Initial Environment Examination (DRAFT) · environmental management plan (EMP) was prepared in...

Xinjiang Changji Integrated Urban-Rural Infrastructure Demonstration Project (RRP PRC 49029-002)

Initial Environment Examination (DRAFT) Project Number: 49029-002 February 2017

People’s Republic of China: Xinjiang Changji Integrated Urban-Rural Infrastructure Demonstration Project Prepared by the Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 27 February 2017)

Currency unit

CNY1.00 $1.00

– = =

yuan (CNY) $0.1456 CNY6.866

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB - Asian Development Bank AP - Affected person As - arsenic BOD5 - 5-day biochemical oxygen demand Cd - cadmium CNY - Chinese yuan CO2 - Carbon dioxide CO2eq - Carbon dioxide equivalent COD - Chemical oxygen demand Cr - chromium CRVA - Climate risk and vulnerability assessment Cu - copper EA - Executing agency EEM - External environmental monitor EMS - Environmental monitoring station EHS - Environmental, health and safety EIA - Environmental impact assessment EIRF - Environmental impact registration form EMP - Environmental management plan EPB - Environmental Protection Bureau FSR - Feasibility Study Report FYP - Five Year Plan HDEP - High density polyethylene Hg - Mercury IA - Implementing agency LIEC - Loan implementation environmental consultant O&M - Operation and maintenance PAM - Project administration manual Pb - lead PIU - Project implementation unit PLG - Project leading group PMO - Project management office TN - Total nitrogen TP - Total phosphorus SPS - Safeguard policy statement WTP - Water treatment plant WWTP - Wastewater treatment plant Zn - zinc

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

dB - decibel cm - centimeter ha - hectare km – kilometer km2 – square kilometer m2 – square meter m3 – cubic meter mg/L - Milligram per liter

NOTE In this report, “$” refers to US dollars unless otherwise stated.

This initial environment examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section of this website. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgements as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1

II. INTRODUCTION 8

A. Project Rationale 8 B. The Proposed Project 8

III. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 11

A. Legislative framework for Environment Impact Assessment in the PRC 11 B. International Agreements 12 C. Policy and Planning Context 13 D. Applicable PRC and ADB Safeguards Policies and Assessment Categories 14 E. Evaluation Standards 15 F. Assessment Areas 19

IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 20

A． Developmental Setting 20

B． Fukang and Ganhezi 21

C． Hutubi 46

D． Qitai 56

V. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 62

A. Physical Setting 62 B. Physical Environment 64 C. Biological Resources 69 D. Local Conditions at Subproject Sites 71 E. Physical Cultural Resources 76 F. Protected Areas 76 G. Socio-economic Conditions 77

VI. ANTICIPATED ENVRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 81

A. Project Benefits 81 B. Impacts Associated with Project Location, Planning, and Design 82 C. Detailed Design and Pre-Construction Phase: Measures to be Undertaken 82 D. Impacts and Mitigation Measures in the Construction Phase 83 F. Impacts and Mitigation Measures in the Operational Phase 92 G. Worker and Community Health and Safety – Operations 105 H. Greenhouse Gas Emissions 106 I. Adaptation to Climate Change 110 J. Associated Facilities 114

VII. PUBLIC CONSULTATION, PARTICIPATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE 117

VIII. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM 125

IX. CONCLUSION 126

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I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. The government of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) has requested the Asian Development Bank (ADB) to provide financial support for the proposed Xinjiang Changji Integrated Urban-Rural Infrastructure Demonstration Project (the project).

2. The Project will support the priorities of the Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture (CHAP) Government on integrated urban and rural development, and will be a model for similarly sized cities and towns in CHAP and more widely in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR). The project components all fit within existing Master Plans for the two counties and one city. These plans comprise short, medium and long-term planning horizons. Under their umbrella are a series of sector plans addressing road networks and traffic, water supply, wastewater management, heating and solid waste management. All project components are identified as parts of these plans. Project components will not induce development in new areas but will promote the orderly realization of the master plans. The project sites are already planned and commenced urban areas, mostly residential, with some commercial or mixed or other (e.g. greening, school, hospital) functions. The roads especially complete parts of established urban road networks, which will complement and connect traffic flow in other parts of the network and service commercial centers and residential neighborhoods.

3. The designed project outputs are:

Output 1: Roads and road ancillary facilities (including utility pipes) constructed or rehabilitated. The project will (i) construct five roads of 7.2 kilometers (km) and rehabilitate four roads of 6.4 km with road ancillary facilities, including utility pipes (water, wastewater, and heating); and purchase road maintenance equipment for Fukang urban area; (ii) construct five roads of 3.4 km with small bridge structures, and road ancillary facilities, including utility pipes (water, wastewater, and heating) and purchase road maintenance equipment for Ganhezi Town of Fukang; (iii) construct three roads of 8.0 km with road ancillary facilities, including utility pipes (water, wastewater, heating, and gas) in Hutubi; and (iv) construct five roads of 11.4 km with small bridge structures, and road ancillary facilities, including water pipes in Qitai. Road ancillary facilities include underground utility pipes, green space with irrigation system, ditches, culverts and drainage system, and road safety facilities, such as street lighting, signals, and signage. The roads will improve road connectivity and facilitate easier transfer of goods, and pipe installations will cover areas previously unserved and fill in the gaps in existing utility networks.

Output 2: Water supply and solid waste management facilities in Qitai improved. In Qitai, the project will (i) build water transmission pipelines of about 68 km in Qitai; (ii) construct a domestic solid waste sanitary landfill with capacity of 1.81 million cubic meters (m3); (iii) close an existing domestic solid waste landfill with capacity of 787,000 m3 to avoid adverse effect on adjacent urban facilities and industrial parks; (iv) provide waste management facilities, including a waste transfer station and waste bins; and (v) conduct 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle) pilot in Qitai Secondary Vocational and Technical School. The water transmission pipeline is one part of a larger scheme to augment Qitai’s water supplies, a scheme that includes two reservoirs and water treatment plant. The water treatment plant is being financed and will be operated under a public-private partnership arrangement. The reservoirs and the plant are either complete or under construction.

Output 3: Ecological protection shelterbelts in Fukang created. In Fukang,

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the project will plant trees in the area of (i) 220 hectares (ha) along provincial road S303 as shelterbelt; (ii) 89 ha along North Ring Road as shelterbelt; and (iii) 377 ha in the south area of the city for soil and flood protection. This output is targeted to protect urban and rural settlements, roads, and farmland against wind and sand, prevent soil erosion, mitigate road noise, and increase forest coverage to improve the ecological environment in Fukang.

Output 4: Capacity of technical and vocational education and training (TVET) enhanced. To support people-centered urbanization, the project will (i) construct school facilities with total floor area of about 9,787 square meters (m2) and install equipment in Fukang Technician College; and (ii) conduct capacity building activities to improve the quality of training courses, upgrade teachers’ qualifications, and strengthen quality assurance systems and school culture programs in senior technical schools in Fukang, Hutubi, and Qitai.

Output 5: Capacity of project management and urban planning enhanced. The project will (i) strengthen urban planning capacity of the project city and counties through training to introduce new approaches in urban master and detail planning and development plans consistent with the NNUP; (ii) conduct workshops and training activities to enhance project management capacity; and (iii) provide intensive implementation support through project implementation consultants on various project management aspects.

4. The expected project impact is people’s improved living conditions in both urban and rural areas in CHAP. The intended project outcome is increased urban and rural residents’ accessibility to quality urban infrastructure services in Fukang, Hutubi, and Qitai.

5. Environmental safeguards categorization and due diligence. The project is classified as category B for environment. An initial environmental examination (IEE) including environmental management plan (EMP) was prepared in compliance with ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS, 2009) and will be disclosed on the ADB website.1 The IEE incorporates findings of the domestic feasibility studies, domestic environmental impact assessments (DEIAs), and the CRVA conducted in the framework of the PPTA. The domestic safeguards documents were prepared in compliance with the PRC Law on Environmental Impact Assessment (2003), the Technical Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment (HJ/T2.3-93) and other relevant PRC regulations and guidelines. The Changji Environment Protection Bureau will approve all domestic EIAs in mid February 2017. The project IEE and EMP (not the DEIAs) form the basis of the official loan agreement between ADB and the executing agency (the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Regional Government (XUARG)). The executing agency, through the PMO, has final responsibility for implementation and compliance with the IEE and EMP.

6. Baseline environmental setting. The subprojects are located in two counties and one city of the Changji Prefecture in the center of XUAR (Figure V.1). The two counties and one city are situated on a long, narrow piedmont plain between 40 and 80 km wide on the northern side of the east-west running Tianshan Mountain range. This narrow plain is sandwiched between the mountain slopes in the south and the desert of the Junggar Basin in the north. It is the area where settlement, agriculture and industry are located. Seasonally fast-running, parallel rivers draining the mountains spread out onto alluvial fans over the valley floor. This geographical situation is illustrated in Figure I.1.

1 ADB. 2009. Safeguard Policy Statement. Manila.

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Figure I.1: Project area bordered by mountains in the south and desert in the north

7. Changji is located in the temperate arid climate zone. The temperature differences between day and night are large. Due to the influence of the terrain, there is significant difference in climate from south to north. The southern mountainous area has abundant precipitation in summer. The northern has obvious desert characteristics. Its average mean temperature is 6.8oC. The annual average precipitation is 190 mm. Baseline ambient air quality in all project areas complies with Class II of Ambient Air Quality Standard (GB 3095-2012), which is the air quality standard for urban areas.

8. The rivers relating to the proposed project area all flow from the north to the south, crossing the piedmont plain at regular intervals. They have small, roughly similar catchment areas, strong seasonal flow (snow melt) but low average annual flow. The rivers which run through the subproject sites are the Sigong, Ganhezi, Baiyang, Biliu and Zhonggegen Rivers. The water quality of these rivers meets the requirements of Class III of Ambient Surface Water Quality Standard (GB3838-2002)2,.

9. Groundwater testing results in the project areas at Hutubi County, Fukang City and Ganhezi showed compliance with Class III of Groundwater Quality Standard (GB/T14848-93)3 . Sampling locations around the Qitai County sites showed total hardness, sulfate and total dissolved solids exceeding the requirements of Class III of Groundwater Quality Standard (GB/T14848-93). The EMS has advised that these levels of total hardness, sulfate and total dissolved solids are characteristic of the region and is caused by its geological conditions. Soil testing at the Qitai landfill site showed that the parameters monitored satisfied with the Class III of Soil Quality Standard (GB 15618-1995)4.

10. The natural vegetation communities and habitats of the project area (Desert Forest Ecosystem and Temperate Grassland (Meadow) Ecosystem) have been replaced by

2 potentially potable water if appropriate extraction and treatment measures are taken.

3 based on human health benchmark values and is suitable for centralized drinking water sources with treatment

and industrial and agricultural water 4 suitable for agriculture and grazing

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settlement, agricultural crops, grazing lands and denuded and degraded surfaces. The agricultural areas mainly comprise corn, sunflower, melons and ornamental tree nurseries. There are also large areas around the built-up areas of small agricultural holdings which have been abandoned and are awaiting urban development. These areas are characterized by building rubble (from demolished structures) and weeds. Rough grazing areas, more distant from the urban areas, are either induced sparse grasslands where the shrub layer has been destroyed and are gradually losing their soil cover or altered shrub lands with a mixture of native and exotic plants. The common flora species of the project area, excluding agricultural crops, are a mixture of desert shrub lands and weed species.

11. Wildlife data for the project counties has been derived from literature. There are no species listed as endangered or critically endangered. Two species classified as Class II nationally protected. These are the Steppe fox and the Red fox. Both are listed as “least concern” by IUCN with stable populations. Two other migratory bird species, the Horned lark and the Common starling are also listed as “least concern”.

12. Environment at Subproject Sites. Most of the road alignments are along existing roads, tracks or easements. Only part of the Dongfeng Avenue subproject in Hubuti and parts of roads in Fukang are on agricultural land. Along most roads and tracks are existing landscaping of tree species, such as poplar and fir. Within towns and built-up areas, Fraxinus (Ash) and Ulmus (Elm) are most popular. The site for the TVET development is already developed. The building will be built on spare land and integrated with existing buildings and landscaped. The selected site for landfill in Qitai is a flat area of rough grazing land dominated by grasses and low shrubs. The vegetation is altered from its natural state by grazing.

13. In Qitai the major water supply pipes for No.3 WTP from Zonggegen Reservoir will cross flat land for its whole length (15 km). This land is variously used for cultivation and grazing. From the Biliu Reservoir, the pipeline will be laid in the foothills for the first 6 km of its 26 km length along valley floors, roughly following the existing road easements and natural drainage lines. The remainder, like the pipeline from Zonggegen, will be over cultivation and grazing land.

14. Inspection of records and field inspections undertaken during the preparation of domestic EIAs have confirmed that there are no natural habitats or critical habitats in the project areas. There are no recorded physical cultural resources at any of the project sites. The nearest Protected Area is a World Heritage Site (Tianchi alpine drift lake) which is 30 km from Fukang.

15. Anticipated impacts and mitigation measures during construction. Potential impacts during construction have been identified in the consolidated project IEE. Construction will cause no loss of valuable ecology or physical cultural resources. Construction dust, noise, erosion, and local disruption to traffic and communities will be temporary and can be appropriately managed. Avoidance of impact through design and site management and mitigation measures through construction management have been identified for each impact and these are listed in the project EMP for the attention of contractors and PMO.

16. Special attention is paid to traffic management. In Fukang and to a lesser degree in Ganhezi, where the rehabilitation of existing roads in commercial and built-up areas is planned. In such cases the preparation and approval of a traffic management plan covering sequential work scheduling, provision for traffic and pedestrians, access to existing businesses and residences, and safeguard measures to protect community health and safety, is required by the EMP. In all cases, where the EMP requirements are

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strictly followed, construction impacts will be kept at acceptable levels.

17. Anticipated impacts and mitigation measures during operation. In operation, the low traffic projections for project roads will not result in air pollution exceeding standards, but in a number of identified locations predicted noise levels will exceed both PRC and EHS standards. Mitigation measures are identified in the IEE, and required by the EMP, for exceedances under and over 3 dB. The sustainable use of scarce water resources for irrigation of roadside planting has been checked by water balances. The isolation of the location will help minimize operational impacts of noise, dust and odor on the community while safeguards against soil and groundwater contamination will require proper detailed design and competent management. The proper closure and rehabilitation of the current landfill site in Qitai will be an integral part of this development.

18. CRVA. The initial Rapid Environmental Assessment for the project, carried out during project planning by the ADB EASS Division, assigned the project a medium climate risk categorization. A Climate Risk and Vulnerability Assessment (CRVA) was prepared as a response to this risk. The study found that the project area is characterized by (i) low rainfall, which will increase by between 2 and 3% by 2040 with high yearly variability; and (ii) very low average temperatures, which will increase by between 10 and 20%. Since winters are very cold in the project area, the increases in average temperatures will be most apparent in the warmer seasons. Higher summer temperatures and consequent high evapotranspiration rates have the potential to offset the increases in rainfall, resulting in local seasonal droughts. In this situation, strong summer winds may reverse the decreasing trend in dust storms. Since a high proportion of precipitation falls as snow in the project sub-regions, higher spring temperatures will cause more rapid snow melt with potential for local flash flooding. A list of design and engineering strategies which address the vulnerabilities identified in the CRVA have been incorporated into component designs. Indicative quantifications in these recommendations are taken from the sub-regional projections for precipitation and temperatures.

19. Net estimated GHG emissions. The total GHG production by project components in the year 2030/32 without any reduction strategies applied has been estimated at 134,263 t/year CO2e from a combination of power use for irrigation pumps, traffic emissions from the project roads and emissions from landfill. With the energy savings and direct emission reductions described above, the estimated net GHG emissions in 2030/32 from the project will be 105,329 t/year CO2e. The carbon sequestration provided by the greenbelt and shelterbelt plantings has been estimated at almost 40,000 t/year CO2e for the first 40 years of landscape growth. When this yearly sequestration rate is added, net greenhouse gas emissions with no mitigation will be 94,263 t/year CO2e, and with mitigation 65,329 t/year CO2e. The levels are below the significant emissions threshold of 100,000 t/year CO2e cited in SPS (2009) for both the mitigated and unmitigated scenarios.

20. Associated facilities. Due to the inclusion of pipelines (for water supply, heating and wastewater) in the project, environmental due diligence of existing associated facilities is required. These comprise: (i) existing and future WTPs which will connect to the pipes; (ii) existing water sources which will supply water to the pipe; (iii) existing WWTPs which will connect to sewer pipes and; (iv) existing thermal plant(s) which will connect to the pipes. Where these were constructed after 20035, evidence of environmental approval and operational compliance history of the facility was sought from the local EPBs. For facilities constructed before 2007, advice on recent compliance record was sought.

5 Before this date, environmental approvals were not required under MEP regulation of the Environmental Impact

assessment Law.

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21. For the water supply subproject in Qitai, water balances of seasonal supply and demand for the Biliu and Zhonggegen Reservoirs demonstrate the sustainability of supply from the No.3 WTP and pipelines. Additionally, the project will ensure that the catchment and adjacent lands to the reservoirs and the supply pipe offtakes will be covered by Drinking Water Source Protection Zones as required by the Water Law of PRC, Water Pollution Prevention Law of PRC and Drinking Water Sources Protection Regulations.

22. Environmental management plan (EMP) implementation arrangements. The responsibilities for environmental management and supervision during the various stages of implementation of the project are defined in the EMP.6 The EMP will be implemented in all phases of the project—design, pre-construction, construction, and operation. The EMP complies with the PRC’s environmental laws and ADB’s SPS (2009). The EMP contains (i) objectives; (ii) roles and responsibilities; (iii) mitigation measures; (iv) inspection, monitoring, and reporting arrangements; (v) training and institutional strengthening; (vi) grievance redress mechanism (GRM); and (vii) future public consultation. The EMP is included at Annex 1 of the IEE and will be updated at the end of the detailed design. The EMP will also be included as a separate annex in all bidding and contract documents. The contractors will be made aware (through the PMO and the tendering agency) of their obligations to implement the EMP and to budget EMP implementation costs in their proposals. XUARG (through the PMO) and the four implementing agencies will assume overall responsibility for implementing, supervising, monitoring, and reporting on the EMP. Their capacity to implement the EMP, as well as the capacity of the operation and maintenance unit to manage project facilities, will be strengthened through capacity building and training activities defined under project output 4 (capacity building). The PMO and the implementing agencies will assign qualified staff to coordinate and monitor EMP implementation. Environment management and sector specialists contracted by the PMO will support these.

23. The EMP includes a comprehensive monitoring plan which covers both internal monitoring (by contractors during construction and operation and maintenance units during operation) and external monitoring by contracted Environmental Monitoring Station (EMS). These will cover the main measurable parameters of air and water pollution, noise, odor and hazards. The Loan Implementation Environmental Consultant (LIEC) will monitor overall compliance with all EMP requirements. The results of monitoring will be included in the project progress reports. The XUARG (through the PMO) submit Environmental Monitoring Reports to ADB semiannually during construction and the implementation of the Project and the EMP until the issuance of ADB’s Project completion report. An external monitor will evaluate the findings of the internal monitoring and EMS and report separately.

24. Public consultation. Information disclosure and public consultation have been conducted during preparation of the domestic EIR and TEIAs in compliance with PRC regulatory framework, and this project IEE in compliance with ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (2009). Information disclosure and consultation included disclosure on the internet, community posting, a questionnaire survey, and discussion forums attended by affected people and other concerned stakeholders.

25. Grievance redress mechanism. A project-specific GRM has been established to receive and manage any public environmental and/or social issues that may arise due to the project. The environment specialists and social officers in the PMO and implementing agency will coordinate the GRM. All project agencies and staff will be trained in the GRM and will take an active role in supporting the GRM when necessary.

6 Any revisions of the EMP will be disclosed in compliance with Public Communications Policy (2011).

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26. A plan for public consultation during construction and the initial phase of project operation has been developed and included in the EMP. The PMO and the IAs will be responsible for organizing the public consultations, with the support of the loan implementation environmental consultant (LIEC). Eye-catching public notice boards will be set at each work site to provide information on the purpose of the project activity, the duration of disturbance, the responsible entities on-site (contractor, construction supervision company, IA, PMO), and the project level Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM).

27. Conclusion. It is concluded that full and effective implementation of the safeguard measures described in this EIA will combine to minimize adverse environmental impacts of the project, and contribute to the project achieving its goal. The EMP and legal assurances to be defined in the project and loan agreement will ensure that these measures are implemented in an appropriate institutional framework and are supported through comprehensive training, monitoring and reporting arrangements. The IEE concludes that the Project is feasible from an environment safeguards point of view, and the environmental categorization of “Category B” is confirmed.

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II. INTRODUCTION

A. Project Rationale

28. The government of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) has requested the Asian Development Bank (ADB) to provide financial support for the proposed Xinjiang Changji Integrated Urban-Rural Infrastructure Demonstration Project (the project).

29. The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR) is creating a Core Zone that will leverage on the Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB). Urumqi, as the regional center, has an extraordinary development opportunity and is growing economically and spatially. Given its proximity to Urumqi, the urban centers of Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture (CHAP), including the three project counties/city, are at geographically important locations along the strategic corridor covered by the SREB. CHAP can support and diversify economic activity and social growth, and contribute to regional cooperation and integration in Urumqi-Changji economic corridor, which will serve as economic hubs along the SREB.

30. The Project will support the priorities of the CHAP Government on integrated urban and rural development, as well as economically and socially inclusive urbanization, which will address development issues in a multidimensional manner and will be a model for similarly sized cities and towns in CHAP and XUAR. The expected project impact is people’s improved living conditions in both urban and rural areas in CHAP. The intended project outcome is increased urban and rural residents’ accessibility to quality urban infrastructure services in Fukang, Hutubi, and Qitai.

B. The Proposed Project

31. The designed project outputs and subprojects supporting those outputs are shown in Table II.1. The project will include non-engineering components which will complement the hardware investments by supporting the urban-rural integration from social, economic, institutional and cultural perspectives. The project location map is shown in Figure II.1.

Table II.1: Project outputs and local components Output Components Road and utility pipes. Fukang: construct five roads of about 7.2 km and

rehabilitate four roads of about 6.4 km with road components including utility pipes Ganhezi: construct five roads of about 3.4 km including small bridge structure, with road components including utility pipes Hutubi: construct three roads of about 7.9 km with road components including utility pipes Qitai: construct five roads of about 11.4 km including small bridge structure, with road components including water pipes

Water transmission pipelines. Qitai: Connecting Zhonggegen and Biliu Reservoirs to Qitai No.3 WTP. Connecting urban areas with the WTP.

Solid waste management. Qitai: construct one new domestic solid waste landfill with capacity of about 1.8 million m

3

Qitai: close one existing domestic waste landfill with capacity of about 787,000 m

3

Qitai: provide waste management facilities including a waste transfer station and waste bins

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Output Components Ecological greening. Fukang:

i. about 220 ha along provincial road S303 as shelterbelt;

ii. about 89 ha along North Ring Road as shelterbelt; and

iii. about 376 ha in the south area of the city for soil and flood protection

Technical and vocational education and training (TVET).

Fukang: construct school facilities of total floor area of about 9,787 m

2 and install equipment in Fukang

Technician College Capacity building and training. Project management.

Figure II.1: Location of Project Counties and City

32. Environmental safeguards categorization and due diligence. The scope and magnitude of potential environmental impacts has been categorized under the PRC’s EIA regulations as requiring:

Fukang: one Tabular Environmental Impact Assessment (TEIA) for urban roads and utilities; one TEIA for the green belts; one TEIA for roads and utilities at Ganhezi town; and one Environmental Impact Registration Form (EIRF) for the TVET training building;

Hutubi: one TEIA for branch roads and associated utilities and one full environmental impact statement (EIS) for the trunk road and utilities; and

Qitai: one TEIA for the water transmission pipes; one EIS for the solid waste management; one TEIA for the urban roads and utilities.

33. The domestic environmental impact assessment documents (DEIAs) were prepared in compliance with the PRC Law on Environmental Impact Assessment (2003, amended in 2016), the Technical Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment (HJ/T2.3-93) and other relevant PRC regulations and guidelines. The Changji Environment Protection Bureau has approved all domestic EIAs.

34. The project is classified as category B for environment. An initial environmental examination (IEE) including environmental management plan (EMP) was prepared in compliance with ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS, 2009) and disclosed on the ADB website. 7 The IEE incorporates findings of the domestic feasibility studies,

7 ADB. 2009. Safeguard Policy Statement. Manila.

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domestic environmental impact assessments (DEIAs), the CRVA conducted in the framework of the PPTA, as well as site visits to the subprojects by the PPTA Environment Team.

35. The IEE includes an EMP (Attachment 1). This is the key guiding document for environmental-related issues in the construction and operational phases of the project. The potential impacts of project components are identified in the IEE, and the mitigation and protection measures to avoid, reduce, and/or mitigate these impacts to acceptable levels are described in the EMP. The EMP also defines the roles and responsibilities of relevant institutions, procedures and the EMP budget. The EMP draws on the findings of the project IEE, PPTA team’s investigations and consultations with the relevant government agencies.

36. The EMP will be coordinated by the PMO and implemented by the IAs, PIUs and their construction contractors. The EMP will be incorporated within Technical Specifications for construction, and will also be made available to the detailed design team to ensure all pre-construction mitigations are included within the Projects’ final design.

37. The project IEE and EMP (not the DEIAs) form the basis of the official loan agreement between ADB and the executing agency. The executing agency, through the PMO, has final responsibility for implementation and compliance with the IEE and EMP.

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III. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

A. Legislative framework for Environment Impact Assessment in the PRC

38. The domestic environment impact assessments (DEIAs) conducted for the project were prepared under the EIA Law of 2003, Management Guideline on EIA Categories of construction Projects (2015), and the following laws and regulations (Tables III.1 and Table III.2).

Table III.1 Applicable Laws Name of the Laws Effective Data

Environmental Protection Law 1 January 2015

Environmental Impact Assessment Law 1 September 2016

Water Law 1 October 2002

Law on Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Solid Wastes April 24 2015

Water Pollution Prevention and Control Law Jun. 1, 2008

Law on Water and Soil Conservation March 1 2011

Law on Energy Conservation 1 April, 2008

Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics 29 December, 2007

Law on Promotion of Clean Production 1 June, 2003

Law on Prevention and Control of Air Pollution 1 January 2016

Law on Prevention and Control of Pollution from Environmental Noise 1 March, 1997

Land Administration Law 2004

Urban and Rural Planning Law 1 January 2008

Sources: Consolidated by PPTA Environmental Team, July 2016.

Table III.2: Applicable Administrative Regulations and Rules

No. Name of Regulations and Rules Effective Data

National Level

1. Ordinance of Urban Drainage and Sewage Treatment

State Council Order No. 641, 2014

2. Notice by the State Council on Issuing the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Plan

Doc. No. 37, 2013

3. Notice on Issuing the Guidelines of Facilitating Joint Prevention and Joint Control of Air Pollution and Improving Regional Air Quality”

State Council General Office Doc. No. 33, 2010

4. Ordnance of the People’s Republic of China on Government Information Disclosure


5. Decision by the State Council on Implementing the Concept of Scientific Development and Strengthening Environmental Protection

State Council Doc. No. 39, 2005

6. Ordnance of Environmental Protection and Management of Construction Projects


7. Catalogue of Environmental Impact Assessment Classification and Management of Construction Projects

MEP Order No. 33, 2015

8. Notice by the General Office of Ministry of Environmental Protection on Implementing the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan and Strictly Enforcing Environmental Impact Assessment Permit System

MEP Doc. No. 30, 2014

9. Detailed Rules of Implementation of the Action Plan of Air Pollution Prevention and Control in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei and the Surrounding Areas

MEP Doc. No. 104, 2013

10. Notice on Issuing the Guidelines of Government Information Disclosure of Environmental Impact Assessment of Construction Projects

MEP-Office Doc. No. 103, 2013

11. Catalogue for the Guidance of Industry Restructuring (amended in 2011) NDRC Order No. 21, 2013

12. Notice on Strengthening Risk Precaution and Strictly Managing Environmental Impact Assessment

MEP Doc. No. 98, 2012

13. Notice on Further Strengthening Management of Environmental Impact Assessment and Preventing Environmental Risks

MEP Doc. No. 77, 2012

14. Provisional Methods of Public Participation in Environmental Impact Assessment

MEP Doc. No. 28, 2006

15. Provisional Methods of Management of Projects Financed by International Financial Institutions and Foreign Governments

NDRC Order No. 28, 2005

16. Management Methods of Final Acceptance of Environmental Protection Aspects of Construction Projects

SEPA Order No. 13, 2002

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No. Name of Regulations and Rules Effective Data

XUAR Level

17. Regulation on Environment Protection of XUAR Feb 1 2012

18. Provisions on the Administration of Public Participation for Project Construction in XUAR (trial)

Oct 23 2013

19. Ecological Zoning of XUAR April 21 2004

20. Water Function Zone of XUAR August 12 2004

21.

Project City and County Level

22. Regulation on Drinking Water Source Protection of Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture

March 25 2011


39. Implementation of the environmental laws and regulations is supported by a series of

associated management and technical specifications and standards (Table III.3).

Table III.3: Applicable Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines No. Name of Guideline Year/Code

1. Technical guidelines for environmental impact assessment –General principles HJ2.1-2011

2. Technical guidelines for environmental impact assessment - Atmospheric environment HJ2.2-2008

3. Technical guidelines for environmental impact assessment - Surface water environment

HJ/T2.3-93

4. T Technical guidelines for environmental impact assessment-Groundwater HJ610-2016

5. Technical guidelines for noise impact assessment – Acoustic environment HJ2.4-2009

6. Technical guidelines for environmental impact assessment- Ecological environment HJ19-2011

7. Technical Guidelines for Environmental Risk Assessment on Projects HJ/T 169-2004

8. Technical Specifications on Comprehensive Management of Water and Soil Conservation

T16453.1~6-96

9. (Trial) Guidelines on Identification of Solid Wastes SEPA Announcement No. 11, 2006


40. The PRC environmental quality standard system that supports the environmental laws

and regulations is classified into two categories by function: pollutant emission/discharge standards; and, ambient environmental standards (Table III-4).

Table III.4: Applicable Environmental Standards Name of Standards Code

Ambient Air Quality Standard GB3095-2012

Environmental Quality Standards for Noise GB3096-2008

Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water GB3838-2002

Environmental Quality Standard for Groundwater GB/T14848-93

Water Quality Standard for Sewage Discharged into Municipal Sewers CJ343-2010

Emission Standard of Environment Noise for Boundary of Construction Site GB 12523-2011

Domestic Drinking Water Quality Standard GB 5749-2006

Standard for Pollution Control on Hazardous Waste Storage GB 18597-2001

Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard GB 8978-2002


B. International Agreements

41. The PRC is a signatory to many international agreements relevant to environment protection. Only those relevant to the Xinjiang Changji Integrated Urban-Rural Infrastructure Demonstration Project, along with the date of signing by the PRC, are listed in Table III.5.

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Table III.5: International Agreements with the PRC as a Signatory Name of Agreement PRC Signing

Date Agreement Objective

Convention on Biological Diversity December 29, 1993

To develop national strategies for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. Project greening using native species is in line with this convention

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

March 21, 1994

To achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a low enough level to prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. The project CRVA is developed under this framework.

United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification

December 26, 1996

To combat desertification and mitigate the effects of drought through national action programs that incorporate long-term strategies supported by international cooperation and partnership arrangements. Project greening using native species is in line with this convention

Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

February 23, 2005

To further reduce greenhouse gas emissions by enhancing the national programs of developed countries aimed at this goal and by establishing percentage reduction targets for the developed countries. Control of greenhouse gas emissions in project components is in line with this convention.

UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage

1985 This convention integrates the practice of heritage conservation in the PRC with that being done around the world. XUAR has a number of world heritage sites, which are avoided for both direct and indirect impacts

C. Policy and Planning Context

42. The project is in line with the 13th Five Year Economical &Environmental Planning (2016-2020) released in 5 December 2016 by the State Council. The 13th FY EEP emphasized the urgency to:

- Accelerate improvement of urban sewage treatment system and strengthen construction of supporting sewage collection networks. Priority shall be given to the urban village (shanty towns) and suburban area. To 2020 year, the sewage treatment rate of built-up areas of all counties in the country shall reach 85%.

