Innovation Lab for Collaborative Research on Peanut ... · reduced contamination in the field and...

Innovation Lab for Collaborative Researchon Peanut Productivity and Mycotoxin Control

Final Report2012-2017Final Report

2012-2017

FeedtheFutureInnovationLabforCollaborativeResearchonPeanutProductivityandMycotoxinControl(Peanut&MycotoxinInnovationLab)

FinalReport(31July2012–30September2017)

PMILManagementEntityTheUniversityofGeorgia,Athens,GeorgiaJanuary2018

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TableofContentsAcronyms.............................................................................................................................................................3

ExecutiveSummary..............................................................................................................................................4

ProgramCountries...............................................................................................................................................6

ProgramPartners.................................................................................................................................................6

KeyAccomplishmentsandLessons.......................................................................................................................6

CapacityBuilding..................................................................................................................................................8

ResearchProgramOverviewandStructure..........................................................................................................9A.PeanutGermplasmDevelopment......................................................................................................................10

ProjectA1.TranslationalGenomicstoReducePre-harvestAflatoxinContaminationofPeanut......................10ProjectA2.SilencingofAflatoxinSynthesisthroughRNAInterference(RNAi)inPeanutPlants.......................12ProjectA3.AnIntegratedGlobalBreedingandGenomicsApproachtoIntensifyingPeanutProduction

andQuality....................................................................................................................................13B.MycotoxinDetectionandPeanutNutritionalStudies........................................................................................20

ProjectB1.AflaGogglesforScreeningAflatoxinContaminationinMaize.........................................................20ProjectB2.DevelopmentandValidationofMethodsforDetectionofMycotoxinsExposureinDried

SpottedBloodSamples.................................................................................................................23ProjectB3.AflatoxininPeanutandPeanutProducts:ComparativeStudyonAnalyticalMethodsfor

DetectionofAflatoxin...................................................................................................................25ProjectB4.RandomizedControlledTrialoftheImpactofTreatingModeratelyMalnourishedWomen

inPregnancy..................................................................................................................................27C.PeanutValueChainInterventions......................................................................................................................28

ProjectC1.ProductiontoConsumption–TechnologiestoImprovePeanutProduction,ProcessingandUtilizationinHaiti.........................................................................................................................28

ProjectC2.AppliedResearchandTechnologyTransfertoMinimizeAflatoxinContaminationandIncreaseProduction,QualityandMarketingofPeanutinGhana................................................31

ProjectC3.ProducerandConsumerInterventionstoDecreasePeanutMycotoxinRiskinGhana...................37ProjectC4.AflatoxinManagementInterventions,EducationandAnalysisatVariousStepsAlongthe

PeanutValueChaininMalawi,MozambiqueandZambia...........................................................42ProjectC5.ProductivityandProfitabilityGrowthinPeanutProduction:AFarmLevelAnalysisin

Malawi,MozambiqueandZambia................................................................................................46

HumanandInstitutionalCapacityDevelopment.................................................................................................51Short-TermTraining(bycountry)...........................................................................................................................51DegreeLong-TermTraining(bycountry)................................................................................................................57Non–DegreeLong-TermTraining(bycountry).....................................................................................................65WorkshopsandCourses.........................................................................................................................................66

ProgramPartners...............................................................................................................................................73UnitedStatesofAmerica........................................................................................................................................73Foreign....................................................................................................................................................................74

GraphicsandResources......................................................................................................................................76

PMILAnnualReportFY2016

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Acronyms

AFB AflatoxinB1AOR AgreementOfficer’sRepresentativeAPHIS AnimalandPlantHealthInspection

Service,USAASU AlbanyStateUniversity,Albany,GACAES CollegeofAgriculturalandEnvironmental

SciencesCERAAS Centred’EtudeRégionalpour

l’Améliorationdel’AdaptationálaSécheresse,Senegal

CNRA CentreNationaldeRecherchesAgronomiques,Senegal

Co-PI co-PrincipalInvestigatorCOMESA CommonMarketforEasternand

SouthernAfricaCRI CropsResearchInstitute,GhanaCRP CGIARResearchProgramCRSP CooperativeResearchSupportProgramCSB+ CornSoyBlendCSB-P CSBplusmultiplemicronutrienttabletCSIR CounselforScientificandIndustrial

Research,GhanaDBS DriedBloodSampleEAP ExternalAdvisoryPanelEMMP EnvironmentalMitigationand

ManagementPlanFY2013 FiscalYear2013FY2014 FiscalYear2014FY2015 FiscalYear2015FY2016 FiscalYear2016GWAS Genome-WideAssociationStudyHACCP HazardandCriticalControlPointsHIV HumanImmunodeficiencyVirusICRISAT InternationalCropsResearchInstitutefor

theSemi-AridTropicsIIAM InstitutodeInvestigaçãoAgráriade

Moçambique,MozambiqueIITA InternationalInstituteforTropical

Agriculture,NigeriaISRA InstitutSénégalaisdeResearches

Agricoles,SenegalKNUST KwameNkrumahUniversityofScience

andTechnology,GhanaLUANAR LilongweUniversityofAgricultureand

NaturalResources,MalawiME ManagementEntityMoFA MinistryofFoodandAgriculture,GhanaMSc MasterofScienceDegreeMSU MississippiStateUniversity,MSMUAC Mid-UpperArmCircumference

NaCRRI NationalCropsResourcesResearchInstitute,Uganda

NARO NationalAgriculturalResearchOrganization,Uganda

NaSARRI NationalSemi-AridResourcesResearchInstitute,Uganda

NASFAM NationalSmallholderFarmersAssociationofMalawi,Malawi

NBCRI NormanBorlaugCommemorativeResearchInitiative

NCSU NorthCarolinaStateUniversity,NCNGO Non-GovernmentalOrganizationNPRL NationalPeanutResearchLab,Dawson,

GAPCR PolymeraseChainReactionPhD DoctorofPhilosophyDegreePI PrincipalInvestigatorPIIM PeanutIndustryIncubatorModelPMIL Peanut&MycotoxinInnovationLabRDA RecommendedDailyAllowanceRNAi RNAinterferenceRSS RichSiteSummaryRUSF Ready-to-UseSupplementalFoodRUSF-P Ready-to-UseSupplementalFoodplus

200%micronutrientsinpregnancyRUTF Ready-to-UseTherapeuticFoodSARI SavannaAgriculturalResearchInstitute,

GhanaSNP SingleNucleotidePolymorphismSPAD SoilPlantAnalysisDevelopmentSNP Single-nucleotidepolymorphismSSR SimpleSequenceRepeatSTN-PCR SingleTubeNestedPolymeraseChain

ReactionTNAU TamilNaduAgriculturalUniversity,IndiaUDS UniversityforDevelopmentStudies,

GhanaUFL UniversityofFlorida,FLUGA UniversityofGeorgia,GAUHPLC Ultra-HighPerformanceLiquid

ChromatographyUNZA UniversityofZambia,ZambiaUSAID UnitedStatesAgencyforInternational

Development,USAUSDA UnitedStatesDepartmentofAgricultureUSDA-ARSUnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture

–AgriculturalResearchServiceWU WashingtonUniversity,StLouis,MOZARI ZambianAgriculturalResearchInstitute,

Zambia

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ExecutiveSummary

ThePMILresearchprogramwasorganizedaroundthreeprimarythemes:1)genomicsandbreeding,2)aflatoxindetectionandnutrition,and3)researchalongthepeanutvaluechain.Theme1Aspartofalargercollaborativeinitiativeinthepeanutresearchcommunity,geneticistPeggyOzias-AkinsandpartnersadvancedthedevelopmentofaSNPchipgeneticmarkersystemandevaluatedthepotentialforthistooltoidentifygeneticassociationswithaflatoxinresistanceintargetedpopulationsinboththeUSandwithpartnersinSenegal.

WithjointfundingfromtheUSAID’sNormanBorlaugCommemorativeResearchInitiative,researchpathologistReneeAriasandcolleaguesdevelopedaninnovativepotentialstrategyforaflatoxincontrolthroughanRNAinterferencestrategytargetingthetoxinproducingAspergillusflavusmoldsastheyinfectthepeanutplant,beforetheyareabletoproducethetoxin.ThroughevaluatingthediversityofA.flavusstrainsfromvariouscountries,theywereabletoconfirmtheefficacyofthisstrategyregardlessofstrain.

TheIntegratedGlobalBreedingProgram,ledbyplantpathologistCarl(Mike)Deomincollaborationwithmanydomesticandinternationalbreeders,workedinalltargetcountries,aswellaswithkeyprogramsinUganda,BurkinaFaso,KenyaandIndia.Theachievementsoftheseprojectsarenumerous,andincludeassistanceinthereleaseofseveralimprovedvarietiesintheUSandoverseas,establishmentofanewbreedingprograminHaiti,initiatinganinnovativenetworkofyoungbreedersinseveralnationalprogramsinAfricawhoarenowsharingtechnologyandvarieties,aswellascollaboratingonbroaderregionalresearchobjectives.

Theme2Eachofthefourprojectsunderthedetectionandnutritionthemewasunique,butcollectivelyareimportantstepstowardsmeasuringaflatoxinanditsimpact,andeventuallytotheimprovementofthenutritionalstatusofpeopleintargetedcountries,especiallywomenandchildren.HaiboYao’steamattheUSDepartmentofAgricultureadvancedtheirinnovativespectralimagingstrategyforlowcostaflatoxindetection,completingaprototypeofthe“aflabox”whilealsoexploringnewareaswherethistechnologymaybedisruptiveinlow-costmonitoringofaflatoxininmaize.

JSWang’slabattheUniversityofGeorgiawasabletodevelopamethodtousedriedbloodspotstodetectaflatoxinexposureinhumanblood.Thistechnologywillgreatlyimprovetheabilityofresearcherstomonitorandinvestigatetheimpactofaflatoxinexposureonhumanhealth,andhasalreadybeendeployedincollaborationwiththeNutritionInnovationLab.

KumarMallikarjunan’sinvestigationofvariousdetectionmethodsandlabswasabletoconfirmthedetectionlimitsofsomenoveltechnologies,aswellassomepotentialissueswithhumanerrorinaccuratedetection.Onenewaflatoxindetectionsystemevaluated,anelectronictablet-basedsystemdevelopedbyMobileAssayintheUS,wasdeterminedtobeasaccurateasothercostlierandcomplicatedsystems.Basedontheseresults,thetabletsandaccompanysamplingtechnologywasdeployedandusedinmostallofthetargetcountries.

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Finally,whilepediatricianMarkManary’sstudyofanewReadytoUsefoodformalnourishedmothersinMalawiwasunabletoproducesignificantbirthoutcomesashoped,itdidadvancetheknowledgeofthetreatmentwindowforthisimportantpopulation.

Theme3Thethreelargevaluechainprojectsvariedgreatlydependingontheneedsandopportunitiesineachcountry.Thoughdifferentinstructure,therandomizedcontroltrialinGhanaalsoadvancedtheknowledgeofaflatoxincontrolmeasuresinthevaluechaininGhana.

InHaiti,Macdonald’steamwasabletofollowupwithadvancesmadewithNGOandprivatesectorpartners,especiallyrelatedtoinputtechnologiesandvarietyevaluations,butalsoexpandedtocollaboratewithuniversities,including41studentssuccessfullycompletingresearchprojects.Twosurveyswerecompletedshowingsignificantimpactsonaflatoxinawarenessandyieldgainsthroughconnectingwiththecollaboratingcommercialaggregationnetwork.

InGhana,thevaluechainprojectledbyJordancompleteddiverseprojectsfromanexhaustivefactorialanalysisoftechnologiesaimedatreducingaflatoxinduringproduction,dryingandstorage,tomoredetailedprojectsineachoftheseareas,primarilyledasstudentprojectswithcollaboratinguniversities.Theseprojectsalsoincludedanelementoffarmereducationandeconomicanalysisshowingthatthetechnologiesareproducingareturnoninvestment,bothfinanciallyandinaflatoxinreduction.

