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Innovation in The AerospaceSubmitted By:Areeb Sharique 13P128Benjamin Ganpathy Subramaniam13P074Shweta Verma 13P170Smriti Agarwal 13P237

The Curious ManFor centuries, flight was considered impossible but today, we can fly halfway around the world within twenty-four hoursMankind has had dreams of flight for centuries. Even the famous inventor and painter, Leonardo from Vinci, invented a helicopter.But even with wonderful sketches, ideas, dreams and brainstorming, man couldnt make a successful flying machineThe first real flying machines by mankind which really worked were primitive hot-air balloons by Montgolfier brothersSoon people realized that they needed a flying machine that could be completely controlled by man that could take flight, stay in the air, go where the pilot wanted it to, and land when and where he wanted it to land.

Timeline of Inventions

The Dream of IcariousThe Myth of Icarus - Icarus is a character in Greek myths.He was the son of Daedalus a brilliant (human) architect in Greek mythology. The story goes that Daedalus was so talented he was imprisoned along with his son and forced to work for the mythical King Minos of Crete. Out of wax and feathers he fashioned wings for both him and Icarus to escape. Before they departed he warned Icarus to stay close to him and not go to near the sun. Unfortunately being a vibrant young man Icarus couldnt help himself and flew higher and higher until his wings melted and he fell to his death. Inventors continue to try to bring the comic book fantasy of personal jet flight to life, and Yves Rossy has come closest

Personal flightthe ability to fly like a bird remains elusive despite those centuries of adventure and experimentation

PS1 The Sport Flying ICON A5In 2004, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), working closely with the ExperimentalAircraftAssociation (EAA) created what has been called The biggest change in aviation in 50 years. They created an entirely new category ofaircraft(Light SportAircraft) as well as a new category of pilot license (Sport Pilot), both aimed specifically at consumer recreational flyingICON Aircrafts mission is to bring the freedom, fun, and adventure of flying to all who have dreamed of flight

ICONs intent is to democratize aviation the same way that great brands like Apple, BMW, Ducati, or Oakley democratize their products: by fusing outstanding engineering with world-class consumer product design

Stratospheric Skydive A Mission to the Edge of Space

On August 16, 1960,Captain Joseph Kittingermade the final jump, from theExcelsior III, at 102,800 feet (31,300m) Towing a smalldrogue parachutefor initial stabilization, he fell for4 minutes and 36 seconds, reaching a maximum speed of614 miles per hour (988km/h)before opening his parachute at 18,000 feet (5,500m)Pressurization for his right glove malfunctioned during the ascent, and his right hand swelled to twice its normal size when he rode the balloon up to 102,800 feet before stepping off

BallooningBallooning became a major "rage" in Europe in the late 18th century, providing the first detailed understanding of the relationship between altitude and the atmosphere.Work on developing a steerable balloon continued sporadically throughout the 19th century. The first powered, controlled, sustained lighter-than-air flight is believed to have taken place in 1852 whenHenri Giffardflew 15 miles (24km) in France, with a steam engine driven craft.Non-steerable balloons were employed during theAmerican Civil Warby theUnion Army Balloon Corps.

AirshipsAirships were originally called "dirigible balloons" The first aircraft to make routine controlled flights werenon-rigid airships.At the same time that non-rigid airships were starting to have some success, the first successful rigid airships were also being developed. These would be far more capable than fixed-wing aircraft in terms of pure cargo carrying capacity for decadesAlthough airships were used in both World War I and II their development has been largely overshadowed by heavier-than-air craft.

Powered FlightApowered aircraftis anaircraftthat uses onboardpropulsionwith mechanical power generated by anaircraft engineFrom the first controlled powered fixed-wing aircraft flight untilWorld War II, propellers turned by theinternal combustion piston enginewere virtually the only type of propulsion system in useAircraft propulsion nearly always uses either a type of propeller, or a form ofjet propulsion. Other potential propulsion techniques such as orinthopters are very rarely used

The Jet Engine History1928: Frank Whittle came up with the idea of the jet engine1930: Frank Whittle patented the concept of the turbojet engine1937: using newly available strong and light materials, he produced the first viable jet engine to be successfully tested in a laboratoryMay 1941: the Gloster-Whittle E28/39 made its first flight with the experimental Power Jets W1 engineJuly 1944: Gloster Meteor, the first British jet fighter and the first production jet, entered service with the RAF1958: The Boeing 707 entered service and allowed travel distances at speeds that would had been impossible just 10 years earlier

The Jet Engine InnovationProblem statements to resolve:How do you make a faster engine ?How do you create a chamber strong enough to house an engine that would create a lot of heat and vast directed thrust ?