- Accelerate construction of solid waste treatment facilities, achieving full coverage of urban garbage disposal facilities; and

- Construction of shelter forest system. 43. The Water Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan (or known as the “Water Ten

Plan) issued by the State Council on 15 April 2015) sets out 10 general measures which can be broken down to 38 sub-measures covering construction of supporting wastewater collection system in shanty towns and suburban areas.

44. The proposed project will support infrastructure needs following:

- Master Planning of Fukang City (2012-2030);

- Master Planning of Hutubi County (2010-2030);

- Master Planning of Qitai County (2010-2030);

- Urban Infrastructure Thematic Planning of Qitai County during the 13th Five Year Plan (FYP);

- Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture Urban and Rural System Planning (2011-2020); and

- Hutubi County Urban Road System Planning (2011-2020).

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D. Applicable PRC and ADB Safeguards Policies and Assessment Categories

45. In accordance with the PRC Guideline on EIA Classification for Construction Projects (MEP, 2015), the domestic environmental impact assessment reports (EIAs) were prepared on the basis of individual components. The most stringent requirement was for the Qitai landfill component and Dongfeng main road in Hutubi County which required a full Environment Impact Statements (EISs). The assessments of other components required EIA Table and EIA Registration Form respectively. The list of subcomponents and their corresponding level of PRC environmental impact assessment are shown in Table III.6. They will be approved by the Changji Municipal EPB.

Table III.6: DEIA Status under the Guideline on EIA Classification for Construction Projects (MEP, 2015)

Subproject Level of EIA

Hutubi County Dongfeng Avenue and associated utilities EIS

Fanghua road, Changhua road and associated utilities TEIA Fukang City

Road and associated utilities of Fukang TEIA Windbreak and ecological forests TEIA

Road and associated utilities of Ganhezi Town TEIA TVET training center and workshops EIA registration form

Qitai County Sanitary Landfill EIS

Road and associated utilities TEIA Water transmission and distribution networks TEIA

46. ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS, 2009) provides the basis for this project IEE.

Projects funded by ADB must comply with the SPS. The purpose of the SPS is to establish an environmental review process to ensure that projects funded under ADB loans are environmentally sound, comply with domestic laws, and are not likely to cause significant environment, health, or safety hazards. ADB uses a classification system to reflect the significance of a project’s potential environmental impacts. A project’s category is determined by the category of its most environmentally sensitive component, including direct, indirect, cumulative, and induced impacts in the project’s area of influence. Each proposed project is scrutinized as to its type, location, scale, and sensitivity and the magnitude of its potential environmental impacts. Projects are assigned to one of the following four categories:

(i) Category A. A proposed project is classified as category A if it is likely to

have significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible,

diverse, or unprecedented. These impacts may affect an area larger than

the sites or facilities subject to physical works. An environmental impact

assessment is required.

(ii) Category B. A proposed project is classified as category B if its potential

adverse environmental impacts are less adverse than those of category A

projects. These impacts are site-specific, few if any of them are irreversible,

and in most cases mitigation measures can be designed more readily than

for category A projects. An initial environmental examination is required.

(iii) Category C. A proposed project is classified as category C if it is likely to

have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. No environmental

assessment is required although environmental implications need to be

reviewed. 47. The Rapid Environmental Assessment for the project, carried out in April 2015 by the

ADB EASS Division, classified the Xinjiang Changji Integrated Urban-Rural Infrastructure Demonstration Project as Category B and accordingly the PPTA team was required to

15

assist the Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture Government to prepare a consolidated initial environmental examination (IEE) and an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) which complies with the safeguard guidelines set out in SPS (2009). This consolidated IEE has been prepared based on information in the individual Feasibility Study Reports (FSRs) and PRC environmental impact assessment documents for each component, as well as site visits to the components by the PPTA environment team.

E. Evaluation Standards

48. The environmental standard system that supports the implementation of the environmental protection laws and regulations in the PRC can be classified by function-ambient environmental quality standards, and by pollutant emission and/or discharge standards. ADB’s SPS requires projects to apply pollution prevention and control technologies and practices consistent with international good practices such as the World Bank Group’s Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines8. For this assessment, where EHS standards exist for parameters and are relevant, they are used in parallel with PRC standards in this assessment.

1. Evaluation against Ambient Standards

49. The Changji Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau has designated the environmental quality classes that apply to each component of the proposed Project (Table III.7).

Table III.7: Environmental Quality Classes in the Project Area Variable Function Classes Air quality Class II of GB3095-2012

Acoustic environment Class II of GB3096-2008 for residential area Class 4a of GB3096-2008 for 30 m of road side

Surface water quality Class II of GB3096-2008 for Biliu River as drinking water source Groundwater quality Class III of GB/T 14848-93

Soil quality Class II of GB15618-1995

Source: consolidated domestic EIAs

50. Surface water quality. Surface water quality is relevant to all project components, since surface water will be affected by runoff from construction sites and from the operation of road drainage in operation. The ambient environmental standard applied in this IEE is

Category II of Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water (GB3838－2002) for

Biliu River (Table II.8). Category II is suitable for drinking water sources. Category IV is suitable for general industrial use and non-contact recreational activities. Category V is the worst which is only suitable for agricultural and scenic water uses. The WBG has guidelines on effluent quality standards but not ambient water quality, and recognizes the use of local ambient water quality criteria for EHS purpose.

Table III-8: Surface Water Ambient Quality Standards (Unit: mg/L)

Standard DO BOD COD NH3-N pH TP TN

(GB3838-2002) – Class II 6 3 15 0.5 6-9 ≤0.1 ≤0.5

(GB3838-2002) – Class III ≥5 ≤4 ≤20 ≤1.0 6-9 ≤0.2 ≤1.0

(GB3838-2002) – Class V ≥5 ≤10 ≤40 ≤2.0 6-9 ≤0.4 ≤2.0

51. Air quality. The relevant ambient air quality evaluation standard for the urban and

8World Bank Group. 2007. Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines General EHS Guidelines. Washington.

16

peri-urban areas where subprojects are to be sited has been nominated by the local EPB as Grade II of Ambient Air Quality Standard (GB 3095-2012). The concentration limits are shown in Table III.9. This is an example of where the nominated PRC evaluation standard is less stringent for some parameters (SO2, PM2.5) than the EHS guideline. Air quality will be impacted by dust and construction machinery emissions during the construction period at all site. In operation, vehicular emissions from traffic on project roads and dust and odor will also be generated from the working landfill site. Materials haulage during both construction and operations will also contribute dust to the atmosphere.

Table III.9: Ambient Air Quality Grade II Standard Pollutant Averaging Period PRC Class II (mg/m

3) EHS (mg/m

3)

(World Bank Group 2007) Standard (GB3095-2012)

SO2 Annual average 0.06 n/a

Daily average 0.15 0.125-0.05 (0.02 guideline)

Hourly average 0.50 n/a

PM10 Annual average 0.07 0.07-0.03 (0.02 guideline)

Daily average 0.15 0.075-0.15 (0.05 guideline)

NO2 Annual average 0.04 0.04 guideline

Daily average 0.08 n/a

Hourly average 0.20 0.20 guideline

CO Daily average 4.0 n/a

Hourly average 10 n/a

TSP Annual average 0.20 n/a


PM2.5 Annual average n/a 0.015-0.035

Daily average 0.15 0.0375-0.075

Hourly average 0.35 n/a

Source: Ambient Air Quality Standard (GB 3095-2012).

52. Acoustic quality. Ambient environmental noise levels will be impacted by construction machinery during the construction period at all sites. In operation, there will be vehicular noise from traffic on project roads and from the working landfill site. Materials haulage during both construction and operations will also potentially contribute to noise levels. Noise impacts for the project’s settings will be evaluated against Class II standards of the Ambient Acoustic Quality Standard (GB3096-2008) GB 3096-2008 categorizes five functional areas based on their tolerance to noise pollution: from Category 0 to Category 4. Category 0 is for areas with convalescent facilities that are the least tolerant to noisy environment and therefore has the most stringent day and night time noise standards. Category 1 is for areas predominated by residential areas, hospitals and clinics, educational institutions and research centers. Category 2 is for areas with mixed residential and commercial functions. Category 3 is for areas with industrial production and storage and logistics functions. Category 4 is for regions adjacent to traffic noise sources such as major roads and highways, and is subdivided into 4a and 4b with the former applicable to major road and marine traffic noise and the latter applicable to rail noise. Standards for various functional area categories are compared with the WBG’s EHS guidelines in Table III.10 showing that the EHS guidelines have lower noise limits for residential, commercial and industrial mixed areas but higher noise limits for industrial areas. The EHS guidelines do not have separate noise limits for trunk roads but apply the same noise limits based on whether the areas are for residential or industrial uses.

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Table III.10: Environmental Quality Standards for Noise (equivalent sound level LAeq: dB) Noise Functional Area Category

Applicable Area GB 3096-2008 Standard IFC EHS Targets

Day 06:00-22:00

Night 22:00-06:00

Day 07:00-22:00

Night 22:00-07:00

0 Areas needing extreme quiet, such as convalescence areas

50 40 55 45

1 Areas mainly for residence, hospitals, cultural and educational institutions, administration offices

55 45

2 Residential, commercial and industrial mixed areas

60 50

3 Industrial areas, warehouses and logistic parks

65 55 70 70

4a Area within 35 m from both sides of expressway, and Class 1 and Class 2 roads

70 55 55 45

53. Groundwater quality. Groundwater quality will potentially be affected by the operations

at the landfill site. Groundwater quality will be assessed against Class III standards according to Quality Standards for Groundwater (GB/T14848-1993) (Table III.11). There are no equivalent EHS targets.

Table III.11: Quality Standards for Groundwater

Item pH Permanganate

Index

Total

Hardness

Nitrate

Nitrogen

Fluoride Total

E.coli

Class

III

6.5-8.5 ≤3.0 mg/L ≤450 mg/L ≤20 mg/L ≤1.0

mg/L

≤3.0x103/L

54. Soil. Soil quality is important for human use of lands (as in the TVET facilities). It is also

important to establish a baseline for soil quality in relation to developments which have the potential to impact on soil quality (e.g. landfill). Soil quality in the PRC is divided into three classes according to the Environmental Quality Standard for Soils (GB 15618-1995). Class I represents the best and Class III the worst. Class II is applicable for the proposed project area (Table III.12). There are no equivalent EHS targets.

Table III.12: Environmental Quality Standard for Soils (Class II) Parameter Maximum Allowable Concentration (mg/kg dry weight)

pH 6.5-7.5

Cadmium (Cd) 0.30

Mercury (Hg) 0.50

Arsenic (As) paddy / dry land 25 / 30

Copper (Cu) farmland / orchard 100 / 200

Lead (Pb) 300

Chromium (Cr) paddy / Dry land 300 / 200

Zinc (Zn) 250

Nickel (Ni) 50

2. Emission Standards for Construction and Operation Activities

55. Air quality. Fugitive emission of particulate matter (such as dust from construction sites) is regulated under PRC‘s Air Pollutant Integrated Emission Standard (GB 16297-1996), which sets 120 mg/m3 as the maximum allowable emission concentration and ≤1.0 mg/m3 as the concentration limit at the boundary of construction sites, with no

18

specification on the particle diameter. Odor from the Qitai sanitary landfill site and solid waste transfer station should follow the Malodorous Pollutant Emission Standard (GB 14554-93). The maximum allowable concentrations at the boundary of the sites for NH3, H2S and odor are 1.5 mg/m3, 0.06 mg/m3, and “20” (dimensionless). The volume percent of methane within 2 m above the operation layer of Qitai landfill site shall be no greater than 0.1%.

56. Wastewater. Discharge of wastewater from construction sites is regulated under PRC‘s Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB 8978-1996). Class I standards apply to discharges into Category III water bodies under GB 3838-2002. Class II standards apply to discharges into Categories IV and V water bodies. Class III standards apply to discharges into municipal sewers going to municipal WWTPs with secondary treatment.

Table III.13: Integrated Wastewater Discharge Parameter Class I Class II Class III For discharge into

Category III water body For discharge into Category IV and V water bodies

For discharge into municipal sewer

pH 6–9 6–9 6–9 SS mg/L 70 150 400 BOD5 mg/L 20 30 300 COD mg/L 100 150 500 TPH mg/L 5 10 20 Volatile phenol mg/L 0.5 0.5 2.0 NH3-N mg/L 15 25 --- PO4

2- (as P) mg/L 0.5 1.0 ---

LAS (= anionic surfactant) mg/L

5.0 10 20

57. The treated leachate discharged shall comply with GB16889-2008 Standard for Pollution

Control on Landfill Sites.

Table III.14: Water Pollutants Emissions Limits for Sanitary Landfill Site

Parameter Concentration Limits Chroma 40 SS mg/L 30 BOD5 mg/L 30 COD mg/L 100 TN mg/L 40 TP mg/L 3 NH3-N mg/L 25 Fecal coliform 10,000 Hg mg/L 0.001 Cd mg/L 0.01 Cr mg/L 0.1 Cr

6+ mg/L 0.005

As 0.1 Pb 0.1

58. Noise. Construction noise will be assessed against the PRC Emission Standards of Ambient Noise for Boundary of Site Noise (GB 12523-2011) and Class II of Emission Standard for Industrial Enterprises Noise at Boundary (GB 12348-2008) (Table III.14).

Table III.14: Construction Site Noise Limits. Unit: Leq [dB (A)] Period Major Noise Source Noise Limit

Day Night Construction Bulldozer, excavators and loader; pile driving machines; concrete

mixer, vibrator and electric saw; hoist and lifter 70 55

Operation Pumps 60 50

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59. Vibration. Construction activities will cause vibration impact, and should comply with the Standard for Urban Area Environmental Vibration (GB10070-88) (Table III.16).

Table III.16: Vertical Vibration Standard Value for Various Urban Areas (Unit: dB) Scope of applicable area Day Night Special residential area 65 65 Residential, cultural and educational area 70 67 Mixed area and commercial center 75 72 Industrial centralized area 75 72 Both sides of traffic trunk line 75 72 Both sides of railway main line 80 80

F. Assessment Areas

60. The assessment areas for air, noise, water and ecological impacts are defined by the technical guidelines for environmental impact assessment in the PRC, based on the environmental sensitivity of the project areas and vicinity as well as the nature of the project and its components.

61. The domestic EIAs followed these guidelines in defining the assessment scopes. The assessment areas for the infrastructure components are shown in Table III.17. The project IEE followed these areas of influenced defined in the domestic EIAs.

Table III-17: Assessment Areas of the Infrastructure Components Environmental Media

Assessment Area Road and associated

utilities Qitai Solid Waste Management Qitai water

transmission and distribution networks

Air Within 200 m on both sides from the road center line (to cover all distances of dust and emissions impacts)

Within 500 m from the landfill site boundaries and solid waste transfer center (regulatory buffer zone).

Within 200 m both sides of the pipes (to include all distances of dust impacts)

Noise Within 200 m on both sides from the road center line (to cover all distances of noise impacts)

Within 200 m from the 4 sides of the landfill site and solid waste transfer center boundaries (to cover all distances of noise impacts)

Within 200 m both sides of the pipes (to cover all distances of noise impacts)

Surface water N/A Within 200 m from the 4 sides of the landfill site and solid waste transfer center boundaries

Within 200 m both sides of the pipes

Groundwater N/A Within 6 km2 of the landfill site N/A

Ecology Within 200m both sides of the road center line

Within 200 m of the plant and solid waste transfer center boundaries of all 4 sides

Within 50 m both sides of the pipes

Physical cultural resources

Construction “ footprint” Construction “ footprint” Construction “ footprint”

Occupational health & safety

Construction “ footprint” and adjoining streets and properties



62. TVET Facility. This subproject falls into Category C according to the PRC regulation on EIA categorization. The assessment area of the project IEE covers 200 m from the boundary of the buildings. Buildings will be evaluated against national and local standards in the Code of Design for the Energy Conservation of Public Buildings (GB 50189-2005).

63. Windbreak and ecological forests. The assessment area covers the footprint and impact caused by water abstraction for irrigation.

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IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

A． Developmental Setting

64. Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Xinjiang) is located on the north-western frontier of

PRC and is centrally located on the Eurasian continent. Xinjiang borders with eight

countries and lies upon the ancient Silk Road. Xinjiang’s rapid economic growth rate at

9.8% and urbanization during past two decades resulted in overall improvement of the

economic well-being of its people. Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture (Changji) is in the

north of Tianshan mountain range and covers a total area of 73,140 square kilometers.9

Changji is urbanizing rapidly but still lags behind in economic development and is

constrained by significant deficiencies in basic infrastructure and service levels,

deteriorating environmental conditions, and weak city management capacity.

65. Fukang, Hutubi, and Qitai are city and counties of Changji that have experienced

significant economic growth between 1994 and 2014 mainly driven by the growth in

secondary and tertiary sectors. Current business environment and infrastructure facilities

in Fukang, Hutubi and Qitai are relatively weak. In addition, many people living in the

urban, largely rural migrants, are still semi-urbanized and do not have access to safe and

reliable urban basic infrastructure services. To establish a sound economic base and

livable environment, it is essential for Fukang, Hutubi and Qitai to respond to the

economic and social development challenges, and prepare themselves not to lose huge

opportunity for economic growth as cluster cities and towns in Urumqi-Changji economic

region. The Master Plans for Fukang, Hutubi and Qitai provide direction for these

developments.

66. The project components all fit within existing Master Plans for the two counties and one city. These are:

Urban Master Plan for Fukang City (2012-2030);

Urban Master Plan for Hutubi County (2010-2030);

Urban Master Plan for Qitai County (2010-2030)

These plans comprise short, medium and long-term planning horizons. Under their umbrella are a series of sector plans addressing road networks and traffic, water supply, wastewater management, heating and solid waste management. All project components are identified as parts of these plans. Project components will not induce development in new areas but will promote the orderly realization of the master plans. The project sites are already planned and commenced urban areas, mostly residential, with some commercial or mixed or other (e.g. greening, school, hospital) functions. The roads especially complete parts of established urban road networks, which will complement and connect traffic flow in other parts of the network and service commercial centers and residential neighborhoods.

67. The expected impacts will be improved people’s living conditions in both urban and rural

areas of Changji, and enhanced urbanization and business environment of Changji’s

cities and counties through coordinated development. The intended outcome will be

improved urban-rural infrastructure and environmental services in Fukang, Hutubi and

Qitai.

68. The designed project outputs are:

Output 1: Road and utility pipes. The project will (i) construct five roads of about 7.2 9 Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture comprises of Changji City, Fukang City, Hutubi County, Manas County,

Qitai County, Jimsar County, and Mori Kazakh Autonomous County.

21

km and rehabilitate four roads of about 6.4 km with road components including utility

pipes (water, wastewater, and heating) and purchase road maintenance equipment in

Fukang urban area; (ii) construct five roads of about 3.4 km including small bridge

structure, with road components including utility pipes (water, wastewater, and heating)

and purchase road maintenance equipment in Ganhezi; (iii) construct three roads of

about 7.9 km with road components including utility pipes (water, wastewater, heating

and gas) in Hutubi; (iv) construct five roads of about 11.4 km including small bridge

structure, with road components including water pipes in Qitai. Road components include

underground utility pipes, green space with irrigation system, ditches, culvert and water

drainage system, street lighting, signals and signage.

Output 2: Water transmission pipelines. The project will build water transmission

pipelines of about 68 km in Qitai.

Output 3: Solid waste management. In Qitai, the project will (i) construct one new

domestic solid waste landfill with capacity of about 1.8 million m3, (ii) close one existing

domestic waste landfill with capacity of about 787,000 m3, (iii) provide waste

management facilities including a waste transfer station and waste bins, and (iv) conduct

3R pilot activity to be conducted in Qitai County Senior Technical School (specific

activities will be confirmed based on the agreement with Qitai during implementation).

Output 4: Ecological greening. In Fukang, the project will plant trees in the area of (i)

about 220 ha along provincial road S303 as shelterbelt; (ii) about 89 ha along North Ring

Road as shelterbelt; and (iii) about 376 ha in the south area of the city for soil and flood

protection.

Output 5: Technical and vocational education and training (TVET). The project will (i)

construct school facilities of total floor area of about 9,787 m2 and install equipment in

Fukang Technician College, and (ii) conduct capacity building activities to improve the

quality of training courses, upgrade teachers’ qualifications and strengthen quality

assurance systems and school culture programs in senior technical schools in Fukang,

Hutubi, and Qitai.

Output 6: Capacity building and training. The project will (i) strengthen urban planning

capacity of project city and counties through training to introduce new approaches to

project city and counties’ urban planning and development consistent with the National

New-type Urbanization Plan; and (ii) conduct various workshop and training activities to

enhance capacity of project management.

Output 7: Project management. Project provides for intensive support through project

implementation consultants on various project management aspects.

B． Fukang and Ganhezi

69. This subproject involves the Fukang urban area and Ganhezi Town. Ganhezi Town is a

small satellite town that is located southeast of the urban area, within Fukang City. The

proposed works in Fukang City is presented in the Table IV.1.

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Table IV.1: Proposed Works in Fukang City Component Major Works and Scales

Fukang Urban Area Ganhezi Town Constructed or rehabilitated urban-rural road infrastructure

Civil works Construct five new roads and rehabilitate four upgraded roads. Total length is 13.31 km.

Construct 5 roads and 3 bridges. The total length is 3.35 km.

Procure road maintenance equipment Improved urban services infrastructure

Water Distribution Install 15,175 m distribution pipes.

Install 3,948 m distribution pipes.

Drainage Install 14,702 m drainage pipes and construct 355 manholes.

Install 3,886 m drainage pipes and construct 115 manholes.

Heat Supply Install 2×6185 heat supply pipes

Install 2×2653 heat supply pipes

Planted windbreak and ecological forests Total area is 6,860,629 m

2.

Installed technical and vocational skills training facilities

Establish one TVET center or support equipment or facility to meet the needs of the local industries for skilled workers.

1. Roads

70. The proposed road components in Fukang City fulfill parts of the Urban Master Plan for

Fukang (2012-2030). The roads complete parts of established urban road networks,

which will complement and connect traffic flow in other parts of the network and service

commercial centers and residential neighborhoods. The layout of proposed roads is

shown in Figure IV.1. The scale and scope of each road is presented in Table IV.2.

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Table IV.2: Road classification and technical standards

Road Classification Length (m)

Width of red line (m)

Carriageway (m)

Non-motorized lane (m)

Sidewalk (m)

Green belt (m)

New Roads in Fukang Urban Area

Guangyuan Road Branch Road 1,457.62 24 14 - 5 5 Huiyuan Road Branch Road 1,069.15 24 14 - 5 5 Ruiying Road Branch Road 1,535.22 24 14 - 5 5 Ankang Road Branch Road 2,098.35 24 14 - 5 5 Boya Road Branch Road 1,027.94 24 14 - 5 5

Road upgrading in Fukang Urban Area

Tianshan Road (Fuxin Road – Zhungeer Road)

Secondary Road 427.6 33 15 - 9 9

Tianshan Road (Zhungeer Road – Bofeng Road)

Secondary Road 535.27 31 15 9 - 7

Tianshan Road (Bofeng Road – Chengbei Road)

Secondary Road 277.12 33 15 - 11 7

Tianshan Road (Fuxin Road – Zhungeer Road)

Secondary Road 428.24 35 17 - 11 7

Tianchi Road (Zhungeer Road – Bofeng Road)

Secondary Road 614.98 34 18 9 0 7

Tianchi Road (Tianchi Road – Chengbei Road)

Secondary Road 275.76 36 18 - 11 7

Yingbin Road (Fuxin Road – Zhungeer Road)

Trunk Road 420.19 31.5 18 8.5 - 5

Yingbin Road (Zhungeer Road – Bofeng Road)

Trunk Road 339.81 44.5 24 4.5+4 3 9

Yingbin Road (Zhungeer Road – Bofeng Road)

Trunk Road 423.4 33 24 4.5 - 4.5

Yingbin Road (Bofeng Road – Chengbei Road)

Trunk Road 274.48 40 24 8 - 8

Yingbin Road (Yingbin Road – Chengbei Road)

Trunk Road 2,103.82 39 16 9 6 8

Total 13,308.95

Ganhezi Town Changqing Road Secondary Road

722 24 10 - 4 10

Zhenxi Road Secondary Road

952.7 22 12 - 4 6

Guangming Road Secondary Road

480 24 15 - 9 -

Weiqi Road Branch Road 646.7 16 7 - 3 6 Honglingjin Road Branch Road 553 20 10 - 4 6 Total 3,354.4

24

Proposed Roads in Fukang Urban Area

Proposed roads in Ganhezi Town

Figure IV.1: Proposed roads in Fukang

71. Cross sections. For the roads to be rehabilitated, the current cross section will be

25

retained. For the new roads, the cross section is designed considering the traffic demand

and urban plan. The width of sidewalks and cycleways (as in all the road components)

are determined by the specifications of the roads to which they join, completing road

networks and the requirements for urban landscape, arrangement of buildings, municipal

pipes and lines along roads..

Guangyuan Road, Huiyuan Road, Ruiying Road, Ankang Road, Boya Road

Tianshan Street (rehabilitated)

26

Tianchi (rehabilitated)

27

Yingbin Road

28

29

Bofeng (rehabilitated)

Changqing Road

Guangming Road

30

Zhenxi Road

Weiqi Road

Honglingjin Road

31

Figure IV.2: Cross Section Designs of Each Proposed Road - Fukang

72. Pavement. The classification of urban roads is considered in the design of carriageway

structure. The 3-layer structure is used for roadway pavement, i.e. bed, base and

pavement.

73. After comparing the 2 structural forms of pavement, i.e. cement concrete and asphalt

concrete, the asphalt concrete pavement was preferred due to the ease of construction

and lower traffic noise generated by this surface.

74. Cement-stabilized gravels of inorganic materials will be used for the base of the

motorized vehicle lane, non-motorized vehicle lane and sidewalk. The natural gravels

bed is added after the overall strength of pavement structure is considered. The

structural form of pavement on carriageway, non-motorized vehicle lanes and sidewalk

are shown in Table IV.3.

Table IV.3: Structural Layers of Pavement on Proposed Roads Name Road Structure Carriageway of trunk road 4 cm Medium-grain asphalt concrete for top layer (AC-16)

7 cm Coarse-grain asphalt concrete for lower layer (AC-25) 1 cm Asphalt surface for bottom sealing layer 22 cm Cement stabilization gravel (cement content 4.5%) 30 cm natural graded gravel subbase Total depth of 64 cm

Carriageway of secondary road 3.5 cm Fine-grain asphalt concrete for upper layer(AC-13) 5 cm Medium-grain asphalt concrete for lower layer (AC-20) 1 cm Asphalt surface for bottom sealing layer 20 cm Cement stabilization gravel (cement content 4.5%) 30 cm natural graded gravel subbase Total depth of 58.5 cm

Carriageway of branch road 5 cm Medium-particle asphalt concrete for lower layer (AC-16) 1 cm Asphalt surface for bottom sealing layer 20 cm Cement stabilization gravel (cement content 4.5%) 30 cm natural graded gravel subbase Total depth of 56 cm

Non-motorized lane 4 cm Fine-particle asphalt concrete for surface layer (AC-13) 1 cm Asphalt surface for bottom sealing layer 15 cm Cement stabilization gravel (cement content 4.5%) 50 cm natural graded gravel subbase Total depth of 70 cm

32

Name Road Structure Sidewalk 6 cm Sidewalk bricks

3 cm Medium-Coarse gravel for leveling 15 cm Cement stabilization gravel 50 cm natural graded gravel subbase Total depth of 74 cm

2. Urban Services Infrastructure (Under-road)

75. Water Supply Pipes. Water pipes will be laid under project roads to connect with the

existing and functioning water supply system. No new water supply sources will be

added to the system as a result of the projects pipes under the roads. Rather, they will

contribute to the infrastructure network for Fukang and Ganhezi set out in the Water

Supply Master Plan for Fukang City (2012-2030). The current water supply system and

proposed water supply facilities in Fukang Urban Area are shown in the Figure IV.3.

There are 3 Water Treatment Plants (WTPs) in Fukang urban area; Fukang No. 1 WTP,

Fukang No. 2 WTP and Zhundong WTP, with gravity transmission. The water supply

system in Zhundong area is independent; it is only responsible for the water supply of

Zhundong Base and is separate from Fukang City’s urban water supply network so it is

not identified as associated facilities in this project.

76. No. 1 WTP was built in 1990, covering an area of 7.3 ha, with 6 water source wells. Its

current water supply capacity is 23,000 m3/d and the water supply method is direct

supply. The outflow of the plant meets the national drinking water standard. The existing

water source of the plant is the underground water located in the south of the urban area.

Fukang No. 2 WTP was built in 2009, covering 6 ha, currently with a water supply

capacity of 10,000m3/d. It is located in the south of Fukang City and sourced from

groundwater.

77. No. 1 WTP and No. 2 WTP supply the water for Fukang City jointly with total length of 63

km. The pipes of the water supply network range from DN100 to DN500, with

polyethylene (PE), grey cast iron pipe (GCIP), unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (uPVC)

and ductile cast iron pipe (DCIP) as the major materials.

78. At present, Ganhezi Town has one WTP, which covers an area of about 0.6 ha and uses

groundwater as the water source. The water source is located 1,200 m away to the south

of the town with ground elevation of about 1,000 m. At present, there are 6 water-source

wells with capacity of 6,000 m3/d. The WTP will be expanded to 10,000 m3/d by 2020.

79. According to the master plan of Ganhezi, the water demand of Ganhezi Townis expected

to increase to 20,0003/d in 2030. The increased water demand will be supplied by the

proposed No. 2 WTP in Ganhezi Town, which is located in the center of the Industrial

Park, west of Ganhezi trunk channel and north of Tu-Wu-Da (Turpan – Urumqi –

Dahuangshan) Highway. The planned capacity of the WTP will reach 280,000m3/d

sourced by Baiyang reservoir. The water supply pipelines of Ganhezi Town were

constructed in 1995. At present, the water supply networks are 7 km in total and mainly

distributed in road sections such as Longkou Road, Guangming Road, Changqing Road,

Xinlong Road and Honglingjin Road. The diameter is DN160～400 and the pipes are

uPVC (un-plasticized polyvinyl chloride). However, due to the weak bearing capacity,

small diameter and serious aging in some sections of the pipeline, the leakage rate is

quite high, estimated at 7 – 8.5%.

80. The proposed water supply pipes in Fukang City under the project are shown in the table

below. The average buried depth of the center of the pipeline is about 1.8 m to 2.3 m.

33

This is needed due to the depth of freeze during winter and indicates the scale of

earthworks involved (see Table VI. 3 in the Impacts chapter).

Table IV.4: Proposed Water Supply Pipes in Fukang

Road Item Specification Amount Unit Material

Fukang Urban Area

Guangyuan Road Water supply pipe dn200 1,458 m PE100 1.0 MPa

Reserved pipe dn200 180 m PE100 1.0 MPa

Huiyuan Road Water supply pipe dn200 1,074 m PE100 1.0 MPa


Ruiying Road Water supply pipe dn200 1,517 m PE100 1.0 MPa


Ankang Road Water supply pipe dn200 2,106 m PE100 1.0 MPa


Boyang Road Water supply pipe dn200 1,047 m PE100 1.0 MPa


Tianshan Street Water supply pipe dn500 576 m Ductile iron K9 Level


Tianchi Street Water supply pipe dn400 1,319 m PE100 1.0 MPa


Yingbin Road Water supply pipe dn400 1,457 m PE100 1.0 MPa


Bofeng Road Water supply pipe dn400 1,812 m PE100 1.0 MPa


Ganhezi

Weiqi Road Water supply pipe dn400 643 m PE100 1.0 MPa


Changqing Road Water supply pipe dn315 732 m PE100 1.0 MPa


Zhenxi Road Water supply pipe dn400 951 m PE100 1.0 MPa


Guangming Road Water supply pipe dn200 220 m PE100 1.0 MPa


Honglingjin Road Water supply pipe dn315 548 m PE100 1.0 MPa


34

Figure IV.3a: Current Water Supply System and Proposed Water Supply pipes in Fukang Urban Area

35

Figure IV.3b: Current Water Supply System and Proposed Water Supply pipes in Ganhezi Town

36

81. Wastewater drainage. Wastewater pipes will be laid under project roads to connect with

the existing and functioning wastewater network. The city’s wastewater pipes were built

in 1990 and expanded in 1999. Currently the drainage pipes in Fukang City urban area

have a total length of 55 km, and range from DN200-DN800. The existing water drainage

pipe network of Ganhezi Town is about 3.9 km long with diameters of DE225~DE500.