TherandomizedcontroltrialledbyMagnanproducedsoliddataonboththeimpactoftechnologiesaimedataflatoxinreductionandthepotentiallikelihoodofadoptionundervariousscenarios.Theprojectshowedthedifficultiesofbothconductingfield-basedaflatoxinresearchandtheformalcommercializationofthesector,throughhighseasonalvariationininfectionthatmaycreatedisincentivesforadoption.Theprojectalsodocumentedthepeculiaritiesofgroundnutpricingasitrelatestosmallholder’seconomicincentivesthroughouttheseason,whichwillalsobepivotalforpartiesinterestedinmoreformalcommercializationofsmallholderproduction.

TheSouthernAfricavaluechainprojectinMalawi,MozambiqueandZambia,andtheassociatedeconomicevaluationproject,ledbyBrandenburgandBravo-Ureta,respectively,overcamegreatinitialchallengestoestablishasolidresearchnetworkacrossuniversities,nationalprograms,NGOsandtheprivatesector.Significantresultswereproducedineachcountry,frombasictoappliedresearchandfromproductiontoconsumption.Muchoftheworkwasledbystudents,creatingcapacityforfutureresearchintheregion.

CapacityDevelopment

Ofparticularimportancearetheeffortsallprojectsinvestedingraduatestudenttraining.Morethan70studentsreceivedgraduatedegreesinarangeofdisciplinesrelatedtoagronomy,foodscience,nutritionorpublichealthwithPMILsupport.Atotalof41studentsreceivedmaster’sdegreesand19completeddoctoratedegrees.Ofthosestudents,53studiedatuniversitiesintheirhomecountryorregion,furtherbuildinghighereducationcapacitywithintheiruniversitysystems.Halfofthegraduatestudentswerefemale.Inadditiontolong-termtraining,thePMILprovidedshort-termtrainingto48students.

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ProgramCountries

PMILprimarytargetcountriesareGhana,Haiti,Malawi,MozambiqueandZambia.InadditiontotheprimarycountriesandtheUSA,PMILhasresearchpartnershipsinBurkinaFaso,Ethiopia,India,Kenya,Mali,Niger,Nigeria,SenegalandUganda.

ProgramPartners

PMILworkswithuniversitiesandotherinstitutionslocatedin15USstates(Alabama,California,Connecticut,DistrictofColumbia,Florida,Georgia,Louisiana,Maine,Missouri,Mississippi,NorthCarolina,NewMexico,NewYork,TexasandVirginia)and14foreigncountries(seeabovelist).DetailsonthespecificinstitutionsineachUSstateandforeigncountryareprovidedinAppendixA.

KeyAccomplishmentsandLessons

AdvancesingeneticsThroughtwoprojects,researchershomedinonthegeneticsofaflatoxinresistanceinpeanut.

ReplicatedfieldtrialswereconductedinrainoutsheltersinTifton,Georgia,tocreateconditionsconduciveforaflatoxinaccumulation.Eighthundredinbredlineswerephenotypedforpreharvestaflatoxincontamination,andwhilenonewerecompletelyresistanttocontamination,oneshowedreducedcontaminationinthefieldandclearresistancewhenstoredafterharvest.Thislinewillbefurtherevaluatedtoexplorethepotentialgeneticbasisofaflatoxinresistanceandthepotentialtomovethistraitintocommerciallyviablelines.

Takingadifferentgeneticapproach,usingRNAinterference,ReneeAriasattheNationalPeanutResearchLaboratory(NPRL)inDawson,Georgia,workedtosilencethegeneinAspergillusmoldsthatcreatesaflatoxin,astrategythatnoscientisthadproventobepossible.

WorkingwithresearchersandgraduatestudentsfromseveralAfricancountries,AriasanalyzedthegeneticdiversityoftoxigenicAspergillusspeciesfromEthiopia,Kenya,Malawi,Tanzania,Uganda,ZambiaandtheUS.UnderstandingthegeneticdiversityhelpstobetterdesignthegenesthatareneededforRNAinterferencetowork,andtocreateregion-specificversionsofproductslikeAflasafe,whichworkbyapplyingatoxigenicfungitoacroptooutcompetestrainsthatproduceaflatoxin.

Atthesametime,workthatstartedin2011attheNPRL,wasbroughttofruition,demonstratingthatscientistscansilencetheaflatoxin-synthesisgenesthroughRNAinterferenceandactuallypreventaflatoxinaccumulationinpeanutseedsevenwhentheyareinfectedwithAspergillusflavus.

AdvancesintraditionalbreedingWhileworkinthelabapproachedthepromisetoproducepeanutsmoreresistanttothescourgeofaflatoxin,traditionalbreedingwasusedtodevelopimprovedseedvarietiesandgetthemintothehandsoffarmersacrossseveralAfricannations.Theprogramtargetedbreedingfordiseaseresistance,plentifulyield,high-oleicfattyacidcontent,anddroughttolerance;traitsofinteresttofarmers,processorsandconsumers.Beyondtheevaluationofnewvarieties,theprogramwasalsoabletobuild

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capacityinnationalprogramsforcontinuedresearchandmakelinkagestomarketsandseedsystemstoincreasetheavailabilityandadoptionofimprovedvarietiesandeventuallytoimprovefarmerincome.

NinevarietiesoftheSerenutlinewerecommercializedinUganda,whereaverageon-farmyieldsgrewfrom620kg/hain2010to1000kg/hain2016,withoutaddedinput,simplythroughadoptionofimprovedvarieties.

Thehigh-oleicValenciapeanutvarietyNuMex-01wasreleasedintheUS,whileproposalsweresubmittedforreleaseoftwonewValenciavarietiesinMozambique–onewithhigholeiccontentandanotherwithpartialresistancetoSclerotiniaandleafdiseases–developedthroughalongtermcollaborationbetweenthetwoprograms.

GovernmentsupportandpartnershipsGovernmentsinpartnercountriesarerecognizingtheworkandaccomplishmentsofresearchersandfarmersintheircountries.Forexample,inUganda,groundnutwasnamedapriorityresearchcropforitsimportancetoimprovelivelihood,whileinGhana,theministryofagriculturerecognizedfarmersfortheyieldimprovementstheymadewithPMILinformation.Thefarmers,ninewomenandtwomenfromtheDagombavillageintheDrobonsoDistrictofAshantiregion,begantrainingin2013,takingpartinfarmerfielddaysrunbyPMIL’spartner,theCropsResearchInstitute(CRI)undertheCouncilforScientificandIndustrialResearch(CSIR)inGhana.Thetrainingsessionsareheldeverytwoweeksduringthegrowingseason.Recentevidencealsoshowsapositivespilloverimpacttoothernearbyfarmers.

BreederconsortiumThroughthesupportofPMIL,aconsortiumofnationalprogrampeanutbreedersfromacrossAfricahasbeguntocometogethertoshareknowledgeandgermplasm.TheprogramhasworkedcloselywithDavidOkello,thegroundnutbreederinUganda,whocompletedhiseducationwithsupportfromthePeanutCollaborativeResearchPrograminthe2007-2012cycleandcontinuestobealynchpininthefunctioningoftheconsortium.ThegroupinEastandSouthernAfricacommunicatesregularlyanddevelopsproposalsjointlytotakeadvantageofregionalopportunities.

ProductionpackagesAcrossPMILpartnercountries,researchershaveevaluatedproductionpackagesandarebeginningtoestablishtraingtoolsthathelpfarmersmakedecisionsaboutplantingdateanddensity,weedingpractices,inputsandharvestdatetomaximizethevolumeandqualityoftheharvest.

InGhana,worktocomparefarmerpracticesandimprovedpracticesatthevillagelevelgaveclearresultsabouthowvariousinterventionsworkaloneortogethertoimproveyieldandreducepre-andpost-harvestaflatoxincontamination.

InMalawi,muchofthatworkwasdonebyLydiaMkandawire,anextensionagentwhotookleavefromherjobtopursueamaster’sdegree.Mkandawireshowedintwoyearsoffieldtrialsthatplantingandharvestdatehavealargeimpactonyield,whichmayhelpfarmersreprioritizeactivities,knowingthereisaclearbenefit.Thisresearchalsoshowedthatplantingadenserstandalsopaysoffinharvestsize.Mkandawirequicklyadoptednewpracticesonherownfarm,andbecausesheisanextensionagentandfarmerherself,Mkandawirecaninfluencegrowersinherareadirectly.

UnderstandingeconomicincentivesFarmerseverywherewantthehighestpricefortheircrop,butwhenofferedapremiumtoselllow-aflatoxingroundnutsshortlyafterharvest,manyfarmersinGhanadeclined.Infact,lessthan5%wouldselltwotothreemonthsafterharvest,showingthatcreatingincentivesforfarmerstogrow,dryandselllow-aflatoxingroundnutsmaybemorecomplicatedthanresearcherspreviouslyassumed.

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Thefindingsshowthatwhilesomefarmersselltheircropimmediately,somewereholdingoutforahigherpriceandmanyfarmerswantedtokeeptheircroptosellthroughouttheyearwhentheyneedmoney.Anyprogramthatwantstoaggregatethecropandreducetheriskofaflatoxincontaminationmusttakeintoconsiderationthewaysomefarmersusegroundnutsasatypeofsavings.Thisimportantlessonwillhelpinthefuturetodesignprogramsthatbothservethefarmers’financialinterests,whileprovidingforefficiencyinaggregationandstorage.FoodsafetywithsmallprocessorsResearchprojectsinMalawiandGhanahomedinonthesourcesofcontaminationinlocalpeanutproducts–peanutbutterandflourinMalawi,peanutpasteinGhana–andthroughtrainingoftheproducers,researcherswereabletodemonstrateimprovedqualityofproductsthatcanmeetmarketstandards.

InthecaseofpeanutbutterinMalawi,master’sstudentTchiyiweMoyo-Chunda,evaluatedsamplesonthemarketinMalawiandfoundproblemswithquality,aswellasfecalcoliformandaflatoxincontamination.AftertakingatrainingprogramMoyo-Chundadesignedtoaddressthosequalityandsafetyissues,onelocalprocessorwasabletogaingovernmentaccreditation,launchacommercialbrandofpeanutbutterandpursueaplantoemploymorewomeninthebusiness.

Withgroundnutflour,theresearchofChikondiMagombaandTiwongweLongwehelpedcreateanationalstandardforgroundnutflour,whichisnowinusebytheMalawiBureauofStandards,furthershowingevidenceoftheimportanceofresearchandgovernmentcollaboration.

CapacityBuilding

Throughoutthe2012-2017program,morethan70studentsreceivedgraduatedegreesinarangeofdisciplinesrelatedtoagronomy,foodscience,nutritionorpublichealthwithPMILsupport.Atotalof41studentsreceivedmaster’sdegreesand19completeddoctoratedegrees.Ofthosestudents,53studiedatuniversitiesintheirhomecountryorregion,furtherbuildinghighereducationcapacitywithintheiruniversitysystems.Halfofthegraduatestudentswerefemale.

Inadditiontolong-termtraining,thePMILprovidedshort-termtrainingto48students.WhileallofthesestudentscontributedtoPMIL’sworkinsomeway,theyincludedawidespectrumofdisciplinesandlevelofexpertise–fromEthiopianPhDcandidateAbdiMohammedHansen,whocompletedresearchattheNRPLandreturnedtotakeateachingpositionatHaramayaUniversity,to35HaitianundergraduatestudentswhointernedwithPMILpartnerMeds&FoodforKidsaspartoftheirthesiscompletioninagronomy.

Insomecases,studentswerealreadyworkingprofessionals,givingtheirstudiesmoreimmediateimpact.InMalawi,extensionagentLydiaMkandawiretooktemporaryleavefromhercareertocompleteherdegreeatLilongweUniversityofAgricultureandNaturalResources.

