______________ school is very nice.

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5. I have a new laptop. _____________ laptop is white.

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6. I'm from Chester. Most of ______________ friends are from Chester, too.

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7. The Guptas have a restaurant. _____________ restaurant is great.

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8. The rabbit is white. ______________ cage is in the garden.

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9. You are not English. ______________ name is not an English name.

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10. Sandra and Jenny are friends. ________________school is in Chester.

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11. The Scotts have a new car. _________________ car is blue.

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12. Emma Peel has a brother. ________________ name is Paul.

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13. Nick Baker has a sister._______________ name is Debbie.

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14. Yes, we have a dog. _____________ dog is very old.

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15. The Snows have a tortoise. ____________ name is Trundle.

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D. GROUP EXERCISE.

Create a logical secrete message using at least ten abbreviations showed next pages.

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ABBREVIATIONS

This is partial list of abbreviations used in medical prescriptions.

ABBREVIATIONS LATIN OR GREEK ORIGIN

MEANING

Aa Ana of each

Ad Ad up to a.c. ante cibum before meals

a.d. auris dextra right ear

ad lib. ad libitum use as much as one desires; freely admov. Admove apply

Agit Agita stir/shake

alt. h. alternis horis every other hour

a.m. ante meridiem morning, before noon Amp Ampule

Amt Amount

Aq Aqua Water a.l., a.s. auris laeva, auris

sinistra left ear

A.T.C. around the clock

a.u. auris utraque both ears

Bis Bis twice b.d./b.i.d. bis in die twice daily

B.M. bowel movement

bol. Bolus as large as single dose(usually intravenously) B.S. blood sugar

B.S.A body surface areas

BUCC Bucca inside cheek cap., caps. Capsula capsule

c, c. Cum with (usually written with a bar on top of the"c")

cib. Cibus food

Cc cum cibo with food, (but also cubic centimeter) Cf with food

comp. compound

cr., crm cream CST continue same treatment

D5W dextrose 5% solution (sometimes written as D5W)

D5NS dextrose 5% in normal saline (0.9%) D.A.W. dispense as written (i.e., no generic substitution)

dc, D/C, disc discontinue

dieb. alt. diebus alternis every other day dil. dilute

disp. dispersible or dispense

div. divide



MEANING

d.t.d. dentur tales doses give of such doses

D.W. water distilled

elix. elixir e.m.p. ex modo prescripto as directed

emuls. Emulsum emulsion

Et Et and Eod every other day

Ex aq ex aqua in water

fl., fld. fluid ft. Fiat make; let it be made

G gram

Gr grain gtt(s) gutta(e) drop(s)

H hypodermic

h, hr hora hour

h.s. hora somni bedtime ID intradermal

IM Intramuscular (with respect to injections)

inj. injectio injection IP intraperitoneal

IV intravenous

IVP intravenous push IVPB intravenous piggyback

L.A.S. label as such

LCD coal tar solution Lin linimentum liniment

Liq liquor solution

lot. lotion Mane mane in the morning

M. misce mix

m, min minimum a minimum

Mcg microgram m.d.u. more dicto utendus to be used as directed

mEq milliequivalent

Mg milligram mist. mistura mix

Mitte mitte send

mL milliliter nebul nebula a spray

N.M.T. not more than

noct. nocte at night non rep. non repetatur no repeats

NS normal saline(0.9%)

1/2NS half normal saline(0.45%)



MEANING

N.T.E. not to exceed

o_2 both eyes, sometimes written as o2 o.d. oculus dexter right eye

D.W. water distilled

elix. elixir e.m.p. ex modo prescripto as directed

emuls. emulsum emulsion

Et Et and Eod every other day

Ex aq ex aqua in water

fl., fld. fluid ft. fiat make; let it be made

G gram

Gr grain gtt(s) gutta(e) drop(s)

H hypodermic

h, hr hora hour

h.s. hora somni bedtime ID intradermal

IM Intramuscular (with respect to injections)

inj. injectio injection IP intraperitoneal

IV intravenous

IVP intravenous push IVPB intravenous piggyback

L.A.S. label as such

LCD coal tar solution Lin linimentum liniment

Liq liquor solution

lot. lotion Mane mane in the morning

M. misce mix

m, min minimum a minimum

Mcg microgram m.d.u. more dicto utendus to be used as directed

mEq milliequivalent

Mg milligram mist. mistura mix

Mitte mitte send

mL milliliter nebul nebula a spray

N.M.T. not more than



MEANING

noct. nocte at night

non rep. non repetatur no repeats NS normal saline(0.9%)

1/2NS half normal saline(0.45%)