The existing water drainage networks were constructed and put into operation in 1999.

These will ultimately connect to the WWTP in the industry park when it is built.

82. The proposed wastewater pipes of Fukang City is shown in the Table IV.5 below. The

pipeline depth shall be from 2.8 m to 3.2 m and direct burying shall be adopted in pipeline

laying.

Table IV.5: Proposed Drainage Pipe in Fukang City

S. N. Road Item Specification Amount Unit Material

Fukang Urban Area

1 Guangyuan Road

Drainage pipe de400 1,385 m HDPE, SN ≥ 8 kN/m2

Reserved pipe de315 180 m HDPE, SN ≥ 8 kN/m2

Drainage inspection well Φ1,250 46 Concrete block

2 Huiyuan Road




3 Ruiying Road




4 Ankang Road


Drainage pipe de400 520 m HDPE, SN ≥ 8 kN/m2



5 Boya Road





6 Tianshan Street




Drainage inspection well Φ1250 21 Concrete block

7 Tianchi Street





8 Yingbin Road





9 Bofeng Road





Ganhezi Town

1 Weiqi Road

Drainage pipe de315 602 m HDPE，SN ≥ 8 kN/m2


Reserved pipe de315 90 m HDPE，SN ≥ 8 kN/m2


2 Changqing Road




37

3 Zhenxi Road





4 Guangming Road




5 Honglingjin Road




38

Figure IV.4: Current Drainage System and Proposed Drainage Works in Fukang Urban Area

39

Figure IV.5: Current Drainage System and Proposed Drainage Works in Ganhezi Town

40

83. District Heating. Heating pipes will be laid in conjunction with project road construction

in both Fukang and Ganhezi to connect with the existing and functioning heat supply

system. No new heating sources will be added to the system as a result of the projects

pipes under the roads. Instead, the connections to municipal cogeneration plants that the

pipes will provide will remove the need for separate small boilers of residents. Fukang

City urban has two heating districts, and this project is located in the first heating district.

Water pipes will be laid under project roads Water pipes will be laid under project roads to

connect with the existing and functioning water supply system. No new water supply

sources will be added to the system as a result of the projects pipes under the roads. The

first heating district is in the Old Town, east of Shuimo River, Fukang City. The range of

the first heating district is as follows: north to Xinyun Road, south to Wuyu Road, west to

Shuimo River, and east to Binghu River. The total heating area of the main urban area in

the region is 3,100,000 m2, to which Huaneng Power Plant Phase 1 Project supplies

2,600,000 m2, and separate small boilers of residents supply 500,000 m2.

84. The heat supply to the first heating district of Fukang City is mainly from cogeneration.

According to the Special Plan for Heat Supply of Fukang City (2014-2030), the heating

area of the first heating district in the central urban area of Fukang City will reach

7,840,000 m2 with heating load of 470 MW in 2020. The second heating district covers

the Fuxi Industrial Park and Zhundong. The scope of the second heating district is as

follows: 7 km west of Fukang City, planned north from Xinjiang Production and

Construction Corps headquarters farm, south to Provincial Highway No. 303, east to

Junken Road, and west to the administrative boundary of Fukang City. 2 x 135 MW units

of the State Grid Energy Plant Phase 1 Project supply the existing total heating area of

2,100,000 m2 in the main urban area.

85. The high-temperature primary network pipes to be laid under project roads in Fukang

City are 2 × 6,185 m in total length, and DN250-900 in diameters; high frequency spiral

welded steel pipe has been selected and the material is Q235－B.

86. In Ganhezi, the afterheat from 12,000 kW self-owned power plant of Tianlong Mining in

the south of Ganhezi Town provides heating service for the whole town through pipe

network and 3 existing heat exchange stations. There are existing DN200 heating pipes

that supply heat to the central areas. The proposed high-temperature pipelines to be laid

under project roads in Ganhezi Town are 2 × 628 m in total length, and range from

DN300 to DN350 in diameter; high frequency spiral welded steel pipe (Q235-B) is

adopted for high-temperature heating pipe.

Table IV.6: Major Pipe Materials of Heating Pipe in Fukang City

Road Material Diameter Specification Length (2 × m) Note

Fukang Urban Area

Boya Road

Spiral welded pipe (including 3-in-1 prefabricated insulation)

DN250 D273 × 6 530

DN250 D273 × 6 40 Reserved joint

Ankang Road

DN500 D529 × 8 600

DN350 D377 × 7 300

DN250 D273 × 6 470

DN250 D273 × 6 160 Reserved joint

Tianchi Street DN200 D219 × 6 220

Existing pipes, removed and reconstructed

Tianshan Street DN350 D377 × 7 600

Yingbin Road DN800 D830 × 9 275

DN900 D920 × 10 1,200

Bofeng Street

DN500 D529 × 8 230

DN450 D478 × 8 350

DN400 D426 × 7 360

DN350 D377 × 7 850

41

Road Material Diameter Specification Length (2 × m) Note

Total 6,185

Ganhezi Town

Changqing Road

Spiral welded Pipe (including 3 in 1 prefabricated insulation layer)

DN300 283

Honglingjin Road

DN350 345

Total 628

42

Figure IV.6: Current Heat Supply System and Proposed Heat Supply Pipes in Fukang Urban Area. The lines in purple is the proposed pipes

list in Table IV.6

43

Figure IV.7: Current Heat Supply System and Proposed Heat Supply Pipes in Ganhezi Town

44

3. Windbreaks and Shelterbelt Forests

87. This component is targeted at: protection against wind and sand to protect roads and

farmland; road noise mitigation; water and soil conservation; and increase in forest

coverage to improve the ecological environment. There are three main subcomponents:

Landscaping along S303 Provincial Road landscaping and water conservation. The

scope covers the 8.5 km section between the intersections with Tianshan Avenue

and Ganhezi Town, and the 18 km section between the intersection with Nanquan

and Xinfu Roads. The total length is 27.5 km. The landscape band width is 80 m.

North-ring road shelterbelt subcomponent. Length of the shelterbelt is 16.4 km and is 30

m wide on each side of the road.

Southern mountain shelterbelt subcomponent is located on the edge the mountain area

south of the built-up area of Fukang and adjacent to a large cropping area. Its

estimated total area is 377 ha.

Figure IV.8: Indicative map of windbreak forest component

88. The Provincial Road S303 traverses Fukang City from east to west, with its length within

Fukang City about 58 km. It runs through three towns in east of Fukang City, namely

Ganhezi, Ziniquanzi and Shanghugou Towns. 30.5 km of this road has been planted with

trees while rest 27.5 km has not: including 8.5 km from Tianshan Intersection to Ganhezi

Town and 19 km from Nanquan to Xingfu Intersection. These two sections are located in

the river mouth of Ganhezi River and Baiyang River, where there is proluvial fan with

poor land conditions. The soil surface is predominantly gravels and the vegetation is

sparse. In spring and winter extreme windy weather is common, which causes soil

erosion and is a traffic hazard. By creating wide forest belts along the two sides of the

road, the impact of windy weather on land and traffic can be effectively reduced.

45

89. North Ring Road is located on the north side of Fukang City, and it is a traffic artery for

large cargo vehicles to bypass the city. Usually the traffic is heavy. As there are villages

and farmland along the sides of the road, creation of wide forest belts will form a green

buffer zone, which can reduce traffic noise and dust to the village residents and crops in

the farmland. In spring ploughing it may help to prevent and reduce dust.

90. The ecological forests along South Area are to be planted in the southeast of the city—on

the proluvial fan of the mouth of Sigong River, which is also an important groundwater

recharge area of Fukang City. There are gravels around the flood area. Riverbed is

always exposed. The flood areas on both sides are mainly formed by loess hills with

sparse vegetation, and thus in spring and summer when snow melts and rainstorms

come, there can be large surface runoff, causing soil erosion and threatening

downstream cropping areas and villages of Jiuyun Street Town and Sangonghe Town.

91. Each project road will also be constructed with up to 10 m roadside landscaping. This

landscaping has the dual purpose of beautification and noise and dust absorption.

92. Species to be used will differ with the subcomponents. Shelterbelt tree species will be

locally occurring trees which are adapted to local conditions. The species mix will have a

high proportion of drought-tolerant trees and shrubs to ensure the shelterbelts survive

and continue to fulfill their purpose in dry years. A list of these drought-tolerant species is

provided in the CRVA for reference. The irrigation season is from 15 April to 15

November. Drip irrigation facilities, including pipes, management house, pumps and

storage tanks will be constructed. Planting areas and densities for all shelterbelt and

urban roadside plantings are listed in Table IV.7. Densities differ because of purpose and

situation. Shelterbelts and roadside landscaping are on imported topsoil (see Table VI.3)

or piedmont alluvium and high density plantings are possible. Others are on poor soil

in-situ and can only support lower densities. Windbreaks and shelterbelts need to be

denser that ecological/soil stabilizing forests.

Table IV.7: Shelterbelts, Windbreaks and Road Landscaping

Item Area of Tree

planting (ha)

Tree Planting density used

Trees (no.)

North Ring road Windbreak Forest 90.3 430 trees/ha 38528 S303 Provincial Road Windbreak

Forest 220 1100 trees/ha 235950

South Mountain Ecological Forest 377 1790 trees/ha 674000 Total 687.3 948478

4. TVET Center

93. The TVET center is an expansion of the existing campus of Fukang City Senior Technical

School. It is not a new institution. The school needs to expand capacity to meet the

increasing demand of industries for high level skills. But lack of available land area in the

existing campus, of new and advanced training facilities, and of the corresponding “soft”

components (e.g. human resources, management systems, curriculum etc.) constrains

the school’s capacity. The school management, therefore, proposes to build a practice

training building, a canteen and a vehicle maintenance training workshop in the existing

campus. The upgraded and new facilities will enable the school to provide training and

assessment for 8 high-demand occupations including: assembly fitter, mechanic fitter,

welder, turner, electrical maintenance, logistics, automotive sheet metal processing, and

installation and maintenance of electrical equipment for power plant and substation.

Specifications of the buildings are as follows:

46

- The Practice and Training Building has a total construction area of 5,139.98 square

meters, covers an area of 1,147.67 square meters, and has 5 floors above ground. The

structural form is a frame structure. The height of each story is 3.9 m. The level difference

between inside and outside is 1.2 m. The building height is 21.6 m. The building’s fire

resistance rating is Level I. The design life is 50 years. The seismic design is for an

intensity of 7 degrees. The roof waterproofing grade is Level I.

- The canteen has a total construction area of 2,982.2 square meters, covers an area of

1,008.56 square meters, and has 3 floors above ground. The structural form is a frame

structure. The height of each story is 4.5 m. The level difference between inside and

outside is 0.3 m. The building height is 14.7 m. The building’s fire resistance rating is

Level I10. The design life is 50 years. The seismic design is for an intensity of 7 degrees11.

The roof waterproofing grade is Level I.

- The automobile repair workshop has a total construction area of 1,664.59 square meters,

covers an area of 1,664.59 square meters, and has 3 floors above ground. The structural

form is a grid structure. The height of each story is 6 m. The level difference between

inside and outside is 0.15 m. The building height is 7.15 m. The building’s fire resistance

rating is Level I. The design life is 50 years. The seismic design is for an intensity of 7

degrees. The roof waterproofing grade is Level I.

C． Hutubi

94. The proposed project outputs and works in Hutubi County include:

Table IV.8: Proposed project outputs in Hutubi County Output 1 Works

Roads and Utility Pipes

Construct three roads, to connect peri-urban and inner-urban poor villages to existing urban roads. Construct pipelines for water supply, wastewater, heating and gas for three roads

1. Roads

95. The proposed road components in Hutubi County fulfill parts of the Urban Master Plan for

Hutubi (2012-2030). The roads complete parts of established urban road networks,

which will complement and connect traffic flow in other parts of the network and service

commercial centers and residential neighborhoods. They are located in the urban-rural

continuum and an urban village. The construction will complete the urban road network

system, improve the accessibility of the roads in the old urban area.

96. The breakthrough and interconnection of the incomplete Changhua Road will provide

better living space for the residents in the shanty town and the residents living around.

The new part of Hufang Road will be an extended section of the original Hufang Road,

upgrading and reconstruction of the original earth-rock road, providing public services for

the existing residents presently living in poor condition, and providing infrastructure

services to the production and living facilities of the enterprises soon to settle there. The

construction of Dongfeng Avenue will complete the urban road network.

10

Level I is the highest level. The major components and structures of the building should be non-combustible. 11

Seismic impacts are classified into 12 degrees of intensity. The seismic intensity is determined by a combination of subjective evaluations such as human senses and building damages. 7 degree denotes the intensity that majority scared to running outdoors, sensible by bicycle riders and people in moving motor vehicles.

47

Figure IV.9: Proposed Roads in Hutubi County

97. The details are summarized as follows. The pavement design is the same with Fukang.

Table IV.9: Proposed project road components in Hutubi County Road Name Length,

km Red line width, m

Motorized lanes, m

Non-motorized lanes, m

Sidewalk, m Landscaping, m

Dongfeng Avenue 2.35 45 21 2×4 2×4, inclusive of the trees

2×4

Hufang Road 3.68 32 16 -- 2×4 2×4 Changhua Road 1.93 32 16 -- 2×4 2×4

Dongfeng Avenue

Hufang Road

48

Changhua Road

Figure IV.10: Hubuti Road cross sections

2. Urban Services Infrastructure

98. Water Supply. Water pipes will be laid under project roads to connect with the existing

and functioning water supply system. No new water supply sources will be added to the

system as a result of the projects pipes under the road. Rather, they will contribute to the

infrastructure network set out in the Water Supply Master Plan for Hutubi County

(2012-2030). There are 3 existing water treatment plants in Hutubi County, among which

Hutubi No. 1 WTP (out of service) and Hutubi No. 2 WTP are sourced from underground

water, while Hutubi No. 3 WTP is sourced from surface water. A combination of pressure

and gravity water supply provides Hutubi County with its district water supply.

99. Currently, No. 1 WTP is out of service and is kept as a reserve. Built in 1987, it is located

in the south of Xingfu Road and Wuyi Road in Hutubi County, with 3 water source wells

and treatment capacity of 10,000m3/d.

100. No. 2 WTP, located in the north of Tianlong Cement Plant in Hutubi County, was built in

1992 with 6 water source wells, among which 2 wells were drilled in 1992 with water yield

of 120 m3/h, another 2 wells were drilled in 2004 with water yield of 180 m3/h, and the last

2 were drilled in 2005 with 200 m3/h. Based on the current data, the depth of existing

wells are in the range of 180-200 m. A 3,500 m3 clean water tank was applied for water

flow adjustment.

101. Surface water supplies No. 3 WTP. It is diverted from the head of Qingnian Ditch, and

49

transmitted to No. 3 WTP by covered channels. The site of No. 3 WTP is 3.5 km south

from the No. 2 WTP, and 45 m higher than the site height of No. 2 WTP. Currently, the

design capacity of No. 3 WTP is 25,000m3/d. Currently, No. 2 WTP and No. 3 WTP jointly

supply the water supply system of Hutubi County. The total length of existing pipes is

about 47.67 km. The diameters of the existing pipes range from DN160 to DN500 (the

dashed line in red of Figure IV.10).

102. The proposed new water supply pipes to be laid in conjunction with road construction in

Hutubi County is shown in Table IV.10. The average depth of pipe is from 2.0 m to 2.3 m.

Table IV.10: Proposed Water Supply Pipes in Hutubi County

Road Type Diameter Amount Unit Pipe material

Hufang Road Water supply pipe dn200 3,658 m PE100，0.8 MPa

Reserved pipe dn160 822 m PE100，0.8 MPa dn200 275 m PE100，0.8 MPa

Changhua Road Water supply pipe dn200 2,010 m PE100，0.8 MPa


Dongfeng Avenue Water supply pipe dn200 2,360 m PE100，0.8 MPa


50

Figure IV.11: Current Water Supply System and Proposed Water Supply Pipes in Hutubi Count

51

Figure IV.12: Current Drainage System and Proposed Drainage Pipes in Hutubi County

52

Figure IV.13: Proposed Heat Supply Pipes in Hutubi County

53

Figure IV.14: Proposed Gas Supply Pipes in Hutubi County

Proposed gas pipes

Existing gas pipes

54

103. Wastewater pipes. Wastewater pipes will be laid under project roads to connect with

the existing and functioning wastewater network. The wastewater pipeline network of

Hutubi County has a total length of 59.74 km, and ranges from de300 to de800 in

diameter (the dashed line in red of Figure IV.11). The proposed drainage pipes in Hutubi

County to be laid in conjunction with road construction are shown in the Table IV.11 below.

The pipe depth ranges from 2.8 m to 3.2 m, and direct burying is adopted for pipe laying.

Table IV.11: Proposed Pipes in Hutubi County

Road Item Specification Amount Unit Material

Hufang Road

Drainage pipe de400 3,677 m HDPE，SN ≥ 8 kN/m2


de400 275 m HDPE，SN ≥ 8 kN/m2

Drainage inspection well φ1,250 137 Concrete block

Changhua

Road

Water supply pipe de400 1,970 m HDPE，SN ≥ 8 kN/m2



Drainage inspection well φ1,250 74 Concrete block

Dongfeng

Avenue

Water supply pipe de400 2,378 m HDPE，SN ≥ 8 kN/m2



Drainage inspection well φ1250 88 Concrete block

104. Hutubi County Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) is located in Yuanhu Village about

2.5 km from Hutubi County downtown. The long-term design capacity of WWTP is

50,000 m3/d, while the phase I treatment capacity is 20,000 m3/d and the actual

treatment capacity is 10,000 m3/d currently. The treated effluent meets Class II standard

specified in Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant

(GB 18918-2002).

105. Heat Supply. Heating pipes will be laid in conjunction with project road to connect with

the existing and functioning heat supply system. No new heating sources will be added to

the system as a result of the projects pipes under the roads. Instead, the connections to

municipal cogeneration plants that the pipes will provide will remove the need for

separate small boilers of residents. The Datang Hutubi Thermal Power Plant is situated

at the Longwangtai plant, at approximately 9.5 km from the southwest of Hutubi County,

and approximately 6.5 km from the west of Hutubi County Railway Station. Current plant

construction is for 2 × 300 MW heating and air-cooling units, to be expanded in the future.

The planned heating area is up to 12,340,000 m2. Construction started in September

2011, and was commissioned in August 2013. With the thermal power plant starting

operation in 2013, the size of the newly constructed heating network is 28,183 × 2 m,

with maximum pipe diameter of DN1200.

106. The newly constructed steam pipe network in conjunction with road construction will be

9,194 × 2 m. The proposed heat supply pipe network and manholes are as listed in the

following table.

Table IV.12: Quantities of Heat Supply Pipe Network and Manholes

Road

Heat supply pipe network, material: spiral weld pipe (including prefabricated insulation)

Concrete manholes, size 3.5 m × 2.4 m × 2.6 m

Pipe size Specification Unit Quantity Quantity

55

Hufang Road

DN500 D529× 8 m 580

7

DN400 D426×7 m 1,000

DN350 D377×7 m 980

DN300 D325×7 m 1580

DN250 D273×6 m 240

Total m 4,380

Changhua Road

DN400 D426×7 m 850

6

DN350 D377×7 m 500

DN300 D325×7 m 630

DN250 D273×6 m 200

Total m 2,180

Dongfeng Avenue

DN400 D426×7 m 960

6

DN350 D377×7 m 900

DN300 D325×7 m 500

DN250 D273×6 m 300

Total m 2,660

107. Gas Supply. Gas pipes will be laid in conjunction with project road construction to

connect with the existing and functioning heat supply system. No new gas sources will be

added to the system as a result of the projects pipes under the roads. For the natural gas

supply to Hutubi County, the Karamay Oilfield Company started construction and

development of Hutubi County Gas Field in 1997, where there are natural gas reserves

of 1.88 × 108 Nm3, with exploitable reserves of 1.44 × 108 Nm3, and a production scale of

150 × 104 Nm3/d. There are sufficient gas reserves for the project infrastructure

investment.

108. Since Hutubi County is very close to the gas field, the main pipes are direct distribution

pressure vessels, and gas storage facilities are not required. The pipeline itself is the

main gas storage facility. Currently the capacity of the pipeline is 4,983 m3, which will

grow along with the increase in the gas transmission mains.

109. The pipeline distribution system mainly consists of main pipe network and courtyard

pipe network, which are mainly seamless steel pipes in diameters of DN159, DN108,

DN133, and DN89. The pipelines are welded with No. 20 seamless steel pipes, and

equipped with sacrificial anode protection, all of which are laid underground, and the

outer walls are applied with 10# and 30# petroleum asphalt anti-corrosive insulation. The

main pipe lines in the downtown are distributed in annular, and cover all major roads

throughout the county. The proposed gas pipes in Hutubi County are shown in Table

IV.13 below:

Table IV.13: Proposed Gas Pipes in Hutubi County

Road Item Material Specification Amount Unit

Hufang Road

Pipe PE de160 4,400 m

Spherical valve PE de160 7

Valve well Block φ1,200 7

Changhua Road




Dongfeng Avenue




56

D． Qitai

110. The proposed project outputs and works in Qitai County include:

Table IV.14: Proposed project components in Qitai County

Roads Name of road Road length Red line width

Urumqi East Road 2.38 km 30 m

Urumqi West Road 2.21 km 30 m

Bajiahu East Road 1.87 km 30 m

Wenhua West Road 1.97 km 26 m

Xingfu Road 3.01 km 30 m

Water supply

New water transmission and distribution pipelines with total length of 89 km, with nominal diameter ranging from DN1,200 to DN400; pipe materials are ductile iron pipes and PE pipes

Solid waste treatment

A new solid waste landfill, with an effective capacity of 1.15 million m3, a transfer

station, and solid waste cleaning and transfer equipment

Figure IV.15: Proposed Works in Qitai County

3. Roads

111. The proposed road components in Qitai County fulfill parts of the Urban Master Plan for

Qitai (2012-2030). The roads complete parts of established urban road networks. They

are secondary level roads which will improve connectivity between the peri-urban areas

and the urban centers in the Qitai County seat. The specific contents and scale of the

proposed roads are as follows:

Table IV.15: Scale of proposed road

Road Classification Length of road (m)

Width of red line (m)

Carriageway (m)

Sidewalk (m)

Greenbelt (m)

Bridge (m2)

Urumqi East Road

Secondary Road 2,378.27 30 14 8 8 397

Urumqi West Road

Secondary Road 2,214.94 30 14 8 8

Bajiahu East Road

Secondary Road 1,867.07 30 15 9 6

Wenhua West Road

Secondary Road 1,965.42 26 14 6 6 338

Xingfu Road Secondary Road 3,008.2 30 14 8 8

Total 11,433.9 735

57

112. There are no proposed utility services to be installed in conjunction with road

construction.

4. Water Supply.

113. Unlike the other subprojects, this component is independent of the roads component in

Qitai. It aims to address the problem of water safety in Qitai County by replacing ground

water with surface water and, at the same time, meet the urban area’s water demand.

The proposed component includes the following: 1) raw water pipeline from sources to

No.3 WTP; 2) water distribution pipeline of treated water to consumers. The water

treatment plant is not involved in the project and will be procured by PPP model. It is

currently under construction and is expected to come into operation in 2019.

114. Water sources are surface water extraction from Zhonggegen River and Biliu River. The

water intake spots are located in Zhonggegen Reservoir and Biliu River Reservoir. Water

capacity of Zhonggegen Reservoir is 13,650,000 m3 and regulating storage is

12,300,000 m3; Biliu River Reservoir is still under construction and its normal water

capacity is 11,130,000 m3 and regulating storage is 8,450,000 m3. Water transmission

and primary distribution pipes will be laid underground along the whole alignment at a

depth of 2 – 2.3 m to protect them from freezing conditions, in an open trench with backfill.

Qitai County Water Supply and Drainage Management Department will be responsible

for the pipelines and distribution connections to end users. They will be supported by the

project’s capacity building output which will include training in technical and

administrative practices.

Table IV.16: Scale of Proposed for Water Supply Pipes No. Name Specification Material Quantity Unit Remarks Water transmission pipelines

1 Water transmission pipelines

DN1,200 PCCP 1,200 m K9, Water source to pretreatment plant


DN1,000 DIP 31,170 m K9, WTP to the county


DN900 PCCP 25,000 m K9, Pretreatment plant to WTP


DN700 DIP 11,000 m K9, Zhonggegen Reservoir to WTP

5 Exhaust valve well φ1,600 mm Building Blocks

70 Set

6 Reduced pressure tank

500 m3

Reinforced concrete

7 Set

Water distribution pipeline networks

7 Water distribution pipelines

DN500 DIP 4,865 m K9, Bajiahu East Road and Xingfu Road

8 Water distribution pipelines

dn400 PE 6,595 m 1.0 MPa, East Urumqi Road, West Urumqi Road, Wenhua West Road

9 Exhaust valve well φ1,200 mm Building blocks

11 Set

10 Sludge discharge wet well

φ1,200 mm Building blocks

10 Set

115. The water supply will replace dwindling groundwater resources and provide additional capacity for increasing demand. The wastewater from the increased supply will be

58

treated by the recently completed Qitai County WWTP (July 2013) with a treatment capacity of 25,000 m3/d. The design treated effluent can meet the requirements of Class II in Urban WWTP Pollution Discharge Standards (GB18918-2002). The operators are currently preparing the FSR for upgrading the effluent quality to Class 1A, with main indicators complying with Class IV standards of surface water, and additional capacity for 25,000 m3/d making a total treatment capacity of 50,000 m3/d. The effluent will be reclaimed to be used for industrial cooling, urban greening, road watering.

5. Solid Waste Management

Existing landfill and closure.

116. Qitai County has an existing municipal landfill site, located in Lama Huliang 8km away from the urban area, covering an area of 100,000 m2, with effective storage capacity of 720,000 m3. The existing landfill site started operation in 2011. At present, the existing landfill has been used to nearly two thirds of its capacity. In its surrounding there is no land intended for landfill site. Because of the relatively backwardness of the urban area’s garbage collection points in their forms and methods, the simple garbage pool and open-air garbage dumps, there is no effective enclosure of the waste leachate and dust, garbage in some places cannot be cleared daily, in summer leachate flows around the garbage collections points, with mosquitoes breeding, causing serious point source pollution, with very adverse environmental impacts, constantly threatens the health of urban residents. The waste is from domestic and commercial sources. No industrial waste is directed to this site. The waste composition is:

Organic Non-organic

Food waste Paper Plastics others metal Glass Coal ash others

21.2 4.0 2.5 2 1.2 1.5 34.1 33.5

117. About 500 m to the east of the landfill a funeral management office has been operated and put into operation. The existing landfill seriously affects its environment. Lama Huliang Industrial Park is planned about 1 km north of the existing landfill. Large enterprises have settled in the industrial park, with construction completed and operating. The existing landfill is incompatible with this level of surrounding development.

118. The closure design includes impermeable layer and drainage layer. The impermeable

layer composites of (from bottom to top): 300 mm gravel gas guide layer, 5 mm GCL

geomembrane composite liner, 1.0 mm liner of HDEP geomembrane and geotextile to

ensure the permeability coefficient is less than 1*10-7 cm/s. This design satisfy the

requirements on impermeable layer defined in the Technical Code for Sanitary Solid

Waste Landfill (GN 50869-2013). The drainage layer include (from bottom to top): 100

mm coarse grit as protective layer, 200 mm drainage layer with gravels and 450 mm

earth. The top will be covered by soil and planted vegetation. The total area is 23.5 ha.

The site will continue to produce leachate, and this will be collected and transported to

the new landfill’s leachate treatment plant in specialized vehicles.

New landfill

119. A new site is proposed for Qitai County’s municipal solid waste landfill. The FSR

estimates the scale of urban solid waste treatment as 275 t/d in 2020 and 360 t/d in 2030.

The designed service life is 13 years from 2018 to 2030. The total design capacity is

1.8054 million cubic meters. The selected site is about 1.5 km to the northwest of the

59

wastewater treatment plant and 25 km to the downtown. The site is a flat area of rough

grazing land dominated by grasses and low shrubs with an area of 991.24 mu. The

vegetation is altered from its natural state by grazing. The land is state-owned.

120. Lining System. A composite lining system will be used. The bottom lining system is

described as following from down to top: 300 mm earth layer compacted with soil

diameter less than 5 mm, 4800 g/m2 GCL, 1.5 mm HDPE geomembrane, 600 g/m2

nonwoven geotextile protective layer, 300 mm gravel leachate guide layer and 250 g/m2

nonwoven geotextile. The total lining system is 600 mm.

121. Using this lining over a network of earthen bunds, the landfill area will be partitioned to

control the landfill operation and to limit leachate production rate to 50-100 tons/day.

Partitioning will be designed to yield active landfill cells of 10,000 to 20,000 m2.

122. Leachate collection and treatment. The leachate collection system comprises

leachate trenches and HDPE perforated collection tubes. The collected leachate will be

directed to a pre-treatment holding tank with a capacity of 90-120 days leachate

production before entering the on-site treatment plant. After treatment to the standard

required by the Standard for Pollution Control of Sanitary Landfill (GB16889-2008) the

leachate will be back-sprayed onto the landfill. Back spraying is adopted because the

average annual rainfall is 13 – 62 mm and average evaporation is 1,900-2,300 mm,

which is 56 times the rainfall.

123. Landfill Gas Collection. Landfill gas is a complex mix of different gases created by the

action of microorganism within a landfill. The landfill gas is approximately forty to sixty

percent methane, with remainder being mostly carbon dioxide. The gas collection system

includes gabion silos, pipes and air-extractor units. Silos employ air guide gabion

structure with diameter of 600 mm and interval of 50 m. The landfill gas will be emitted to

the air through the gabion structure.

Solid Waste Collection and Transfer

124. Solid Waste Collection. The project involves procurement of (i) 300 garbage bins and

180 steel garbage containers; (ii) 8 garbage compacting trunk; (iii) 15 small garbage

collection vehicles with 3 ton capacity; (iv) 3 garbage transferring trunks; (v) 3 road

cleaning vehicle and 3 road irrigation vehicle.

125. Waste Transfer Station. A new transfer station is proposed to the north of Bajiahu

West Road and west of South Fuzhou Road, covering an area of 6,300 m2. The capacity

is 220 t/d. Activities at the waste transfer station involves unloading of garbage trucks,

compacting and then reloading onto trunks as indicated in Figure IV.16. A deodorization

system composed by purification tower, filter grid, exhaust fan, corrosion-resistant pump

and silencer will be installed. Leachate from garbage compaction will be transported to

the new landfill leachate treatment plant.

60

Figure IV.17: Process Diagram for the Solid Waste Treatment in Qitai County

61

Figure IV. 18: Location of Proposed Landfill Site and Solid Waste Transfer Center

62

V. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

A. Physical Setting

126. Geography and Terrain. The subprojects are located in two counties and one city of the Changji Prefecture in the center of XUAR (Figure V.1). The two counties and one city are situated on a long, narrow piedmont plain between 40 and 80 km wide on the northern side of the east-west running Tianshan Mountain range. This narrow plain is sandwiched between the mountain slopes in the south and the desert of the Junggar Basin in the north. It is the area where settlement, agriculture and industry are located. Seasonally fast-running, parallel rivers draining the mountains spread out onto alluvial fans over the valley floor. This geographical situation is illustrated in Figure V.2.

Figure V.1: Topography of Xinjiang and project counties

Figure V.2: Project area bordered by mountains in the south and desert in the north

63

127. It can be seen in Figure V.2 that the productive lands of the project area are confined by steep and unstable hill slopes in the south and increasing desertification in the north.

128. Hutubi County is situated at 86°5′-87°8′ E longitude and latitude 43°7′-45°20′N, with a

land area of 9,721 km2. Hutubi’s terrain includes the desert in the north, the alluvial plain in the central part, and the mountainous area in the south. The altitude is higher in the southeast and lower in the northwest with range from 500 m to 4,000 m.

129. Fukang City, with a land area of 117,261km2, is located in the northern foot of eastern section of Tianshan Mountain, southern rim of Junggar Basin, and middle part of Changji. Its geographic coordinates are northern latitude 43°45’ to 45°30’ and east longitude 87°46’ to 88°44’. Its terrain is similar with Hutubi. The desert area in the north is 4,555, accounting for 38.8% of the total land area. The elevation ranges from 150 m to 5445 m.

130. Qitai County is located to the east of Changji, at north latitude of 42°25’ to 45°29’ and east longitude of 89°13’ to 91°22’, with land area of 19,300 km2. The terrain is high in the south and north, and low in the center. The desert area in the north accounts for 53.56% of the total area of Qitai.