Inothercases,differententitieswithcomplementaryorsimilargoalscametogetherthroughastudent’swork.InMozambique,EduardoMondlaneUniversity(EMU)andtheMinistryofAgriculture’sInstituteofAgriculturalResearch(IIAM)workedtogetherinanewcollaborationthatlikelywillleadtoincreasedopportunitiesforbothinthefuture.Whileworkingtowardamaster’sdegreeinagronomyfundedbyRUFORUMatEMU,studentEmmanuelZuza(whoisMalawian)workedwithIIAMtocollectdatainthisresearchwithyieldandaflatoxincontaminationunderplantingandharvesttimelines.

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ResearchProgramOverviewandStructure

TheFeedtheFutureInnovationLabforCollaborativeResearchonPeanutProductivityandMycotoxinControl(Peanut&MycotoxinInnovationLab,PMIL)aimstoincreasetheproductivityandprofitabilityofpeanutproductionforsmallholderfarmersandtoreducethenegativeimpactsofmycotoxincontaminationalongthevaluechainofpeanutandothercropsinfiveFeedtheFuturecountries–Haiti,Ghana,Malawi,MozambiqueandZambia.Theresearchprogramisorganizedintothreemainthemes:(a)peanutgermplasmdevelopment,(b)mycotoxindetectionandnutritionstudies,and(c)peanutvaluechaininterventionstoincreasequantity,decreasemycotoxincontaminationandenhanceeconomicreturnstosmallholderfarmers.EachprojectiscoordinatedbyaPrincipalInvestigatorlocatedataUSuniversityorUSDA-ARSresearchstation,withcollaboratorsintheUS,oneormoreofthetargetFeedtheFuturecountries,aswellasotherrelevantcountries.Allprojectsstartedinthesecondyear(2014)aftertheawardtotheUniversityofGeorgia,andallbuttwocontinuedtheentirelengthoftheaward(September2017).ProjectB3(AflatoxininPeanutandPeanutProducts:ComparativeStudyonAnalyticalMethodsforDetectionofAflatoxin)wascompletedin2015andprojectB4(RandomizedControlledTrialoftheImpactoftreatingModeratelyMalnourishedWomeninPregnancy)in2016.

ResearchProjectTitle ProjectInvestigator LeadInstitutionA.PeanutGermplasmDevelopmentA1. TranslationalGenomicstoReducePre-harvest

AflatoxinContaminationofPeanutPeggyOzias-Akins UniversityofGeorgia

A2. SilencingofAflatoxinSynthesisthroughRNAInterference(RNAi)inPeanutPlants

ReneeArias USDA-ARSNationalPeanutResearchLaboratory

A3. AnIntegratedGlobalBreedingandGenomicsApproachtoIntensifyingPeanutProductionandQuality

CarlDeom UniversityofGeorgia

B.MycotoxinDetectionandPeanutNutritionalStudiesB1. AflaGogglesforScreeningAflatoxin

ContaminationinMaizeHaiboYao MississippiStateUniversity

B2. DevelopmentandValidationofMethodsforDetectionofMycotoxinsExposureinDriedSpottedBloodSamples

Jia-ShengWang UniversityofGeorgia

B3. AflatoxininPeanutandPeanutProducts:ComparativeStudyonAnalyticalMethodsforDetectionofAflatoxin

KumarMallikarjunan VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversity

B4. RandomizedControlledTrialoftheImpactofTreatingModeratelyMalnourishedWomeninPregnancy

MarkManary WashingtonUniversity-St.Louis

C.PeanutValueChainInterventionsC1. ProductiontoConsumption–Technologiesto

ImprovePeanutProduction,ProcessingandUtilizationinHaiti

GregMacDonald UniversityofFlorida

C2. UsingAppliedResearchandTechnologyTransfertoMinimizeAflatoxinContaminationandIncreaseProduction,QualityandMarketingofPeanutinGhana

DavidJordan NorthCarolinaStateUniversity

C3. ProducerandConsumerInterventionstoDecreasePeanutMycotoxinRiskinGhana

NicholasMagnan UniversityofGeorgia

C4. AflatoxinManagementInterventions,EducationandAnalysisatVariousStepsAlongthePeanutValueChaininMalawi,MozambiqueandZambia

RickBrandenburg NorthCarolinaStateUniversity

C5. ProductivityandProfitabilityGrowthinPeanutProduction:AFarmLevelAnalysisinMalawi,MozambiqueandZambias

BorisBravo-Ureta UniversityofConnecticut

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Thefollowingsectionpresentsthekeyachievementsforeachproject,alongwiththetechnologiesconsideredreadyforscalingupandout,futureresearchneeds,andthelessonslearnedduringtheprojectlife.Summariesofthesewerepresentedonacountrybasisabove.FurtherdetailsontheachievementsareavailableintheannualreportsforthePMILprojectavailableonthePMILwebsite(pmil.caes.uga.edu)andtheUSAIDDigitalExperienceClearinghouse(dec.usaid.gov).

A.PeanutGermplasmDevelopment

ProjectA1.TranslationalGenomicstoReducePre-harvestAflatoxinContaminationofPeanut

Thegoaloftheprojectwastoassociatemolecularvariationwithresistancetopre-harvestaflatoxincontaminationandothertraitsonagenome-widescaleandtobegintoutilizethisinformationinbreedingprograms.Toachievethegoal,bothgenotypingandhighlyreplicatedphenotypingofgeneticresourcesandpopulationsforaflatoxincontaminationwerepursued.Genotypingwithgenome-wideSNP(single-nucleotidepolymorphism)markerswasenabledbypeanutgenomesequenceinformation,bothfromcultivatedtetraploidgenotypesaswellasdiploidprogenitorsofthetetraploid.GeneticpopulationsweredevelopedinIndia,SenegalandtheUSA.PhenotypingwasdoneundercontrolledfieldconditionsinNigeria,Ghana,Mali,SenegalandtheUSA.

Achievements

Phenotypedover800linesofpeanutforpreharvestaflatoxincontaminationinreplicatedfieldtrials.

Eachyear,180-200linesofpeanutwereplantedinreplicatedplotsinrainoutsheltersinTifton,GA,while30-100linesweretestedeachyearatvariousICRISATlocationsinAfrica,andapproximately100introgressionlinesweretestedovermultipleyearsinSenegal.Whilenolinewascompletelyresistanttoaflatoxincontamination,oneline(ICG1471)demonstratingreducedlevelsoffieldcontaminationinAfricaandtheUSandclearpost-harvestresistance(Koranietal.2017).Thislinehasbeenusedforgeneexpressionstudies(Koranietal.submitted)anddevelopmentofabiparentalpopulationthateventuallycanbeusedforstudyinggeneticcomponentsunderlyingthetrait.Thislinealsowasoneof8parentsintheMAGICpopulationdevelopedbyICRISATforwhich3,000MAGIClinesintheF6generationareavailableatICRISATforfurtheryieldevaluation.Twoofthechromosomesegmentsubstitutionlines(CSSL)developedbyCERAASinSenegalalsoshowpromiseforinvitroandfieldresistance,butadditionaltestingwillbenecessarytoconfirmresistance.Genotypedalllinesevaluatedforaflatoxincontaminationusinggenotyping-by-sequencingmethods

andappliedcomputationalmethodstoidentifyallelicdiversity.Genotyping-by-sequencingmethodsweretestedforgenotypingtetraploidArachis;however,accuratelyidentifyingsinglenucleotidepolymorphisms(SNPs)withlowsequencecoveragefromthesecomplexpolyploidswasproblematic.Therefore,emphasiswasplacedondesigningaSNParray.ICRISATselectedtheAffymetrixplatformandUGAprovidedthegenomeskimsequencefrommultipleaccessionsandcomputationalexpertisetodesignanAffymetrixAxiom_Arachis1array.Thisarraywasextensivelyusedtocharacterizediploid,tetraploidandintrogressionlinesrelevanttotheproject.ItresultedinempiricaldatathatwereusedbyUGAwithmachinelearningtoolstodevelopmorerobustcomputationalmethodsforcallingSNPsfromtetraploidpeanut.TheAxiom_Arachis2arraydesignedneartheendoftheprojectwastestedwithprojectmaterialsandshowntodoubletheoutputofpolymorphicSNPsfortetraploids.

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Appliedstatisticalmethodstotestforsignificantassociationsbetweengenomicregionsand

preharvestaflatoxincontaminationandothertraitsofinterest.Althoughavarietyofstatisticalmethodshavebeenappliedtotestforassociationswithspecificloci,thedatasufferfrom1)naturalvariationinaflatoxincontaminationinspiteofattemptstocontrolenvironmentalconditionstotheextentpossible,and2)infrastructureandresourcestoperformlarge-scaletestingofpopulationsovermultipleyears.Nostatisticallysignificantassociationsweredetectedforfield-grownmaterialsalthoughinvitroresultscoulddetectgenotypicdifferencesandpotentiallycouldbeusedacrosspopulationstoidentifygeneticcomponents.Applyingstatisticalmethodstogeneexpressionprofilingofsinglecontaminatedoruncontaminatedseedsbothpre-andpost-harvestincreasedknowledgeofpathwaysandgenenetworksthatmaybeinvolvedinaflatoxincontamination(Clevengeretal.2016;Koranietal.2017submitted)andwillbeinformativefordevelopingtestablehypothesesforgeneaction.Developedbreedingtoolsbasedontheaboveresearchresultsanddisseminatedinformationon

implementationofdiscoveriesforbreedingtoprogramsinFeedtheFuturecountriesthrough

workshopsandtrainingopportunities.Whilenoreducedaflatoxincontaminationquantitativetraitlociwerediscoveredasyet,thegenotypingarray,designedandtestedwithUSandAfricanbreedingmaterialsaswellasinterspecifichybridpopulations,isalreadyprovingtobevaluableforestablishingmarkerassociationswithothertraits,particularlydiseaseresistances.Africanbreedersareawareofthecurrentstatusandareeagertotestthediversityoftheirgeneticmaterialsusingthisgenotypingresource.

TechnologiesforFurtherScalingandAdoption

• SNPsequencesareavailableinthearraypublication.• AffymetrixAxiom_Arachis2arrayisnowcommerciallyavailableatthesamenegotiatedrateas

forthisproject.TheglobalpeanutcommunityatlargeisbeginningtousetheAffymetrixAxiom_Arachis2array.

• ExtensiveanalysisoftheCSSLpopulationbypeanutresearchersgloballyinpartnershipwithISRA/CERAAS.

FutureResearchNeedsandPriorities

• ExtensivegenotypingofglobalpeanutgermplasmusingthelatestAffymetrixAxiom_Arachis2arrayandmakingthedatapubliclyavailablewouldenabletheapplicationofgenomicinformationinpeanutgeneticsandbreeding.

• Designandimplementationofphenotypingofalargearrayofmaterialsfornumeroustraitswouldprovidethenecessarytrait-markerassociationsrequiredforbreedingapplications.

• Continuoustrainingandsupporttobreedingprogramsgloballyintheuseofgenomicinformationandhigh-throughputphenotypingtechnologieswouldenablebreederstoacceleratethedevelopmentofimprovedvarieties.

LessonsLearnedandChangesMadeinProjectObjectives

• TheuseofGBSincultivatedpeanutgermplasmisnotascost-effectiveorhigh-yieldingasarraygenotypinggiventhelowlevelofSNPpolymorphismsthatcanbedetectedevenwithanimprovedSNPcallingpipelineandtheamountofmissingdataencountered.

• Phenotypingforaflatoxincontaminationishighlysusceptibletotype-IIerrororidentifyingalineasresistantbecauseitescapedcontamination.Althoughweapplypressure(inoculation,drought,heat)tominimizeescapes,contaminationremainshighlyvariable,makinggenotypicassociationsdifficultwithoutnumerousyearsofphenotypingdata.

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• Somepeanutbreedersareeagertoembracenewgenomictechnologies,butthereisagapbetweenthegenerationofgenome-widedataspecifictoeachbreedingprogramandapplicationofgenotypingdatatoselectionforimprovedcultivars.Thebestwaytoaddressthisgap(existsforUSaswellasdevelopingcountrybreeders)needstobediscussed.