N.T.E. not to exceed o_2 both eyes, sometimes written as o2

o.d. oculus dexter right eye

o.p.d. once per day o.s. oculus sinister left eye

o.u. oculus uterque both eyes

oz ounce per per by or through

p.c. post cibum after meals

pig./pigm. pigmentum paint p.m. post meridiem evening or afternoon

PRN, prn pro re nata as needed

p.o. per os by mouth or orally

p.r. by rectum pulv. pulvis powder

PV per vaginam via the vagina

q quaque every q.a.d. quoque alternis die every other day

q.a.m. quaque die ante meridiem

every day before noon

q.d.s. quater die sumendus four times a day

q.p.m. quaque die post meridiem

every time after noon

q.h. quaque hora every hour q.h.s. quaque hora somni every night at bedtime

q.1h, q.1° quaque1 hora every 1 hour; (can replace “1” with other numbers)

q.d. quaque die every day q.i.d. quater in die four times a day

q.o.d. every other day

qqh quater quaque hora every four hours q.s. quantum sufficiat a sufficient quantity

QWK every week

R rectal

rep., rept. repetatur repeats RL, R/L Ringer's lactate sine

s without (usually written with a bar on the top of the “s”)

s.a. secundum artum use your judgment



MEANING

SC, subc, subcut, subq, SQ subcutaneous

Sig write on label

SL sublingually, under the tongue Sol solutio solution

s.o.s., si op. sit si opus sit if there is a need

Ss semis one half Stat statim immediately

Supp suppositorium suppository

Susp suspension Syr syrupus syrup

Tab tabella tablet

tal., t talus such Tbsp tablespoon

troche trochiscus lozenge

Tsp teaspoon

t.i.d. ter in die three times a day t.d.s. ter die sumendum three times a day

t.i.w. three times a week

top. topical T.P.N. total parenteral nutrition

tr, tinc., tinct. tincture

u.d., ut. dict. ut dictum as directed

ung. unguentum ointment

U.S.P. United States Pharmacopoeia Vag vaginally

W with

Wf with food (with meals) w/o without

X times

Y.O. years old


HOSPITAL FACILITIES

Melissa Memorial Hospital

Melissa Memorial Hospital is designed as a critical access hospital providing for 24 hour emergency care. The design is intended to present an image of a facility that provides quality healthcare in a friendly environment. This facility focuses on healing the body, mind and spirit by personalizing, humanizing, and demystifying the healthcare experience for patients and their families.

Family Waiting Lounge – The family lounge sits immediately adjacent to the inpatient bed wing, providing a bright and spacious place for families to gather.

UNIT

6


Main Entry Lobby - The high ceiling main lobby space was designed with comfort in mind. Its upper windows provide a beacon when lights are on at night and its contemporary design and soft colors offer patients and their families a warm welcome and an orientation point of reference.

Nursing Station - The nursing station is centrally located to offer overlapping access and control of the inpatient bed wing, the labor and delivery suite, the emergency department, the observation beds, the family lounge as well as the outpatient waiting area.

Operating Room - The new surgical suite was designed primarily for outside specialists that travel to Melissa Memorial for specialty surgeries. The new surgical area will help to increase specialty surgery volumes.

Floor Plan - The Floor Plan emphasizes departmental adjacencies and clean and separate corridor flows.


Pre-operative and Recovery Areas - The hospital provides pre-operative and recovery areas adjacent to the operating room.

The total refurbishment of Melissa Memorial Hospital will be 2011. The roof will be replaced, the

wards partitioned into individual cubicles to provide privacy for patients, and new nursing stations

were constructed. Ceramic floor tiles give the wards a cool and clean appearance as do the

acoustic ceilings in all the General Wards corridors.

The next major development will be the building of an ultra-modern maternity wing. It will have

eighteen beds, five are sea-facing private rooms, four semi-private rooms and eight general ward

beds. It will also have its own operating theatre, a baby nursery, isolation rooms, delivery rooms,

family planning area, well-baby and well-woman clinics, pediatric cardiology.

The development of the hospital never really stops, because the pace of change always increases

and the hospital must keep up.


THERE IS/ THERE ARE

Both expressions are used to state the something exists or to point out something in the distance.

There is/There are can be used as the sentences subject.

1. "There is" - is used with the following subjects:

Singular nouns

Uncountable nouns

3rd person singular (he, she, my physician, his outpatient, etc.).

Examples:

There is my specialist on the corner.

There is a lot of blood on the highway. There must have been an accident.

There is a fracture here.

2. "There are" - is used with the following subjects:

3rd person plural (they, my doctors, the nurses, the practitioners, etc.)

Examples:

There are many nurses in this nursing station.

There are practitioners there.

There are three sites on the internet that are really good to study Medical English.