131. Climate. Changji is located in the temperate arid climate zone. The temperature differences between day and night are large. Due to the influence of the terrain, there is significant difference in climate from south to north. The southern mountainous area has abundant precipitation in summer. The northern has obvious desert characteristics. Its

average mean temperature is 6.8 ℃. The annual average precipitation is 190 mm. Table

V.1 summarizes the climate characteristics of participating counties.

Table V.1: Participating counties’ climate characteristics

Parameter Hutubi Fukang Qitai

Annual average precipitation 404.7 mm 187 mm 189 mm

Annual average evaporation 1437.2 mm 2064.1 mm 1534 mm

Annual average temperature 6.2 ℃ 7.4 ℃ 4.6 ℃

Average high 39.1 ℃ 41.5 ℃ 41.6 ℃

Average low -30.4℃ -37℃ -42.6 ℃

Annual average wind speed 3.1 m/s 2.4 m/s 3.1 m/s

Maximum wind speed 20.0m/s - 13 m/s

Maximum depth of frozen soil 146 cm - 150 cm

Maximum depth of snow 48 cm - 63 cm

132. Hydrology. The rivers relating to the proposed project area all flow from the north to the south, crossing the piedmont plain at regular intervals. They have small, roughly similar catchment areas, strong seasonal flow (snow melt) but low average annual flow. The rivers which run through the subproject sites are the Sigong, Ganhezi, Baiyang, Biliu and Zhonggegen Rivers. The features of these rivers are listed in Table V.2.

Table V.2: Hydrological information for the related rivers

Rivers Length (km)

Catchment area (km2) Annual mean flow (m

3/s)

Sigong River 四工河 40 159 0.83

Ganhezi River 甘河子河 70 234 0.85

Baiyang River 白杨河 60 252 1.91

Biliu River 碧流河 tba 172 1.89

Zhonggegen River中葛根河 tba 207 2.67

64

133. Seismicity. According to the PRC Seismic Ground Motion Parameters Zoning Map (GB 18306-2001), the seismic intensity classes in the participating counties is 7. The PRC classifies seismic intensity into 12 classes under the PRC Seismic Intensity Table (GB/T 17742-2008), from Class 1 to Class 12 based on increasing severity of “shaking” of the earth surface and the extent of potential impact. Class 7 is intermediate in severity with most people escaping to outdoor. The design seismic acceleration for Hutubi, Fukang and Qitai is 0.15g, 0.15g and 0.1g respectively.

B. Physical Environment

134. Air Quality. Baseline ambient air quality monitoring for environmental impact assessment in the PRC generally consists of the monitoring of relevant air quality parameters on seven consecutive days. Each project county/city has set up permanent automatic air quality monitoring station in the downtown. For this project, 24-hour average SO2, NO2 and PM10 monitored by automatic monitoring stations at each county were referred as baseline for the roads and associated utilities subcomponents in the urban area.

135. Table V.3 presents the monitoring results and indicated that on the days of monitoring, all monitored parameters complied with Class II of Ambient Air Quality Standard (GB 3095-2012) which is the air quality standard for urban areas.

Table V.3: Baseline Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Data collected in 2016

136. The EIA institute contracted Xinjiang Lvgejierui Environmental Testing Technology

Company to monitor the baseline air quality at the proposed site for Qitai sanitary landfill. Three locations were sampled at proposed site, downwind direction and upwind direction respectively for seven consecutive days during 30 July to 5 August 2016. Table V.4 presents the monitoring results and indicated good air quality that on the days of monitoring, all monitored parameters complied with Class II of Ambient Air Quality Standard (GB 3095-2012), which is the air quality standard for urban areas.

Table V.4: Baseline Air Quality Monitoring Results for the Proposed Qitai Landfill (mg/m³)

Location NO2 SO2 PM10 TSP H2S NH3 Upwind 0.008~0.010 0.004~0.007 0.019~0.030 0.047~0.062 <0.005L 0.03~0.04

Proposed site 0.008~0.010 0.005~0.008 0.017~0.030 0.044~0.064 <0.005L 0.04~0.05

Downwind 0.008~0.010 0.005~0.007 0.020~0.034 0.046~0.064 <0.005L 0.04~0.05

Class II of GB 3095-2012 0.08 0.15 0,15 0.3 0.01 0.2

IFC EHS Target n/a 0.125-0.05 0.075-0.15 n/a n/a n/a

137. Acoustic Environment. Xinjiang Lvgejierui Environmental Testing Technology Limited

Company conducted noise monitoring on 29 and 30 July 2016 for proposed road components in Hutubi County, 2 and 3 August at Ganhezi Town, 4-5 August at Fukang City, 3-4 July (water supply subcomponent and windbreak & ecological forest subcomponent) and 1-2 August (landfill subcomponent) at Qitai County. Also shown are the “Noise Functional Areas” under PRC national standard GB3096-2008 which nominates the ambient noise level targets appropriate to different land uses. Category 4a

Administrative Unit Monitoring Date Air Quality Parameters and Concentration Levels (mg/m

3)

SO2 NO2 PM10

Hutubi 2016/06/11-17 0.012-0.016 0.007-0.013 0.048-0.105

Fukang 2016/06/11-17 0.011-0.018 0.015-0.026 0.031-0.069

Qitai 2016/06/11-17 0.006-0.010 0.006-0.012 0.024-0.035

Class II of GB 3095-2012 0.150 0.08 0.150

IFC EHS Target 0.125-0.05 n/a 0.075-0.15

65

is for areas within 35 m of trunk, branch and secondary roads (which includes all project roads) and Category 2 is for residential and commercial land uses and includes rural areas. The testing company advised that, in all cases, exceedance was caused by the passing of heavy trucks, which raised the average levels.

. Table V.5: Baseline Noise Monitoring Results in 2016

County Location Noise Level [LAeq in dB(A)]

Noise Functional Area

Category 4a Category 2

Day Night Day Night

Hutubi Dongfeng Avenue Starting Point 64.3 56.7

Ending point 64.2 57.8

Hufang Road Hezhuang Village (left) 57.5 52

Hezhuang Village (right) 58.3 53.3

Starting Point 65.5 57.2

Ending Point 52 42.6

Road side house at frontage (left)

55 51

Road side house at frontage (right)

54.8 54.8

Road side house at second row (left)

53.9 47.5

Road side house at second row (right)

53.4 45.3

Changhua Road Starting Point 60.3 45.4

Ending Point 64.9 60.4

Fukang Tianshan Street Crossing with Fuxin Road

65.2 59.9

Crossing with Zhungaer Road

70.4 54.5

Crossing with Chengbei Road

64.1 57.1

Tianchi Street Crossing with Fuxin Road

65.7 52.3


72.6 50.9

Crossing with Bofeng Road

68.7 51.1


65.1 56.0

Yingbin Road Crossing with Fuxin Road

65.8 49.0


73.8 53.8

Crossing with Bofeng Road

72.7 52.5


73.7 48.7

Guangyuan Road Starting point 52.9 40.8


Huiyuan Road Starting point 44.1 41.2


Ruiying Road Starting point 44.9 40.9


Ankang Road Starting point 43.6 40.4


Boya Road Starting point 42.5 42.1

66

County Location Noise Level [LAeq in dB(A)]

Noise Functional Area

Category 4a Category 2

Day Night Day Night


S303 Provincial Road Green Belt (section 1)

Starting point 69.6 49.6


S303 Provincial Road Green Belt (section 2)

Starting point 49 40.1


North Ring Road Green Belt Starting point 67.1 47.2


South Mountain Greening Starting point 76.0 55.2


Ganhezi Town

Weisan Road Starting point 48.4 45.2


Guangming Road Starting point 59.3 45.2


Zhenxi Road Starting point 53.7 40.1


Changqing Road Starting point 53.8 41.0


Honglingjin Road Starting point 52.9 40.0


Qitai Biliu River Reservoir 47.8 42.3

Pre-treatment Plant 48.5 41.7

Gegen Reservoir 47.9 41.1

Ending point of the transmission pipe 47.3 40.5

Xingfu Road Starting point 67.1 48.1

East Urumqi road Starting point 55.8 43.2

East Bajiahu Road Starting point 70.6 51.6

West Wenhua Road Starting point 68.1 48.3

West Urumqi Road Starting point 53.2 45.5

Landfill site East boundary 47.9 35.5

South boundary 48.3 36.8

West boundary 49.6 38.2

North boundary 47.8 37.8

GB 3096-2008 70 55 60 50

IFC EHS interim target

138. Surface water. Changji EMS conducted monitoring of the Ganhezi River and Baiyang

River on 17 October 2013. The results showed compliance with the requirements of Class III of Ambient Surface Water Quality Standard (GB3838-2002), which represents potentially potable water if appropriate extraction and treatment measures are taken. There are no equivalent IFC EHS water quality guidelines or targets. The water quality data for Zhonggegen River and Biliu River were cited from PPTA Supplementary Document (SD) 32.

Table V.6: Surface Water Quality Monitoring Results

Item Ganhezi River Baiyang River Zhonggegen

River Biliu River

Class III (GB3838-2002) Upstream Downstream Upstream Downstream

pH 7.85 7.97 8.02 7.98 8.08 7.9 ≤6-9 Ammonia Nitrogen

0.858 0.358 0.886 0.659 0.1 <0.02 ≤1.0

Petroleum <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 / / ≤0.05

Cyanide <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 ≤0.2

Sulfate 87.7 75.3 25.9 23.8 39 94 250

Nitrate 1.06 1.39 1.01 0.92 0.85 2.48 10

67

Item Ganhezi River Baiyang River Zhonggegen

River Biliu River

Class III (GB3838-2002) Upstream Downstream Upstream Downstream

Chloride 47.8 19.6 10.9 5.50 5 2 250

Fluoride 0.19 0.30 0.26 0.49 1.0 <0.20 ≤1.0

Mercury <0.00005 0.00006 <0.00005 <0.00005 <0.0001 <0.0001 ≤0.0001

Arsenic 0.0015 0.0006 <0.0005 <0.0005 0.002 0.001 ≤0.05

Selenium <0.0005 <0.0005 <0.0005 <0.0005 <0.001 <0.001 ≤0.01

Copper <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.2 ≤1.0

Lead <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.0025 <0.0025 ≤0.05

Zinc <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.05 <0.05 ≤1.0

Cd <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.0005 <0.0005 ≤0.005

Mn <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.1 <0.1 0.1

Sulfide 0.019 0.007 0.025 0.022 / / ≤0.2

DO 7.39 7.19 7.30 7.34 / / ≥5

TP 0.12 0.06 0.07 0.09 0.02 0.01 ≤0.2

Phenol <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.002 <0.002 ≤0.005

Chromium <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 0.001 0.006 ≤0.05

COD 7 6 7 7 <5 <5 ≤20

IMn 2.3 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.5 ≤4

BOD5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 / / ≤3

139. Groundwater. Testing results conducted by Environmental Monitoring Station (EMS) of Changji Prefecture for the raw water of No. 2 Water Supply Plant (WSP) of Hutubi County on 6 Jan 2016, No.1 WSP of Fukang City on 5 Jan 2016, Ganhezi well on 5 Jan 2016 were collected. The results showed compliance with Class III of Groundwater Quality Standard (GB/T14848-93), which is based on human health benchmark values and is suitable for centralized drinking water sources with treatment and industrial and agricultural water.

140. Five locations at Xibeiwan Village, east of Qitai County, two points at proposed landfill

site and west of Qitai County were sampled (see Figure V.4) in November 2016. The total hardness, sulfate and total dissolved solids exceeded the requirements of Class III of Groundwater Quality Standard (GB/T14848-93). The EMS has advised that these levels of total hardness, sulfate and total dissolved solids are characteristic of the region and is caused by its geological conditions. There are no equivalent IFC EHS water quality guidelines or targets.

68

Figure V.4: Groundwater Quality Sampling Locations at Qitai

Table V.7: Groundwater Quality Monitoring Results. Unit: mg/L

Parameter Hutubi Fukang Ganhezi Well

Qitai Class III of GB/T14848-93

1# 2# 3# 4# 5#

pH 8.13-8.14 8.03-8.05 8.02 8.03 8.13 8.13 8.22 8.22 6.5-8.5

Total hardness

151 246 115 457 717 386 316 471 ≤450

Sulfate 71.8 132 203 370 507 354 155 389 ≤250

Nitrate nitrogen

2.49 3.20 3.68 0.14 0.29 0.06 4.51 0.06 ≤20

Chloride 17.1 85.4 23.3 115 200 91.2 78.3 100 ≤250

Fluoride 0.21 0.42 0.21 <0.02L <0.02L <0.02L <0.02L <0.02L ≤1.0

Nitrite nitrogen

<0.009 <0.009 <0.009 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 ≤0.02

Total dissolved solids

253 484 406 945 1254 840 470 992 ≤1000

Cyanide <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 ≤0.05

Ammonia nitrogen

/ 0.059 0.166 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 ≤0.2

Mercury <0.00001 <0.00001 <0.00001 <0.04L <0.04L <0.04L <0.04L <0.04L ≤0.001

Arsenic <0.0003 <0.0003 <0.0004 <0.3L <0.3L <0.3L <0.3L <0.3L ≤0.05

Selenium <0.0004 <0.0004 <0.0004 / / / / / ≤0.01

Copper <0.08×10-3 <0.08×10-3 <0.08×10-3 / / / / / ≤1.0

Lead 0.001 <0.09×10-3 <0.09×10-3 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 ≤0.05

Zinc 0.0015 4.75×10-3 0.13 ≤1.0

Iron 0.00364 12.2×10-3 5.11×10-3 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 ≤0.3

Mn 0.00035 <0.27×10-3 3.26×10-3 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 ≤0.1

Cd <0.05×10-3 <0.05×10-3 <0.05×10-3 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 ≤0.01

Volatile phenol

<0.0003 <0.0003 <0.0003 <0.0003 <0.0003 <0.0003 <0.0003 <0.0003 ≤0.002

Hexavalent chromium

<0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 ≤0.05

Total coliform Not detected

Not detected

Not detected

<0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 ≤3.0

LAS <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 / / / / / ≤3.0

图 5.1-1 建设项目大气及地下水现状监测布点图

1#

2#

3#

4#

5#

69

141. Soil quality. The testing results conducted by Xinjiang Lvgejierui Environmental Testing

Technology Limited Company at the proposed Qitai landfill site in November 2016 showed that the parameters monitored satisfied with the Class III of Soil Quality Standard (GB 15618-1995), which is suitable for agriculture and grazing. There is no equivalent IFC EHS target or guideline.

Table V.8: Soil quality sampling results at proposed Qitai landfill site (mg/kg) Item Results Class III of GB15618-1995 pH 8.33 ＞6.5 Pb 7.3 ≤500 Cd 0.09 ≤1.0 Zn 41.2 ≤500 Hg 0.057 ≤1.5 As 1.06 ≤40 Cr 62 ≤300

C. Biological Resources

142. According to the distribution of key species for biodiversity, the biodiversity hotspots in Xinjiang are: Algun Mountains, Aibi Lake Wetland, West Tianshan Mountains, Altai Mountain, Lopnour-Gashun Desert, Bosten Lake wetland, Tarim River Basin, Ertisi River Basin, Wulungu River Basin, eastern Junggar desert, Kunlun Mountain and Beita Mountain. These hotspots, especially the mountainous areas, are the most biologically diverse in Xinjiang. The project location is not included in any of these hotspot areas.

143. The original vegetation was a mixture of Desert Forest Ecosystem and Temperate Grassland (Meadow) Ecosystem. Elements of the grassland ecosystem remain in the area and throughout Xinjiang, but the Desert Forest Ecosystem is one of the most seriously degraded ecosystems in the PRC. The desertification monitoring undertaken by the State Forestry Administration in 2004 found that 74% of Xinjiang’s remaining desert forest was seriously degraded by wind erosion and salinization. In Fukang, only 2.7% of land cover remains as desert forest, the majority of which is very degraded.12

144. The tree community of desert forest is predominantly native poplar, with the main species Populus diversifolia associated with Ulmus pumilia and Elaegnus oxycarpa. The community contains an array of poplar species (P. alba, P.densa, P. laurifolia, P. nigra and P. x canescens) and the shrubs comprise Haloxylon persicun, H. ammodendrum, Tamarax, Reaumaria, Nitaria sphaerocarpa, Halostachys belangeriana, Calligonum, Ammopiptanthus nanus and Halimodendron halodendron.

145. The Desert Grassland Ecosystem previously covered the alluvial plains north of the Tianshan mountains. The vegetation here comprised arid shrubs. The dominant species were Haloxylon, Artemesia, Salsola, Ceratoides lateens, Sympegma regelii, Ephedra przewalskii, Kalidium, Zygophyllum, Caragana and Achnatherum splendens.13

146. Today these communities have been replaced by settlement, agricultural crops, grazing lands and denuded and degraded surfaces. The agricultural areas mainly comprise corn, sunflower, melons and ornamental tree nurseries. There are also large areas around the built-up areas of small agricultural holdings which have been abandoned and are awaiting urban development. These areas are characterized by building rubble (from demolished structures) and weeds.

12

Taskforce of Strategy and action Plan 2006, Xinjiang provincial IEM Strategy and action Plan for Land Degradation Control, PRC-GEF OP12 Projects, Xinjiang Department of Forestry, Urumqi December 2006. 13

Ibid.

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147. Rough grazing areas, more distant from the urban areas, are either induced sparse grasslands where the shrub layer has been destroyed and are gradually losing their soil cover or altered shrublands with a mixture of native and exotic plants.

148. The common flora species of the project area, excluding agricultural crops, are a mixture of desert shrub land and weed species (Table V.9).

Table V.9: Common Plant Species Identified in the Project Area of Influence

Chinese Name Scientific Name Dominant

盐生假木贼 Anabasis salsa √

驼绒藜 Ceratoides latens √

扁穗冰草 Agropyron cristatum √

多根葱 Allium pokyrrhijum √

小蓬 Nanophyton erinaceum

木碱蓬 Duadea dendroides

叉毛蓬 Petrosimonia sibirica

博乐绢蒿 Seriphidoum borotalense √

博洛塔绢蒿 Sariphidoum borotalense

新疆绢蒿 Sariphidoum kaschgaricum

琵琶柴 Reaumuria soongonica

冷蒿 Artemisia frigida √

猪毛菜 Salsola junatovii

刺毛碱蓬 Suaeda acuminata

独行菜 Lepidium apetalum

荠菜 Capsella bursa-pastoris

芥菜 Brassica juncea

紫苜蓿 Medicago sativa

帚状亚菊 Ajania fastigiata

亚飞廉 Alfredia acantholepis

毛牛蒡 Arctium tomentosum

芨芨草 Achnatherum splendens

狗尾草 Setaria vividis

Source: domestic EIA institute

149. Fauna. Over the last 60 years, habitat for wild animals in Xinjiang has diminished

significantly with subsequent decreases in species diversity and increases in deleterious animal species. The Xinjiang tiger and wild horse are both extinct and the wild Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), Tarim deer (Cerus elaphus yarkandensis), Saiga gazelle (Saiga tatarica) and Asian ass (Asinus hemiomus) have dramatically decreased in wild populations.

150. Table V.10 lists the wild species in the project counties from literature, and therefore represents records for a much larger area than the project area of influence for the proposed components. There are two species classified as Class II nationally protected. These are the Steppe fox and the Red fox. Both are listed as “least concern” by IUCN with stable populations. Two other migratory bird species, the horned lark and the Common starling are also listed as “least concern”. There are no species listed as endangered or critically endangered.

Table V.10: Common Fauna Species Recorded in the Project Area

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Fauna Type Chinese Name Scientific Name Protected Level

Amphibian 绿蟾蜍 Rufo virodis

Reptiles 草原鬣蜥 Agama sanguinolenta

大耳沙蜥 Phrynocephalus mystaceus

Birds 角百灵 S Eremophila alpestris

凤头百灵 R Galerida cristata

短趾百灵 R Calandrella acatirostris

家燕 B Hirundo rustrica

毛脚燕 B Delichon urbica

红尾伯劳 B Lanius cristatus

紫翅椋鸟 S Sturnus vulgaris

小嘴乌鸦 W Corvus corone

秃鼻乌鸦 B Corvus frugilegus

河乌 R Cinchus pallasii

兰点颏 B Luscinia svecica

黑喉石鵖 B Saxicola torquata

沙鵖 B Oenanthe oenanthe

紫啸鸫 W Myioponeus caeruleus

家麻雀 R Passer domesticus

黑顶麻雀 R Passer ammodendri

树麻雀 R Passer montanus

金额丝雀 R Serinus pusillius

红额金翅雀 B Carduelis carduelis

大朱雀 R Carpodacus rubucilla

Mammals 赤狐 Vulpes vulpes Class II

沙狐 Vulpes corsac Class II

小五趾跳鼠 Allactage elater

小家鼠 Mus musculus

小林姬鼠 Apodemus sylvaticus

灰仓鼠 Cricotulus migratorius

社会田鼠 Microtus socialis

鼹形田鼠 Ellobius talpinus

狭颅田鼠 Microtus gregalis

Note: B-breeding bird, R-resident bird, S-summer migratory bird, T-migratory bird, W-winter migratory birds

D. Local Conditions at Subproject Sites

151. Urban Road and Associated Utilities. Most of the road alignments are along existing roads, tracks or easements. Only part of the Changhua Road component in Hubuti and parts of roads in Fukang are on agricultural land. Along most roads and tracks are existing planted tree species, such as poplar and fir. Within towns and built-up areas, Fraxinus (Ash) and Ulmus (Elm) are most frequent. Inspection of records and field inspections undertaken during the preparation of domestic EIAs have confirmed that there are no natural habitats or critical habitats in the project areas.

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Dongfeng Avenue of Hutubi Dongfeng Avenue of Hutubi

Changhua Road of Hutubi Changhua Road of Hutubi

Hufang Road of Hutubi Changhua Road of Hutubi

Tianshan Street of Fukang Ruiying Road of Fukang

73

Changqing Road of Ganhezi Town Guangming Road of Ganhezi Town

Urumqi East Road at Qitai Wenhuaxi Road of Qitai

Figure V.5 Current Conditions at Proposed Road Sites

152. TVET Facilities. The site for this development is already developed. The building will

be built on spare land and integrated with existing buildings and landscaped.

Proposed site for practice workshop Proposed site for the practice training

building

Figure V.6 Current Conditions at Proposed TVET Site, Fukang

153. Qitai Solid Waste Management. There are two sites in this component: the waste

transfer site and the new landfill site. They are both sited outside the city area. The waste transfer site (Figure V.7 (a)) is on unused construction land in the west of Qitai, where

74

shanty dwellings have previously been demolished. The land cover comprises scattered building rubble, bare earth and weeds. The selected site for the landfill (Figure V.7 (b)) is a flat area 25 km north of the city dominated by salt tolerant low shrubs grasses and low shrubs. The vegetation is altered from its natural state by wind erosion and grazing. Current use is for rough opportunistic grazing of horses and donkeys. The grazing is not a legal use of the land and the use is to be discontinued. The location of these sites illustrating their remoteness from the Qitai built-up area is shown in Figure 8.

(a) Proposed Site for the Qitai solid

waste transfer center (b) Proposed Site for the Qitai Sanitary Landfill

Figure V.7 Current Conditions at the Solid Waste Management Sites, Qitai

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Table V.8: Locations of waste transfer station and new landfill site

154. Qitai Water Supply Transmission and Distribution Networks. In Qitai the major

water supply pipes for No.3 WTP from Zonggegen Reservoir will cross flat land for its whole length (15 km). This land is variously used for cultivation and grazing. From the Biliu Reservoir, the pipeline will be laid in the foothills for the first 6 km of its 26 km length along valley floors, roughly following the existing road easements and natural drainage lines. The remainder, like the pipeline from Zonggegen, will be over cultivation and grazing land. This is illustrated in Figures V.9 and V.10. The distribution pipes from the WTP will be laid in the built-up urban area.

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Figure V.9: Water transmission routes from sources to Qitai No.3 WTP

Left: Route from Zhonggegen Reservoir

Above: Route from Biliu River Reservoir

Figure V.10: Typical Current Conditions of Raw Water Transmission Pipeline Route

E. Physical Cultural Resources

155. The project EIRs have reviewed the status of cultural heritage within the project area of influence and concluded that no physical cultural resources occur within the project area of influence. Should buried artifacts of archaeological significance be uncovered during the construction stage within the project areas, construction will be stopped and immediately reported to local Cultural Bureaus in accordance with the PRC’s Cultural Relics Protection Law (2002).

F. Protected Areas

156. An AAAAA-rated tourist attraction, called Tianchi was established in the south of Fukang county. Tianchi lies on the north side of the Bogda Shan. It is an alpine drift lake

77

shaped in the Quaternary Glacier period. The lake is 1,907 m above sea level, covering 4.9 square kilometers, 105 m deep at the deepest point. The lake was listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site in 1990 and it is also a national geographical park. Tianchi is around 30 km away from Fukang City, which is outside of the impact scope of this project.

G. Socio-economic Conditions

157. Demographic profile. Changji’s estimated population in 2014 was approximately 1.4 million (6% of Xinjiang’s total). The overall population density is only 17 persons per square kilometer due to a combination of the harsh natural environment of the region. Almost all of that population is concentrated along the central east-west economic and transport corridor which cuts through all 7 cities of Changji’s counties. Table V.11 presents a summary of populations, land areas, densities and growth potentials for the three project counties/city.

Table V.11: Demographic Summary of Project Counties/City

Item Hutubi Fukang Qitai

Fuykang Ganhezi

Civilian Population of Urban Area (Built-Up Area)

56,596 93,600 4985 89242

Rural Civilian Population

97,528 90,200 154,053

Total Civilian Population (2014)

144,124 183,800 243,295

Bingtuan* Urban Population

67,291

Bingtuan* Rural Population

8,688 27,500 37,000

Total Bingtuan* Population

75,979 27,500 37,000

Total Population 220,103 211,300 280,295 * The Xinjiang Economic and Paramilitary Organization Source: 2014 population data from respective county statistics offices

158. Ethnic Minorities. Among the ethnic minorities of CHAP, the Hui, Uygur and Kazak

population account more than 90% of the total ethnic minorities. The Kazak population constitutes a large part but most of them mainly live in pastoral areas, far away from populated towns and rural areas, and widely scattered. The Hui and Uygur mainly live in the towns and rural centers.

159. Table V.12 shows the total population of Changji in 2014, with 1.4126 million people or about 6% of Xinjiang’s total population. The total EM population of CHAP was 386.5 thousand (or about 27.36% of the total population). The total population of Fukang was 167.5 thousand in 2014, of which the EM population was 49.9 thousand (29.79% of the total population). Hutubi County’s total population was 218.7 thousand with 52.9 thousand EM or 24.19% of the total population. The total population of Qitai in 2014 was 243 thousand with 66.7 thousand EM population (or 27.45% of the total population).

Table V.12: Population of Xinjiang, Changji, Fukang, Hutubi and Qitai Counties: 2014 (10,000)

Region Total By Area By Sex By Ethnicity

Urban Rural Male Female Majority Minority Xinjiang 2298.47 1058.91 1239.56 1164.38 1134.09 859.51 1438.96

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Region Total By Area By Sex By Ethnicity

Urban Rural Male Female Majority Minority Changji 141.26 69.38 71.88 71.55 69.71 102.61 38.65 Fukang 16.75 9.55 7.2 8.49 8.26 11.76 4.99 Ganhezi 0.5176 - - 0.2685 - - - Hutubi (2013) 21.87 12.44 9.43 11.13 10.74 16.58 5.29 Qitai 24.3 8.92 15.40 12.37 11.96 17.66 6.67 Source: Website of Statistics Department of Xinjiang Autonomous Region, and each city or county government website; and 2015 Changji Statistic Yearbook.

160. Table V.13 shows the population by nationality or ethnicity in the project areas, presented by city/ county in 2014. The Han nationality has the largest population which represents over 69% in Fukang, over 74% in Hutubi and 72% in Qitai county. In Fukang city, the Hui people constitute the largest group, followed by Kazak and Uygur. In Hutubi, Kazak is the largest group, followed by Hui and Uygur while in Qitai, the largest group is Kazak, followed by Uygur and Hui.

Table V.13: Population by Nationality in Project Areas (City/County), 2014 (person, %)

Nationality Fukang Hutubi Qitai

Population Percentage Population Percentage Population Percentage Han 117593 69.564% 166578 74.934% 176692 72.403% Uygur 10622 6.284% 6552 2.947% 20219 8.285% Kazakh 15105 8.936% 26883 12.093% 27591 11.306% Hui 21655 12.810% 17689 7.957% 13726 5.624% Khalkhas 15 0.009% 5 0.002% 7 0.003% Mongol 414 0.245% 335 0.151% 1810 0.742% Xibe 69 0.041% 44 0.020% 75 0.031% Russian 111 0.066% 96 0.043% 77 0.032% Tajik 0 0.000% 0 0.000% 0 0.000% Uzbek 45 0.027% 3 0.001% 662 0.271% Tartar 56 0.033% 29 0.013% 462 0.189% Manchu 230 0.136% 177 0.080% 1205 0.494% Daur 9 0.005% 2 0.001% 5 0.002% Other Ethnic Groups

1573 0.931% 1967 0.885% 764 0.313%

Total (N) 169044 100.000% 222301 100.000% 244040 100.000%

Source: Changi Statistical Yearbook 2015.

161. Economic profile. Changji lies right at the heart of the most active trade and industrial

activity in Xinjiang. It is a key center along the new Silk Road with two branches of the new route from the East Coast converging there before heading to Central Asia with new linkages planned into Russia and Mongolia. Geographically, Changji and Urumqi function as one economic unit, which is clearly the heart of Xinjiang’s economy. Two new State Industrial Zones are being developed in the desert regions of northern Changji and will have a major impact on the Prefecture’s economy. A significant part of new industry is expected to be re-located industry from the east coast placing itself strategically closer to new Central Asia and European markets and taking advantage of lower land and energy costs.

162. Hutubi’s economy is heavily agriculturally oriented including one of PRC’s most important tree nursery industries. Trees are exported throughout Xinjiang and elsewhere in the country. As with most counties in Changji, recent coal discoveries and coal-power conversions are adding to industrial activity including aluminum production.

163. Fukang City promotes itself as both a major industrial city and a tourist center. Tourism

is centered on the near-by State-designated Heavily Lake mountain resort although there are other attractions in the desert to the north. Heavy industry is the main economic

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activity with significant coal-to-power, methane and plastic conversion industries producing and exporting beyond Xinjiang. During the 1950s to 1970s state0driven development pushed the city to the east, including Ganhezi Town, but that has now reversed with industrial development pushing westwards drawn to the Urumqi-Changji node. New major coal discoveries in the desert to the north are the reason for two new State-level Industries Zones being developed that will draw on Fukang for logistical and service support. Fukang may also serve as an important transport hub linking those new Industrial Zones to the new Silk Road transportation corridor.

164. Qitai is historically a major trading center, transport hub, military and administrative

center in northwest of China. With expanding roles as a logistics provider for the new East Junggar National Coal-to Power and Coal Chemical Energy Base being developed in the desert to the north, those historic roles will be strengthened. New high speed rail linkage to the east coast along with further development of the northern rail freight routes to complement the existing southern route will serve to enhance Qitai’s economic base.

Table V.14: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Each Project County/City (billion CNY)

County/City Total GDP (2015) Primary Industry Second Industry Tertiary Industry

Hutubi 14.1 4.329 5.358 4.371

Fukang 15.2 2.8 8.8 3.6

Qitai 13.04 4.649 4.967 3.426 Source: Annual Government Working Report (2015) of each project county/city

165. Poverty levels. Table V.15 presents the overall data on the poor population in the project areas, categorized as rural poor population, urban poor population, rural minumum living allowance population (and ratio) and urban minimum living allowance (ratio). The rural poor incidence in China was 9.24% in 2015 and 15% in Xinjiang. Changji’s rural poor incidence in the same year was 1.89% which is much lower than Xinjiang and the country’s rural poor incidence.

166. The average rural poor incidence in Fukang and Hutubi is 3.03% in 2015. Hutubi County has a higher rural poverty incidence (3.31%). Qitai County has no available data on rural poverty. The ratio of population provided with rural minimum life allowance in Changji in 2015 was 1.7% which is much lower than Xinjiang (10.62%) and the country (8.03%).