ProjectA2.SilencingofAflatoxinSynthesisthroughRNAInterference(RNAi)inPeanutPlants

TheoverallgoalofthisprojectistouseRNAinterference(RNAi)toreduceaflatoxincontaminationofpeanutseeds.Theresearchhastwomainobjectives,1)developRNAinterference(RNAi)technologytoreduce/eliminateaflatoxinaccumulationinpeanut(mainlyfundedbyFeedtheFuture-NBCRI);and2)analyzethegeneticdiversityofaflatoxigenicAspergillusspeciesinsub-SaharanAfricancountries(Ethiopia,Kenya,Malawi,Tanzania,UgandaandZambia)andtheUSA,thatwillallowadaptingtheRNAitechnologytoeachgeographicarea(mainlyfundedbyPMIL).Thefirstobjectiveisthemostchallenging:first,becauseithadneverbeendemonstratedthatRNAiproducedinaplant,couldsilenceaflatoxin-synthesisgenesinthefungusAspergillus;andsecond,becausethetechnologytoprovethisconcept,includinghowtotestitseffectivenesswithoutperformingextensiveandmulti-yearfieldtrials,hadtobedevelopedwithinthisproject.Thesecondobjective,thoughapparentlystraightforward,requireddevelopingadequatemoleculartoolsforthework.Thesetoolshadtobeeffective,doableatareasonablecost,andinadditiontheyrequiredlogistics,permitsandresearchagreementsforworkthatextendedacrossmanycountries.OncetheproofofconceptintheuseofRNAiagainstaflatoxinisdemonstrated,andthepredominantgenotypesofaflatoxigenicAspergillusareidentifiedineachgeographicarea,thetechnologywillbetransferredtoandadaptedforeachregion.

Achievements

Establishedsingleseedassayformeasuringaflatoxincontaminationinpeanut.Amethodwasdevelopedandpublishedforthesingle-peanut-seedchallengingandaflatoxinanalysisbyultra-highperformance-liquidchromatography(UHPLC)evaluatestheeffectivenessofRNAi(RNAinterference)topreventaflatoxinaccumulationonRNAi-transformedseeds.ThemethodwasrecentlyusedforaresearchgroupinIndia(Kumaretal.2017)totesttheirRNAi-transformedpeanuts.

ProducedfirsttransgenicpeanutscontainingRNAigenesthatreducedaflatoxincontamination.Underthisproject,workonRNAitechnologytocontrolaflatoxinsinpeanutthathadstartedin2011attheNPRLwasbroughttofruition,demonstratingthatexpressionofRNAifragmentsinpeanutplantstosilenceaflatoxin-synthesisgenes,canactuallypreventaflatoxinaccumulationinpeanutseedsuponinfectionwithAspergillusflavus.

CharacterizedsmallRNAsproducedinpeanuts.InadditiontodemonstratingRNAi-mediatedpreventionofaflatoxinaccumulationinpeanuts,thegroupbegantocharacterizeandpublishthetypeofsmallRNAsproducedinpeanutplants.Thesefindingshavealsosubmittedforpublication.

DevelopedaworkflowforstudyingtheAspergilluspopulationgenetics.WorkattheNPRLallowedforthefastdevelopmentofa“workflow”inthepopulationgeneticsofAspergillus,thefungiresponsiblefortheaccumulationofaflatoxinsinseeds.Theworkflowisnowpublished,andusesthegeneticfingerprintingofhundredsofAspergillusisolatesusinginsertion/deletion(InDel)markers,andthemostabundantgenotyperepresentativeswereselectedforwhole-genomesequencing.ThesequencinginformationcanbeusedtodesignmoreeffectiveRNAi-targetedsequencestocontrolaflatoxinaccumulationonspecificgeographicareas.Thisworkflow,initiallydevelopedusingsamplesfromUSA,hasnowbeenappliedtosamplesfromEthiopia,andtheworkwassubmittedforpublication.

PMILFinalReport

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• Themethodofsingle-seedchallengeandanalysisbyUHPLCtodeterminesusceptibilitytoaflatoxinaccumulationhasbeenvalidated.Wehaveappliedthistechnologytoseedsofwildpeanutspecies,andthemanuscriptwassubmittedforpublication.

• Theworkflowforthestudyofgenetic-diversityofaflatoxigenicandnon-aflatoxigenicAspergillusisolateshasbeenpublishedandcanbeusedbyresearcherstobetterunderstandthisdiversityanditsimpact.

• Themolecularconstructsharboringfragmentsofaflatoxin-synthesisgenesofAspergillusweredescribedandthesefragmentscanbeintroducedintoplantsasawayofvaccinationagainstaflatoxinaccumulation.


• Furtherstudyandunderstandingisneededonthegeneration,persistence,movementandconcentrationofsmallRNAsbeingproducedinsidepeanutplants.

• ThedevelopmentofRNAi-transformationincountriesthatareGMO(genetically-modifiedorganism)-friendlyshouldbecontinuedinordertoprovide“safer”peanutseedsforhumanconsumption.ThisworkwillcontinueincollaborationbetweenNPRLandKenyattaUniversity,Kenya,beyondtheterminationofthePMILproject.

• The“workflow”forgeneticdiversityofAspergillusshouldbeappliedtoareasoftheworldwhereaflatoxincontaminationisahealththreat.


• Thereisagreatneedforthetransferofskills,fromsimpletechnologiestohelpfarmersinSub-SaharaAfricancountries,tocurrentlaboratorytoolstobuildthenextgenerationofscientistsinthosecountries.

• Investingevenshorttimeinprovidingtrainingtoforeignstudentscanhaveasignificantimpactintheircareersandtheircountries.AbdiMohammedHassan,thePhDstudentwhoreceivedtrainingatUSDA-ARSNPRL,Dawson,GA,hasnowbeenhiredbyHaramayaUniversity,EthiopiaasanAssistantProfessor.

ProjectA3.AnIntegratedGlobalBreedingandGenomicsApproachtoIntensifyingPeanut

ProductionandQuality

Theoverallgoalofthisprojectwastouseconventionalandmolecularbreedingtoenhancetheproductivity,qualityandmarketabilityofpeanutintheUSandFeedtheFuturetargetcountries.Theresearchfocusedonintensifyingthebioticresistance,abiotictoleranceandqualityaspectsofpeanutvarietiesthroughpartnershipsbetweenUSandtargetcountrybreedingprograms.Bioticstressesincluderesistancetoeconomicallyimportantpathogensandpests,suchasleafspots,groundnutrosetteandgroundnutleafminer,whiletheprimaryabioticstressaddressedwasdrought,throughtoleranceandavoidance,traitsthatfactorsintomitigatingaflatoxincontamination.Thebreedingprogramsalsofocusedonvalueaddedtraits,includinghigholeicfattyacidcontent(nutritionandshelf-life),increasedmicronutrientdensity(ironandzinc),highoilcontent(cookingoilandpaste/butter)andlargeseeds(ediblemarket).Outreachprogramswereusedtostresstechnologytransferandthevalueofnewcultivarsandconsiderationsforutilizingappropriatecrop-managementstrategies.Considerableresourcesweredirectedtohostcountriesforcapacitybuilding,includingstudenttraining,continuingeducationforlocalscientistsandlimitedinfrastructureimprovements.Asadvancedvarietiesbecame

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available,theyweredistributedtootherPMILtargetcountrycollaboratorsandPMILvaluechainprojectsforevaluationaswellasotherdevelopingcountriesthatrequestthematerial.

Theoutcomesoftheresearchincludedincreasedyieldsandincreasedqualityofnewcultivars.Secondarybenefitsincludedimprovedpeanutvaluechains,increasedfoodsecurity,betternutritionalanddietaryoutcomesandincreasedincomethroughoutPMILtargetcountriesaswellasotherdevelopingcountries.Capacitybuildingresultedinincreasedin-countryknowledge,expertiseandimprovedinfrastructure,buildingafoundationtocontinueimprovingpeanutyieldsandquality.

Achievements

TheresearchinthisprojectwasconductedprimarilyascollaborationsbetweenthenationalbreedingprograminatargetcountryandaUSbreedingprogram.Effortsweremadetoestablishregionalapproachestobreeding,andtoencouragesharingofgermplasm,knowledgeandtechnologies.BurkinaFaso(withTexasA&M)

• Submittedaproposalforreleaseoftwoleafspotresistantpeanutvarieties,oneerect,onerunnerfrompopulationsbeguninTexas.ThevarietiesarenamedBFNagouri1andBFNagouri2,andaresignificantlymoreresistantandhavehigheryieldsthanthecheckvarieties.

• Severalleafspot-resistantlinessuppliedbyICRISATyieldedmorethan2metrictonsperhectare.GRD-resistantmaterialsdidnotyieldwell,andweresusceptibletoleafspot.

• Asix-parentdiallelcrosswasevaluatedinthefield.ParentswerealsoevaluatedindetailforphenotypeandforSNPdifferences.

• Approximately200high-oleicSpanishlinesdevelopedinTexasfromahigh-oleicTexasSpanishvarietyandaleafspot-resistantGhanaianvarietyarebeingmultipliedpriortotesting.

• EvaluatedICRISATdroughtandaflatoxintolerantlinesandUSpeanutminicoreaccessionsininitialfieldtrials.Severalaccessionshavebeenpromisinginindividualtests,butcombinedanalysisofdataacrossyearsisneededtodetermineifthereareanyconsistentdifferenceswarrantingarelease.

• Conductedfielddaystointroduceadvancedbreedinglinestofarmers,particularlywomenfarmerswhoareparticipatinginplantingandobservationofbreedinglines.Varietiescurrentlybeingreleasedwerepreferredbywomenwhoexaminedtheplots.

Ghana(withTexasA&M)

• Compiledadossierrequiredforreleaseoftwoleafspot-resistantpeanutvarieties,oneofwhichishigholeic,andonepeanutlinewithresistancetoaflatoxincontamination,developedoriginallybyICRISAT.

• Severalleafspot-resistantlinessuppliedbyICRISATyieldedmorethan2tonsperhectare.Furtherevaluationisneededtodeterminewhetheranylinescanbereleasedasnewvarieties.

• Approximately200higholeicSpanishlinesdevelopedinTexasfromahigh-oleicTexasSpanishvarietyandaleafspot-resistantGhanaianvarietyweremultipliedinGhanaandarenowavailableforfieldtrials.

• Conducteddemonstrationplotsateightsitesreachingmorethan700farmers,tointroduceleafspot-resistantvarietiesandadvancedbreedinglines.

PMILFinalReport

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Haiti

• CollaboratingresearchersatUniversityofFloridaidentified15high-yieldingBolivianlandraceswithELSresistance.

• Trainedthenewin-countryplantbreeder,Dr.RaphaelColbert,andtransferred40breedinglinesand15BolivianlinestoDr.Colbertfortestingandselection.Dr.Colberthaspreviouslyworkedprimarilyoncommonbeans,butheandhisteamnowhaveprovenexperienceingeneratingqualitydatatoevaluatepeanutlinesinHaitiandareintegratingwiththeValueChainresearchteam.

Malawi(withICRISAT)

• Evaluatedadvanced lines inparticipatory variety selections,whichwill assist in the releaseofdrought-tolerantlinesinMalawi.SomeoftheNewMexicoStateUniversitylineswithhigholeicratiosshowagreatpotentialforreleaseinMalawiaswell.

• Trained30researchtechniciansandextensionstaffongroundnutproductionandresearch.• Producedanddistributedextensioncircularsforthesevennewlyreleasedgroundnutvarieties,

ChitedzeGroundnut (CG) 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14. Seed for these varietieswasmultipliedunderpartnershipwithaprivatesectorseedproducer.

• Developednewpartnershipswithprivateseedcompaniesandotherindustriesinthegroundnutvaluechaintoincreaseavailabilityofimprovedvarietiesandgatherfeedbackonmarketpreferences.