Solution:Instead on focusing on the strength of the combustion chamber, Whittle used ten combustion chambers which produced impressive thrustRather than having just one large chamber the engine would divide up the combustion created into the ten different chambers

The Jet Engine The PrincipleThe principle of the jet engine:The engine sucks air in at the front with the fanA compressor raises the pressure of the airThe compressed air is then sprayed with fuel and an electric spark lights the mixture. The burning gases expand and blast out through the nozzle, at the back of the engine. As the jets of gas shoot backward, the engine and the aircraft are thrust forward.

Consequence : carry the aircraft to fly far higher and faster than with the standard piston engine and propeller

The Turboprop Engine History

The Turboprop Engine - InnovationProblem statements to resolve:How to make a more efficient engine?How to improve thrust of the engine?How to reduce fuel consumption?

Solution:Use the benefits of both the jet engine and propeller

The Turboprop Engine PrincipleJet engine attached to a propeller: the turbine at the back is turned by the hot gases, and this turns a shaft that drives the propeller.Modern turboprop engines:Propellers that have a smaller diameterLarger number of blades (for efficient operation at much higher flight speeds)Consequences:Better propulsion efficiency at flight speeds below about 500 miles per hourLower fuel consumption

Fly-by-wireA system that replaces the conventional manual flight controls of an aircraft with an electronic interfaceFirst pure electronic fly-by-wire aircraft without any backup was the Apollo Lunar Landing Research Vehicle in 1964Movements of flight controls are converted to electronic signals transmitted by wiresPilot inputs commands via a sidestick or yoke to a computer, which directs the hydraulic or electric actuator to deflect a flight control surfaceBoeing 777: First attempt at a completely fly-by-wire commercial airplane

Advantages of Fly-by-wireSystems have become advanced, making them easier to flyWeight savings: lesser fuel consumption, better balance and more room for other featuresEnhanced safety features: Automatic lockdown and early warning signals

AutopilotA system used to control the trajectory of a vehicle without constant hands-on control by a human operatorFirst aircraft autopilot: 1912Advantages:Allows the pilot to concentrate on other issues like reviewing checklists, communicating with ATCSmoother flight for passengersSaves fuel considerably

How Airbus Does ItA history of innovation at AirBusFly your Ideas: Crowd sourcingA global initiative for students to innovate for the futureFly your ideas is a unique event for students to work together in diverse teams to find out how to change norms related to air travelThe changes can be disruptive or they can be incrementalThe major portion uses the concept of Medici effect bringing together students from different background into one team and asking them to innovateWorking with organizations such as innovate UK:AirBus is seeking to help build the technical capabilityPartner with universities to find out innovative ways to counter lightning adverse effects

How Boeing Does ItMajor focus: Incremental innovations- No Moon shots Boeing CEOOrganizational Structure:The Organizational structure helps the various initiatives for innovation at BoeingSpecial invention Award: Every year a special invention award is conferred to the individuals/teams who have come up with new innovations or found new applications for existing technologiesTechnical Fellowship program: Also offers a technical fellowship program offering their first rate scientists and engineers a separate path towards advancementBoeing Research and Technology: The main innovation engine for Boeing, undertakes research which benefits the company as a whole

Future possible innovationsSafety pods: One possible innovations in air safety could be safe electable seats. As soon as there is a possibility of a crash the whole seat assembly ejects out along with parachute 3-D Printing: A very great possible innovation could be the application of 3-D printers in aircraft design. It could be used for rapid prototyping, fast production, capable machines that can run 24X7Safer- Aviation Turbine fuel:Most of the deaths in Air Crashes are due to Highly inflammable fuel. A turbine fuel which does not ignite easily will serve a great purpose for Air craft safetyAircraft Cruises:In the next generation Air Travel, Air Travel will be more of a leisure activity rather than a necessity. This would mean there is space for aircraft innovation where Aircraft is more transparent from the base and this would give the feel of travelling in air and a pleasurable experience

Thankyou!!