Table V.15: Poor Population in the Project Areas, Year 2015 (10000 person)

Description China Xinjiang Changji Fukang Hutubi Qitai

Total population 137462 2360 139.3 16.7 21.5 23.86

Rural population 60346 1245 81.7 8.11 11.5 14.96

Rural poor population 5575 186.75 15465 2232 3803 -

Rural poor incidence 9.24% 15.00% 1.89% 2.75% 3.31% -

Rural minimum life allowance population

4846.65 132.26 14008 1089 2706 2584

Rural minimum life allowance ratio

8.03% 10.62% 1.71% 1.34% 2.35% -

Urban population 77116 1115 10753 998 1848 1920

Urban minimum life allowance population

1680 78.42 10753 998 1848 1920

Urban minimum life allowance ratio

2.18% 7.03% 1.87% 1.16% 1.85% 2.16%

Note: (i) the unit of data like 15465 is person. (ii) data source are Statistical Annual Report of China, Xinjiang, Changji, Fukang, Hutubi,

and Qitai, and also website of Ministry of Civil Affair of China.14

14

http://www.mca.gov.cn/article/sj/tjyb/dbsj/201603/20160300881351.htm,

http://www.mca.gov.cn/article/sj/tjyb/dbsj/201603/20160300881352.htm .

http://www.mca.gov.cn/article/sj/tjyb/dbsj/201603/20160300881351.htm

http://www.mca.gov.cn/article/sj/tjyb/dbsj/201603/20160300881352.htm

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167. Based on the data provided by the PMO of Fukang, the total number of poor persons within the project service areas is 4,464 or about 1.23% of the total beneficiaries. Of this number, 3,830 are direct beneficiaries and 2,464 poor are EMs (2,005 ot 81.45 of the poor EMs are direct beneficiaries).15 In Hutubi County, the total number of poor persons in the project areas is 2,126 and of which 1,7235 are direct beneficiaries. There are 1,157 EMs who are poor or 54% of the total, of which 833 are poor.16

168. The total rural poor population in Fukang, Hutubi and Qitai is 958, 2,666 and 1,081, accounting for 1.39%, 2.28% and 2.14% of the total rural population, respectively. The rural poor includes rural residents, five guarantees (the aged, the infirm, old widows and orphans) families, extremely poor households and other special groups. The rural poverty people in project areas are mainly distributed in remote villages or towns. The rural poverty population in Hutubi county is mainly Kazak herdsmen living in remote pastoral area.

15

Fukang PMO, Nov. 2016. 16

Hutubi PMO, Nov. 2016.

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VI. ANTICIPATED ENVRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

169. This section identifies and assesses the potential for adverse environmental and environment-related social impacts that may occur during the project construction and/or operational phases, and the mitigation measures to be implemented. The duration of impacts assessed in this IEE covers the construction and operational phases of the project. Construction works are expected to start in 2018. An operational phase of 5 years has been nominated by the PMO.

A. Project Benefits 170. The expected project impact is people’s improved living conditions in both urban and

rural areas in CHAP. The intended project outcome is increased urban and rural residents’ accessibility to quality urban infrastructure services in Fukang and Ganhezi, Hutubi, and Qitai. The project will support urban-rural integration from social, economic, institutional and cultural perspectives that will enhance the justification of the civil investments.

171. The project will contribute to poverty reduction by creating a number of jobs in civil works during project construction, operation and maintenance, particularly in civil works, solid waste management, greenbelts and ecological protection components, and other components, which will generate job opportunities to the local people. The benefits will extend to women, ethnic minorities and vulnerable groups. Positive impacts will derive from the improvement of living conditions in urban and peri-urban areas in Changji.

172. The project will also provide the project beneficiaries access to quality urban infrastructure services in the three counties/city. During project implementation, there will be capacity building (training), consultation meetings (e.g. water tariff meetings etc.) and awareness campaigns on road safety, health including HIV/AIDS and other contagious diseases, solid waste management etc. These community level activities could help the local people including women, ethnic minorities (EM) and vulnerable groups increase their level of awareness and participation in meetings and decision-making.

173. In all components in Fukang City, the project will benefit a total of 361,846 with 119,070 households, of whom 306,136 persons (85.4%) and 61,797 are direct beneficiaries. The project will benefit a total of 90,102 EMs of whom 61,797 or about 68.5% of the total EMs are direct beneficiaries. There will be 4,464 poor people who will benefit from the project, of whom 3,830 or 86% are direct beneficiaries, and 81.3% are EMs.

174. The project components that will be implemented in Fukang City / Ganhezi Town include construction of roads, pipes for water supply, heating, gas, drainage etc., ecological rehabilitation and a TVET building. The number includes the direct beneficiaries in Ganhezi Town (2,420 households) for components (construction of new urban roads and pipes). The EMs comprised about 45% of the total direct beneficiaries in Ganhezi Town.

175. In Hutubi County, the project components (roads, water supply, drainage, gas and heating) will benefit a total of 118,971 persons and 37,355 households. Of this number, 99,639 persons and 33,006 households are direct beneficiaries. The total number of EMs who will benefit from the project is 31,838 persons and 23,962 (24.3%) EMs are direct beneficiaries. The project will also benefit about 2,126 poor persons, of whom 81% are direct beneficiaries and about 54.4% are EMs.

176. In Qitai County, the project will benefit a total of 238,584 and 77,345 households. The direct beneficiaries are about 77,367 (32.4%) persons and 26,229 households. The

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project will benefit 66,431 EMs, of which 22,750 are direct beneficiaries. Of the 77,367 direct beneficiaries of the project, 22,750 (29%) are EMs.

B. Impacts Associated with Project Location, Planning, and Design 177. Direct Losses from the Project’s Footprint. Areas of land cover to be affected by the

project have been reported in the FSR and social impact assessment. Estimates of permanent and temporary land take, for different land use classes, is in Table VI.2.

Table VI.2: Permanent and Temporary Land Occupation by Land Cover Type Item Hutubi County Fukang City Qitai County Total

Collective land (ha)

Cultivated land 13.16 2.01 11.80 26.96 Pasture 0.00 597.20 0.00 597.2 Forest land 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.06 Construction land 2.64 1.93 2.06 6.64 Unused land 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.14 Other 7.36 0.00 0.00 7.36 Subtotal 23.16 601.14 14.06 638.36

State-owned land (ha)

Cultivated land 0.42 0.00 0.00 0.42 Forest land 0.00 0.00 0.71 0.71 Construction land 0.27 7.12 7.82 15.21 Unused land 0.00 0.00 23.40 23.40 Subtotal 0.88 7.12 33.16 41.16

Source: LD 12, DFR

178. Asset acquisition and resettlement. Based on the preliminary impact survey17, the project will affect 6 towns/townships, 12 villages/communities, and 1 state-owned farmland; and 590 households with 2,529 people, including 304 households with 1,557 ethnic minority people accounting for 61.57% of the total population. A total of 10,192.78 mu18 of land will be permanently acquired, affecting 391 households with 1,805 people, comprising 9,575.44 mu of collective land. 67,326.89 square meters (m2) of residential house with 199 households (HHs) and 724 persons affected, including 58 HHs and 254 ethnic minorities. Demolition of 20 residential shops with 2,429.98 m2 and affected population has been included in the HD population; 1 enterprise with 1,050 m2 of structures will be demolished, affecting 6 workers.

C. Detailed Design and Pre-Construction Phase: Measures to be Undertaken

179. In the pre-construction phase, the following environmental management measures will

be implemented to ensure that appropriate plans and documentation to guide environmental performance of construction and operation are in place: (i) completion of meaningful public consultations in each subproject locality on environmental issues, poverty, resettlement and the Grievance Redress Mechanism; (ii) approval of the domestic environmental impact assessments by the Changji EPB; and (ii) clearance of this project IEE and resettlement plan by the executing agency and ADB.

180. The following measures will be implemented in the pre-construction phase of the project to ensure the project’s environment management readiness: i) Institutional strengthening, including (a) appointment of a qualified environment

officer within the PMO for the implementation phase; and (b) hiring of loan implementation environment consultants (LIEC), (c) solid waste and water safety specialists, within loan administration consultant services by the PMO;

ii) Assignment of environmental specialists in the IAs;

17

The detailed DMS will be carried out after the detailed project design.

18 Mu is a Chinese measurement unit used for land; 1 mu = 666.67 m

2.

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iii) Updating the EMP. The mitigation measures defined in the project EMP (Attachment 1) will be updated (if necessary) based on the final technical design. This will be the responsibility of the PMO, with support of the LIEC;

iv) Contract documents. All tender documents for construction will include the EMP obligations, including the environmental monitoring program. This will be the responsibility of the PMO;

v) Environmental protection training. The LIEC and LIC specialists, in conjunction with the PMO environmental officer and Changji EPB, will provide training on implementation and supervision of environmental mitigation measures to the IAs and their contractors and construction supervision companies (CSC). This will be organized by the PMO.

181. Contractor Performance and Site Management Planning. To ensure that construction contractors are able to implement the mitigation measures, the IAs will put in place the following arrangements: (i) environmental specifications will be included in the bidding documents to contractors; (ii) an appropriate environment section describing standards and responsibilities will be included in the terms of reference for bidders; (iii) material haulage routes, and waste disposal arrangements will be defined in the construction tender documents as appropriate; and (iv) clauses referencing the EMP mitigation provisions and monitoring plans will be written into the construction contracts. Following the award of construction contracts, the successful head contractor will prepare a Site Management Plan, based on the EMP, including a site environmental health and safety plan, for approval by each IA.

182. A plan for environmental training for contractors, especially related to environmental management, is included in the EMP. The contractor will take reasonable measures to minimize the impact of construction on the environment.

D. Impacts and Mitigation Measures in the Construction Phase 183. The following impacts and mitigation measures refer to construction impacts which are

common to all subcomponents. All built infrastructure, roads, pipelines, landscaping, vegetation planting and landfill cells - will require earthworks, soil stabilization, dust and noise control as well as management of the impacts from machinery operation, transport and haulage of building materials and the domestic needs of the work force. Occupational and community health and safety issues are discussed separately below. Where a construction impact is particular to a specific sector, it is noted. Each mitigation measure is carried forward into the EMP in Attachment 1.

184. Earthworks. Project subcomponents have been designed to make maximum use of spoil from construction earthworks through balancing cut and fill along roads, backfilling pipeline trenches for water supply, wastewater treatment and heating pipes, the construction of berms for noise and wind protection of plants and facilities and earthworks for landscaping. The reported earthworks and surplus spoil from the subcomponents are summarized in Table VI.3 below. While data was unavailable on a number of subcomponents, the reported cut and fill amounts show that there will be a requirement for substantial borrow and spoil disposal, and that safeguards for the management and rehabilitation of these areas will be required.

Table VI.3: Borrowing, Excavation, Backfill and Surplus Spoil (unit: m3)

Borrow/Quarry Excavation Backfill Surplus Spoil

Qitai

Roads and pipelines 209,110 391,275 117,382 273,893

Water Supply pipelines 3,940,909 3,868,112 72,797

Fukang

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Roads and pipelines 208,728 412471 139078 273,393

Road landscaping 52500 (topsoil)

Ganhezi

Roads and pipelines 56,000 101852 28404 73,448

Road landscaping 8796 (topsoil)

Hubuti

Roads and pipelines 100,240 193,861 62,486 131,375

Road landscaping 37,654 (topsoil)

County road 39,559 (incl 20,000 rock) 113400 152,959 Sources: PPTA Team; FSRs

185. The excavated fill from the trenches for the Qitai water supply pipeline can be used for

fill of the trench after pipes are installed, and therefore cut and fill is almost balanced. For all other excavations for roads and pipelines underneath, much of the excavated soil cannot be used as fill in situ because it is unsuitable for use below a road base and new fill will need to be imported for borrow pits and quarries. The majority of cut and fill in these situations will be significantly unbalanced with large volumes of surplus spoil for disposal.

186. Borrow pits, quarries and spoil disposal sites are all operated by the local Construction

Bureaus. The Changji Construction Bureau hosts the Project PMO and will have the responsibility for ensuring their proper environmental management.

187. Borrow. The selection and operation of borrow pits (for stable fill and topsoil) and

quarries (for road-base rock) need to be carried out with all due considerations to avoid any impact on the existing natural and human environment, and to make provisions that no secondary impacts such as soil and aquifer pollution will occur. The final choice of the location of the borrow pits and spoil disposal sites used will be confirmed with the Contractors and the IAs prior to construction. Where licensed quarry or borrow sites are used, no specific mitigation or management actions are recommended as long as they operate within the terms of a valid license. Unauthorized extraction at other sites or deviating from established extraction quota will not be permitted and would be subject to withheld payments and to penalties.

188. The highest volume of borrow will be generated in the Fukang and Qitai subprojects. Over the three year construction period, about 209,000 m3 of material will be transported from borrow pits and quarries to the various construction sites at the rate of 19 truck movements per working day or about 2 truck movements per hour over a 9 hour day. This worst case illustrates that spoil haulage will not cause a significant impact.

189. Given the generally uninhabited and degraded nature of the project areas it is considered unlikely that the selection and operation of borrow pits may result in land disputes or major losses of agricultural or ecologically valuable land.

190. Spoil disposal. All subcomponents except landfill will generate surplus spoil after maximizing reuse of spoil on-site. This is due to the unsuitability of most excavated material for road-base fill. Surplus spoil can be used off-site by coordinating construction of project components. The remaining surplus spoil should be transported to suitable spoil disposal sites approved by the local EPB. The highest volume of surplus spoil will be generated in the Fukang and Qitai subprojects. Over the three year construction period, about 274,000 m3 of spoil will be transported from the various construction sites in each of Fukang and Qitai at the rate of 29 truck movements per working day or under 3 truck movements per hour over a 9 hour day. This worst case illustrates that spoil haulage will not cause a significant impact.

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191. All spoil disposal sites must be identified, designed and operated to minimize impacts and maximize land stability. Approved spoil disposal sites will be identified during detail project design, and defined in the construction tender documents.

192. Erosion. Mid Xinjiang has low rainfall, often falling as snow, and sandy soils with relatively low erosion potential. Soil and sediment mobilization is mostly a feature of overland flow from snow melt. Limited soil erosion can therefore be expected during the construction phase when surface vegetation and soil are damaged. The areas that most vulnerable to erosion include temporary construction sites, earth borrow pits, spoil sites, and other areas where surface soil will be disturbed. The most effective erosion control will be drainage ditches around the perimeter of the site to intercept and redirect any overland water flow from outside the site, especially during snow melt. Protecting the site from drainage from outside areas will limit the amount of water entering the landfill to only that falling directly onto it via rain or snow.

193. Soil erosion can also occur after completion of construction in areas where site restoration has been inadequate. According to the domestic EIA reports, the current average soil erosion intensity in the project’s area of influence is 1,800-2,420 t/km2/year, and will increase to up to 6,030-7,900 t/km2/year and 2,116-2,696 t/km2/year respectively during the construction and the third year of natural recovery.

194. Construction plans for all civil works will include erosion control prescriptions for construction work areas, including (i) constructing intercepting ditches and drains to prevent runoff entering construction sites, and diverting runoff from sites to existing drainage; (ii) limiting construction and material handling during periods of rains and high winds; and (iii) stabilizing all cut slopes, embankments, and other erosion-prone working areas while works are going on; (iv) stockpiles shall be placed in sheltered and guarded areas near the actual construction sites or within the fenced camp sites, covered with clean tarpaulins, and spray water shall be applied during dry and windy weather conditions. All earthwork disturbance areas shall be stabilized within 30 days after earthworks have ceased at the sites.

195. In Fukang, the areas prepared for the planting of windbreak forests and ecological forest in early spring will be vulnerable to erosion before the surfaces are stabilized and the tree saplings established. Construction plans will include erosion control measures for planting areas, including (i) constructing interception ditches and drains to prevent runoff entering the sites, and diverting runoff to existing drainage; (ii) stabilizing all cut slopes, embankments, and other erosion-prone working areas while works are going on with geotextile and straw mulch. Mulch should be retained after tree planting and groundcovers (natural or artificial) quickly established (within 30 days after earthworks have ceased at the sites).

196. The Fukang North Ring Road Windbreak Forest and the S303 Provincial road greening Belt leading to the outskirts of Ganhezi are on flat land. However, the South Mountainous Windbreak Forest in the south of Fukang is on steeply dissected terrain. On sloping lands, all preparation for forest plantations must be conducted according to technical specifications of soil and water conservation for sloping land set in Soil and Water Conservation Law of PRC (25 December, 2010). In particular, soil tillage on terraces must be carried out along contours, keeping any existing vegetation between contour terraces to prevent soil erosion.

197. Construction Waste. Solid waste will be present along many road alignments due to the existence of building rubble from the previous demolition of “shanty” structures as part of urban renewal programs under the county and city master plans. This waste is clean fill from poor residences and farming greenhouses. Hazardous materials are

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therefore considered unlikely to be present, since these materials (e.g. asbestos and lead) are expensive and rarely found associated with these settlement. Solid waste will also come from the replacement of old pipes under roads, replacement of existing road surfaces (in road rehabilitation components) and discarded concrete form-work and packaging waste at building sites. This waste needs to be properly managed and sorted on site, and regularly transported to disposal sites identified and approved in the pre-construction period. Before construction commences, the anticipated amounts and nature of wastes should be quantified and disposal sites with the capability of accepting the waste identified.

198. Construction Wastewater. Construction wastewater is produced from the maintenance and cleaning of mechanical equipment and vehicles, maintenance water for mixing and curing concrete, cooling water, and lost water and soil during the construction period which is discharged as pollutants. The effluent, comprised mainly of inorganic wastewater, commonly contains no poisonous and harmful substance, except suspended solids, but, if discharged in an improper manner, still has the potential to impact existing water bodies. Some oil-containing wastewater can arise from machinery repairs.

199. Construction wastewater will not be discharged unto the surrounding soil or into surface water systems. Sedimentation tanks will be built, and after settling out of solids the upper clear liquid will be recycled for spraying the construction site (dust control), and the waste residue in the tank will be cleared and transported to designated landfills. Oil-containing wastewater will require the installation of oil-water separators before the sedimentation tank.

Air Pollution. The use of machinery, construction earthworks and construction activities over the construction period will occasion potential temporary impacts on the local air-shed through exhaust emissions. Construction machinery on all sites will consume petrol and diesel, releasing gaseous SO2, CO, and NOx.

200. Pre-mixed asphalt will be purchased for road surface paving. However, if any asphalt is heated and mixed on site, there is potential for flue gas emissions. During the asphalt heating and mixing process, the fuel burning will produce smoke, and the asphalt will produce flue gases emissions. Currently, modern asphalt mixing equipment used in PRC releases typical emission concentrations of asphalt flue gases of 22.7mg/m3. This figure complies with asphalt flue gas discharge requirements of 80-150mg/m3 of Atmospheric Pollutant Emission Standard (GB16297-1996). It also complies with the Ambient Air Quality Standard (GB3095-1996) which limits the concentration of benzopyrene at 0.01μg/m3 100 meters downwind from the asphalt mixing station.

201. The project area is susceptible to dust storms. The main determinants of wind erosion are: wind speed and exposed ground (with loose soil or sparsely-covered vegetation). Intensity of wind speed has a close relation to diameter of sand is shown in Table VI.4.

Table VI.4: Relation between Diameter of Sand Grain and Wind Generated Dust

Diameter of grain (mm) 0.10-0.25 0.26-0.50 0.51-1.00 >1.00

Wind speed (m/s)

2m 4.0 m/s 5.6 m/s 6.7 m/s >7.1 m/s

10m 5.5 m/s 7.7 m/s 9.2 m/s >9.8 m/s

202. Statistical data of local weather conditions reveals that mean annual wind speed in the

area is 4.0 m/s, with maximum wind speed as high as 34m/s. Under the influence of this wind speed, sand dust is often moved in the subcomponent areas which are desert grasslands with sparse vegetation. All construction sites will potentially produce fugitive

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dust from material storage areas, waste dump sites, concrete mixing, excavation and general site usage – especially under prevailing wind conditions.

203. Major supply pipes from reservoirs to the WTPs will be located in remote areas, where dust suppression is not a high priority need. A similar situation applies to the landfill site, located 25 km from residential areas. However, all other components, including the roads and distribution water supply pipelines (Qitai), are in close proximity to built-up areas. In these areas, the Contractor shall include all necessary measures to reduce air pollution and dust development that would impact the public health, by:

(i) Providing dust masks to operating personnel; (ii) Regular water spraying at hauling and access roads to borrow pits. The water

spraying times shall be determined based on weather conditions. The basic principle is once during 0900-1030, once during 1300-1430 and once during 1900-2030;

(iii) Equipping asphalt, hot mix and batching plants with fabric filters and/or wet scrubbers to reduce the level of dust emissions. Additionally, asphalt mixing stations will be sited at least 500 meters away from residential areas;

(iv) Mounting protective canvasses on all trucks which transport material that could generate dust;

(v) Building access and hauling roads at sufficient distances from residential areas, particular, from local schools and hospitals;

(vi) Construction vehicles and machinery shall be kept in good working order, regularly serviced and engines turned off when not in use. High-horsepower equipment will be provided with tail gas purifiers. Atmospheric monitoring will be carried out during the construction period. All vehicle emissions will be in compliance with relevant PRC emission standards;

(vii) Vehicles with an open load-carrying case, which transport potentially dust-producing materials, shall have proper fitting sides and tail boards. Dust-prone materials shall not be loaded to a level higher than the side and tail boards, and shall always be covered with a strong tarpaulin;

(viii) In periods of high wind (in excess of 10 m/s), dust-generating operations shall not be permitted within 200 m of residential areas. Special precautions need to be applied to road construction in the vicinity of sensitive receptors such as schools, kindergartens and hospitals;

(ix) Material stockpiles and concrete mixing equipment will be equipped with dust shrouds. For the earthwork management for backfill, measures should include surface press and periodical spraying and covering. Surplus spoil should be cleared from the project site in time to avoid the long term pile. The height of stockpiles should be less than 0.7m;

(x) Unauthorized burning of construction waste material shall be subject to penalties for the Contractor, and withholding of payment.

204. These measures are defined in the EMP. Contractors will be required to ensure compliance with relevant PRC emission standards. Air quality monitoring will be carried out by licensed environmental monitoring stations during the construction period.

205. Noise. Impacts on ambient noise levels can be expected during construction due to construction machinery operation and transport activities. Construction activities will involve bulldozers, graders, excavators, concrete-mixing plants, rollers, and other heavy machinery. The transport of material, aggregate, concrete and waste material to and from sites will also cause noise impacts along the haulage routes. The highest frequency of haulage for surplus spoil and construction waste has been estimated at 3 truck movements per hour from the various construction sites. This is unlikely to cause significant impacts along the routes. However, on-site activities with intensive noise

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levels will not only have an impact on the residents, but may cause injury to construction workers operating the equipment. The major construction machinery noise testing values are shown in Table VI.5 below.

Table VI.5: Testing Values of Construction Machinery Noise

Machine Type Distance between Measuring Site and Construction

Machinery (m)

Maximum Sound Level dB (A)

Loader 5 90

Paver 5 87

Bulldozer 5 86

Roller 5 86

Excavator 5 84 Source: Subproject EIA

206. Construction equipment noise source is considered as a point sound source, and the predictive model is as follows:

Where LA and L0 are equipment noise sound levels at r and r0 distance respectively.

207. According to the model, noise levels at different distances are gained after calculating the impact scope of equipment noise during construction as in Table VI.6.

Table VI.6: Construction Equipment Noise Impact Distance

Level dB(A) Machinery

Distance Limit Standard dB (A)

Impact Range (m)

10

20

40

60

80

100

150

Day

Night

Day

night

Loader 84.0 78.0 72.0 68.4 66.0 64.0 60.5 75 55 29 281

Paver 81.0 75.0 69.0 65.4 63.0 61.0 57.5 70 55 35 199

Bulldozer 80.0 74.0 68.0 64.4 62.0 60.0 56.5 75 55 18 177

Roller 80.0 74.0 68.0 64.4 62.0 60.0 56.5 70 55 31 177

Excavator 78.0 72.0 66.0 62.4 60.0 58.0 54.5 75 55 14 140 Source: Subproject EIA

208. The results show that, if construction machinery is used singly, the impact distance is 30-40 m away from the source during the day and 281m at night. These impacts meet the PRC standard of Noise Limits for Construction Sites (GB12523-2011) in distance. However, it will often be the case that a number of machines will be in use simultaneously during construction, and the noise impact scope will be consequently larger. Noise intensity from these large machines operating is typically in the range of 76–98 decibels at the site (1m from operating machinery).

209. Work will be scheduled according to the noise rating of the machinery used and the distance to sensitive receptors (schools and hospitals) to achieve Category 1 (GB12523-90) compliance. Operation of machinery generating high levels of noise and the movement of heavy vehicles along urban roads will be restricted to between 6:00 am

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and 10:00 pm in accordance with PRC regulations. The sites for concrete-mixing plants and similar activities will be located at least 0.5 km away from residences, schools, and hospitals. The erection of temporary noise barriers will reduce noise impacts from transport vehicles near sensitive receptors.

210. The landfill site is located 25 km from residential areas and there are no construction noise impacts on sensitive receivers.

211. Road and pipeline construction are linear activities. When a section is finished, construction activities move on and away from that locality. Therefore, noise impact on a specific location from the construction activities will be temporary. The scheduling of work will be included in the contractor’s Site Management Plan and this will be shared with local communities.

212. Where schools, hospitals and residences are nearby a construction activity (Hubuti: Hufang and Zhuang villages; Fukang: Honglingjin Road hospital, Guangyuan Road school, and residences along Tianshi, Tianshan, Guangming and Changqing Roads), the construction unit will erect temporary noise barriers and reach an agreement with the facilities regarding heavy machinery work to avoid any unnecessary disturbances. This will be documented in the local site Management Plans. If there are construction activities that must be continued during the day and night, the construction unit will reach an agreement with residents nearby. Construction noise in these areas will be closely managed and monitored as required by the EMP.

213. Traffic Management. The project construction traffic might cause temporary traffic congestion, and inconvenience and safety issues to city residents. Interim roads will be sited and managed to avoid traffic problems, and will be reinstated to their original condition on completion of construction. Transport and haulage routes will be selected to reduce disturbance to regular traffic, and construction traffic will be diverted during peak periods.

214. In Fukang and to a lesser degree in Ganhezi, the rehabilitation of existing roads with currently high traffic and pedestrian volumes is planned. In such cases the preparation and approval of a traffic management plan is required by the EMP in the pre-construction period. The traffic management plan for each road component will include (i) sequential work scheduling (to ensure that only short stretches are worked on at a time), (ii) provision for traffic and pedestrians which minimize disruption, (iii) provision of access to existing businesses and residences and (iii) safeguard measures to protect community health and safety. The plan should be approved by the Loan Implementation Environment Consultant and the PMO Environmental Specialist as well as the appropriate traffic authority.

215. Flora and Fauna. No rare and endangered species have been identified in the subprojects‘ area of influence. Project construction areas are mostly loess formations, unused land and land for construction purpose. It should be noted that the figures for permanent and temporary land take in Table VI.1 are based on official land classification classes of the PRC. “Forest Land” in this classification covers shrubland with no trees, but with potential for forestry. According to on-site investigation, flora to be affected is mostly shrubs, common seasonal crops and weeds. The impact on flora and fauna are limited to minor changes in land use and a slight reduction in cultivated land.

216. In Qitai the major water supply pipes for No.3 WTP from Zonggegen Reservoir will cross flat land for its whole length (15 km). This land is variously used for cultivation and grazing. Impacts will focus on asset loss and compensation (see RP). From the Biliu

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Reservoir, the pipeline will be laid in the foothills for the first 6 km of its 26 km length along valley floors, roughly following the existing road easements and natural drainage lines. The remainder, like the pipeline from Zonggegen, will be over cultivation and grazing land. The alignments will be finalized during the detailed design phase and will conform to the following impact minimization principles.

Construction activities and the provision of access for pipeline inspections and maintenance will necessitate an impact corridor of between 10 and 15m in width.

Site management planning will ensure that all construction activities, including materials stockpiling, will be confined to this work area, and

Accidental damage to adjoining crop lands, trees and creek lines will be avoided.

217. Invasive species. Most habitats in the project area are highly modified and degraded, and weeds are prevalent. The project earthworks to prepare planting areas for roadside landscaping, windbreaks do not involve the import of soil from outside the project area (which might introduce or spread soil-based organisms). All project re-vegetation will use local topsoil and species which are locally sourced. The plant species to be used are listed in Table III.x (Section III.D). As a further safeguard, the use of any plant species classified in the PRC as weeds, as defined by the China National Invasive Plant Database (http://www.agripests.cn; 229 species) and by the Ministry of Environment Protection and Chinese Academy of Sciences (19 species) is prohibited.

218. Loss of Physical Cultural Resources. At all construction sites, there is no record of important heritage or archaeological sites on the land that will be temporarily or permanently lost. Nor do known heritage sites occur nearby any of the other subproject construction sites. Should archaeological artefacts be discovered during any site works, government requirements for excavating and preserving those items will be strictly followed. Chance find procedures will be established for undiscovered underground cultural or historic sites that might be identified during project implementation. This includes cessation of work at that location, contacting the appropriate heritage bureau and protecting the site while the bureau investigates and makes its determination for appropriate action.

E. Worker and Community Health and Safety – Construction 219. The objective of environmental health and safety is to provide workers with safe and

healthy working conditions and prevent accidents, injuries, and disease. It also covers the establishment of preventive and emergency preparedness and response measures to avoid, and where avoidance is not possible, to minimize, adverse impacts and risks to the health and safety of local communities. It is therefore a combination of occupational health and safety of staff/workers at the subproject facilities and community health and safety of people living nearby or potentially affected by failures or poor operation of facilities.

220. Construction Camps Solid Waste. For water supply pipelines, road construction and associated pipe-laying the construction workforce will be in numerous locations since individual work sites will be of short duration. Contractors will provide portable toilets at construction sites. For sewage, the portable toilets will be emptied and the contents transported by truck to municipal WWTPs. For litter, construction contractors will provide sufficient garbage bins at strategic locations and ensure that they: (i) cannot be accessed by animals (e.g. rodents, insects, dogs); (ii) are emptied regularly (using the city solid waste collection system and landfill); and (iii) do not overflow. At the landfill site, the workforce will be centralized. Liquid waste can go to the leachate holding tank for

http://www.agripests.cn/

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treatment and solid waste to the site.

221. Hazardous and Polluting Materials. Construction material handling and disposal guidelines and directions that include spill responses (for fuels and lubricants) will be prepared and implemented as part of the Site Management Plan for construction sites. The following measures will be taken to prevent pollution of soil and surface water/groundwater: (i) storage facilities for fuels, oil, and chemicals will be within secured areas on impermeable surfaces, provided with bunds and cleanup installations; (ii) vehicles and equipment will be properly staged in designated areas to prevent contamination of soil and surface water; (iii) vehicle, machinery, and equipment maintenance and refueling will be carried out in paved areas with spill cleanup kits, so that spilled materials will not seep into the soil; (iv) oil traps will be provided for service areas and parking areas; (v) fuel storage and refilling areas will be located at least 300 m from stormwater drains, and other waterbodies.

222. The contractors fuel suppliers will be properly licensed, follow proper protocol for transferring fuel, and be in compliance with Transportation, Loading and Unloading of Dangerous or Harmful Goods (JT 3145-88).

223. Gas pipeline hazard. Natural gas pipelines will be laid under three new roads to be constructed in the Hutubi subproject. The construction of pipelines, in conjunction with road construction, needs to adhere to the strictest standards to ensure the integrity of pipes, joins, valves and other equipment. The contractors will prepare the site, construct pipelines and close the site in compliance with the PRC Technical Code for Gas Pipe Design (GB 50028-2006) and Technical Code for Construction and Acceptance Inspection (CJJ33-2005).

224. Site and access safety. The civil works contractors will implement adequate precautions to protect the health and safety of the workers and community. Construction sites will be located close to existing residential areas, representing a potential risk to public health and safety, especially to nearby residents and workers. This risk will be mitigated through a number of measures defined in the EMP, which shall be defined in construction contracts with Contractors: (i) Erect signs will be placed at construction sites in view of the public, warning people

of potential dangers such as moving vehicles and excavations, and raising awareness on safety issues.;

(ii) Assign personnel to direct pedestrians around dangerous work areas; (iii) Ensure that all sites are secure, discouraging access through appropriate fencing;

place clear signs at construction sites in view of the people at risk (including workers and nearby communities), warning people of potential dangers such as moving vehicles, hazardous materials, excavations, and raising awareness on safety issues;

(iv) At the end of each day, all sites and equipment will be made secure (through fencing and/or lock-down of equipment) to prevent public access.;

(v) Erect safety barricades around all excavations;

225. Hold a public consultation meeting prior to commencing construction to discuss issues associated with ensuring the safety of nearby communities in vicinity of the construction site.