Mozambique(withNewMexicoStateUniversity)

• OnehigholeicValenciapeanutvarietyNuMex-01wasreleasedin2014inUSA.• Proposals were submitted for release of two Valencia peanut accessions as new varieties in

Mozambique,onewithhigholeiccontentandanotherwithpartialresistancetoSclerotiniaandleafdiseases.

• Phenotyped twomapping populations (Valencia C × ICGV 7243 and Valencia C × JUG 03) fortraits associated with drought tolerance at the ICRISAT Lysimetric facility in India. BothpopulationswerealsogenotypedusingtheAffymetrixAxiom_Arachis2array.

• Phenotypedrecombinantinbredlines,predominantlywithValenciacharacteristics,forthehigholeictraitandvalidatedtheselinesusingtwoSNPsassociatedwithhigholeictraitinpeanut.

• TwograduatestudentsfromMozambiquecompletedtheirmaster’sdegreeinplantbreedingatKhonKaenUniversity,Thailand,underapreviouscollaboratorofthePeanutCRSPprogram.

Uganda(withUniversityofGeorgia)

• Released9varieties(Serenuts6-14)withvariousmarketandagronomictraits,arenowcommercializedinUganda.

• Fourpopularlandraces(Acholiwhite,Erudurudu,Gwerinut,Igola)werecrossedforimprovedresistancetraitsandyieldandarebeingre-introducedtothecommunitiesforevaluationandtestednationwideforpossiblecountrywideadoptionandrelease.

• Fourlines(SGV0023,SGV002,SGV0053,SGV0084)havebeendevelopedwithgroundnutleafminertolerance.Agroundnutleafminerbrochurewaspreparedandover2000copiesprintedanddistributed.Arelatedposterwasalsopreparedandprintedandwasdisplayedduringfairs,showsandtrainings.

• Over100breedinglineswithresistancetomultiplepestsanddiseasesweredeveloped.• SharedgermplasmwithNARSinBurkinaFaso,Ethiopia,Ghana,Haiti,Malawi,Mozambique,

Senegal,SouthSudan,USA,andZambia.

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• AssistedwithcapacitydevelopmentofgroundnutbreedingprogramsthroughtrainingandcrossingofbreedinglinesfromZambia,SouthSudanandNewMexicoStateUniversityforGroundnutRosetteDisease(GRD)resistance,yields,maturity(earlytomedium)anddrought.

• HelpedestablishthecapacityforgroundnutvarietyimprovementinSouthSudanthroughsuccessfullytrainingaMScgraduatestudent,whoisnowthegroundnutbreederforthenationalprogram.SevenvarietiesweredevelopedforSouthSudanbycrossinglocalvarietieswithimprovedvarietieswithtraitsforGRDandleafspotresistanceandshorttomediummaturitywithhighyield.

• Renovatedhybridizationunit(greenhouses)whichhadbeendilapidatedsince1974• Smallirrigationfacility(4hectares)installedatNaSARRItoaidearlygenerationseed

multiplicationandfacilitatedroughtphenotyping• Over50,000farmerstrainedwithbeneficialmultipliereffectstonearbycommunities• Over30,000disseminationmaterials(factsheets,brochures,books/manuals,pocketfolders,

pull-upbanners,documentaries,andcartoonanimations)produced,printedanddistributedduringtraining,fielddays,andagriculturalshows.

Zambia(withICRISAT)

• Acquired35GRDresistantlinesfromUgandaprogramfortestingandpotentialreleaseinZambia.

• AcquiredsixhigholeicvarietiesfromNewMexicoStateUniversityand13nutrient-densevarieties(Zn,Fe)fromICRISATwhicharebeingevaluatedandusedtodeveloplocallyadoptedvarieties.

• TwoGRD-resistantvarietiessubmittedtovarietyreleasecommitteefortestingandrelease.• AphidrearingandscreenhouserenovatedatMsekeraResearchStation.• LocallandracevarietiessenttoUgandatocrosswithGRD-resistantvarietiesandarenowatF2

stage.• 76leadfarmers(24womenand52men)trainedingroundnutproduction;10extension(five

womenandfivemen)workerstrainedinselectedagriculturecamps;337womenand443mencontactedduringon-farmfielddaysattheFarmerTrainingCenter,and531womenand1142menaton-stationfielddays.

• Over6000informationalmaterials(brochures,posters,etc.)printedinthelocallanguageanddistributedtofarmersandotherstakeholders.

Texas

• CompletedthedevelopmentofSpanishpopulationstocombinedroughttoleranceandhigholeicfattyacidcontent,andlargeseedsandhigholeicfattyacidcontent.

• Introducedallelesforhighoilcontent(morethan60%totaloilcontent)fromwildspecies.FiveBC2hybridsarebeingseedincreasedforevaluationofoilcontentandqualityandbackcrossesmadewiththesefivelinestoahighyieldingcultivatedline.

• Proposalacceptedforthereleaseofahigh-oleicValenciavarietyinTexas.Thevariety,TAMValOL,out-yieldedthestandardValenciacheckvariety,NewMexicoValenciaC,by25%inextensiontrials,andearnedanestimatedadditional$82peracre.

• SSRmarkersforfieldresponseandyieldwereidentifiedusingtheUSminicorecollection.SixSSRswerevalidatedforyieldintwoF2populations.SSR-basedQTLsforresistancetoELS,LLS,andrustwereidentified.KASP-basedmarkersweredevelopedforthehigholeictraitandarebeingusedforselection.

PMILFinalReport

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• 31QTLsfordomestication-relatedtraitswereidentifiedinanA-genomediploidpopulation.QTLanalysisunderwayoftheBC3F6TxAG-6xFlorunnerpopulationusingleafspotandrustdataTexas,BurkinaFasoandGhana

• TheICRISATminicorewasreleasedfromquarantineandselectedlinesincreased.


Ghana

• NewlyreleasedhigholeicSpanishvariety

Malawi

• ThenewCGreleaseshavebeenmultipliedsufficientlyforlarge-scaleseedproductionandevaluationinfarmertrials.

Mozambique

• TwonewreleasesofValenciapeanutsareregisteredwithIIAM.• Large-scaleseedmultiplicationoftwoValencialines,309-Redand309-Tan,areunderwayat

Namaparesearchstation.• Advancedbreedinglinesarereadyforparticipatoryevaluationbyfarmers.

Uganda

• Twoimprovedpeanutlinesalreadyreleasedandfourmorepreparedforreleasein2018.• Fourgroundnutleafminertolerantlineswithhighyieldsreadyfortestingatmultiplelocations.• Disseminationmaterialsdeveloped(books,flyers,brochures,animations)canbesharedand

adoptedwithinandoutsideUganda.Zambia• Doublerowplantingat60cmspacingbetweenridgesshouldbepromotedforfarmers.• ICGVSM01711isreadyforfurtherseedproductionandadoptionbyfarmers.


GhanaandBurkinaFaso

• PrioritytraitsforselectioninWestAfricaincludeyield,resistancetoleafspots,tolerancetodrought,andincorporationofhigholeicfattyacidcontent.

• Increasedincorporationofmarkersintoselectionprograms.• Provisionofneededfacilitiesandequipment,includingimprovedstoragefacilitiestoprevent

lossesfrominsectsandrodents,greenhousefacilities,andvehiclestoreplacecurrentonesastheywearout.

• Provisionofequipmentforperformingfieldresponsestowaterdeficitstress.• IncorporationofSenegalintothebreedingprogram.Senegalwasoriginallypartoftheproject,

butwasdroppedduetoreducedfundingavailability.Haiti

• Fieldtrialsindicatedthatintroducedimprovedvarietieshaveagreatpotentialtoreducetheyieldgapoverthelocallandraces,however,traitsofthelocallandraces(marketacceptance,seedvigor,yieldconsistency,shortduration)suggestthatcrossingforimprovedtraitsmayalsobeanappropriatestrategy.

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Malawi

• Morehighyieldingvarietieswithtraitspreferredbymarkets(zinc,higholeiccontent,totaloilcontent,confectionarynuts)

• Thereisneedtostrengthenfurthertheseedsystemsfrombreedertoconsumers/farmers.• StrengtheningcapacityoftheDARS–intermsofstoragefacilitiesforseed,irrigationfacilities,

trainingoftechniciansinvolvedinbreeding.Seedsystemsneedstobestrengthenedbylinkingbreeders,seedproducers,manufacturersandallstakeholdersforanincreasedgroundnutproductivity.

Mozambique

• Continuegeneratingnewbreedingpopulationsandadvancedvarietiesadaptedtolocalconditions,combininghigholeic,droughttolerance,andresistancetorosetteandlateleafspotinSpanish/Virginiabunchbotanicaltypes.

• ContinuephenotypingoftwoRILs(ValenciaC×Jug03andValenciaC×ICG7243)undermanagedstresstrialsatICRISATPatancheru,India,Texas,USA,andunderrain-fedconditionsinMozambique.

• IdentificationandvalidationofSNPsandQTLsassociatedwithdroughttoleranceandintegratemarker-assistedbreedingtoselectforenhanceddroughttolerance.

• IdentifygeneticallydiverseandagronomicallybeneficialGRDresistantgermplasmlinesforuseinbreedingandgenomicsofpeanut.

Uganda

• Climatesmartresearch:drought(phenotyping,genotyping,remotesensingandimagery),maturityandhighyields.

• AflatoxinResearch:awareness,mitigations.• Nematologyresearch:speciesdiversity,resistancebreeding(conventionalandmolecular).• Specialtygroundnutsandproducts:higholeicresearch,nutrientdensegroundnuts(Iron,Zinc),

confectionerytypes.• Supportformolecularbreeding:markersfortraits,breedingmanagementsoftware,accessto

genomictechnologies.• Seedsystems:EarlygenerationseedsmultiplicationtosupplytheQualityDeclaredSeedsand

grainmarkets,localseedproductionstrategies• GermplasmsharingwithNARsandCGIARsacrosstheregion.• Capacitybuilding:Humancapacity(inalldisciplines),Infrastructure(Irrigation,Coldstorage,

Screenhouses,Glasshouses,Incubationhubs,Transport).

Zambia

• Massive new variety promotions though demos and media adverts. • Intensiveseedmultiplicationprogramtomakeseedavailabletostakeholders.• Startofcommunityseedbankprogramtohelppopularizeanddistributenewvarietiesto

farmers.• Glasshousehouseandcoldroomconstructiontohelpwithbreedingprogram.• Createmarketlinkagesforfarmers.

PMILFinalReport

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Ghana/BurkinaFaso

• DevelopingSpanishhigh-oleicpopulationsrequiresunusuallylargepopulationsbecauseofthetwo-generecessivenatureofthehigholeictrait.Effectively,wehavehadtoselecthigh-andmid-oleicF2seeds,andperformfurtherselectionintheF3generation,andincreasetotheF4generation.

• Seedtransferforoilormarkeranalysisisrelativelyeasy.QuarantineisnotneededtoimportcrushedseedorseedchipsintotheUSforoilormarkeranalysis.

• Jointregionalmeetingsofco-PIsisbeneficialforexchangingideasandmaterials,andenhancingcollaborations.

• Improvedstorageandgreenhousefacilitiesareneededtopreventlossofmaterialsfromrodentsandinsects.

• Fasterturnaroundofsub-awardsisneededtoavoidfundinglossduetounspentfunds.Also,thereisaneedforeducationofuniversitygrantsofficesinwhatUSAIDdoesanddoesnotrequire,toavoidunnecessarypaperworkordelays,avoidingerrorsinwiretransferoffunds,orincomplexbudgetingforawards.

Haiti

• TheenvironmentalvariabilitypresentedbythevariouslocalitiesinHaitimakesbreedingandselectionoutsideofHaitimuchlesseffectivethanin-countrybreedingandselection.