PREPOSITIONS


ACTIVITIES

A. THERE IS/THERE ARE. Choose the appropriate expression from the parentheses.

1. ___________ a fly in that doctor's soup.

(There is, There are)

2. ______________many health centers in Huaycan.

(There isn't, There aren't)

3. ________________ any viruses in this area.


4. _____________________ lots of clinics in big cities.


5. ______________ a blood bank here?

(Is there, Are there)

6. _________________ survivors in the mine?


7. _____________________ a blood donor I can call?


8. _______________ an important surgery tomorrow.


9. _____________________ 8 students in my Medical English class.


10._________________________ many inpatients in this hospital.



B. GROUP PROJECT. Look at the map below. Then write a description for the plan using

“there is”, “there are” and prepositions.

C. Draw three plans considering the vocabulary below. Then describe the plans using

“there is”, “there are” and prepositions.

1. Ultra-modern maternity wing: eighteen beds, five are sea-facing private rooms, four semi-

private rooms and eight general ward beds; one operating theatre; a baby nursery;

isolation rooms; delivery rooms; family planning area; well-baby and well-woman clinics;

pediatric cardiology.

2. Third floor: two lifts; a four-bed High Dependency Unit; Renal Dialysis Unit; Radiology

department.

3. Outpatient Department: Obstetrics; Gynecology; -Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT); -Dental

Surgery ; Orthopedics; Dermatology; Virology; Urology; Radiation, Oncology; Obstetrics;

Perinatology Consultation; Cardiology; Pathology; Psychiatry; Pulmonary Services;

Neurosurgery ; Pediatrics; Internal Medicine; Endocrinology; General Surgery; Geriatrics;

Gastroenterology; Electrophysiology; Neonatology; Nephrology; Rheumatology;

Ophthalmology; Plastic Surgery; Otolaryngology; Pathology.


THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM

Excretion - Excretion is the removal of the metabolic wastes of an organism. Wastes that are

removed include carbon dioxide, water, salt, urea and uric acid. All excreted wastes travel at some

time in the blood.

Organs of the Excretory System

Lungs - removal of excess carbon dioxide

Liver - produces urea and uric acid as a by-product of the breakdown of proteins

Skin - removal of excess water, salt, urea and uric acid

Urinary System - kidneys filter the blood to form urine, which is excess water, salt, urea and uric

acid

THE SKIN

Layers of the skin

Epidermis - outer protective layer without blood vessels

Dermis - inner layer containing blood vessels, sensory nerve endings, sweat and oil glands, hairs,

and fat cells

Functions of the skin

Excretion - Wastes such as excess water, salt, urea and uric acid are removed from the body in

sweat.

Waterproofing - The skin with its oil glands prevents the entry of water into, and loss of water out

of the body.

UNIT

7


Protection from disease - The intact skin prevents invasion of micro-organisms and dust into the

body.

Protection from ultraviolet rays - Pigments reduce the intake of UV rays.

Regulation of body temperature - The thin layer of fat cells in the dermis insulates the body.

Contraction of small muscles attached to hairs forms 'goosebumps' and creates an insulating

blanket of warm air. Also, sweat produced by sweat glands uses excess body heat to evaporate,

providing a cooling effect.

Sensory Detection - The nerve endings or receptors in the dermis detect heat, cold, touch,

pressure and pain.

SOME / ANY

STATEMENT SOME ANY Affirmative statement

I have some health nuisances. They will need some calories

_

Negative statements

_ I do not need any blood transfusion.

Interrogative statements

_ Do you need any help? Does she have any classmates?

Exception: Offer: Would you like some help? Request: Can you lend me some money?

QUANTIFIERS WITH COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Some adjectives and adjectival phrases describe quantity. Some can only go with countable nouns

(nurses, inpatients, outpatients), and some can only go with uncountable nouns (sugar, fat, blood,

advice). However, there are quantifiers that can be used with both countable and uncountable

nouns.

ONLY WITH UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

WITH UNCOUNTABLE AND COUNTABLE NOUNS

ONLY WITH COUNTABLE NOUNS

How much? How much? or How many? How many?

a little no/none a few

a bit (of) not any a number (of)

- some (any) several

a great deal of a lot of a large number of

a large amount of plenty of a great number of

- lots of -


Notes:

1. Much and many are used in negative and question forms.

Example:

How much sugar do you consume?

How many cigarettes do you smoke?

There's not much blood in the blood bank.

There weren't many physicians at the meeting.

2. They are also used with too, (not) so, and (not) as :

Examples

There were too many physicians at the meeting.

It's a problem when there are so many patients.

There's not so much work to do this week.

3. In positive statements, we use a lot of:

Examples:

I have a lot of work this week.