226. Occupational health. The contractors will also implement precautions to protect the health and safety of construction workers. The occupational health and safety risks will be managed by applying measures in the following order of preference: avoiding, controlling, minimizing hazards, and providing adequate protective equipment. Each

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contractor’s Site Management Plan will include measures for health and safety for personnel. The plan will be submitted to the PMO for review and appraisal and will include the following provisions for health and safety: i. Personal protection. Provide personal protection equipment (PPE) appropriate to the job,

such as safety boots, helmets, gloves, protective clothing, goggles, and ear protection, in accordance with relevant health and safety regulations, for workers.

ii. Emergency Preparedness and Response. An emergency response plan to take actions on accidents and emergencies, including environmental and public health emergencies associated with hazardous material spills and similar events will be prepared, and submitted to the IA for review and appraisal. A fully equipped first-aid base in each construction site will be provided.

iii. Records Management. A Records Management System will be established to document occupational accidents, diseases, and incidents, that: (a) includes a tracking system to ensure that incidents are followed-up; (b) can easily retrieve records; and (c) can be used during compliance monitoring and audits. The system will be backed up on at least one external hard drive to protect records against loss or damage.

iv. Safety communication. Ensure that safety, rescue and industrial health matters are given a high degree of publicity to all persons regularly or occasionally on the Site. Posters drawing attention to site safety, rescue and industrial health regulations will be made or obtained from the appropriate sources and will be displayed prominently in relevant areas of the site.

v. Training, awareness and competence. Train all construction workers in basic sanitation and health care issues, general health and safety matters, and on the specific hazards of their work and sites and the requirements for community safety. This will be undertaken as part of the EMP training plan.

227. The EMDP includes further measures to protect workers and nearby communities during construction. These include: (1) HIV/AIDS/STI and other communicable disease clauses into contract bidding documents; (2) Public health and HIV/AIDS prevention education program conducted to the civil works contractors and employees; (3) Health measures for construction workers (e.g., adequate protective gear such as condoms will be provided to workers,) are established;(4) Publicity activities on HIV/AIDS for both workers and local communities, e.g., brochures, posters and picture album.

F. Impacts and Mitigation Measures in the Operational Phase 228. Impacts and mitigation measures for the operational phase of the project are discussed

below under the headings of the major relevant components. Each measure is carried forward into the EMP in Attachment 1.

1. Output 1 – Roads and utility pipes

Roads and Traffic Impacts

229. Adverse environmental impacts of the road component during operation primarily arise from vehicle emissions, traffic noise, water pollution from storm-water runoff on pavement, and hazardous spills resulting from road accidents.

230. Air quality. For road components, there will be increased traffic and more pollutants from vehicles. Pollutants from vehicle emissions include carbon monoxide, NO2, and total hydrocarbon, of which NO2 is the most prevalent. Baseline monitoring indicates that the average concentrations of NO2 in the project area meet Grade II of the national standard of GB3096-1996. According to the domestic EIA reports, if vehicle emission control is enforced during the operation of the component, NO2 concentrations will also meet the Ambient Air Quality Standard (GB3095-2012) after project implementation.

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Vehicle emission checking and control will be the responsibility of the local traffic bureaus. The applicable standard concentration limits are shown in Table VI.7 below.

Table VI.7: Ambient Air Quality Grade II Standard Pollutant Time PRC Standard GB3095-2012

(mg/m3)

EHS (mg/m3)

NO2

Annual average 0.08 0.04 guideline

Daily average 0.12

Unit hour average 0.24 0.20 guideline

CO


Unit hour average 10.0 n/a

Source: Domestic EIA report

231. For Qitai, the domestic EIA used USEPA’s HIWAY-2 model to forecast concentration of air pollutant under two scenarios: parallel wind and cross wind direction. For Hubuti, Fukang and Ganhezi emission concentrations from vehicles were calculated with the

EIAA software certificated by the PRC Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP). The

prediction model applied in the EIAA software is the CALINE linear source diffusion model. The main prediction parameters for both models include traffic volume projections from the FSR, road parameters, terrain and local climate data.

232. The domestic EIAs did not model traffic emissions for all road components. In the case of the Qitai road component, traffic counts and predictions for all roads are similar, so one emissions analysis applies to all. For Hubuti, Fukang and Ganhezi the busiest routes have been selected as a “worst case” analysis and predicted future traffic emissions. The rationale for this method of projection is that the project roads (with the exception of the Hubuti County level road) complete portions of existing ring and radial road systems for each city and will not provide transport links where none previously existed. Future traffic volumes, envisioned in the subproject FSRs therefore are not high.

233. Hubuti has calculated traffic emissions for projected traffic volumes in 2018, 2024 and 2032. Fukang, Ganhezi and Qitai projected traffic volumes and emissions for the Master Plan long term design year. The Urban Master Plans’ planning horizon is 2030. The two year discrepancy between the projections is considered acceptable for comparison purposes and for assessment against standards.

234. Qitai roads. The strength of pollutants (Table VI.8) was estimated according to the traffic load. Predicted traffic loads for all Qitai roads were roughly similar (Table VI.9) so only one analysis was undertaken, using average predicted traffic, to apply to all roads.

Table VI.8: Maximum Concentration under cross wind direction – Qitai (mg/m³)

Distance (m)

CO NO2

2016 2020 2030 2016 2020 2030

20 0.184 0.2984 0.3055 0.03 0.0772 0.0807

40 0.1205 0.1952 0.2006 0.0198 0.0507 0.0558

60 0.088 0.1424 0.1572 0.0146 0.0371 0.0385

80 0.0692 0.1119 0.1221 0.0116 0.0293 0.0325

100 0.0571 0.0922 0.1059 0.0097 0.0242 0.0269

120 0.0486 0.0785 0.0847 0.0084 0.0207 0.0237

140 0.0425 0.0685 0.0764 0.0074 0.0181 0.0194

160 0.0377 0.0608 0.0691 0.0066 0.0162 0.0156

180 0.034 0.0547 0.0551 0.006 0.0146 0.0150

200 0.0309 0.0498 0.0501 0.0055 0.0133 0.0141 Source: Subproject domestic EIA

Table VI.9: Maximum Concentration under parallel wind direction - Qitai (mg/m³)

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Distance (m)

CO NO2

2016 2020 2030 2016 200 2030

20 0.1837 0.2978 0.3001 0.0299 0.0771 0.0795

40 0.1128 0.1827 0.1904 0.0186 0.0475 0.0529

60 0.0807 0.1306 0.1475 0.0135 0.0341 0.0408

80 0.0629 0.1017 0.1238 0.0106 0.0267 0.0341

100 0.0517 0.0835 0.0988 0.0088 0.022 0.0299

120 0.044 0.071 0.0885 0.0076 0.0188 0.027

140 0.0383 0.0618 0.0709 0.0067 0.0164 0.0179

160 0.034 0.0548 0.0652 0.006 0.0146 0.0152

180 0.0306 0.0493 0.0506 0.0055 0.0132 0.014

200 0.0279 0.0448 0.057 0.005 0.012 0.0130 Source: Subproject domestic EIA

235. The analysis predicts that short and long term vehicular emissions from Qitai roads will

comply with both PRC and EHS emission standards at the curb.

236. Hubuti roads. Table VI.10 shows the predicted vehicle emission intensity (as maximum hourly pollutant concentrations) of short term, medium term and long term for the urban roads (represented by Hufang Road) and the county level road (Dongfeng Avenue) in the lowest dispersal weather conditions.

Table VI.10: Hutubi Urban Roads Pollutant Concentration Prediction (unit: mg/m3)

Road Year Pollutant Distance from the road red line (m)

15 30 60 90 120 150

Hufang road (worst case urban road)

2018 CO 0.0741 0.0653 0.0527 0.0441 0.0378 0.0331

NO2 0.0264 0.0233 0.0187 0.0157 0.0135 0.0118

2024 CO 0.1256 0.1108 0.0893 0.0746 0.0641 0.0561

NO2 0.0447 0.0394 0.0318 0.0265 0.0228 0.0199

2032 CO 0.1753 0.1546 0.1246 0.1042 0.0894 0.0783

NO2 0.0624 0.055 0.0443 0.0371 0.0318 0.0279

County level road: Dongfeng Avenue

2018 CO 0.2199 0.1938 0.1564 0.2264 0.1122 0.0982

NO2 0.1355 0.1196 0.0960 0.0806 0.0693 0.0606

2024 CO 0.3867 0.3411 0.2749 0.2297 0.1973 0.1727

NO2 0.2233 0.1968 0.1588 0.1324 0.1139 0.0994

2032 CO 0.5291 0.4666 0.3761 0.3145 0.2698 0.2363

NO2 0.2741 0.2416 0.1946 0.1630 0.1397 0.1226

Source: Subproject domestic EIA

237. Predicted short, medium and long term emissions from Hutubi urban roads can comply

with PRC and EHS standards at the minimum distance from the road, in calm weather conditions. This is largely due to low traffic volume projections on these roads. Emission predictions for the Hutubi County level road show that the hourly average concentration of NO2 and CO 30m from the center line of the proposed project can satisfy the Ambient Air Quality Standard (GB3095-2012) Class II standard requirements.

238. Fukang and Ganhezi roads. Predictions for the worst case urban road in Fukang and Ganhezi are at Table VI.11 and Table VI.12.

Table VI.11: Worst case Fukang Road Emissions Prediction

Parameter Distance from Road Centre (m)

20 30 40 60 80 100 150 200

CO 0.092 0.086 0.080 0.070 0.062 0.056 0.045 0.037

NO2 0.028 0.025 0.023 0.020 0.019 0.018 0.017 0.016

THC 0.036 0.032 0.029 0.025 0.024 0.022 0.019 0.017

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Table VI.12: Worst case Ganhezi Roads Emissions Prediction

Parameter Distance from Road Centre (m)

20 30 40 60 80 100 150 200

CO 0.092 0.086 0.080 0.070 0.062 0.056 0.045 0.037

NO2 0.028 0.025 0.023 0.020 0.019 0.018 0.017 0.016

THC 0.036 0.032 0.029 0.025 0.024 0.022 0.019 0.017 Source: Subproject domestic EIA

239. The results indicate that the CO and NO2 ground-level concentration values at all distances from the highest traffic volume roads in Fukang and Ganhezi will comply with Class II standard limits of the Ambient Air Quality Standard (GB3095-2012) and EHS guidelines during future operation. It is therefore concluded that all project roads in Fukang and Ganhezi will comply.

240. Traffic noise. The Traffic Noise Model developed by the U.S. Federal Highway Administration is widely employed in the PRC to predict noise during operation. This model is recommended in the EIA Guidance for Road Construction JTJ 005-96, issued by the PRC Ministry of Transport. The noise at any point of the ground refers to the superimposition of noise levels from the road onto the background noise levels. This method was used for all road components.

241. Operational noise analyses were undertaken in the preparation of the domestic EIA reports. These were undertaken to various levels of quality and adequacy. Qitai and Hutubi predicted noise levels against projected traffic volumes in the short, medium and long terms for all its roads, while Fukang and Ganhezi only predicted noise from predicted traffic volumes at the road design year (2030) for its roads.

242. The applicable PRC operational noise standard for the project roads is Class 4a of Ambient Acoustic Quality Standard (GB3096-2008), which applies to a distance of 35 m from the curb of trunk roads, secondary roads and branch roads (which comprise all of the project’s road components). Beyond that distance, in residential and commercial areas, Class 2 of the standard applies. The calculations below predict noise levels at distances from the centerline for peak daytime and nighttime using the same assumptions for the makeup of vehicular traffic in all subprojects.

243. Qitai roads. The noise prediction for Qitai roads is shown in Table VI.13. The applicable noise standard for the roads in Qitai is Class 4a (trunk, secondary and branch roads) of Ambient Acoustic Quality Standard (GB3096-2008). The results show that daytime noise levels will meet Class 4a standard within 20-40 m of the curb in the short, medium and long term for all roads. Nighttime levels show similar levels of compliance except for the busiest road (Urumqi Road) which will meet standards up to 2020 but in 2030 will meet standard only at a distance of 80-100 m from the curb. Predicted noise levels from Urumqi Road and Bajiahu Road consistently exceed EHS guidelines in both day and night.

Table VI.13: Predicted noise Levels for Qitai Roads

Road Year Time

Distance to the curb (m)

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Urumqi East Road

2015 Day 61.8 56.1 53.5 51.9 50.6 49.6 48.7 47.9 47.2 46.6

Night 55.8 52.0 49.5 48.6 47.6 46.6 45.7 44.9 44.2 43.5

2020 Day 63.6 57.8 55.3 53.7 52.4 51.4 50.5 49.7 49.0 48.4

Night 57.5 54.1 51.3 47.4 49.4 48.3 47.5 46.7 45.9 45.3

2030 Day 62.4 59.6 57.1 56.5 55.2 54.2 53.3 52.5 51.8 51.1

Night 56.4 56.6 54.1 52.4 51.2 50.2 49.3 49.5 48.7 48.1

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Road Year Time

Distance to the curb (m)

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Urumqi West Road

2015 Day 55.4 52.6 51.1 50.1 49.4 48.9 48.4 48.1 47.8 47.5

Night 53.2 50.7 49.4 48.6 48.0 47.6 47.4 47.1 46.9 46.7

2020 Day 57.5 54.6 52.9 51.8 50.9 50.3 49.7 49.3 48.9 48.6

Night 54.7 51.9 50.3 49.6 48.9 48.4 48.0 47.7 47.4 47.2

2030 Day 60.2 57.1 55.3 54.1 53.1 52.3 51.6 51.1 50.6 50.1

Night 56.8 54.2 52.6 51.5 50.6 50.0 49.5 49.1 48.7 48.4

Bajiahu Road

2015 Day 55.6 52.4 50.4 49.0 47.8 46.8 46.0 45.2 44.1 43.8

Night 52.0 48.7 46.8 45.4 44.2 43.2 42.4 41.6 40.9 40.2

2020 Day 56.9 53.7 51.8 50.3 49.2 48.2 47.3 46.5 45.8 45.2

Night 53.6 50.3 48.4 46.8 45.8 44.8 43.9 43.2 45.5 41.8

2030 Day 59.5 56.3 54.3 52.8 51.7 50.7 49.8 49.1 48.4 47.7

Night 54.5 53.2 51.2 49.8 48.6 47.6 46.8 46.0 45.3 44.6

Wenhuaxi Road

2015 Day 44.1 41.6 39.9 38.6 37.6 36.7 35.9 35.2 34.5 33.9

Night 42.5 40.1 38.4 37.1 35.2 35.2 34.4 33.7 33.0 32.5

2020 Day 46.4 44.0 42.3 41.1 39.9 39.0 38.3 37.5 36.9 36.3

Night 44.6 42.2 40.5 39.2 38.2 37.3 36.5 35.8 35.1 34.6

2030 Day 50.5 48.0 46.3 45.0 44.0 43.1 42.3 41.6 40.9 40.4

Night 48.6 46.2 44.5 43.2 42.2 41.3 40.5 39.8 39.2 38.6

Xingfu Road

2015 Day 45.2 42.6 40.9 39.6 38.5 37.6 36.8 36.1 35.5 34.9

Night 43.2 40.8 39.1 37.8 36.8 35.9 35.1 34.4 33.7 33.2

2020 Day 47.2 44.8 43.1 41.8 40.8 39.8 39.1 38.4 37.7 37.1

Night 45.4 43.0 41.3 40.0 39.0 38.1 37.3 36.6 35.9 35.4

2030 Day 51.2 48.8 47.2 45.9 44.8 43.9 43.1 42.3 41.8 41.2

Night 49.5 47.1 45.4 44.1 43.0 42.1 41.3 40.6 40.0 39.4 Source: Subproject domestic EIA

244. Existing residential areas along Urumqi Road within 80-100 m of the curb and along

Bajiahu Road within 60 m of the centerline need to be protected from excessive traffic noise by dense landscape planting and earthen or fabricated noise barriers. New residences should be set back from the road by this distance.

245. Hutubi roads. Predicted noise levels for Hutubi urban roads comply with PRC standards and EHS targets for the short to medium term. By 2032 road noise from Dongfeng Avenue and Hufang Road will exceed standard by between 1 and 2 dBA. Future residential developments along the roads will need to be designed with setbacks and landscaping to mitigate this small exceedance.

Table VI.14: Hubuti Urban Road Results of Forecast of Traffic Noise dB(A)

Road Year Time Distance from curb (m)

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Dongfeng Avenue

2018 Day 65.24 64.76 64.61 64.53 64.48 64.45 64.43 64.41 64.40 64.39

Night 55.21 52.23 50.70 49.70 48.97 48.41 47.96 47.59 47.28 47.01

2024 Day 65.59 64.94 64.73 64.62 64.56 64.51 64.48 64.46 64.44 64.42

Night 56.71 53.63 52.01 50.93 50.13 49.51 49.00 48.58 48.22 47.90

2032 Day 66.04 65.20 64.91 64.76 64.66 64.60 64.56 64.52 64.50 64.48

Night 57.29 54.18 52.54 51.43 50.61 49.96 49.43 48.99 48.61 48.29

Hufang Road

2018 Day 60.9 54.4 51.1 48.9 47.4 46.2 45.3 44.5 43.9 43.4

Night 52.9 47.3 44.7 43.3 42.4 41.8 41.4 41.1 40.8 40.6

2024 Day 64.0 57.8 54.5 52.3 50.7 49.4 48.4 47.3 46.8 46.5

Night 56.1 50.3 47.5 45.7 44.5 43.4 43.0 42.6 42.4 42.2

2032 Day 66.1 60.2 56.9 54.7 52.9 51.9 51.1 50.5 49.9 49.5

Night 60.2 54.2 51.1 49.0 47.6 46.4 45.6 44.8 44.1 43.8

Changhua Road

2018 Day 54.7 49.2 46.4 44.7 43.5 42.7 42.1 41.7 41.3 41.1

Night 48.1 42.2 40.6 40.1 39.9 39.8 39.8 39.8 39.7 39.7

2024 Day 57.1 51.5 48.5 46.5 45.1 44.1 43.3 42.7 42.2 41.9

Night 52.6 47.5 45.0 43.5 42.6 41.9 41.5 41.1 40.9 40.7

2032 Day 59.1 52.9 49.7 47.6 46.1 45.0 44.1 43.5 43.0 42.5

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Road Year Time Distance from curb (m)

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Night 54.6 48.7 45.8 44.1 43.2 42.2 41.7 41.3 41.0 40.8 Source: Subproject domestic EIA

246. Dongfeng Avenue east is a county level road, through farmland and without nearby developments. The relevant PRC evaluation standard is Class 4a of GB3096-2008 with which the predicted noise levels comply. There is no appropriate EHS guideline for arterial roads. The table shows that any future urban development in the vicinity of this road needs to be set back at least 250m to comply with PRC road noise standard and that additional noise barriers would need to be introduced for residential developments. No sensitive receptor sites should in the future be located within 300m of the county road.

247. Fukang and Ganhezi roads. The maximum predicted noise levels for the roads of the Fukang subproject at three sensitive receptor locations comply with PRC standard (Class 1) and EHS guidelines for main roads in residential districts and sensitive points (school) but not at nighttime. These nighttime exceedances are by more than 3dB and will need mitigation measures. For Ganhezi, the roads comply with noise standards for residential districts but slightly exceed the standard for the hospital sensitive receptor in Honglingjin Road. Noise protection will need to be provided for the hospital as part of the project. This will comprise constructed noise barriers and double glazing or shutters on the road side of the building. All the remaining areas have noise levels which comply with Class 4a (within 35 m of a trunk, branch or secondary road).

Table VI.15: Fukang Results of Forecast of Traffic Noise at Environmentally Sensitive Points Unit: dB(A)

Location Type Distance from curb

(m)

Noise Level

Day Night

Predicted Standard Predicted Standard

Guangyuan Road School 50 50.2 55 (class 1) 44.5 45 (Class 1)

Tianchi Street residential area 15 60.4 60 (Class 2)

53.1 50 (Class 2)

Tianshan Street residential area 15 60.7 60 (Class 2)

53.7 50 (Class 2)


Table VI.16: Ganhezi Results of Forecast of Traffic Noise at Environmentally Sensitive Points

Unit: dB(A)

Location Type Distance from curb

(m)

Noise Level

Day Night

Predicted Standard Predicted Standard

Guangming road Residents 10 58.6 60 (Class 2)

46 50 (Class 2)

Changqing Road Residents 20 56 60 (Class 2)

47.5 50 (Class 2)

Honglingjin Road Hospital 15 57.3 55 (class 1) 46.75 45 (Class 1) Source: Subproject domestic EIA

248. Hazardous goods haulage. The haulage of hazardous goods on the new road raises the possibility of destructive pollution to water and surroundings caused by traffic accidents, during the operation period. Hazardous goods for road transport in the project‘s areas of influence include petrol, chemical fertilizer and farm chemicals. The majority of roads in the project are urban ring roads and radial linking roads which will carry predominantly urban traffic. However, the county road in the Hutubi subproject is designed as part of an intercity highway link and will be subject to more long distance haulage traffic. A hazard risk assessment has been undertaken for this road and is at Table VI.17 below.

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Table VI.17: Probability estimate of dangerous goods transportation risk on Hubuti County Road

Risk Culverts Probability

2021 2027 2035

County Road: Dongfeng Avenue

4 0.00002 0.00005 0.00012


249. Although the risk is small, in order to further reduce the risk of pollution by spillage of dangerous goods, an emergency preparedness and response mechanism will be developed and implemented. Methods to mitigate this risk include: i) Insure that all trucks carrying hazardous materials are marked according to PRC

norms; ii) Enforce traffic controls, and set speed limits for trucks carrying hazardous material;

and, iii) Assist local authorities to prepare a rapid spill response and clean up protocol so that

in the event of a spill the appropriate people and equipment are quickly notified and action can be taken.

2. Output 2 – Water Transmission Pipelines

250. Sustainability of water resource. The sustainability of water supply through the pipelines to the Qitai No.3 WTP and then on to users is examined in water balances as part of the due diligence of project associated facilities – see section VI.I. Associated Facilities.

251. Protection of water sources. The water source protection zones for the Biliu and Zhonggegen Reservoirs, where the project pipelines begin, is examined as part of the due diligence of project associated facilities – see section VI.I. Associated Facilities.

252. Water safety planning. Monitoring data of the quality of the water sources in Chapter V “Description of the Environment” show that the raw water quality in the reservoirs can meet Water Quality Standards for Domestic Drinking Water Sources (CJ3020-93). A monitoring program for water quality will be undertaken as a routine management function by the WTP operators. A water safety plan which complies with WHO Guidelines will be prepared and implemented by the Changji/Qitai Water Affairs Bureau for all water supply plants fed by project-funded trunk pipelines. It will cover the detection, risk assessment and corrective actions in response to all sources of possible contamination of water - from the water source, through conveyancing through pipelines and pressure release structures, during water treatment and in the final distribution network. It will also include verification schedules based upon a monitoring program which combines PRC Drinking Water Standards and WHO guidelines.

253. Water leaks and losses. There is a risk that water pipes may leak and burst, leading to localized flooding, with environmental and economic impacts. Adequately designed pipes, properly selected piping materials, proper supervision during construction, and proper O&M will mitigate such a risk. Operating authorities will comply with the leakage control requirements in the Standard for Leakage Control and Assessment of Water Supply Distribution Systems CJJ92-2002.

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3. Output 3 – Solid waste management

254. The key potential impacts from the landfill during the operational phase are from leachate produced by the decomposing garbage entering the environment and odors and other gaseous emissions impacting on communities. Noise, fugitive dust and trash, and pests can be directly minimized through site control and management practices.

255. Leachate. Partitioning of the landfill site into separate cells of 20,000 m2 will limit the volume of leachate produced per day. Experience in landfills in northwestern PRC suggest that there could be a net leachate yield during the early stages of the landfill development, but later stages will not produce excess leachate beyond the landfill capacity to retain or evaporate the quantity produced. The predicted leachate yield in the landfill has been calculated at maximum of 50 m3/day. General leachate quality calculations have also been made based on the nature of the domestic garbage and from data of landfill leachate of other cities. The leachate will have very high concentrations of BOD, COD, and NH3-N. If not collected and managed, there is potential for seepage and contamination of soil and groundwater.

Table VI.18: Design Leachate Water Quality

Item CODcr

(mg/L) BOD5

(mg/L) Total N (mg/L)

SS (mg/L)

PH

Influent quality 10,000 -30,000 7,500 -20,000 350 - 1,000 900- 1,800 6 - 10

256. Leachate collection pipes at the bottom of the partitions will guide leachate to a leachate

holding tank, before it enters the leachate treatment plant. The capacity of the tank needs to take account of the over-winter period when leachate treatment is constrained by low temperatures and by the indications of slightly increased precipitation identified in the project CRVA19. A holding tank capacity of 90-120 days leachate production (4,500 – 6,000 m3) is therefore required. The higher volume should be used because this treatment plant will also receive leachate drawn from the closed landfill at Lama Huliang and from the waste transfer station compaction operation. Final specifications will be confirmed during detailed design.

257. The design of the leachate treatment plant will comply with the national Technical Code for Sanitary Landfill (GB 50869-2013) and the discharged treated leachate will comply with the Standard for Pollution Control of Sanitary Landfill (GB16889-2008).

258. The treated leachate will be back-pumped onto the landfill to obtain volume reduction via evaporation and to increase the concentration of leachate residues (to aid solidification and “fixing”). In this process any remaining toxic organic compounds are broken down by microbial biotransformation over time. In parallel, a macro-molecular humus is generated from the refuse during degradation, which fixes the heavy metal ions and other leachate residues in a stable chelate.

259. To ensure that leachate is not penetrating into the groundwater, a monitoring program will be implemented (see details in Table A1.5 of the EMP). Continuous groundwater monitoring will be carried out by the operating unit during operation, and checked by the EMS. The ground water monitoring indices will be pH, total turbidity, total soluble solid, nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, chloride, mercury, lead, fluorine, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, and fecal coliforms.

260. The sludge from the leachate filtration system will be dewatered to 60% water content

19

Climate Risk and Vulnerability Assessment

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by air drying followed by disposal in the landfill.

261. Odors and pest control. The odor from leachate management system (point source) and landfill site (non-point) diffusion have been forecast by SCREEN 3 model according to HJ/2.2-2008 Technical Guideline for EIA regarding Air Quality for other landfill sites in Xinjiang and Qinghai20. These all show that, by 3 km distance downwind from the sites, NH3 and H2S concentrations in the air are at barely detectable levels representing 0.03 – 1.7% of the allowable standard. Since the landfill site is 17.5 km in a direct line from the northern-most outskirts of Qitai, with no villages or residences in between, and no plans in the current master plan to extend residential areas to the north of the city, it is concluded that air emissions will have no impact on communities or sensitive receptors, and that modeling to confirm this is not necessary. The effects of air emissions on site workers will me minimized by partitioning (to limit the size of active areas, the control of a small active tip face at any one time, and the daily covering of garbage with soil.

262. Standard buffer zone for landfill in PRC is 500m. This can be readily implemented around the site, with no encroachment of present or future development.

263. To reduce the breeding of flies, mosquitoes, rats and other vermin, and to prevent odor and wind-borne dispersal of garbage, compaction and earth covering of the active tip face or landfill cell will be undertaken daily. Additionally, periodic spraying with approved pesticide will further control the breeding of flies and mosquitoes and regular rat trapping programs will be undertaken.

264. Gaseous Emissions. Gas will be generated from the biochemical degradation within the landfill. The main components are CO2 and CH4, accounting for 40% and 50% of the waste gas contents respectively. CH4 can be recycled and used as energy, but due to unstable yield and impurities, its recycling on this small scale is not considered feasible. However, the opportunity for using the landfill gas, properly managed, for onsite domestic use (heating of staff building, cooking) will be included in capacity building training of landfill operators.

265. If the concentration of CH4 builds up to surface concentrations in the range 5-15%, there is a danger of ignition. Landfill generated CH4 concentration in the air within the landfill’s area of influence should not exceed 5%. Specifically, below 2m height above landfill work surface, the concentration of methane should not exceed 0.1%. Collection of methane gas from decomposing garbage will be channeled through a specially constructed gas collection system comprising gas transmitting gabions, collecting pipes and gas flaring chimneys. Regular monitoring of surface concentrations of CH4 are requirements of the project EMP.

266. Runoff. Waters entering the site can pick up garbage, spoil and leachate contaminants – carrying them downstream into farming areas and water bodies. Runoff interception channels and concrete flood control structures will be constructed around the landfill sites. These will be configured to cope with more frequent storm events which are indicated by climate change scenarios.

267. Waste Leakage from Transfer Stations and Waste Transportation. Garbage at the transfer station will be compacted before haulage to the landfill site. Compaction will result in dewatering of the garbage mass. This liquid will be an initial leachate and will be collected in a holding tank for transportation to the leachate treatment plant at the new landfill.

20

Ref: Xinjiang I and IV and Haidong TAs

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268. During operation, transfer stations are vulnerable to physical disturbance by scavenging and pests and rodents. Poor management can result in spills, overflows and insecure storage of waste resulting in odor and secondary solid waste pollution. At the landfill site, wind can blow solid waste into the air and carry it off site onto farming and grazing land. In addition, improper handling can cause waste leakage or loss during transfer and transportation, resulting in odor and secondary solid waste pollution.

269. To reduce these impacts to a minimum, the transfer station will be designed to wholly contain the solid waste without leakage and in a secure, fenced area which will be emptied on a regular schedule. At the landfill site, retaining fences will be erected around the boundary to prevent the waste from spreading during windy or rainy season. All haulage vehicles will be covered, and progressively enclosed as the fleet is modernized. In the medium term the number of truck haulage movements each day will be further reduced by the introduction of compactor collection trucks.

270. Noise. Operational machinery at the landfill includes front-end loaders, bulldozers (with roller compaction), excavators, dump trucks, pumping tankers, and transportation vehicles for garbage loading and unloading. Their typical average cumulative noise level is 88-96 dB(A). While this level of noise will be of concern for occupational health and safety of landfill workers (see Section G below), the isolated locations of the landfill site will ensure that there will be no effects on the community from the site itself.

271. On-site noise mitigation measures will include: (i) Selecting low noise equipment in the acquisition of machines and vehicles; and (ii) Installing sound insulation at pumps and pumping stations. Off-site noise mitigation measures will be the scheduling of haulage transport working hours and transportation routes for garbage collection and disposal, avoiding urban traffic peak period and sensitive locations.

272. Transfer station maximum capacities, collection schedules and haulage routes to landfill will be finalized during the detailed design phase and approved by the EPB and traffic authority.

273. Capacity building. The PPTA team has noted that the current landfill management is poor: deposit of garbage is not limited to an active tip face; the sealing membrane is damaged, and the leachate treatment is inoperative. Therefore, during the project implementation, it will be necessary to prepare an O&M manual for operation management of the new facilities and to carry on on-the-job training for O&M units, in order to ensure sustainable operation of the proposed facilities. Landfill O&M and solid waste management support is included in the project capacity building program and in the EMP training plan. Consulting services will assist the operating unit in developing the landfill Standard operational procedure (SOP) and provide training to relevant personnel. Training in landfill environmental management is also included in the EMP.

274. Closure of existing landfill. The existing Qitai municipal landfill site, located in Lama Huliang, has an area of 100,000 m2, and an effective storage capacity of 720,000 m3. It is currently at 75 – 80% of capacity and a new site is required for the long term. Site closure of the existing landfill will therefore be an integral part of the Qitai solid waste subproject. The quality of site closure works and the daily management and maintenance after site closure is the determining factor to the continuing safety of the sanitation landfill. According to the Standard for Pollution Control of Landfill for Domestic Waste (GB16889-2008) implemented on July 1, 2008, standards and mandatory prescriptions for site closure and later maintenance and management cover: (i) Waste gas guidance and discharge layer; (ii) Impermeable lining layer; (iii) Rain and leachate guidance and discharge layer; (iv) Final earth covering layer and re-vegetation.

