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Biological Hierarchy
Individuals
Populations
Communities
Behavior
Demography
Diversity, Interactions
Individual Organisms: Behavior
• Variety of topics– Feeding– Fighting– Fornicating
• Habitat selection• Home range and
territoriality
• Sexual selection– Competition for mates– Mate choice
Population Ecology
• Demography– Births & deaths– Reproduction– Mortality
• Population growth models– Exponential growth
• r intrinsic rate of natural increase
– Logistic growth• K carrying capacity
• Life history strategies• r vs. K selection
– r selection• Many low quality offspring• “boom & bust” populations• Short lifespan• Highly productive
– K selection• Few high quality offspring• Populations fairly constant• Long lifespan• Highly efficient
– Continuum
Community Ecology
• Interactions between species– Competition– Predation – Parasitism– Mutualism
• Species diversity– Species richness– Evenness
• Patterns in species diversity– Theory of Island
Biogeography– View some habitats as
islands– Predict number of
species• Patch size• Isolation from other
patches
Phylum ArthropodaClass Crustacea
Amphipoda, Isopods, fairy shrimp, Decopods (lobster)
Class DiplopodaMillipedes
Class ArachnidaScorpions, mites, ticks, spiders
Class InsectaOrder Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Diptera, Plecoptera…
Insect general info
• 840,000 insects; ~104,000 in North America• Correct identification based on multiple
characteristics:– General appearance (size, shape, color)– Form of body parts (antennae, legs, wings, bristles, etc.)– Location (habitat type, region)– Age (larva vs. adult)
• Usually requires use of hand lens or dissecting scope to see pertinent features
Insect Diversity
• Diptera: flies• Coleoptera: beetles• Lepidoptera: butterflies &
moths• Hymenoptera: bees &
wasps• Odonata: dragonflies• Neuroptera: lacewings• Orthoptera: grasshoppers
& crickets• Ephemeroptera: mayflies
Why are insects so diverse?
• Small body size– Allows separation of populations– Allows subdivision of resources
• Short generation times (r-selection)– Allows quick response to environmental
heterogeneity– Allows quick recovery from disturbance
• Long history
Insect Ecology Module
• Dr. Tony Joern, Kansas State University• Potential exercises– Patterns of moth diversity• Island biogeography• Blacklighting
– Distribution and abundance of an insect herbivore• Leaf miners• Abiotic and biotic factors
Phylum Chordata
• Several classes of fish– Jawless fishes – Sharks and rays– Bony fish
• Class Amphibia (frogs, toads, salamanders) • Class Testudines (turtles, tortoises) • Class Lepidosauromorpha (snakes, lizards) • Class Crocodilia (alligators, crocodiles) • Class Aves (birds) • Class Mammalia (mammals)
Class Amphibia• Two stage life cycle
– Aquatic larvae– Terrestrial adult
• Respiratory structures– Gills (larvae)– Lungs (adult)– Skin
• Mucous and poison skin glands• Three-chambered heart• Ectothermic• Egg-layers
– Must lay eggs in or near water• Major groups
– Caudata• Salamanders
– Anura• Frogs and toads
Reptiles
• Shelled amniotic egg• Skin hard and brittle• Many have bony plates under scales• Three-chambered heart• Ectothermic• Major groups– Turtles– Snakes
Herp Traps
• Pitfall traps– Useful for catching
terrestrial arthropods and small mammals
– Usually include drift fence to increase capture rate
Herpetology Module
• Dr. Michael Pfrender• Lectures on ecology and phylogeny of herps• Field exercises– Collection of herps from UNDERC lakes and vernal
ponds
Class Aves• Many orders of birds
– Columbiformes: doves and pigeons
– Falconiformes: diurnal birds of prey
– Apodiformes: hummingbirds– Gruiformes: cranes and rails– Piciformes: woodpeckers– Strigiformes: owls– Anseriformes: ducks and geese– Galliformes: chickens and
turkeys– Passeriformes: perching birds
Class Mammalia
• Many orders of mammals– Rodentia: rodents– Chiroptera: bats– Soricomorpha: shrews and moles– Carnivora: cats, dogs, bears, weasels, raccoons– Lagomorpha: rabbits– Artiodactyla: ungulates
Mammal Traps
Sherman traps
Leg-hold traps
Tomahawk traps
Noninvasive Techniques
Bat Detectors
Tracking Stations
Scent Stations
ObservationTrailmaster Cameras