There were a lot of physicians at the meeting.

4. A few (for countable nouns) and a little (for uncountable nouns) describe the quantity in a positive way:

Examples:

I have a few patients (= maybe not many, but enough)

I have a little money (= I have enough to live on)

5. Few and little describe the quantity in a negative way:

Few people visited him in hospital (= he had almost no visitors)

He had little money (= almost no money)


ACTIVITIES

A. QUANTIFIERS. In the following sentences, fill in the gaps with one of the following quantifiers:

1. It seems to me that we haven't had ____________ assignments in English this term.

2. How _______________ material can we be expected to read in one week?

3. I've unfortunately had _________________ headaches already because of stress.

4. Our yard looks awful this summer. There are too _____________ weeds.

5. I didn't use _____________ fertilizer last spring, and that has made a difference.

6. Also, I've paid very_________________ attention to how rain we've had.

7. I'm afraid it's rained ________________ times this summer, and that is why the grass is turning brown and dying. Farmers are very upset.

8. How _______________ good would it do if we watered the plants ourselves?

9. ________________ advice I have ever received from so-called "experts" has been useless.

10. They said that just _________________ help could make a big difference.

11.________________________ people know as much about computers as Tomas does.

12. It does us _________________________ good when the banking system collapses.

much, many, a lot of, most, a little, little, a few, few


B. GROUP PROJECT. You are a doctor who needs to know your patient routine. Write a 30-line dialogue using quantifiers in each sentence. Use affirmative, negative and interrogative statements.

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THE URINARY SYSTEM

Urine

The first nitrogenous waste to be formed from the breakdown of protein is ammonia, a highly

toxic chemical that is quickly converted by the liver to urea and uric acid. These are less toxic than

ammonia and are transported in the blood to the kidneys for excretion in urine. Urine consists of

excess water, excess salt, urea and uric acid.

Parts of the Urinary System

UNIT

8


Renal Arteries

Two renal arteries constantly transport blood to the kidneys.

Renal Veins

Two renal veins return useful nutrients back into the bloodstream.

Ureters

Two ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

Urinary Bladder

The urinary bladder temporarily stores urine until it is released from the body.

Urethra

The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. The

outer end of the urethra is controlled by a circular muscle called a sphincter.

Kidneys

The human kidneys are the major organs of bodily excretion (see Figure 1.) They are bean-shaped

organs located on either side of the backbone at about the level of the stomach and liver. Blood

always enters the kidneys through renal arteries and leaves through renal veins. Tubes called

ureters carry waste products from the kidneys to the urinary bladder for storage or for release.

Figure 1. Details of the human excretory system. Position and allied structures of the kidneys (top). A cross section of

the kidney showing the two major portions (left). Details of the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney (right).


The product of the kidneys is urine, a watery solution of waste products, salts, organic compounds,

and two important nitrogen compounds: uric acid and urea. Uric acid results from nucleic acid

decomposition, and urea results from amino acid breakdown in the liver. Both of these nitrogen

products can be poisonous to the body and must be removed in the urine.

Nephron

The functional and structural unit of the kidney is the nephron. The nephron produces urine and is

the primary unit of homeostasis in the body. It is essentially a long tubule with a series of

associated blood vessels. The upper end of the tubule is an enlarged cuplike structure called the

Bowman's capsule. Below the Bowman's capsule, the tubule coils to form the proximal tubule, and

then it follows a hairpin turn called the loop of Henle. After the loop of Henle, the tubule coils

once more as the distal tubule. It then enters a collecting duct, which also receives urine from

other distal tubules.

Within the Bowman's capsule is a coiled ball of capillaries known as a glomerulus. Blood from the

renal artery enters the glomerulus. The force of the blood pressure induces plasma to pass

through the walls of the glomerulus, pass through the walls of the Bowman's capsule, and flow

into the proximal tubule. Red blood cells and large proteins remain in the blood.

After plasma enters the proximal tubule, it passes through the coils, where usable materials and

water are reclaimed. Salts, glucose, amino acids, and other useful compounds flow back through

tubular cells into the blood by active transport. Osmosis and the activity of hormones assist the

movement. The blood fluid then flows through the loop of Henle into the distal tubule. Once

more, salts, water, and other useful materials flow back into the bloodstream. Homeostasis is

achieved by this process: A selected amount of hydrogen, ammonium, sodium, chloride, and other

ions maintain the delicate salt balance in the body.

The fluid moving from the distal tubules into the collecting duct contains materials not needed by

the body. This fluid is referred to as urine. Urea, uric acid, salts, and other metabolic waste

products are the main components of urine. The urine flows through the ureters toward the

urinary bladder. When the bladder is full, the urine flows through the urethra to the exterior.