• Valenciapeanutsarepreferredoverlong-durationvarietiesbecausetheirshortgrowingseasonallowsfordoublecroppinginasinglerainyseason.Thishelpsthegrowerstogetpaidtwice,evenwithloweryields,andreducestheirriskoftotalcropfailurewhilewaitingforthelongerdurationvarietiestomature.

Malawi

• TheprojectassistedinstrengtheningtheMalawi’sgroundnutimprovementprogrambeingableto conduct trials, seedmultiplications, demonstrations and field days, and also in facilitatingcollaborationwith other scientists and sharing of germplasm. Potential genotypes for releasehavebeenidentifiedandsomewillalsobeusedinbreedingprograms.However,informationontraitsneededbyfarmersandtheirmarketsneedstobesourcedbeforeabreedingprogramisinitiatedforsuccessfuladoptionofdevelopedvarieties.InMalawi,on-farmdemonstrationsandparticipatoryvarietyselectionshavehelpedtogivefeedbacktoscientistsonwhattofocuson.Involvement of the private sector has also been very crucial in further strengthening varietaldevelopmentandprovisionofearlygenerationseed.

• InMalawi,onethemostcommonvarietiesgrownisCG7whichwasreleased in1990butstillgainingpopularitythoughflawed(notresistanttoGRD).Thereareseveralnewvarietieswhichhaverecentlybeenreleasedandsomearecurrentlyattheofthepipelineforrelease.Although,farmeradoptionofnewvarietiesisaslowprocessitcanbeenhancedbyinvolvingfarmersandall other stakeholders in the groundnut value chain through the process from cultivardevelopmenttothemarkets.

Mozambique

• Farmer-preferredtraitssuchaseaseinharvestandshellingneedstobeincorporatedinnewvarieties.

• GRDresistanceandresistancetosoil-bornediseasesisamustforthesuccessofValenciapeanutsinMozambique.

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Uganda

• FarmerParticipatoryVarietySelection(FPVS)havebeeninstrumentalforidentificationandadoptionofnewvarietiesbyfarmers.

• Limitedcommercialperspectiveofgroundnutsseedhinderslargescaleparticipationofprivatesectorseedcompanies.

• Strengthenedinfrastructureandhumancapacitiescriticalforgenerationofaccuratedataandresearchsuccess.

• InvolvementofNGOsandtheprivatesectorincreasesadoptionandcommercializationofgroundnuttechnologies.

• Collaborativeresearchwhichisalignedtoexistinggovernmentprogramsaidsimplementationandgeneratesmoresuccess.SharingofmaterialsandexperiencesamongNARSandtheirscientistsiskeyinvarietaldevelopment.Weexperiencedthiswhenwehosted6BreedersinUganda.

• Linkageswithotherstakeholders:weformedamulti-stakeholderplatformcomprisingofmajorstakeholderingroundnutsresearchandDevelopmentvaluechain.Theplatformishelpingusdoananalysisonpartnership,seeddemand,supplyandmarketintelligence.

• Leveragingoffundsfromotherdevelopmentpartners:ThisprovedtobesustainableassomearecomplementaryandcontinuefromwhereAGRAfundingending.SuchfundinginitiativeincludesTropicalLegumeIIIandPeanutMycotoxinInnovationLaboftheUSAID

Zambia

• Improvedseedavailabilitystillremainsabigchallengeingroundnuts.• Farmers’linktomarketsisnotwelldevelopedorformalized.• Awarenessprogramsshouldbeintensifiedonaflatoxinanditsmitigationmeasures.• Needtoidentifymorepartnersintheseedbusinesstohelpwithuptakeofnewtechnologies.

B.MycotoxinDetectionandPeanutNutritionalStudies

ProjectB1.AflaGogglesforScreeningAflatoxinContaminationinMaize

Aflatoxincontaminationinmaizeandpeanutisamajorfoodsafetyissueworldwide.TheproblemisofspecialimportanceinAfricancountriesbecausethesecrops,amongothers,arestaplefoods.Aprimarylimitationtocontrollingingestionofcontaminatedfoodinthesecountriesisthelackofaffordableandfeasiblemethodsforfarmersonsmallvillagefarmstoscreenforaflatoxincontamination.Duetothehighcostassociatedwithanyexistingaflatoxindetectionmethodsandtheneedforsampleprocessinganddetection,thereisanurgentneedtodevelopportable,rapid,andnon-destructivetechnologyforaflatoxindetectioninmaizeandpeanutforthesefarmers.Therefore,thegoaloftheprojectwastodevelopportable,fluorescencespectral-basedtechnologyforrapidandnon-destructiveaflatoxindetectioninmaize,andpossiblypeanut.Twoprototypedetectiondevicesforthispurposeweredevelopedduringtheproject.

Achievements

Twoportabledevicesweredeveloped:(1)alow-cost,imagesensorbasedfluorescenceimagingprototype,and(2)ahumanvisionbasedgogglesprototypeforaflatoxindetection.

PMILFinalReport

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Amajoreffortinthedesignofthelowcostimagingsensorprototype(Figure1)wasthedevelopmentoftheAndroidapp(AFsort).ThefunctionsoftheAFsortare1)totakefluorescenceimages,2)toprocessimageforcontaminationdetection,and3)todisplaytheresults.Theblueandgreenbandsintheimagewereusedinthedetectionalgorithm.Thesampletraycanhandle50gramsofmaizekernels.Theoperationprocedurewasdefinedasasortingprocess.Inthisapproach,asamplewasfirstimagedtoidentifycontaminatedkernels.Theidentifiedkernelswerethensortedoutfromtherestofthe(clean)sample.Toevaluatetheresults,bothpartsofthesamesample,contaminatedandclean,werechemicallyanalyzedtodeterminetheaflatoxinconcentrations.ThechemicalanalysisincludedfluorometryandtheAflaTestimmuno-affinitycolumnsfromVICAM.

Theprototypeportableaflatoxincontaminationdetectiondeviceemploysatabletforfluorescence-imagingmaizesamplesexcitedwithabuilt-inhighpowerUVLEDarray.Thedevelopmentandtestingoftheimagingsensorbasedprototypehasbeenfinalized.Theverificationexperimentsemployedsilk-inoculatedmaizekernelsthatmimicnaturalfieldaflatoxincontamination.Thecleanedsampleshadameanaflatoxinequalto1.2ppb(parts-per-billion).Asacomparison,thesortedcontaminatedmaizekernelshadameanaflatoxinof62ppb.Theimagesensorbaseddevicewouldbesuitableforuseinagraininspectionfacility,aggregationor“buyingpoint”orgrainmillindevelopedaswellasdevelopingcountries.Forthegoggleprototype,theprojectteamcreatedasmallUVLED(365nm)arraythatfitsinagoggleenclosure.TheUVLEDarrayispoweredbyarechargeablebatterypack.Asinglelayerofmaizekernelscanbeloadedintoasampletray.Thesampletraywithapproximately33-grammaizekernelcapacitycanbeinsertedintothegoggleenclosureforsampleinspection(Figure2).AUVblockingfilmwasusedforviewerprotection.Thegoggleprototypewascompletedin2017.

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AflaGogglesprototypeusesabuilt-inUVLEDarraypoweredbyarechargeablebatterypack.Thegogglecanbeusedtoinspectasampleandscreenforaflatoxin.Thegoggleprototypeisstillbeingtestedandevaluated.Theinitialresultsshowedinconsistentdetection,therefore,theresearchandtestingwillcontinuefortheforeseeablefutureinordertofurtherimprovethedetectionaccuracy.ThegoggleprototypeemployshumanvisiontodetectcontaminatedkernelsunderUV.Becausethisdeviceisnotassensitiveastheimagesensorbaseddevice,themostappropriateuseforthisdevicewouldbeasaquickcheckformoldcontaminationandsuitabilityforhumanconsumption,mainlyindevelopingcountries.


TheprototypeinspectiondevicewithUVfluorescenceimaginghasgeneratedencouragingresultsinsortingoutcontaminatedmaizekernelsandgreatlyreducingtheoverallaflatoxincontaminationlevelsinthecleanedmaizestock.Therecommendationistousethisapproachasalow-costmethodformaizecleaningindevelopingcountries.Theplanistoscaleupthetechnologywithanimprovedprocessingcapacity.MississippiStateUniversity(MSU)hassignedacollaborativeagreementwithanindustrypartner,SecureFoodSolutions(SFS)fromMemphis,TNforcommercializingtherapidaflatoxindetectiontechnology.Athree-wayCooperativeResearchandDevelopmentAgreement(CRADA)includingMississippiStateUniversity,USDA,andSFSwasalsoestablishedforcontinuingthisresearchanddevelopmenteffort.Thecurrentjointeffortistoworkonanapproachtoscaleuptheinspectioncapacityandtorefinetheprocedurefortesting.Initialfundinghasbeensecuredforthenewdevelopmentin2018.Inviewofthisprogresstheprojectteamwill,withtheknowledgeandexperienceacquiredthroughthePMILproject,movemuchclosertoreal-worldapplications.


Animportantneedistoextendthecurrentworkonmaizetocontaminationdetectioninpeanuts.Forspectralcharacterizationofaflatoxincontaminatedpeanuts,theprojectteamhasworkedonfluorescencehyperspectralimagingandnearinfraredspectroscopy(NIRS)onfungalinoculatedaswellasaflatoxinspikedpeanutkernels.NIRSonspikedpeanutshadadetectionaccuracyofabove85%.Thefluorescencehyperspectralimagingofinoculatedpeanutshadbetterresultsinblanchedkernelsthanrawredskinpeanuts.WorkinthenearfutureaimstoapplytheUVimagingprototypetosortingblanchedpeanuts.Spectralcharacterizationofcontaminatedpeanutswillalsobecontinued.Severalresearchpublicationsareinprogress.SincetheAflaGogglescouldprovidealow-costmethodforthedevelopingcountries,researchwillcontinuetoimproveandtesttheAflaGogglesprototypewithmaize.Thegoalistoproducemoreconsistentresultsinsortingthecontaminatedkernels.


Wehavelearnedthathumaneyeshaveverylowsensitivityinthedesiredspectralrangeforaflatoxincontaminationdetection.Intheinitialexperiment,participantsattemptedtodeterminepotentiallyaflatoxin-contaminatedmaizekernelsunderdifferentlightingconditions.Thisinitialworkdidnotproduceacceptableresults.Thus,thelaterpartoftheresearchwasalteredtofocusonUVfluorescenceimaging.Thetabletbasedappdevelopedintheprojecthadpositiveresultsinsortingthecontaminatedmaize.Thischangeenabledtheprojecttoproduceaportableaflatoxincontaminationdetectiondevice,

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whichismoreexpensivethantheoriginalagogglesapproach.Alsoduetothischange,theinitiallyplannedfieldtestinginthefocuscountry,wasnotcarriedout.Instead,severaldomestictestswereimplementedwithfieldinoculationsin2015and2016.Withthesuccessoftheabovework,theprojectteamusedthelastperiodoftheprojecttofinalizeanAflaGogglesprototypewithconsiderablylowercost.Similartotheassessmentfromtheearlystageoftheproject,theAflaGogglesdidnotyieldconsistentresults.However,thisdevelopmentisstillimportantasithelpstosetupafoundationtofurtherexplorethepotentialforrapidandlow-costaflatoxincontaminationdetectiondeviceforthedevelopingcountries.Technically,whenaddressingtheneedofhighperformanceUVLEDformaizesamplefluorescenceexcitation,itwasnotedthattheprototypeusesahighpowerUVLEDarraythatneedsconstantcoolingwhichshortensoperationtime.Tocorrectthis,oneoptionistousebatterypoweredcustom-madeUVLEDarraywithlowheatdissipation.Thiswillalsoimprovetheportabilityofthedevice.ThelaterpartwasintegratedintheprototypeoftheAflaGoggles.Themainscientificchallengeistounderstandtheinteractionbetweenfungalinfectionandaflatoxinproductioninbothtoxigenicandatoxigenicfungalstrains.