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275. For the later maintenance and management phase after site closure, continued treatment of the leachate and landfill gas generated in the site and periodical inspection should be implemented until the liquid pollutants density of the leachate generated from the site to be lower than the limit value stipulated in the Standard for Pollution Control on Landfill for Domestic Waste (GB16889-2008). Since the existing leachate treatment plant in unserviceable, this will involve transportation of the collected leachate to the leachate treatment facility of the new Qitai landfill.

276. Post-closure monitoring should be implemented for at five years to manage the environment of the landfill and to ensure no pollutants escape to impact public health and the surrounding environment.

4. Output 4 – Ecological greening.

277. Demand. The landscaping irrigation demand forecast is calculated based on the landscaping areas. From plantation and landscaping projects in other parts of Xinjiang, an average irrigation demand rate of 300 m3/mu/year is used for shelterbelt and windbreak forests. This irrigation rate is calculated for an irrigation period of 290 days per year. The standard width of landscaping along urban road in the project is 4m along each side for a total length of 36.44 km. Since roadside landscaping in Changji is traditionally a mix of ornamental trees, fruit trees, flower beds and lawn, a higher average irrigation rate of 500 m3/mu/year is used. The irrigation demand for the project is shown in Table VI.19.

Table VI.19: Irrigation Demand Forecast for Urban Landscaping

Item Green Area (ha)

Demand Quota (m3/ha/yr)

Annual Demand m3/yr)

Fukang

North Ring road Windbreak Forest 90.3 4,363 394,000

S303 Provincial Road Windbreak Forest 220 4,364 960,000

South Mountain Ecological Forest 377 4,350 1,640,000

Urban roadside landscaping 11 7,500 67,200

Ganhezi

Urban roadside landscaping 2.8 7,500 9,675

Hubuti

Urban roadside landscaping 6.7 7,500 50,250

Qitai

Urban roadside landscaping 9 7,500 67,500

Subtotal Urban roadside landscaping 29.5 7500 194,625

Total 716.8 3,188,633.9 Source: FSR and PPTA investigations

278. The annual irrigation demand for all irrigation is estimated at 3,188,634 m3/yr. To balance against water availability, this needs to be broken down into individual subproject areas, since each locality has its own water supply. Table VI.20 shows the breakdown, with Fukang requiring the most (3,061,209 m3/year) due to its windbreaks and ecological forest developments, and Ganhezi the least (9,675 m3/year) for limited roadside landscaping.

279. Supply. The sustainability of irrigation water supply can be gauged from the total water available to each municipality and the present and future demands (domestic and

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agricultural as well as urban landscaping) which are made upon it.

Table VI.20: Irrigation Demand Forecast for Urban Landscaping

Item Annual Demand m3/yr) Supply Source and Capacity

Fukang

North Ring Road Windbreak Forest 394,000 Water source: groundwater

S303 Provincial Road Windbreak Forest 960,000

1)Tianshan road crossing to Ganshezi Town Water source: Ganhezi River. Annual average runoff: 26,720,000 m

3

(2) Nanquan to Xingfu Road Water source: Baiyang River; Annual average runoff: 60,160,000 m

3

South Mountain Ecological Forest 1,640,000 Water source: Sigong River Annual average runoff: 26,130,000 m

3

Urban roadside landscaping 67,200 Water source: groundwater

Ganhezi

Urban roadside landscaping 9,675 Water source: municipal supply

Hubuti


Qitai


Total 3,188,633.9

280. Sustainability of supply. The windbreak, shelterbelt and ecological forest developments in Fukang will only require irrigation for the establishment period (3 years for advanced saplings). The S303 Provincial Road Windbreak Forest and South Mountain Ecological Forest will use water extracted from local surface waterbodies and the extraction rate will be 1.2% and 3.9% of the resource respectively. While no water balances which take account of the other competing uses for the water of these rivers have been provided, the low proportion of use and the short duration of use (3 years) for project irrigation is likely to be sustainable.

281. Groundwater use for the Fukang North Ring Road Windbreak Forest will be 394,000 m3/year for 3 years only. The use of groundwater for the Fukang urban roadside landscaping (estimated at 67,200 m3/year) will be longer-term since this landscaping will be ornamental including fruit trees and flower-beds as well as lawns. The groundwater resource of Fukang County is reported in the FSR as 187 million m3, with a potential amount for extraction of 126 million m3 per year and a yearly recharge rate of 179 million m3. The planned extraction of groundwater for the Fukang North Ring Road Windbreak Forest and Fukang roadside landscaping is therefore only 0.22% of the available resource and 0.03% of the yearly recharge rate. It is therefore considered to have a minimal impact over the short term on local groundwater resources.

282. The sustainability of water use for road landscaping in Ganhezi, Hubuti and Qitai is more difficult to assess, since no adequate data has been provided to the PPTA team on the size and surpluses available in the municipal water supplies. The sustainability of these small local resources will need to be confirmed before project implementation.

283. Forest Management. On average, each tree planted needs 0.1 kg fertilizer per year. The fertilizer will be applied in a small hole near the plant and covered by soil. The total

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application is 250 kg/ha/year. The average pesticide usage of the existing windbreak forests in the locality is 15 kg/ha/yr. Both sylvicultural and pesticide management will be the subject of training programs under the EMP. This training will emphasize techniques in low chemical use and integrated pest management. The capacity building component will engage consultants to assist the municipalities in the development of windbreak and ecological forest management planning and deliver training in sylvicultural management and integrated pest management within the context of the creation and maintenance of forest ecosystems. This is included in the EMP training plan.

5. Output 5 - Technical and vocational education and training.

284. The facilities will provide practical training in: assembly fitter, mechanical fitter, welder, turner, electrical maintenance, logistics, automotive sheet metal processing, and installation and maintenance of electrical equipment for power plant and substation. These teaching facilities will involve the production low levels of industrial waste from workshop activities and storage and handling of hazardous substances. The school will develop and implement a solid waste and hazardous substances plan which includes storage, handling and disposal protocols. The purpose and design of this plan should be included in all relevant teaching curricula to ensure that graduates are trained in the environmental management of their vocational skills.

285. The remaining operational environmental issues can be addressed by integrating all services and utilities into the building(s), and by ensuring compliance with relevant building codes (such as for earthquake resistance and fire safety).

286. Water supply. All buildings will be connected to the municipal water supply network.

The increase in water demand as a result of the new building is small (Table VI.25) and the increased consumption can easily be met through the municipal water supply services.

287. Wastewater Collection and Treatment. The major source of potential water pollution during operation phase will be the wastewater from TVET domestic facilities (bathroom, toilets and kitchens). The small amount of wastewater generated will be treated on-site in septic tanks and will not put extra load on the municipal WWTP (Table VI.21). It is concluded that wastewater produced in the TVET facilities financed by the Project will be managed adequately and will not cause any incremental impact on any receiving water body. Sludge accumulation in septic tanks will be periodically monitoring (through visual inspection), and licensed companies will be contracted to de-sludge as needed.

Table VI.21: Water Consumption, Wastewater at Project Facilities

Subproject Daily Water Consumption (m

3/d)

Annual Water Consumption (m

3/a)

Wastewater (m3/a)

Fukang TVET facility 11 4,000 3,212

Source: subproject FSR 2016.

288. Solid waste. During the project operation, the TVET facilities will generate municipal

solid waste such as kitchen waste, as well as small amounts of industrial waste from workshops (Table VI.22). This waste will be segregated into biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste on-site. Where recycling is available, these wastes will be stored in segregated bins and removed as required. Other solid wastes will be removed by local Sanitation Office on a regular basis and disposed to designate.

Table VI.22: Solid Waste Production at Project Facilities

Subproject Annual municipal solid waste generation

(t/a) Annual other waste generation

(t/a)

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Subproject Annual municipal solid waste generation

(t/a) Annual other waste generation

(t/a)

Fukang TVET facility 214.5 0.5

Sources: subproject FSR.

289. Energy consumption. Energy efficiency is a key feature of EC building design. The

FSR follows the relevant national and local standards and guidelines including the Code of Design for the Energy Conservation of Public Buildings (GB 50189-2005).

290. Energy efficiency measures. The FSR has considered water conservation measures such as selecting water conservation materials, devices and equipment for the piping and the toilets. Heating provision and electricity use are the major sources of energy consumption. Energy efficiency measures should therefore aim to improve the efficiency in heating and electricity consumption. The FSR has defined a set of measures to ensure such efficiencies. These are identified below, and will be included in the technical specifications for detailed design of buildings.

TVET Building design

(i) The building location and alignment should be selected to benefit from solar heating and

to reduce heat loss; (ii) The building layout should maximize the utilization of the sunlight and natural cooling and

airflow; (iii) Strict adherence to the Code of Design for the Energy Conservation of Public Buildings

(GB 50189-2005). Electricity design (i) Adopt appropriate lighting standards for different functional areas; (ii) Select energy saving lighting devices, and optimize the lighting control. Heating and ventilation design (i) Select higher grade material to improve the heat insulation; (ii) Optimize the heating system to improve the heat exchange efficiency and to reduce

unnecessary heat loss; Water and Drainage design (i) Adopt water conservation/flow limiter devices on water taps and toilets; (ii) Adopt stormwater/sewage separation systems.

G. Worker and Community Health and Safety – Operations 291. Landfill operators and landfill leachate handling staff are exposed to occupational risks.

The following measures will be implemented to safeguard the safety and health of operators: (i) compulsory use of safety shoes or boots with non-slip soles, protective equipment, and chemical resistant clothing and safety goggles to avoid exposure of skin or eyes to corrosive and/or polluted solids, liquids, gases or vapors, and hearing protection; (ii) check electrical equipment for safety before use; verify that all electric cables are properly insulated; take faulty or suspect electrical equipment to a qualified electricity technician for testing and repair; (iv) wearing of respiratory mask in sludge dewatering areas and when moving and transporting sludge; and (v) adherence to safety instructions concerning movement and work around methane collection vents All workers will undergo periodic examinations by occupational physician to reveal early symptoms of possible chronic effects or allergies. Finally, health and safety will be incorporated into the regular staff training programs.

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292. Emergency planning. In the PRC the various levels of government have put in place

emergency preparedness and response procedures. The National Master Plan for Public Emergency Preparedness and Response was released by the State Council on 8 January 2006. The national master plan establishes the principles, policy and institutional framework for preparing and responding to public emergencies. In turn, provinces have proclaimed master plans for public emergency preparedness and response. As part of project implementation, an emergency preparedness and response plan at the landfill will be formulated and put in place before it becomes operational. The emergency preparedness and response plans will uses the provisions of the provincial plan and address, among other things, training, resources, responsibilities, communication, procedures, and other aspects required to respond effectively to emergencies associated with the risk of accidental discharges. Appropriate information about emergency preparedness and response activities, resources, and responsibilities will be disclosed to affected communities.

293. Gas pipelines. The maintenance and safety of natural gas pipelines under project

roads is comprehensively covered by the provisions of the Technical Manual on Urban Gas Facility Operation, Maintenance and Safety (CJJ51-2016), issued by Ministry of Housing and Urban-rural Development. Emergency procedures for pipe failure or road failure are covered by the National Regulation on Urban Gas Supply Management (2016 amended, issued by State Council), which includes procedures for emergency response. These should be put in place and strictly followed by the operating authorities.

H. Greenhouse Gas Emissions 294. The project will generate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in a number of ways,

including use of fossil fuels and electricity for machinery and vehicles, emissions from constructed wetlands and emissions from landfill decomposition. The project construction phase is unlikely to produce large GHG emissions because existing construction equipment will be used and diverted to the current project.

295. Power Usage. The LDI and EIA Institutes have been unable to provide information on

projected power usage or the employment of pumps for irrigation and leachate spraying at the landfill. As an alternative, the PPTA team has estimated power usage and greenhouse gas emissions using the following assumptions:21 i. Irrigation water delivered per year by pump = 3.188 million m3 ii. Average static head for pumping between storage source and forests = 50 m iii. Cumulative static head for total internal pumping of landfill leachate = 10 m iv. Small to medium pumps used in the power range 15-30 kW each v. Power to move 1,000,000 m3 of water over a static head of 100 m using medium

pumps is estimated at 30,800 kWh. vi. Conversion factor of power generation in the PRC grid to greenhouse gas

emissions is 0.65 kg CO2e/kWh.

296. On the basis of the assumptions above, power to move the total yearly irrigation water for all irrigation needs is estimated at 48,000 Kwh and the greenhouse gas emitted by the generation of that power is 31.2 tons CO2e per year. Pumps operating at the landfill leachate, respraying over the landfill will move 14,500 m3/yr, for an estimated total power use of 45 Kwh and the greenhouse gas emitted by the generation of that power is 0.03 tons CO2e per year.

297. Total greenhouse gas emissions from power use are therefore estimated at 31.23 tons 21

Friction losses in pumping have not been included in the calculations

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CO2e per year for the first 3 years, reducing to 6.2 tons per year after that.

298. Traffic on Project Roads. No data on predicted traffic greenhouse gas emissions have been provided by the FSRs and domestic EIAs. The project roads will generate traffic from the developments along their alignments (“distributed traffic”). For Fukang, Hutubi and Qitai the average figures for all roads for the design year (variously 2030 and 2032) are 17,500, 2,600 and 11,000 pcu/day. This gives an average traffic figure generated by all road sections in 2030/32 of 3,783,590 pcu/year. If this traffic volume is taken as an average for all urban roads in the project, totaling 36.3 km in all counties, then a 2030/32 figure of 137,344,317 vehicles-kilometers on project roads per year is achieved. Using the USEPA average conversion rate of 6.71 x 10-4 tons CO2e/km/vehicle, this gives a yearly GHG output in 2030/32 of 92,158 tons CO2e/year.

299. Emissions from Landfill. Potential emissions from the landfill have been calculated using the Commonwealth of Australia 2014 National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting (NGER) solid waste emissions calculator Version 1.91. Inputs included an assumed zero legacy landfill (for a new site) in 2019, and the population and waste generation projections in the FSR (275 t/d in 2020 and 360 t/d in 2030). The calculator used the climatic and waste characteristics of a Dry Temperate region, and annual waste was calculated on a 280-day year to allow for the long frozen period. With no recycling, the emissions calculated for the landfill are shown in Table VI.23.

Table VI.23: GHG from Landfill – No Recycling

Year Waste generated (t) Total emissions (CO2-e) (t)

2019 0 0

2020 77,000 0

2021 79,380 4,541

2022 81,760 8,996

2023 84,140 13,372

2024 86,520 17,672

2025 88,900 21,900

2026 91,280 26,061

2027 93,660 30,158

2028 96,040 34,194

2029 98,420 38,173

2030 100,800 42,099

2031 103,180 45,973

2032 105,560 49,798

2033 107,940 53,578

300. At the commencement of subproject operation in 2018, the GHG emissions for the

landfill will be negligible, rising to 17,672 tons CO2e/year in 2024 and 42,099 tons CO2e /year in 2030. This gives an average yearly emission for the first ten years of 23,717 tons CO2e /year.

301. Mitigation and Offsets. Measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions are available in the short-term for the emitting activities. The offsetting effect of the project tree planting will also, over time, reduce the net greenhouse gas emissions to zero.

302. Power Usage. Adoption of variable frequency drive (VFD) controllers for all pumps (in landfill leachate treatment and irrigation pumping stations) can achieve up to 20% energy savings. The PRC is a leader in this technology. Power consumption is responsible a very low proportion of the GHG emissions of the project (32 t/year). With the installation of VFD controllers on pumps in all project facilities, energy saving of 15-20% can be expected. This will reduce the greenhouse gas emissions to 24-26 t/year CO2e in the first

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3 years and 5 t/year thereafter.

303. Traffic. It is difficult to quantify the changes in fuel types, engine efficiencies and traffic types that might characterize project roads in 2030-32. Future carbon conversion rates are likely to improve with changes in fuel technology and hybrid engines. If carbon production was to decrease by only 20% (to 5.37 x 10-4 tons CO2e/km/vehicle) greenhouse gas emissions from traffic on project roads would be in the order of 73,750 t/year CO2e.

304. Landfill. The landfill emissions can be mitigated through the maximization of recycling. With maximum recycling, the amount of waste entering the landfill is significantly reduced (by up to 25%), and the GHG emissions are similarly reduced. This is shown in Table VI.24.

Table VI.24: GHG from Landfill – Maximum Recycling

Year Waste generated (t) Total emissions (CO2-e) (t)

2019 0 0

2020 57,750 0

2021 59,535 3,405

2022 61,320 6,747

2023 63,105 10,029

2024 64,890 13,254

2025 66,675 16,425

2026 68,460 19,546

2027 70,245 22,618

2028 72,030 25,646

2029 73,815 28,630

2030 75,600 31,574

2031 77,385 34,479

2032 79,170 37,349

2033 80,955 40,184

305. The GHG emissions for the landfill with maximum recycling show that by 2024 the

emissions are only 13,254 tons/year, and 31,574 tons/year in 2030 (13% and 17% lower respectively). This gives an average yearly emission for the first twelve years of 17,787 tons CO2e /year.

306. Offsets through Carbon Sequestration. The large scale tree-planting and general landscaping under the project will provide large areas of growing woody plants, which will sequester and store CO2 as carbon in their biomass for their lifetime. A proportion will continue to be stored as timber products derived from strategic and planned harvesting of trees in the future (with a harvest-and-replacement management plan in place to ensure that the core functions of erosion control, windbreak and habitat provision are maintained).

307. A full carbon budget for the plantation forests of the project requires detailed data inputs which are outside the scope of the FSRs and the PPTA resources. However existing research in the sequestration of different forest types under different conditions allow an estimation of the order of magnitude which can be expected. A useful indicator for optimal levels of sequestration is provided by the use of the Carbon Budget Model (CBM-CFS3) in the temperate mixed forests of British Columbia in 201022. These forests differ substantially from the temperate coniferous and mixed forests in the temperate

22

CBM-CFS3 was developed by the carbon accounting team at Natural Resources Canada (Canadian Forest Service) in partnership with the Canadian Model Forest Network (CMFN) in 2009.

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latitudes of Europe and northern Asia and are among the forests with the highest concentration of biomass or carbon per hectare worldwide.

308. Although the growth rate of selected tree species in northern PRC under irrigation is high, the accumulation of biomass (and thus carbon sequestration) is much lower than the forests surveyed. Indicative sequestration rates for the project plantation forests are therefore taken as 50% of the Canadian forests. This low level is taken as an indicator of the minimum sequestration which can be expected from the project greenbelts.

309. The sequestration rates for individual trees in the Canadian study with the adjusted lower figures for the performance of poplar, spruce and pine in Northwest PRC is shown in Table VI.25

Table VI.25: Average Sequestration Rates for Mixed Poplar, Spruce and Pine Plantations Corrected for Xinjiang (Units tons CO2e per Tree)

Region Year 10 Year 20 Year 30 Year 40

Canada (BC) 0.13 0.8 1.9 3.23

Northwest PRC 0.065 0.4 0.95 1.615

310. Taking these sequestration rates per tree and using the planting rates and areas for the

project plantations, the following results are obtained (Table VI.26).

Table VI.26: Indicative Carbon Sequestration Rates from project Forest Plantations

Item Area of

Tree planting

Tree Planting density used

Trees (no.)

Carbon Sequestration

Tons/year (ave. over 40

years)

Total over 40 years (tons)

Fukang

North Ring road Windbreak Forest

90.3 430 trees/ha 38528 1,556 62,223

S303 Provincial Road Windbreak Forest

220 1100 trees/ha 235950 9,526 381,059

South Mountain Ecological Forest 377 1790 trees/ha 674000 27,213 1,088,510

Totals 687.3 948478 38,295 1,531,792

Urban roadside landscaping 11 1000 trees/ha 11000 444 17,765 Ganhezi Urban roadside landscaping 2.8 1000 trees/ha 2,800 113 4,522 Hubuti Urban roadside landscaping 4.5 1000 trees/ha 4,500 182 7,268 Qitai Urban roadside landscaping 9 1000 trees/ha 9,000 363 14,535 Subtotal Urban roadside landscaping 27.3 27300 110 44,090

Total 714.6 975778 39397 1575881 Source: PPTA Team

311. Net estimated GHG emissions. The total GHG production by project components in

the year 2030/32 without any reduction strategies applied has been estimated at 134,263 t/year CO2e from a combination of power use for irrigation pumps, traffic emissions from the project roads and emissions from landfill. With the energy savings and direct emission reductions described above, the estimated net GHG emissions in 2030/32 from the project will be 105,329 t/year CO2e. The carbon sequestration provided by the greenbelt and shelterbelt plantings has been estimated at almost 40,000 t/year CO2e for the first 40 years of landscape growth. When this yearly sequestration rate is added, net greenhouse gas emissions with no mitigation will be 94,263 t/year CO2e, and with

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mitigation 65,329 t/year CO2e. The levels are below the significant emissions threshold of 100,000 t/year CO2e cited in SPS (2009) for both the mitigated and unmitigated scenarios.

I. Adaptation to Climate Change 312. The climate risk screening for the project, as part of the rapid environmental

assessment by ADB was that the climate change risk for the project was medium. Consequently a Climate Risk and Vulnerability Assessment (CRVA) was prepared in July 2016.

313. The CRVA study found that the projected rates of temperature increase for both sub-regions are similar, but overall temperatures for eastern Tianshan sub-region (Qitai County and Fukang City) is significantly higher. The rates of precipitation increase for the middle Tianshan are higher than for eastern Tianshan, but the overall rainfall for eastern Tianshan sub-region (Qitai County and Fukang City) is significantly lower.

314. In summary, the project area is characterized by (i) low rainfall, which will increase by between 2 and 3% by 2040 with high yearly variability; and (ii) very low average temperatures, which will increase by between 10 and 20%. Since winters are very cold in the project area, the increases in average temperatures will be most apparent in the warmer seasons. Higher summer temperatures and consequent high evapotranspiration rates have the potential to offset the increases in rainfall, resulting in local seasonal droughts. In this situation, strong summer winds may reverse the decreasing trend in dust storms. Since a high proportion of precipitation falls as snow in the project sub-regions, higher spring temperatures will cause more rapid snow melt with potential for local flash flooding.

315. Vulnerability Assessment. The vulnerability assessment looked at each of the project’s civil works components:

Roads and under-road pipelines

316. There are proposed roads in all 4 project locations: Fukang City urban area, Ganhezi Town, Hutubi County and Qitai County. They will be a mix of new road constructions and upgrade of existing roads. The road components (with pipelines installed underneath) are all in urban or peri-urban locations, where drainage networks to accommodate expanding urban areas are already in place. However, the relative proximity of Qitai and Fukang to mountains makes them vulnerable to variable snow melt runoff which could be channeled along existing drainage systems. The standard for urban road design is for a 1 in 50 flood level and the road networks in these locations have low vulnerability to increased rainfall and runoff.

317. In Ganhezi and Qitai, channel crossing bridges are proposed in the FSR. Whether these crossings are bridges or culverts (as the PPTA recommends) they will need to meet a higher flood discharge capacity (1:100 years) plus a margin for flash flooding due to climate change.

318. Road surfacing in this region commonly uses modified asphalt to avoid “frost heave” where the expansion of freezing water can break up the road surface. Future increases in summer temperatures will also need to be considered in the performance of the surfacing material. The road surfaces are therefore moderately vulnerable to the extremes of yearly temperatures which are predicted to occur in the project area.

319. None of the project road components are arterial roads or highways - all are either part of ring-road or grid systems and determined by the city masterplans. None are essential

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for domestic, commercial or emergency traffic, since any local road closures or damage caused by extreme weather events will not isolate any communities or deny access to needed areas. Their communications function is therefore of low vulnerability to climate change.

Trunk Water Pipeline

320. The trunk pipeline will traverse about 40 km from the water sources (Biliu and Zhonggegen Reservoirs) to Qitai No.3 WTP. Although the alignment is not yet confirmed, it is usual for large pipelines of this type to follow a combination of drainage lines and roads to achieve the required gravitational drop and minimize pipe length.

321. The elevation differences between Biliu River Reservoir and No. 3 WST, Zhonggegen River Reservoir and No. 3 WST are respectively 699 m and 119 m. Terrain survey along the water distribution pipelines has not been finished yet. The final pipeline layout and design cross obstacles still needs verification. However, it is likely that part of the alignment down the foothills from Biliu Reservoir will be vulnerable to runoff from both rain and snow melt in increasing volumes and intensity in the future.

Solid Waste

322. The existing and proposed landfill sites in Qitai are all on flat land where overland runoff is unlikely to be a significant problem. The main vulnerability of the landfill is from increased rainfall and temperatures incident on site. These will have implications for the sizing of the leachate holding tank and the appropriate leachate treatment process. Overall, however, vulnerability to climate change is low.

Roadside landscaping and windbreak forests

323. The establishment of landscaping and windbreak forests in this project has the dual purpose of an adaptation measure to combat land degradation, and to achieve urban beautification. Increasing summer temperatures and vapor pressure 23 will tend to reverse the slight decreasing trend recorded over recent decades for dust-storm weather – further justifying the need for roadside landscapes and windbreak forests.

324. All tree plantings require irrigation for the first three years and the annual flowers and fruit trees of the beautification program require continuing irrigation. With future increases in temperature, water demand of vegetation will increase. When this is coupled with increasing variability of seasonal rainfall (despite an overall increasing trend in precipitation), seasonal droughts are more likely to occur. Roadside landscapes and windbreak forests are therefore moderately vulnerable to the predicted climate changes.

325. Adaptation Analysis and Measures. Possible climate proofing measures for this project include both engineering and non-engineering activities. Engineering designs of the proposed project components are required to take into account the climate change impact on seasonal runoff/flash floods, increased temperature effects and severe weather events. The non-engineering measures are improving the relevant government policy and institutional capacity to implement and enforce the policies. They focus primarily on the water resources sector.

326. The project is dominated by road building components and associated pipelines. The Bellagio Declaration on transportation and climate change 24 recommends that adaptation strategies contain the following aspects:

A long term perspective (building climate resilient infrastructure from new);

Requirements for fixing and adapting what already exists (maintenance);

23

Jiang et al 2013, op cit. 24

UNFCCC, 2009, Draft Bellagio Discussion Paper – Strategies for bringing land transport into the climate change negotiations

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Recognition of the need to respond to climate emergencies (a “preparedness” approach).

These principles have been followed in the design of the transport components, which all exist in the context of long term urban master plans which optimize connectivity and traffic efficiency. The design of bus stops along project roads are combined with the design for bicycles and pedestrians, barrier-free design, and release of public transport information to form a multi-dimensional traffic transport network.

327. These approaches are also in line with the ADB’s CCF Implementation Guidelines’ specific criteria and scope for adaptation 25 which, for both transport and urban development, requires “Climate proofing of road, rail, port, and subway projects to ensure adequate resilience to changing climatic conditions (e.g., future extreme events, changes in rainfall patterns, and changes in drainage patterns)” and for water resources “Activities to promote the resilience of integrated water resources management projects to future climate changes, e.g., temperature, rainfall, glacial melt, drainage patterns and flow, sea level rise, or an increase in the frequency or intensity of extreme weather events”.

328. Design and Engineering Strategies. A list of design and engineering strategies which address the vulnerabilities identified in this CRVA, by component sectors is provided in Table VI.27 below. Indicative quantifications in these recommendations are taken from the sub-regional projections for precipitation and temperatures.

Table VI.27: Project Features Addressing Climate Change

Component sector Adaptation/Resilience Measures

Roads and pipelines

Design of bridges and culverts should be to pass a 1 in 100 year flood, plus a standard safety margin, plus a 6% margin for flash flood peaks (maximum predicted precipitation increase x 2). Road surface water-shedding drainage should be designed for a 1 in 5 year rain event. Surfacing asphalt mix needs to withstand frost heave in winter and not liquefy and distort in projected hotter summer temperatures.


Detailed alignment and design of trunk pipelines need to protect pipelines from high velocity runoff, scour and soil/slope instability. Alignments and designs should be checked by a hydrologist and geotechnical engineer to identify potential problems from increased rain and snow-melt runoff.

Solid waste/landfill

Design to include perimeter interception ditches to prevent overland flows entering landfill cells. The size of leachate holding tank to be 90-120 days leachate production. The leachate treatment process selected needs to be tolerant of higher summer temperatures (as well as the frozen winter period).


The core plantings of road landscaping and windbreak forests (not less than 30% of total trees) should be drought tolerant species. This will ensure that, in the event of drought and extreme local water shortages, a proportion of the plantings will survive and provide a foundation for re-establishment of the landscaping or forest. Drought tolerant species native to, or commonly used in, northwest PRC are listed at Annex B of the CRVA.

329. Non-engineering Measures. Non-engineering approaches focus on the sustainable

use of water resources. Water regulation plans should be prepared for the Biliu and

25

ADB 2008, Climate Change Fund: Implementation Guidelines, 5.

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Zhonggegen reservoirs and other water sources in accordance with the PRC Guidelines for formulation of reservoir regulation rules (SL 706-2015). These will define water allocation priorities and quotas to ensure sustainable supply of water to the service areas, even in dry years.

330. This will be supplemented by sound water safety planning for water treatment plants to be developed by the local Water Affairs Bureaus for all water supply plants in compliance with international practice (as defined in most recent WHO guidelines for water safety planning). Water safety plans should cover the detection, risk assessment and corrective actions in response to all sources of possible contamination of water - from the water source, through conveyancing through pipelines and pressure release structures, during water treatment and in the final distribution network. It will also include verification schedules based upon a monitoring program which combines PRC Drinking Water Standards and WHO guidelines.

331. All drinking water sources in the project’s area of influence (connected to project-funded water pipelines) should be covered by water source protection zoning plans and regulations according to the Technical Specification for Protection Zone of Drinking Water Source (HJ/T 338-2007).

332. Adaptation costs. Design-specific adaptation measures which address potential climate change risks have been incorporated into component designs. These are summarized in Table VI.28 below, with estimations of the costs. They are all direct responses to CRVA recommendations.

Table VI.28: Adaptation Design Adjustments for Project Components

Subcomponents with climate proofing

Costs of civil works of sub-components (million USD)

Contribution to Climate Adaptation (%)

Climate Adaptation Costs (million USD)

Notes

Roads and pipelines

110.13 2.00% 2.2026

Design of bridges and culverts for flash floods, design of road surface water-shedding drainage and requirements of asphalt mix to withstand frost heave in winter and hotter summer temperatures.


29.7 2.00% 0.594 Protection of pipelines from high velocity runoff, scour and soil/slope instability.

Solid waste/landfill

6.24 2.00% 0.1248

Protection from overland flows entering landfill cells, sizing of leachate holding tank(s) for higher direct infiltration by direct precipitation, and appropriate leachate treatment process for higher summer temperatures.


32.94 10.00% 3.294

Positive adaptation measures to reduce wind erosion and increase water and CO2 storage. Inclusion of at least 30% drought tolerant species.

TVET 6.16 0 0

Energy conservation design as per PRC requirements

Capacity Development and Project Management

0.6 5.00% 0.03

Water regulation plans for water sources and water safety planning for water treatment plants.

Total 220.67 3.13% 6.25

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J. Associated Facilities 333. Due to the inclusion of pipelines (for water supply, heating, gas and wastewater) in the

project, environmental due diligence of existing associated facilities is required. These comprise:

i. existing and future WTPs which will connect to the pipes; ii. existing water sources which will supply water to the pipe; iii. existing WWTPs which will connect to sewer pipes and; iv. existing thermal plant(s) which will connect to the pipes; v. existing gas fields which will supply natural gas to the pipes.

334. The full list of associated facilities and a summary of their age and capacity is at Table

VI.29. Table VI.29: Associated Facilities

County / City

Associated/linked facility

Description

Fukang City

Fukang City No. 1 WTP The No. 1 WSP was built in 1990 with capacity of 23,000 m3/d sourced by groundwater.

Fukang City No. 2 WTP The No. 2 WSP was built in 2009 with capacity of 10,000 m3/d sourced by groundwater.

Ganhezi Town WTP The current capacity of Ganhezi Town WSP is 10,000 m3/d sourced by groundwater. It was built in 1990.

Fukang City WWTP Fukang City WWTP came into operation since 2001 with capacity of 15,000 m3/d. The design discharge standard is Class II.

Huaneng Thermal power plant

Huaneng Thermal power plant was in operation since 2011 with capacity of 2 * 135 MW.

Tianlong Power Plant (Ganhezi heating source)

No data

WWTP of Fukang Industry Park

According to the Master Plan of Infrastructure for Ganhezi Town (2011-2030), the wastewater will be collected and delivered to a WWTP in Fukang Industry Park. This WWTP is under construction with capacity of 20,000 m3/d. The discharge standard is class IA. The effluent is planned to be used as cooling water for the boiler in the industry park.