FREQUENCY ADVERBS

Adverbs of frequency are used to say how often you do something. Adverbs of frequency are often

used with the present simple because they indicate repeated or routine activities.

For example:

They often go out for dinner

The most common frequency adverbs in English are:

Always 100%

Frequently 90%

Usually 80%

Often 70%

Sometimes 50%

Occasionally 40%

Seldom 20%

Rarely 10%

Never 0%

Note: The percentages here are rough estimates only.

Frequency adverbs can be placed at various points in the sentence, but are most commonly used

before the main verbs and after the verb to be.

That surgeon always comes to work on time.

Those doctors are seldom home when we call.

He's usually taking her pills at this time.

She's never been to Cayetano Heredia Hospital.

A: Do you come here often?

B: Yes. I'm here occasionally.

A: What do you usually do here?

B: Sometimes I just sit and wait for a blood transfusion.


Notes:

1. The adverbs seldom, rarely, never and hardly ever are considered negative.

A: Do you always carry your medicines?

B: (Yes,) I usually do.

No, I usually don't.

No, I rarely do.

No, I hardly ever do.

2. The following expressions are used at the beginning and end of sentences, not before

main verbs.

Every day/week /month

Every other day /week

Once a week /month/year

Twice a year / day, etc.

(Every) once in a while

Every so often

Examples:

Every once in a while I visit my outpatients.

I visit my outpatients every once in a while.

I every once in a while visit my outpatients. (Incorrect)

3. The adverbs regularly (according to schedule), normally (commonly nowadays),

traditionally (commonly in the past) can come at various points in the sentence:

Examples:

I regularly floss my teeth.

I floss my teeth regularly.

Traditionally, that was considered child's play.

I normally get up around 6 o'clock.

Normally, I get up around 6 o'clock.



ACTIVITIES

A. Rewrite the complete sentence using the adverb in brackets in its correct position.

Example:

I play tennis on Sundays. (often)

Answer: I often play tennis on Sundays.

1. He pays attention to the doctor's suggestions. (often)

_____________________________________________________________________________

2. They read a book on Anatomy. (sometimes)

______________________________________________________________________________

3. Pete gets angry. (never)

________________________________________________________________________________

4. Doctor Espinoza is very friendly. (usually)

_______________________________________________________________________________

5. I take sugar in my coffee. (sometimes)

_______________________________________________________________________________

6. Ramon and Frank are hungry. (often)

_______________________________________________________________________________

7. My dermatologist goes for a walk in the evening. (always)

_______________________________________________________________________________

8. Nurses help surgeons in the operating rooms. (usually)

________________________________________________________________________________

9. Patients watch TV after 9 pm. (never)

_______________________________________________________________________________

10. Christine smokes. (never)

_______________________________________________________________________________


usually, normally (2), regularly, always (2), never, sometimes

11. Nurse Hellen is upset (frequently)

________________________________________________________________________________

12. My workmates are in a hurry (usually)

_______________________________________________________________________________

B. FREQUENCY ADVERBS. Read the text below and insert the frequency adverbs from the

box.

Control of kidney function.

The activity of the nephron in the kidney is ____________ controlled by a person's choices

and environment as well as hormones. For example, if a person __________ consumes

large amounts of protein, much urea will be in the blood from the digestion of the protein.

Also, on a hot day, a body will retain water for sweating and cooling, so the amount of

urine is reduced.

Humans ______________ produce a hormone called antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also

known as vasopressin, which is secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. It

___________ regulates the amount of urine by controlling the rate of water absorption in

the nephron tubules.

_____________ some individuals suffer from a condition in which they secrete very low

levels of ADH. The result is excessive urination and a disease called diabetes insipidus.

Another unrelated form of diabetes, diabetes mellitus, is more widespread. Persons with

this disease ___________ produce sufficient levels of insulin. Insulin _________ transports

glucose molecules into the cells. But when insulin is not available, the glucose remains in

the bloodstream. The glucose is _____________removed from the bloodstream in the

nephron; to dilute the glucose, the nephron removes large amounts of water from the

blood. Thus, the urine tends to be plentiful.

Hormones from the cortex of the adrenal glands also control the content of urine. These

hormones promote reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions in the tubules. Thus, they

affect the water balance in the body, because water flows in the direction of high sodium

and chloride content.

C. TRANSLATION. Translate the text above.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________


___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

D. Read more: http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Human-Excretory-

System.topicArticleId-8741,articleId-8714.html#ixzz0zWFI53ca


THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Introduction

Sexual reproduction is the process of producing offspring for the survival of the species,

and passing on hereditary traits from one generation to the next. The male and female

reproductive systems contribute to the events leading to fertilization. Then, the female

organs assume responsibility for the developing human, birth, and nursing. The male and

female gonads (testes and ovaries) produce sex cells (ova and sperm) and the hormones

necessary for the proper development, maintenance, and functioning of the organs of

reproduction and other organs and tissues.

1. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

These external structures include the penis, scrotum, and testicles.

Penis: This is the male organ used in sexual intercourse. It has three parts: the root,

which attaches to the wall of the abdomen; the body, or shaft; and the glans, which is

the cone-shaped part at the end of the penis. The glans, also called the head of the

penis, is covered with a loose layer of skin called foreskin. This skin is sometimes

removed in a procedure called circumcision. The opening of the urethra, the tube that

transports semen and urine, is at the tip of the penis. The penis also contains a

number of sensitive nerve endings.

UNIT

9

http://www.webmd.com/sexual-conditions/guide/circumcision


Scrotum: This is the loose pouch-like sac of skin that hangs behind and below the

penis. It contains the testicles (also called testes), as well as many nerves and blood

vessels. The scrotum acts as a "climate control system" for the testes. For normal

sperm development, the testes must be at a temperature slightly cooler than body

temperature. Special muscles in the wall of the scrotum allow it to contract and relax,

moving the testicles closer to the body for warmth or farther away from the body to

cool the temperature.

Testicles (testes): These are oval organs about the size of large olives that lie in the

scrotum, secured at either end by a structure called the spermatic cord. Most men

have two testes. The testes are responsible for making testosterone, the primary

male sex hormone, and for generating sperm. Within the testes are coiled masses of

tubes called seminiferous tubules. These tubes are responsible for producing sperm

cells.

The internal organs of the male reproductive system, also called accessory organs, include

the following:

Epididymis: The epididymis is a long, coiled tube that rests on the backside of each

testicle. It transports and stores sperm cells that are produced in the testes. It also is

the job of the epididymis to bring the sperm to maturity, since the sperm that emerge

from the testes are immature and incapable of fertilization. During sexual arousal,

contractions force the sperm into the vas deferens.

Vas deferens: The vas deferens is a long, muscular tube that travels from the

epididymis into the pelvic cavity, to just behind the bladder. The vas deferens

transports mature sperm to the urethra, the tube that carries urine or sperm to

outside of the body, in preparation for ejaculation.


Ejaculatory ducts: These are formed by the fusion of the vas deferens and the seminal

vesicles. The ejaculatory ducts empty into the urethra.

Urethra: The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside of the

body. In males, it has the additional function of ejaculating semen when the man

reaches orgasm. When the penis is erect during sex, the flow of urine is blocked from

the urethra, allowing only semen to be ejaculated at orgasm.

Seminal vesicles: The seminal vesicles are sac-like pouches that attach to the vas

deferens near the base of the bladder. The seminal vesicles produce a sugar-rich fluid

(fructose) that provides sperm with a source of energy to help them move. The fluid

of the seminal vesicles makes up most of the volume of a man's ejaculatory fluid, or

ejaculate.

Prostate gland: The prostate gland is a walnut-sized structure that is located below

the urinary bladder in front of the rectum. The prostate gland contributes additional

fluid to the ejaculate. Prostate fluids also help to nourish the sperm. The urethra,

which carries the ejaculate to be expelled during orgasm, runs through the center of

the prostate gland.

Bulbourethral glands: Also called Cowper's glands, these are pea-sized structures

located on the sides of the urethra just below the prostate gland. These glands

produce a clear, slippery fluid that empties directly into the urethra. This fluid serves

to lubricate the urethra and to neutralize any acidity that may be present due to

residual drops of urine in the urethra.


How does the male reproductive system function?

The entire male reproductive system is dependent on hormones, which are chemicals that

stimulate or regulate the activity of cells or organs. The primary hormones involved in the

functioning of the male reproductive system are follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH),

luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone.

FSH and LH are produced by the pituitary gland located at the base of the brain. FSH is

necessary for sperm production (spermatogenesis), and LH stimulates the production of

testosterone, which is necessary to continue the process of spermatogenesis.

Testosterone also is important in the development of male characteristics, including

muscle mass and strength, fat distribution, bone mass and sex drive.

2. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

The main external structures of the female reproductive system include:

Labia majora: The labia majora enclose and protect the other external reproductive

organs. Literally translated as "large lips," the labia majora are relatively large and

fleshy, and are comparable to the scrotum in males. The labia majora contain sweat

and oil-secreting glands. After puberty, the labia majora are covered with hair.

Labia minora: Literally translated as "small lips," the labia minora can be very small or

up to 2 inches wide. They lie just inside the labia majora, and surround the openings

to the vagina (the canal that joins the lower part of the uterus to the outside of the

body) and urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the

body).