ProjectB2.DevelopmentandValidationofMethodsforDetectionofMycotoxinsExposurein

DriedSpottedBloodSamples

Thegoalofthisprojectwastoestablishandvalidatemethodsformeasuringmajormycotoxinbiomarkers,especiallyforaflatoxin-lysineadduct,inhumandriedbloodspot(DBS)samplesforsupportingurgentneedsofnutritionimpactandinterventionstudiesconductedinAsiaandAfricacountriesbytheFeedtheFuturePMILandNutritionInnovationLaboratory(NIL).Themethodhasbeenvalidatedandappliedtoassesssusceptibilityfactorsindeterminationofhumanaflatoxicosis,toevaluatethelinkagebetweenaflatoxinexposureandhumannutritiondeficiencyandgrowthretardationanddevelopmentalinhibitioninchildren.

Achievements

ThefirstobjectivewastodevelopamethodformeasurementofaflatoxinB1(AFB)-Lysineadductindriedbloodspot(DBS)samples.WeevaluatedvariouscommerciallyavailableDBScardsfortheiraccuracytoholddifferentquantitiesofwholeblood,developeddifferentwashingstrategiesforefficiencytoeluteboundbloodcomponents,especiallyforelutionoftotalproteinandalbuminspottedonDBScard,andestablishedmethodstomeasureconcentrationsoftotalproteinsandalbuminindilutedmicro-volumewashingsolutions.TheconditionsofenzymedigestiontoreleaseAFB-boundlysineadductfromtheproteinwereoptimized,amethodforconcentrationandpurificationofAFB-lysineadductindigestsdeveloped,andanalyticalchemistryparameters,suchasaccuracy,precision,sensitivity(limitofdetection),reproducibility,andrecoveryforthemethodweredetermined.Wealsovalidatedthemethodusingwholebloodofratsandobtainedlinearcorrelationforthemethod.ThenextobjectivewastovalidatetheDBSmethodfordetectionofaflatoxinB1-Lysine(AFB-Lys)adductinanimalsandhumans.TheanalyticalprotocolandcorrelationbetweenAFB1exposureandlevelsofAFB-LysadductinDBSsamplesinanimalsandhumansampleswereevaluated.OurresultsshowedthatAFB-LysadductlevelsinDBScardsandserumsamplesfromanimalsandfromspikedhumansampleswerecomparableandtheDBStechniqueandanalyticalprotocolwasthenreadytomovetoafieldstudyaimedtoassessAFB1exposureininfantandchildrenpopulations.

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Thedevelopedprotocolwasfurthertestedusingsmallscalehumansamplescomparedwiththematchedserumsamplesfromthesamestudyparticipant.DBScardspreparedfromhumanwholebloodwerespikedwithknownlevelsofAFB-LysadductandhumanserumsamplesfromKenyaandUgandawereusedforthevalidationstudy.Further,DBSsamples(n=172)collectedfromahigh-riskareaofchildrengrowthstuntinginNepalwereusedtovalidatethemethodsformeasurementofAFB-Lysadducts.EachoftheseDBSsampleswereprocessedandanalyzedusingpreviouslydevelopedlaboratoryprotocols.TheresultsofDBSsampleswerefurthercomparedwiththoseofcorrespondingserumsamplescollectedatthesametimefromsamestudyparticipant.TheoverallPearson’scorrelationcoefficientwas0.69(p=0.0006)betweenDBSandserumsamples.TheBland-Altmanplotanalysisalsoshowedagoodagreementwithover95%sampleswithinthemeandifference±1.96standarddeviation.ResultsofthisstudysuggestedthatourpreviouslydevelopedHPLC-florescencemethodisvalidindetectingtheAFB-LysadductsinthefieldcollectedDBSsamples,andthemethodisnowacceptedforapplicationinlargescaleepidemiologicalstudiesinNepalsupportedbytheFeedtheFutureInnovationLabforNutrition.Finally,wefocusedontheapplicationofthemethodfordetectionofAFB-LysadductsinalargenumberofDBSsamplescollectedfromanon-goingcohortstudyinahigh-riskareaofchildhoodstunting.TheAflaCohortStudy,conductedbyNutritionInnovationLabrunsfrom2015to2018andatotalof1,675pregnantwomenages16-49wererecruitedfrom17villagesintheBankedistrict,Nepal.Atotalnumberof670DBSsamplescollectedin3batcheswereprocessedforanalysisofAFB-Lysadduct.Astatisticallysignificantdifference(P<0.01)wasfoundamongthese3batches’samplescollectedfromdifferenttimesoftheyear.TheprojectinvestigatorsalsoprovidedcriticalsupportforPMILVirginiaTechproject(ProjectB3)whichmadecomparisonsamongdifferentavailableextractionmethodsformeasurementofpeanutproductsatdifferentlabsintargetcountries.WealsoprovidedvalidationandtechnicalsupportfordevelopmentoftheMobileAssaymReaderfordetectionofaflatoxinsinpeanutandpeanutproducts.Further,weanalyzedAFB-Lysadductinbloodsamplesfromparticipants(n=45)oftheMalawinutritioninterventionstudyconductedbyPMIL(ProjectB4).Wefoundhighandvariablelevelsofaflatoxinexposureamongthesampleasdemonstratedbythedetectionrateof97.8%(44/45)andmedianAFB-Lysadductlevelof5.19(range:0.51-568.87)pg/mgalbumin.Moreover,weanalyzedAFB-lysineadductformorethan3,500serumsamplescollectedfromEastTimor,Kenya,andUgandahumanpopulationstudiesconductedbycollaboratorsfromtheNutritionInnovationLabthroughTuftsUniversityandInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitute.


TheHPLC-florescencemethodforanalysisaflatoxinbiomarkerinDBSsamplesdevelopedbythisprojectwillbetransferredtothecollaboratorsinthePMILandNutritionInnovationLabtargetedcountries.Themethodisreadyforapplicationinlargescaleepidemiologicalandnutritionalstudiesforinvestigationofaflatoxinexposureininfantsandchildrenandoutcomesoftheirgrowthanddevelopment,andwillbeextendedtofieldstudiesconductedbyUSAIDtargetedAsiaandAfricacountries.TheMobileAssaymReader,arapidscreeningmethodformeasurementofaflatoxinsinpeanutsandpeanutproductsvalidatedinourlab,canbeextendedforglobalcollaborators.

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Thevalidationofthisnewmethodofanalysisshouldreducelogisticalcomplicationsandcostofdetermininglevelsofaflatoxinexposureinhumanblood.Thiswillmakelargescaleepidemiologicalstudiesevaluatingtheimpactofaflatoxinexposureonnutritionandhumandevelopmenteasierandhopefullyclarifyremainingquestionsoftheextentofthispublichealthconcern.Itmayalsobeappliedintargetingandevaluationofthehumanimpactofaflatoxinmitigationstrategies.


WewererequestedbytheUSAIDEgyptmissiontohelpdevelopthecapacityoftheEgyptianMinistryofHealthtolocallyanalyzeAFB-Lysinserumsamplesduetorestrictionsonshippingthesamplestoaforeignlab.Ourexperienceprovedthatthecomplexityandexpenseofestablishingandmaintainingalabwiththiscapacityforlimitednumbersoftestssupportstherecommendationtoseekexceptionstothisexportbanforresearchpurposes.ItispossibletotrainlabtechniciansinourUSlabandthentoestablishalabcapableoftheseanalyses,howeveritwillrequireaminimumofseveralmonthsandasubstantialbudget.

ProjectB3.AflatoxininPeanutandPeanutProducts:ComparativeStudyonAnalytical

MethodsforDetectionofAflatoxin

Aprimarylimitationofaflatoxindeterminationinpeanutsisthelackofgenerallyacceptedandstandardizedmethodsfortestinglaboratoriestoquantifythelevelofcontaminationfeasibly.EvenamongthePMILprogramcollaborators,differentanalyticalmethodsarebeingusedacrosslabs,whichcanmakethecomparisonofresultsdifficult.Theprojectimplementedasystematiccomparativestudytoevaluateandreportonexistingandemerginganalyticalmethodsforaflatoxindeterminationinpeanutsandpeanutproducts.Inablindtest,avarietyofpeanutproducts,whichmaypresentdifferentchallengesofbackgroundmatrixforextraction,werenaturallyandartificiallycontaminatedwithaflatoxintotesttheavailableanalyticalmethodswithinthecollaboratinginstitutionsandanalyticallaboratories.Resultsfromtheprojectwerehelpfultodocumenttheexistingquantitativemethodsbeingusedatthevariouslabs,theadvantagesanddisadvantagesofeachmethod,andwhichmethodsaremostappropriateforvariousconditions.

Achievements

Theoverallobjectiveofthestudywastocompareexistinganalyticalmethods[Enzyme-LinkedImmunosorbentAssay(ELISA),FluorometricImmunoAffinityColumn(IAC),HighPerformanceLiquidChromatography,LateralFlowDevices(LFD)withproprietaryreader,andLFDwithtablet-basedmReader]onthebasisofeaseofuse(timerequiredforsampleprep,andinterpretation),costpersample,sensitivity,andrepeatabilitytodetectandmonitoraflatoxininpeanutproducts.Usingtheresults,wewereabletosuggesttheimplementationofthemReaderacrossprojectsasaviable,low-costoption.

Asurvey,namely“CapabilityandCapacityQuestionnaireofMycotoxinTestingFacilities”,waspreparedtocollectinformationrelatedwiththepresentanalyticalmethodsappliedtodeterminetheaflatoxinlevelinpeanutsusedincooperatinginstitutionsofPMILprogram.ThesurveywasdisseminatedviathePMILwebpageandthroughindividualcommunications.Eightdifferentlabsfromvariouscountries(Uganda,Malawi,Ghana,India,andUSA)wereselectedandsamplesofpeanutproducts(RUTF,peanutpaste,peanutflourandpeanutoil)spikedwithknownamountsofaflatoxin(eitherwithaflatoxinB1orAflatoxinB+Gmixture)and/orinfectedwithAspergillusspp.weredistributedtoconducta“blindtest”.

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AnalysismethodstestedwereHPLC,AflaTestFluorometerbyVICAM,FluoroQuantAflabyRomerLabs,RevealQ+LFDbyNeogen,HomemadeELISA,ELISAbyRomerLabsandmReaderbyMobileAssay.Whiletheresultsdidvaryacrosslabs,mostlabsdidreportmeasurementsinthesamerangeoftheactualsample.TheresultsdidconfirmthatthemReaderwasasaccurateastheHPLCandVICAMmethods,bothofwhichareconsideredvalidmethods.


ThestudysupportedtheuseoftheMobileAssaymReaderandNeogenteststripsforroutineaflatoxinmeasurements.


Asnewmethodsaremadeavailable,additionalevaluationswillbeneeded.


SurveyresultsindicatethatthemostpopularmethodinoursampleisHPLCfollowedbyfluorometricmethods(usingimmunoaffinitycolumns),ELISAandlateralflowdevices.EventhoughHPLCisthemostcommonmethod,ithasthedisadvantageofneedingcleanuptechniquestoimprovetheseparatingpowerofchromatography,whichcanbeimprovedusingimmunoaffinitycolumnsorsolidphaseextractionmethods.ThemajorityofthesurveyparticipantsusingtheHPLCforaflatoxinanalysispreferimmunoaffinitycolumncleanupprocedurepriortochromatographicanalysis.Fluorescencedetectionisaverygoodalternativeintermsofhighsensitivity,whichiswhyitwasthesecondmethodofchoiceforaflatoxinanalysisasitcanbecombinedwithHPLC.BothfluorometricmethodslikeAflaTestFluorometerbyVICAMorFluoroQuantAflabyRomerLabsandHPLCrequirewell-equippedlaboratoriesandtrainedpersonnel.Thetimeofanalysiswasreportedtobe60+minutesforHPLCand30-60minutesforfluorometricmethodsusingimmunoaffinitycolumns.Bothtechniquesarealsoexpensive,withanaveragecostoftheanalysisof$65withahighestvalueof$100persampleusingHPLCandaveragecostoffluorometricmethodsof$35withahighestvalueof$40-$70.