Hutubi County

Hutubi County No. 2 WTP

The No. 2 WSP was built and has been operated since 1992 using groundwater sources. The maximum capacity is 20,000 m3/d.

Hutubi County No. 3 WTP

Under construction, with a designed capacity of 50,000 m3/d

Hutubi County WWTP The actual wastewater treated amount is 10,000 m3/d. The design capacity is 20,000 m3/d. The design discharge standard is Class II.

Datang Thermal power plant

Operated since 2013, 2 * 300 MW

Hutubi gas field Constructed by Kelamayi Oil Field Company in 1997. The production capacity is 150*104 Nm3/d. There is a 7 km pipe connecting the gas field and Hutubi Gas Station. The distribution system in Hutubi is operated by Xinjiang Meicheng Gas Limited Company.

Qitai County

Biliu river reservoir Water available: 15 million cubic meters

Zhonggegen reservoir Water available: 5 million cubic meters

Qitai County No.3 WTP Under construction

1. Environmental approvals and compliance history

335. The following data on environmental approvals and environmental compliance histories were provided by the Changji EPB and local EPBs. The EIA Law, which introduced the environmental impact assessment system and environmental approval process came into effect in 2003. There is therefore no environmental approvals for plants built before 2003. However, the power plants and WWTPs are regulated pollution sources. The local EPBs conduct quarterly field inspection and monitoring. The inspection results of Q4 2016 disclosed on the Xinjiang EPD and Changji EPB web site were reviewed by the PPTA team and no associated facilities of the project were cited for environmental

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non-compliance.

Table VI.30: Environmental approvals and environmental compliance histories County / City

Associated/linked facility EIA Status

Fukang City

Fukang City No. 1 WSP Pre 2003 – Environmental approval not required. Clear compliance history.

Fukang City No. 2 WSP Approved by Fukang EPB in 2009 Ganhezi Town WSP Pre 2003 – Environmental approval not required. Clear compliance

history. Fukang City WWTP Pre 2003 – Environmental approval not required. Clear compliance

history. Huaneng Thermal power plant Approved by State Environmental Protection Bureau (now called

MEP) in 2007. Tianlong Power Plant (Ganhezi heating source)

No data

WWTP of Fukang Industry Park (Fuka ng East Area WWTP)

Approved by Xinjiang Environmental Protection Department in 2016.

Hutubi County

Hutubi County No. 2 WSP Pre 2003 – Environmental approval not required. Clear compliance history.

Hutubi County No. 3 WSP Approved by Changji EPB in 2012 Hutubi County WWTP Approved by Changji EPB in 2009. Datang Thermal power plant Approved by MEP in 2010 Hutubi gas field Pre 2003 – Environmental approval not required. Clear compliance

history. Qitai County Biliu river reservoir Approved by Xinjiang Environmental Protection Department,

2012/10/20 Zhonggegen reservoir Approved by Xinjiang Environmental Protection Department,

2001/11/1 Qitai County No.3 WTP Approved by Changji EPB in July 2016

2. Water Resources – Qitai Water Supply Component

336. The sustainability of the water supply serviced by the project pipelines in Qitai has been examined in the DFR Supplementary Document 32 Technical Assessment – Qitai County – Water Supply”. This includes full seasonal water balances for the Biliu and Zhonggegen Reservoirs and covers water demand for agriculture, domestic use, animal husbandry, greening and ecological flows.

337. It is projected that the annual runoff of Zhonggegen River District is 69,630,000 m3 for

an assurance rate P=95%, out of which that of Zhonggegen River is 62,320,000 m3 and that of Xinhu River is 7,310,000 m3. Qitai No. 3 WTP is designed for a maximum water daily output of 100,000 m3. This includes a safety margin and translates as a maximum daily average water supply amount of 76,900 m3/d and annual water supply amount of 28,076,900 m3.

338. On these maximum rates, the monthly balance analysis of water supply and demand for

water resources in SD 32 indicate that, for an assurance rate of P=95% (dry year), there is a shortfall of 902,000 m3 of water when the ecological water demand of 20% and all other water uses (agricultural irrigation, domestic living, livestock, industry, greening) are assured and ignoring losses such as evaporation and leakage.

339. However, the WTP will not operate at maximum load every day. The 100,000 m3/d in the water balance includes a 23,000 m3/d landscaping irrigation which is only required during the irrigation season (April – October). Similarly, other uses are significantly lower in winter. Only on some days will the maximum capacity be used. The actual total annual water demand has been calculated at 19,896,700 m3 at an average daily demand over the year of 60,000 m3. This level of usage, including ecological flows can be met in a dry

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year with over 1,000,000 m3 surplus.

3. Water Source Protection Zoning

340. Water source protection zones for the watersheds of Zhonggegen Reservoir and Biliu River Reservoir in compliance with the Water Law of PRC, Water Pollution Prevention Law of PRC and Drinking Water Sources Protection Regulations. A Primary Restriction Zone and two protection zones will be delineated for each of Zhonggegen Reservoir and Biliu River Reservoir: Zone 1 (Restricted Area) and Zone 2 (Protection Area).

Restricted Zone: Water area and land area within the range of 100 m to the two water intake points of the two reservoirs; Zone 1 Protection Area: Water area of the two reservoirs, water area and land area within the range of 200 m to the banks; Zone 2 Protection Area: The whole catchment basin of the two reservoirs (water area and land area within the range of watershed mountain ridge and connection range). 341. The Restricted Zone and Zone 1 Protection Area will prohibit unauthorized personnel

from entering. The Zine 2 Protection Area adjoining the Zone 2 will prohibit new buildings or construction projects which may drain pollutants to the water body. In this zone, any existing developments must reduce and manage their pollutants discharge. These zonings will be established before project implementation.

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VII. PUBLIC CONSULTATION, PARTICIPATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE

A. Legislative Framework for Public Consultation and Information Disclosure

342. Meaningful participation and consultation in the evaluation of project planning, feasibility study, design and implementation is an important environment safeguards requirement. It can directly reflect the public’s perceptions of environmental quality in the project’s area of influence.

343. Relevant provisions in the Environmental Protection Law of PRC and the Regulations

on the Administration of Construction Project Environmental Protection (Order of the State Council, No. 253) require that the “Environmental Impact Report formulated by the construction unit shall be in accordance with relevant laws to solicit the opinions of units concerned and inhabitants of project construction site". In January 2011, the MEP circulated the draft Technical Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment: Public Participation for public commenting, which specifies the requirements of information disclosure and stakeholder opinion survey. Since 2012, MEP also requires that abstracts of EIRs should be posted on the websites of local EPBs during the approval process (MEP Order No. [2012]51).

344. ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement requires meaningful participation, consultation and information disclosure as part of due diligence in project preparation. The consultation processes for this project follow both the PRC and ADB requirements.

345. Information disclosure and public consultation have been conducted during preparation of the domestic EIR and TEIAs in compliance with PRC regulatory framework, and this project IEE in compliance with ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (2009). Information disclosure and consultation included disclosure on the internet, community posting, a questionnaire survey, and discussion forums attended by affected people and other concerned stakeholders. It also included a comprehensive socio-economic survey. Information dissemination and consultation activities are presented below.

B. Information Disclosure

346. Information disclosure of project information and related environmental issues was undertaken in two stages in line with PRC regulatory framework.

347. The initial public announcements of the project via district government websites, and posters on public display, occurred from March to August 2016. Disclosed information included (i) name and overview of the project; (ii) name and contact of the construction unit; (iii) name and contact information of the EIA institutes; (iv) EIA work procedures and major work contents; (v) the major proceedings to collect public opinions; and (vi) the way for the public to deliver and submit opinions. The first round disclosure was designed to solicit public comments and suggestions on the project and on the terms of reference for the domestic EIA.

348. The later, more focused public announcements were conducted prior to the submission of the domestic EIA documents to the Changji Municipal EPB. Information included: (i) overview of the project; (ii) overview of the anticipated environmental impacts; (iii) summary of key mitigation measures; (iv) summary of key conclusions drawn in the EIA documents; (v) the major proceedings to collect public opinions; and (vi) the way for the public to deliver and submit opinions.

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349. The announcement period was 10 working days for each disclosure stage (from the dates of disclosure, which took place between March and August 2016 as the components of the projects were confirmed). No objection to the project was received. Examples of this disclosure via web-posting are shown in the following figures. Figure VII.1 shows the initial web-posting for the overall project on Changji EPB’s website and Figures VII.2 and VII.3 for the Hutubi County road components and Qitai County solid waste management component respectively. Figure VII.4 shows community posting for the Qitai solid waste management components at Dongguan Community and Runyuan Community.

Figure VII.1: Information Disclosure by Posting on Changji EPB’s website

http://hbj.cj.gov.cn/gqzx/15037.htm

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Figure VII.2: Information Disclosure by Posting on Hutubi County Government Website

http://www.htb.gov.cn/xwdt/tzgg/53721.htm

Figure VII.3: Information Disclosure by Posting on Qitai County Government Website

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Figure VII.4: Information Disclosure by Community Posting at Qitai

C. EIA Questionnaire Surveys

350. In the framework of the domestic environment impact assessments and in compliance with PRC EIA requirements, the EIA institutes conducted questionnaire surveys for the two subcomponents defined as environment Category A according to PRC’s regulation on categorization: the Dongfeng Avenue road subcomponent and the Qitai County landfill component.

351. The questionnaire survey for the Dongfeng Avenue of the Hutubi County subproject was conducted in October 2016. It surveyed potentially affected persons including residents from the Yuanhu Village, Xinjiang Cadre Training School at the north side of the proposed road and relevant government bureaus. Total of 118 questionnaires were distributed and 115 were returned. The respondents include 61 male and 54 female. 94% respondents are Han nationality. A total of 7 respondents are ethnic minority, including Uyghur, Kazak and Hui.

352. The survey results are summarized in Table VII.1. All respondents knew something about the project, which attests to the success of the information disclosure activities. All respondents are supportive to this subcomponent if all mitigation measures proposed are implemented properly. The major concern expressed by potentially affected people included traffic safety issue (89%) and traffic disruption (61%) during construction. Major concerns during operation were noise (83%) and air pollution (73%). Most respondents believe the green belt (97%) and noise barrier (60%) are effective measures to mitigate adverse environment impacts.

353. Qitai County Construction Bureau supported by the EIA Institute conducted a questionnaire survey for the Qitai County Solid Waste Management subcomponent during 5-6 September 2016. A total of 300 questionnaires were distributed and 100% was returned. 218 out of 300 respondents are Han nationality. The remaining 82 respondents are Hui ethic minority. The female respondents account for 19%. The survey results are summarized in Table VII.2.

354. All respondents knew something about the project, which attests to the success of information disclosure. All respondents (100%) were supportive to the subcomponent if all mitigation measures proposed are implemented properly. The most frequent concerns expressed by the APs consulted were the potential for significant impact on air quality during operation. Total of 78% consulted APs think there will be a danger of environment impact during construction.

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No. Questions Public Feedback

Options Number of persons Percentage

1 Do you know about this project?

Yes 86 75%

No 0 0%

A little 29 25%

2 Do you think this project is positive to regional economic development or not?

Positive 115 100%

Negative 0 0%

Unknown 0 0%

3 What do you consider as the major impacts during construction? (multiple choices)

Traffic safety 102 89%

Farming activities 6 5%

Traffic disruption 70 61%

Operation of shops at road side 26 23%

4 Are these impacts during construction acceptable?

Acceptable 44 38%

Unacceptable 0 0%

Acceptable only when mitigation measures are well implemented

71 62%

5 What do you consider as the major impacts during operation? (multiple choices)

Noise 95 83%

Wastewater 18 16%

Air pollution 84 73%

Ecological impact 24 21%

6 Which measures do you think will mitigate the adverse environmental impact? (multiple choice)

Greening belt 112 97%

Noise barrier 69 60%

Change the road routine to be far away from the village 0 0%

Others 3 3%

7 Do you support this project if all mitigation measures are well implemented?

Support 115 100%

Not support 0 0%

Do not mind 0 0%

Table VII.1: Questionnaire Results for the Dongfeng Avenue Subcomponent

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Table VII.2: Questionnaire Results for the Qitai County Solid Waste Management Component

Question Options Results

Number of

persons

Percentage

1 Do you know about this project? Yes, know well 256 85%

Yes, but not much 34 11%

Yes, a little 10 3%

Unknown 0 0

2 Are you satisfied with the local environment? Very satisfied 218 73%

Satisfied 82 27%

Unsatisfied 0 0

Very unsatisfied 0 0

3 What do you think about the effect of this project on

air quality during operation?

Small 28 9%

Moderate 79 26%

Significant 193 64%

Unknown 0 0


surface water quality during operation?

Small 265 88%

Moderate 35 12%

Significant 0 0

Unknown 0 0


groundwater quality during operation?

Small 199 66%

Moderate 75 25%

Significant 12 4%

Unknown 14 5%


acoustic environment during operation?

Small 273 91%

Moderate 12 4%

Significant 7 2%

Unknown 8 3%


ecological environment during operation?

Small 114 38%

Moderate 65 22%

Significant 112 37%

Unknown 9 3%

8 Do you think the project will have significant

environment impact during construction?

Small 30 10%

Moderate 33 11%

Significant 234 78%

Unknown 3 1%

9 Do you think it is necessary to have this project? Very necessary 300 100%

Don’t mind 0 0

Not necessary 0 0

Unknown 0 0

10 What’s your attitude towards this project? Support 300 0

Not support 0 0

Don’t mind 0 0

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E. EIA Discussion Forum

355. The EIA institute undertook public consultation meetings together with the PPTA Environment Consultant in Fukang City, and Qitai and Hutubi Counties during 22-23 September 2016 with the support of the PMO and IAs. A total of 29 stakeholders, including representatives from residents near the construction sites, officers from local environmental bureaus, planning bureaus and IAs attended the meeting. During the consultation meeting, PIU presented the project briefly and the EIA institute introduced the anticipated environmental impacts and mitigation measures to the participants. The PPTA environmental consultant introduced the ADB safeguard policy requirements and GRM.

356. The EIA institute explained the mitigation measures defined in the EIA documents and all participants expressed support to the project.

357. Suggestions and comments raised by participants during the consultation meeting included the following (i) arrange the construction schedule to avoid or minimize impacts on farming activities, especially during May and June on both sides of the proposed road; (ii) consider greenbelts along all roads for noise and dust reduction; and (iii) the construction unit should disclose the construction schedule in advance so that the villagers could prepare for the interruption of public services, such as power supply and traffic disruption.

358. All these suggestions have been identified as impact issues in Chapter VI of the IEE and mitigation measures included in the EMP. Construction schedules are to be included in the Site Management plans for each construction site and will be disclosed to the community. Greenbelts are included along the edges of all project road components, and traffic, access and services during the construction period will be managed by a special traffic management plan which will be approved before construction commences by the PMO-EO.

Qitai County Fukang City Hutubi County

Figure VII.3: Discussion Forums in 22-23 September 2016

F. Future Information Disclosure and Public Consultation Program

359. Consultation. Meaningful consultation to safeguard the environment and local

residents will continue throughout the construction and operation phases. The PMO and the IAs will be responsible for organizing the public consultations, with the support of the loan implementation environmental consultant (LIEC). Civil works contractors will be required to frequently communicate and consult with the communities in the project area of influence, especially those near the project areas. Eye-catching public notice boards will be set at each work site to provide information on the purpose of the project activity, the duration of disturbance, the responsible entities on-site (contractor, construction

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supervision company, IA, PMO), and the project level Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM). Consultation will focus on public complaints about public nuisances from construction and operation activities, such as water quality, noise, asphalt fume nuisance, dust, odor, traffic disturbance. Costs for the future public consultation plan are set out in the EMP.

Table VII.3: Environment Consultation and Communication Plan

Organizer Format Frequency Subject Attendees

Pre-Construction Stage

PMO, IAs, PIUs, LIEC

Targeted public consultation & site visits

Before construction at each site

Agreement with affected persons and sensitive receivers on heavy machinery work. Consultation on safety of nearby communities.

Affected persons in impacts zone of construction activities

Construction Stage

PMO, IAs, PIUs, LIEC

Public consultation & site visits

Once each year during construction

Adjusting of mitigation measures, if necessary; construction impact; comments and suggestions

Residents in project areas

PMO, LIEC Public opinion Once at MTR stage

Public satisfaction with EMP implementation


Operational Stage

PMO, O&M Units, LIEC

Public consultation and site visits

Once in the first year

Effectiveness of mitigation measures, impacts of operation, comments and suggestions


LIEC, PMO Public satisfaction survey

Once at PCR stage

Public satisfaction with EMP implementation. Comments and suggestions


EPB = Environmental Protection Bureau, PMO = Project management office, LIEC = Loan implementation

environment consultant; MTR = midterm review; PCR = project completion review

360. Disclosure. The Changji Municipal EPB and ADB will disclose the project’s environmental information as follows:

a) The Changji Prefecture EPB disclosed abstracts of the domestic EISs (for the Dongfeng Avenue of Hutubi County and Solid Waste Management of Qitai County) and the EIA Tables (in Chinese) on the Changji Municipal EPB’s websites before approval; copies of the domestic assessments are available on request in the PMO; b) The project IEE will be disclosed on the project website at www.adb.org; c) All annual environmental monitoring reports during project implementation will be available at www.adb.org; and

d) Environmental acceptance inspection reports (according to PRC regulation for completed components) will be disclosed on the website of the Changji Prefecture EPB.

http://www.adb.org/

http://www.adb.org/

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VIII. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM

361. A grievance redress mechanism (GRM) has been developed in compliance with ADB’s SPS (2009) requirement to address environmental, health, and safety concerns associated with project construction and operation. The GRM is designed to achieve the following objectives: (i) provide channels of communication for local communities to raise concerns about environmental grievances which might result from the project; (ii) prevent and mitigate adverse environmental impacts to communities caused by project construction and operation; (iii) improve mutual trust and respect and promote productive relationships between the IAs and local communities; and (iv) build community acceptance of the project. The GRM is accessible to all members of the community, including women, youth, and poverty-stricken residents. Multiple points of entry are available, including face-to-face meetings, written complaints, telephone conversations, e-mail, and social media.

362. Public grievances related to project construction to be addressed by the GRM may include damage to public roads, interruption of public services, dust emissions, noise, soil erosion, inappropriate disposal of waste materials, and safety for the general public and construction workers.

363. The GRM meets the regulatory standards of the PRC that protect the rights of citizens from construction-related environmental and/or social impacts. Decree No. 431 Regulation on Letters and Visits, issued by the State Council of PRC in 2005, codifies a complaint acceptance mechanism at all levels of government and protects the complainants from retaliation. Based on the regulation, the former State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) published updated Measures on Environmental Letters and Visits (Decree No. 34) in 2006.

364. Currently in the PRC, when residents or organizations are negatively affected by a development, they may complain, by themselves or through their community committee, to the contractors, developers, the Township Government, the local EPB, or by direct appeal to the local courts. The main weaknesses of this system are: (i) the lack of a specialized unit to address grievances; and (ii) the lack of a specific timeframe for the redress of grievances. The project GRM addresses these weaknesses. A strength of the current system is the inclusion of the local EPB hotline for complaints and reporting environmental issues. The project GRM incorporates this hotline as one of the entry points for affected persons.

365. The details of the project GRM, including a time-bound flow chart of procedures, are included in the project Environmental Management Plan (Attachment 1 of this IEE).

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IX. CONCLUSION

366. This initial environmental examination (IEE) including environmental management plan (EMP) was prepared in compliance with ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (2009). The IEE incorporates findings of the domestic feasibility studies, domestic environmental impact assessments (DEIAs), prepared by licensed domestic design institutes26, and topical studies conducted in the framework of the PPTA (including a climate risk and vulnerability assessment, and water resources assessments). The domestic safeguards documents were prepared in compliance with the PRC Law on Environmental Impact Assessment (2003), the Technical Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment (HJ/T2-93) and other relevant PRC regulations and guidelines. All DEIAs have been approved by the Changji environment protection authorities.

367. The IEE concludes that adverse environmental impacts will not be irreversible and will either be of temporary nature or able to be avoided or mitigated with proper environmental management. The IEE’s findings have been incorporated in the EMP as mitigation and management measures to be implemented during the project. They will form part of the contractual obligations with IAs and contractors for construction and with operating units for operation of components. The IEE confirms project classification of category B for environmental safeguards. Major findings are presented below.

A. Project Benefits

368. The expected project impact is people’s improved living conditions in both urban and rural areas in CHAP. The intended project outcome is increased urban and rural residents’ accessibility to quality urban infrastructure services in Fukang and Ganhezi, Hutubi, and Qitai. The project will support urban-rural integration from social, economic, institutional and cultural perspectives that will enhance the justification of the civil investments.

369. The project will contribute to poverty reduction by creating a number of jobs in civil works during project construction, operation and maintenance, particularly in civil works, solid waste management, greenbelts and ecological protection components, and other components, which will generate job opportunities to the local people. The benefits will extend to women, ethnic minorities and vulnerable groups. Positive impacts will derive from the improvement of living conditions in urban and peri-urban areas in Changji.

.

B. Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

370. Land and vegetation affected by the project. A total of 10,192.78 mu27 of land will be permanently acquired for project construction. The majority of these areas are pasture, unused land and land zoned for construction purpose. Only 410 mu of cultivated land and just under 12 mu of shrubland will be affected. According to on-site investigation, flora to be affected is mostly shrubs, common seasonal crops and weeds. The impact on flora and fauna are limited to minor changes in land use and a slight reduction in cultivated land. This will be offset by 687 ha (10,300 mu) of windbreak and shelterbelt forest and another 27 ha of urban roadside landscaping.

371. Anticipated impacts and mitigation measures during construction. Potential impacts during construction have been identified in the consolidated project IEE. Construction will cause no loss of valuable ecology or physical cultural resources.

26

All domestic EIAs were approved by the Haidong Environment Protection Bureau (HEPB) in April 2016. 27

Mu is a Chinese measurement unit used for land; 1 mu = 666.67 m2.

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Construction dust, noise, erosion, and local disruption to traffic and communities will be temporary and can be appropriately managed. Avoidance of impact through design and site management and mitigation measures through construction management have been identified for each impact and these are listed in the project EMP for the attention of contractors and PMO.

372. Special attention is paid to traffic management. In Fukang and to a lesser degree in Ganhezi, the rehabilitation of existing roads with currently high traffic and pedestrian volumes is planned. In such cases the preparation and approval of a traffic management plan covering sequential work scheduling, provision for traffic and pedestrians, access to existing businesses and residences, and safeguard measures to protect community health and safety, is required by the EMP. In all cases, where the EMP requirements are strictly followed, construction impacts will be kept at acceptable levels.

373. Anticipated impacts and mitigation measures during operation. In operation, the relatively low traffic projections for project roads will not result in significant air pollution, but in a number of locations predicted noise levels will exceed both PRC and EHS standards. Mitigation measures are identified in the IEE, and required by the EMP, for exceedances under and over 3 dB. The sustainable use of scarce water resources for irrigation of roadside planting has been checked by water balances. The isolation of the location will help minimize operational impacts of noise, dust and odor on the community while safeguards against soil and groundwater contamination will require proper detailed design and competent management. The proper closure and rehabilitation of the current landfill site in Qitai will be an integral part of this development.

374. Climate risk, climate adaptation. The initial Rapid Environmental Assessment for the project, carried out during project planning by the ADB EASS Division, assigned the project a medium climate risk categorization. A Climate Risk and Vulnerability Assessment (CRVA) was prepared as a response to this risk. The study found that the project area is characterized by (i) low rainfall, which will increase by between 2 and 3% by 2040 with high yearly variability; and (ii) very low average temperatures, which will increase by between 10 and 20%. Since winters are very cold in the project area, the increases in average temperatures will be most apparent in the warmer seasons. Higher summer temperatures and consequent high evapotranspiration rates have the potential to offset the increases in rainfall, resulting in local seasonal droughts. In this situation, strong summer winds may reverse the decreasing trend in dust storms. Since a high proportion of precipitation falls as snow in the project sub-regions, higher spring temperatures will cause more rapid snow melt with potential for local flash flooding. A list of design and engineering strategies which address the vulnerabilities identified in the CRVA have been incorporated into component designs. Indicative quantifications in these recommendations are taken from the sub-regional projections for precipitation and temperatures.

375. Greenhouse gas emissions. The total GHG production by project components in the year 2032 without any reduction strategies applied has been estimated at 131,637 t/year CO2e from a combination of power use for irrigation pumps, traffic emissions from the project roads and emissions from landfill. With the energy savings and direct emission reductions described above, the estimated net GHG emissions in 2032 from the project will be 71,0054 t/year CO2e The carbon sequestration provided by the greenbelt and shelterbelt plantings under the forest has been estimated at almost 40,000 t/year CO2e for the first 40 years of landscape growth. When this yearly sequestration rate is added, net greenhouse gas emissions will be below the significant emissions threshold of 100,000 t/year CO2e cited in SPS (2009) for both the mitigated and unmitigated scenarios.

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C. Environmental management plan (EMP) 376. The responsibilities for environmental management and supervision during the various

stages of implementation of the project are defined in the EMP. The EMP will be implemented in all phases of the project—design, pre-construction, construction, and operation. The EMP defines: (i) objectives; (ii) roles and responsibilities; (iii) mitigation measures; (iv) inspection, monitoring, and reporting arrangements; (v) training and institutional strengthening; (vi) GRM; and (vii) future public consultation. The EMP will be updated at the end of the detailed design, and included as a separate annex in all bidding and contract documents. The contractors will be made aware (through the PMO and the tendering agency) of their obligations to implement the EMP and to budget EMP implementation costs in their proposals. CHAPG (through the PMO) and the five implementing agencies will assume overall responsibility for implementing, supervising, monitoring and reporting on the EMP.

377. Monitoring. Environment safeguards monitoring obligations are defined in the EMP and include (i) project readiness monitoring, to be conducted by the PMO-EO and LIEC; (ii) internal monitoring, to be conducted by the CSCs and contractors during construction and regular monitoring by O&M units during operation of the project facilities; (iii) external environment monitoring, to be conducted by the local EMSs (contracted by the IAs); (iv) EMP compliance monitoring during project implementation and the first year of project operation (or up to the date as further to be agreed with the ADB mission), to be conducted by the PMO-ES and LIEC; and (iv) monitoring and evaluation of the internal and EMS monitoring results by an External Monitor.

378. Consultation and Grievance Redress Mechanism. Information disclosure and public consultation have been conducted during preparation of the domestic EIARs and TEIFs in compliance with PRC regulatory framework, and this project IEE in compliance with ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (2009). Information disclosure and consultation included disclosure on the internet, community posting, a questionnaire survey, and discussion forums attended by affected people and other concerned stakeholders. Knowledge of the project was high, reflective the effectiveness of information disclosure and dissemination activities. The project had strong support in all areas, with concern expressed only for the effects of construction impacts of noise and dust.

379. A plan for public consultation during construction and the initial phase of project operation has been developed and included in the EMP. The PMO and the IAs will be responsible for organizing the public consultations, with the support of the loan implementation environmental consultant (LIEC). Eye-catching public notice boards will be set at each work site to provide information on the purpose of the project activity, the duration of disturbance, the responsible entities on-site (contractor, construction supervision company, IA, PMO), and the project level Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM).

D. Risks and Assurances 380. The environmental examination has identified a number of risks to the environmental

performance of the project. Assurances have been developed to address these and these have been drafted as loan covenants to be implemented in the timescales indicated as conditions of loan implementation. They comprise the following:

i. XUARG shall, and shall cause CHAPG and HCG to, ensure that the electricity, and telecommunications pipes under the project roads will be constructed at the same time as the project roads, and water, wastewater and gas pipes are constructed, to avoid re-excavation of the project roads after construction.

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ii. The PMO will cause a qualified design institute and environmental impact assessment (EIA) Institute to undertake an investigation to demonstrate that there is sustainable seasonal water supply from local sources for the irrigation of urban road landscaping in Ganhezi Town, Hutubi County and Qitai County.

iii. XUARG will ensure that the existing landfill in Qitai County be closed and rehabilitated in compliance with the Standard for Pollution Control of Landfill for Domestic Waste (GB16889-2008) and the residual leachate be treated to comply with the same standard

iv. XUARG will ensure that the engineering and non-engineering recommendations for adaptations to future climate change set out in [sections III.C.1 and III.C.2 of the climate risk and vulnerability assessment (CRVA)], and reiterated in the Project’s initial environmental examination (IEE), are incorporated in the design of Project components.

v. XUARG will ensure that the performance of the management entity and operation and maintenance (O&M) unit for the project landfill will be evaluated yearly to ensure high environmental and hygienic performance of the facility.

vi. The PMO will cause a qualified design institute to finalize a design for the new Qitai County landfill and confirm the method of treated leachate disposal, incorporating: (i) a leachate treatment plant in compliance with PRC regulation; (ii) partitioning of landfill into 10,000 m

2

cells to limit leachate production to an average of 10 tons/day; and (iii) a pre-treatment leachate holding tank with capacity for at least 90 days leachate production from the landfill.

vii. XUARG shall, and shall cause CHAPG and QCG to, ensure complete and rigorous enforcement of the regulations for the water source protection zones at Biliu and Zhonggegen Reservoirs in Qitai County, in particular that (i) no polluting developments are permitted in the primary zone, and (ii) any developments approved for the secondary zone comply with the requirements for that zone. XUARG shall, and shall cause CHAPG and QCG to, ensure that water regulation plans for these reservoirs will be undertaken.

viii. XUARG and CHAPG will ensure that the relevant authority in Qitai County will prepare a Water Safety Plan in compliance with World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines to ensure water quality at all stages of conveyancing and distribution for the sources, supply and distribution of water from No. 3 WTW.

ix. XUARG shall implement or cause the Project Implementing Agencies to implement the following measures prior to commencing any Project works to ensure the Project’s environmental management readiness: (i) confirm the appointment of a qualified environment officer for each PMO; (ii) recruit at least one loan implementation environment consultant (LIEC) [for the Project]; (iii) conclude a contract with the Changji Environment Monitoring Station to conduct the “external” monitoring required under the Environmental Management Plan (EMP); and (iv) obtain domestic EIA approvals for the works.

x. The head contractor for each subproject will prepare a Site Management plan for each construction site (or group of construction sites) which includes: (i) all relevant clauses and requirements of the EMP; and (ii) occupational and community safety plans and emergency response plans and work schedules acceptable to ADB.

xi. The Project Implementing Agencies will ensure that all sensitive receptors potentially affected by noise and dust from construction sites will be located and identified and that mitigation measures to protect these sensitive receptors are identified, budgeted and included in site management plans acceptable to ADB.

xii. XUARG shall, and hall cause each Project Implementing Agency, PMO and PIU to, ensure that (a) borrow and spoil as well as construction waste generated in Project construction activities is properly disposed of in disposal sites selected and managed in accordance with the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and in consultation with relevant environmental protection authorities and in conformity with all applicable PRC and provincial, municipal and

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local laws, regulations and standards; (b) all Project construction activities avoid interruptions or damage to water supply, wastewater collection, heating and other utility services.

xiii. XUARG shall ensure that the preparation, design, construction, implementation and operation of the Project and all Project facilities comply with (a) all applicable laws and regulations of the PRC relating to environment, health and safety; (b) the Environmental Safeguards; and (c) all measures and requirements set forth in the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) and the EMP, and with any corrective or preventative actions (i) set forth in a Safeguards Monitoring Report (a “Safeguards Monitoring Report”) prepared pursuant to ADB’s Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS), or (ii) which are subsequently agreed between ADB and XUARG.

xiv. In respect of implementation and compliance with ADB’s Environmental Safeguards and the EMP, submit Safeguards Monitoring Reports to ADB semiannually during construction and the implementation of the Project and the EMP until the issuance of ADB’s Project completion report, unless a longer period is agreed in the EMP, and disclose relevant information from such reports to the respective affected people under ADB’s Environmental Safeguards,

promptly upon submission;

E. Conclusion 381. It is concluded that full and effective implementation of the safeguard measures

described in this IEE will combine to minimize adverse environmental impacts of the project, and contribute to the project achieving its goal. The EMP and legal assurances to be defined in the project and loan agreement will ensure that these measures are implemented in an appropriate institutional framework and are supported through comprehensive training, monitoring and reporting arrangements. The IEE concludes that the Project is feasible from an environment safeguards point of view, and the environmental categorization of “Category B” is confirmed.

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