Bartholin's glands: These glands are located beside the vaginal opening and produce

a fluid (mucus) secretion.

Clitoris: The two labia minora meet at the clitoris, a small, sensitive protrusion that is

comparable to the penis in males. The clitoris is covered by a fold of skin, called the

prepuce, which is similar to the foreskin at the end of the penis. Like the penis, the

clitoris is very sensitive to stimulation and can become erect.

The internal reproductive organs in the female include:

Vagina: The vagina is a canal that joins the cervix (the lower part of uterus) to the

outside of the body. It also is known as the birth canal.

Uterus (womb): The uterus is a hollow, pear-shaped organ that is the home to a

developing fetus. The uterus is divided into two parts: the cervix, which is the lower


part that opens into the vagina, and the main body of the uterus, called the corpus.

The corpus can easily expand to hold a developing baby. A channel through the cervix

allows sperm to enter and menstrual blood to exit.

Ovaries: The ovaries are small, oval-shaped glands that are located on either side of

the uterus. The ovaries produce eggs and hormones.

Fallopian tubes: These are narrow tubes that are attached to the upper part of the

uterus and serve as tunnels for the ova (egg cells) to travel from the ovaries to the

uterus. Conception, the fertilization of an egg by a sperm, normally occurs in the

fallopian tubes. The fertilized egg then moves to the uterus, where it implants into the

lining of the uterine wall.


How does the female reproductive system function?

The female reproductive system is designed to carry out several functions. It produces the

female egg cells necessary for reproduction, called the ova or oocytes. The system is

designed to transport the ova to the site of fertilization. Conception, the fertilization of an

egg by a sperm, normally occurs in the fallopian tubes. The next step for the fertilized egg

is to implant into the walls of the uterus, beginning the initial stages of pregnancy. If

fertilization and/or implantation does not take place, the system is designed to

menstruate (the monthly shedding of the uterine lining). In addition, the female

reproductive system produces female sex hormones that maintain the reproductive cycle.

AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS

SUBJECT VERB COMPLEMENT I You We They

analyzed removed caught drank

a microbe a tumor a cold a cough syrup

He She It

had had had

genital herpes chlamydia syphilis


NEGATIVE STATEMENTS

SUBJECT AUXILIARY VERB COMPLEMENT

I You We They

did not / didn´t

analyze remove catch drink

a microbe a tumor a cold a cough syrup

He She It

have have have


INTERROGATIVE STATEMENTS


Did I you we they

analyze cure have have

the results the patient a stiff neck a sunburn

?

Did he she it

have have have


?

“WH” QUESTION

WORDS


How often did I you we they

analyze cure have have

the results the patient a stiff neck a sunburn

?

When Why

did did

he she it

have have have


?

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

For further information go to

http://www.saberingles.com.ar/curso/lesson14/04.html

http://www.saberingles.com.ar/curso/lesson14/04.html


ACTIVITIES

A. PUT IN ORDER TO MAKE SENTENCES

1. its 46-Mb / we/ nuclear genome/ sequenced

_____________________________________________________________________

2. reviewed / in/ journals/ the/ articles/ authors/ relevant

______________________________________________________________________

3. dysfunction/ patients/ a sexual/ female/ reported

______________________________________________________________________

4. dysfunction/ in/ all/ explored/ men/ studies/ sexual

______________________________________________________________________

5. problem/ dysfunction /an under-recognized/was / sexual/ men/ in

______________________________________________________________________

6. our/ showed/ Georgian population/ degrees of ED/ lesser

______________________________________________________________________

7. mastered/ on / student physicians/ function / information / healthy sexual/

fundamental

______________________________________________________________________

8. an overall improvement/ described/ with long standing UC/ after surgery/function/

patients/ sexual/ their/in .

______________________________________________________________________

B. COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING TEXT WITH THE WORDS IN THE BOX

The human male ____________system (or male _________system) consists of a number

of sex organs that are a part of the human reproductive process. In the case of men, these

sex organs are located outside a man's body, around the _________region.

The main male sex organs are the penis and the ____________which produce

semen and _________, which as part of sexual intercourse fertilize an _________ in a

woman's body and the fertilized ovum (_________) gradually develops into a _________,

which is later born as a child.

fetus- genital-ovum- pelvic-reproductive-sperm-testes-zygote


LIST OF VERBS

Los verbos regulares forman el Simple Past y el Past Participle agregando -ed al infinitivo. Los

verbos irregulares no siguen esta regla y deben de ser aprendidos de memoria, estos se

encuentran marcados con (i).

Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle Spanish

add added added agregar

answer answered answered responder

apologise apologised apologised disculparse

arrest arrested arrested arrestar

arrive arrived arrived llegar

ask asked asked preguntar

attack attacked attacked atacar

be (i) was / were been ser

become (i) became become convertirse

begin (i) began begun comenzar

believe believed believed creer

boil boiled boiled hervir

book booked booked reservar

borrow borrowed borrowed tomar prestado

break (i) broke broken romper

bring (i) brought brought traer

build (i) built built construir

buy (i) bought bought comprar

catch (i) caught caught atrapar


carry carried carried llevar

change changed changed cambiar

chop chopped chopped picar

clean cleaned cleaned limpiar

climb climbed climbed escalar

collect collected collected colleccionar

come (i) came come venir

compose composed composed componer

cook cooked cooked cocinar

copy copied copied copiar

cut (i) cut cut cortar

dance danced danced bailar

describe described described describir

destroy destroyed destroyed destruir

die died died morir

discover discovered discovered descubrir

discuss discussed discussed discutir

do (i) did done hacer

draw (i) drew drawn dibujar

dream (i) dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed soñar

drink (i) drank drunk beber

drive (i) drove driven conducir

dye dyed dyed teñir


eat (i) ate eaten comer

enjoy enjoyed enjoyed disfrutar

explode exploded exploded explotar

extinguish extinguished extinguished extinguirse

fall (i) fell fallen caer

feed (i) fed fed alimentar

feel (i) felt felt sentir

fight (i) fought fought pelear

find (i) found found encontrar

fly (i) flew flown volar

forget (i) forgot forgotten olvidar

freeze (i) froze frozen congelar

fry fried fried freír

give (i) gave given dar

go (i) went gone ir

grow (i) grew grown crecer

happen happened happened suceder

hate hated hated odiar

have (i) had had tener

hear (i) heard heard oír

help helped helped ayudar

hire hired hired alquilar

hope hoped hoped esperar


hunt hunted hunted cazar

hurt (i) hurt hurt herir, doler

imagine imagined imagined imaginar

invent invented invented inventar

invite invited invited invitar

jump jumped jumped saltar

keep (i) kept kept guardar

kill killed killed matar

know (i) knew known saber

leave(i) left left dejar

lend (i) lent lent prestar

lie (i) lay lain yacer

lie lied lied mentir

lift lifted lifted levantar

like liked liked gustar

listen listened listened escuchar

live lived lived vivir

look looked looked mirar

lose (i) lost lost perder

love loved loved amar

make (i) made made hacer

meet (i) met met conocer, encontrar

miss missed missed perder, extrañar


offer offered offered ofrecer

open opened opened abrir

pack packed packed empacar

pass passed passed pasar, aprobar

pay (i) paid paid pagar

peel peeled peeled pelar

phone phoned phoned llamar por teléfono

plan planned planned planificar

play played played jugar

pour poured poured verter

prefer preferred preferred preferir

prepare prepared prepared preparar

push pushed pushed empujar

put (i) put put poner

rain rained rained llover

read (i) read read leer

reduce reduced reduced reducir

remember remembered remembered recordar

rent rented rented alquilar

rescue rescued rescued rescatar

return returned returned volver, devolver

ring (i) rang rung llamar por teléfono

run (i) ran run correr


save saved saved ahorrar

say (i) said said decir

search searched searched buscar

send (i) sent sent enviar

scream screamed screamed gritar

see (i) saw seen ver

sell (i) sold sold vender

shine (i) shone shone brillar

shoot (i) shot shot disparar

shut (i) shut shut cerrar

sing (i) sang sung cantar

sit (i) sat sat sentarse

skate skated skated patinar

ski skied skied esquiar

sleep (i) slept slept dormir

smell smelled smelled oler

snore snored snored roncar

speak (i) spoke spoken hablar

spend (i) spent spent gastar

start started started comenzar

stay stayed stayed quedarse

steal (i) stole stolen robar

stop stopped stopped detener


study studied studied estudiar

survive survived survived sobrevivir

swim (i) swam swum nadar

take (i) took taken tomar

talk talked talked hablar

teach (i) taught taught enseñar

tell (i) told told decir

thank thanked thanked agradecer

think (i) thought thought pensar

throw (i) threw thrown lanzar

touch touched touched tocar

try tried tried intentar

use used used usar

understand (i) understood understood entender

visit visited visited visitar

wait waited waited esperar

walk walked walked caminar

want wanted wanted querer

warn warned warned advertir

wash washed washed lavar

watch watched watched mirar

wear (i) wore worn llevar puesto

win (i) won won ganar


work worked worked trabajar

write (i) wrote written escribir

Source: http://www.saberingles.com.ar/lists/verbs2.html

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