TheELISAtesthasanadvantageofnotrequiringanycleanupstepandofferingeasieroperation,andalsoitisportableforuseinthefieldforthedetectionofmycotoxinsinfoodsandfeedsapplications.Asadisadvantage,itisdependentontheindividualmatricesofinterest.Owingtotheposibleinteractionofantibodiestochemicallysimilarsubstancesinfoodmatrixtoaflatoxin,falseposiveresultsmaybeobserved.However,comparedtotheothertechniquestheaveragecostofanalysisusingELISAwasreportedas$25withamaximumvalueof$45andtimefortheanalysisis30-60minutesdependingonthenumberofthesamples.Whenrapidscreeningisneeded,ELISAofferstheshortesttimeforalargenumberofsampleanalysis.ThesurveydonewithinPMILpartnersshowedthattheLateralFlowDevices(LFD)isthefourthmostcommonmethodofchoice.LFDdevicesarecommonlyusedforsemi-quantitative/thresholdanalysis,thoughaccuratequantitativeanalysisispossibleusingeitheraproprietystripreaderorthetabletbasedmReader.OnemajoradvantageofLFDisthatthetestcanbeusedinfieldbecausethesamplepreparationisfairlysimple,requiringnocomplexequipmentandsomebrandsofstripsdonotrequirerefrigeration.Thisisimportantindevelopingcountrieswherestorageandtestingequipmentislimited.Fieldanalysisalsoeliminatessomepotentialofsamplecontaminationandopensopportunitiesforearlysegregationofcontaminatedcropstopreventaggregationofgoodandbadlots,andpossibletoofferincentivestoindividualswithuncontaminatedcrops.Largebatchesofsamplescanbeinterpretedinshorttime(10-20minutes)andtheshelflifeofstripsislongerthanenzymeimmunoassays.Thecostoftheanalysisislowerthanothermethodscompared($18-$36).Thesedatasuggestthatthemethodisquiteaccurate,howevertrainingoftechniciansremainsacritical

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challengeforaccurateresults.Forexample,samplesabovethelimitofdetectionfortheLFDrequireserialdilutions,butmaybereportedassimplythemaximumpossibleresulteventhoughitmaybemuchhigher.

ProjectB4.RandomizedControlledTrialoftheImpactofTreatingModeratelyMalnourished

WomeninPregnancy

Theobjectiveofthisprojectwastodeterminethebenefitsoftreatingmoderatelymalnourishedpregnantwomenwithapeanutbutter-basednutritionalsupplement.Thetrialwasarandomized,investigator-blindedcontrolledclinicaleffectivenesstrialinpregnantwomenwithmoderatemalnutrition,withandwithoutHIV-infection,insouthernMalawi.

Thetrialusedthreedifferentnutritionalsupplementsforcomparison:(1)aReady-to-UseSupplementaryFood(RUSF)formulatedtodeliverabout200%oftheRDAofmostmicronutrientsinpregnancy(RUSF-P);(2)fortifiedcornsoyblend(alsoknownasCSB+orsuper-cereal)withamultiplemicronutrienttabletchosentodeliverabout200%oftheRDAofmostmicronutrients(CSB-P);or(3)thestandardofcarewhichisafortifiedcornsoyblend,vegetableoilandsugarwithsupplementaryironandfolicacidtablets(CSB),deliveringbetween0-350%oftheRDA.Theprimaryoutcomesforthisstudyarebothmaternal;recoveryandMid-UpperArmCircumference(MUAC)change;aswellasinfantoutcomesinmeanbirthweight,meanbirthlength,andpercentageofprematuredelivery.

Theaimofthestudywastoprovidesignificantevidencethatusingapeanut-basedsupplementaryfoodwillreducematernalmortalityandimproveinfantgrowthanddevelopment.Thiswouldprovidenationalandinternationalagencieswithevidencetorecommendandpromotetheuseofpeanut-basedproductsformaternalhealthandtoprocuretheseproductsforuseintheirnutritionprograms.

Achievements

Duringthestudyperiod,2284pregnantwomenwithMUAC≤23cmwerescreenedforthestudyparticipation.456womenwereexcludedfromthestudyand1828wererandomizedintotreatmentgroups.Therewere1467livesingletonbirths,18livetwinpairsandonesetoftriplets.94%ofinfantsweremeasuredwithin24hoursand98%werewithin48hoursofbirth.Allfollowup,dataentryanddataanalysishasbeencompletedforthestudy.Theresults,overall,wereremarkablysimilarwhenmoderatelymalnourishedpregnantwomenreceivedasupplementalfeeding.75%ofallparticipantshadlowweeklyweightgain,definedas<454g/wk.MothersintheRUSFgroupshadthehighestmeangestationalweightgain(3.4kg,3.0kg,3.2kginRUSF,CSB+withUNIMMAPandCSB+withIFArespectively,P=0.03).Therewerenodifferencesacrosstreatmentgroupsinanyinfantoutcomesexceptfortherateoflowbirthweight,definedasweighing≤2.5kgorweight-for-agez-score(WAZ)withtheCSB+withIFAgrouphavingthelowestrate(19%,23%,and14%,RUSF,CSB+withUNIMMAPandCSB+withIFA,respectivelyP=0.12).Usingregressionmodeling,thedurationoftreatmentwasshowntobeadeterminantofinfantlength,suggestingthatfoodsupplementationismoreeffectivewhenstartedearlierinpregnancyandgivenlonger.Themodelshowedthattheoddsofaninfantbeingstuntedatbirthdecreasedby3.9%witheachadditionalweekthewomanreceivedtreatment.Althoughlineargrowthwasgenerallycompromisedwithmaternalunder-nutrition,headcircumferencewasspared.Apeer-reviewedarticletitled“Trialofready-to-usesupplementalfoodandcorn-soyblendinpregnantMalawianwomenwithmoderatemalnutrition:arandomizedcontrolledclinicaltrial”waspublishedonAugust9,2017intheAmericanSocietyforNutrition.Additionally,apapertitled“Adolescentpregnancy

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andnutrition:asubgroupanalysisfromtheMamachipondestudyinMalawi”ispendingpublicationintheAnnalsoftheNewYorkAcademyofSciencesissue:AdolescentWomen’sNutritionalstatus.


None.


Themodestbenefitsseenfromfoodandmicronutrientsupplementationalonewerenotenoughtoaffectbettergrowthinutero,especiallyduringthissmalltreatmentwindow.Thisputsarenewedinterestinmultipleareas,suchashowdiet,inflammation,guthealth,andepigenetics,affectgrowthinutero.Researchonsomeoftheseareashasbeenconductedonpregnantwomen,mostlymalariacontrolsandotherinterventionsagainstinfectiousdisease.Thesestudieshavehelpedmodestlyreducetheriskofprematurity,fetalgrowthstunting,andsmall-for-gestational-agebirth.WearecurrentlyintheprocessofconductingastudythatcombinesbothdietandinterventionsagainstmalariaandcommoninfectdiseasesinaruralareainsouthernSierraLeone.Wehopethatourfuturecombinedstudywillshowmorethanamodestresult.


Thestudyhadexperiencedalargerpercentageofwomenthanoriginallyanticipatedin“losstofollowup”group,mainlyduetodeliveringbeforetheycouldreceiveafull14daysoftreatment.Thetreatmenttypedidnotaffecthemoglobinconcentrations.Onaverage,womenreceivedatotalof5.0rationsofthefoodinterventionoveraperiodof11.4weeksfromenrollmentuntildelivery.AverageMUACatdeliverywas22.2cmanddidnotdifferbytreatmentgroup(P=0.11).TheRUSFgrouphadthegreatestnumberofparticipants(35%)whoattainedMUAC>23.0cmpriortodelivery,followedbyCSB+withIFA(33%)andCSB+withUNIMMAP(30%),buttherewerenodifferencesbetweengroups(P=0.14).Anemiawasreducedafter10weeksoftreatmentinallgroups,fromanaverageprevalenceof71%to56%.Thestudywaslimitedinthatnotruecontrolgroupwasincluded,allwomenreceivedsomesupplementaryfeedinginordertomeetnationalguidelinesinMalawi;however,theseguidelinesarerarelyimplemented.Thedataregardinggestationalagecouldhavebeenstrengthenedifultrasoundtechnologyhadbeenemployedtoassessthesubjects.

C.PeanutValueChainInterventions

ProjectC1.ProductiontoConsumption–TechnologiestoImprovePeanutProduction,

ProcessingandUtilizationinHaiti

TheoverallgoalofthisprojectwastoaddressandmitigatekeyconstraintstopeanutproductionandutilizationinHaiti.PeanutshavebeenandcontinuetobeanimportantpartofHaitiandietandcultureaswellasprovidinganimportantsourceofcashincome.Tocombatmalnutritioninthecountry,certainNGOshaveestablishedfacilitiestoproducepeanut-basedReady-to-UseTherapeuticFoodorRUTF.Todate,however,therehasbeenlimitedutilizationoflocallygrownpeanutduetoissueswithlowproductivitylinkedtohighcostsandaflatoxincontamination.

Inthisproject,weimplementedacomprehensiveproduction,processingandutilizationstrategyforpeanutsinHaiti.Allphasesofpeanutproductionwereevaluated,includingvarietiesspecifictothe

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regionandmarketinfluences.Weinstitutedaseed-increaseprogramanddevelopedfacilitiestomaintaingeneticresourcesthroughcurationofimportantpeanutgermplasm.Capacitybuildingthroughtheintroductionoflaborsavingdevicesandharvestingequipmentandprocedurescontinues,alongwithevaluatingtheinfrastructuretoimprovepeanuthandling,dryingandlong-termstorage.Afterevaluatingthebestmanagementpracticesandstrategies,wehavetakenthemtothegrowerlevelatseveralcommunitiesintheregion,particularlythroughthedepotnetworkpartnershipwiththeAccesoPeanutEnterpriseCorporation.Weprovidedtrainingandinfrastructuresupporttorealizetheseimprovementsandensurelong-termcapacitybuilding.Aflatoxinandtheroleofwomeninthepeanutvaluechainwasmeasured/surveyedthroughoutthedurationandinallphasesoftheproject.Wealsoestablishedaflatoxin-testingfacilitiesandre-trainedHaitiansinhowtomeasureandtheimportanceofavoidingaflatoxinintheirdiet.Anotherimportantaspectwasthecreationofalternativeproducts/marketsforhighaflatoxincontaminatedpeanuts.

Achievements

• Conductedtrialsonfertility,seedspacing,diseasemanagementwithfungicidesandvarietyevaluationsattwolocations(QuartierMorin,NorthHaitiandCoupGorge,Central)–thistotaled30trialsfrom2014-2017.ThesetrialswereinconjunctionwiththePhDdissertationofAbrahamFulmeratUGA.Wedeterminedtheoptimumplantingspacing,diseasemanagementstrategy,fertilityrequirementsforbothrunnerandValenciapeanuts.Wealsodeterminedthebestvarietiesandtraitsforfuturevarietiestoassistintheeffortsofin-countrybreeders.

• Developedsuccessfulinternprogramwithfourlocaluniversities(UniversitéRoiHenriChristophe,UniversitéChrétienneduNordd’Haiti,Universitédel’Etat-CampusRoiHenriChristophe,andUniversitéSolidarited’Haiti)forfinalyearagronomystudentstoparticipateinresearchplots,with34successfulstudentprojectscompletedaspartofthetrialslistedabove.

• ConductedvarietytrialsinconjunctionwithBarryTillman(UF)andRaphaelColbert(QuisqueyaUniversity).VarietytrialsalsoincludedpremierICRISATlinesandlinesfromPMILcollaboratorsDavidOkello,NARSgroundnutbreederinUganda,andDr.NaveenPuppalaatNewMexicoStateUniversity,aswellasotherpublicandprivatelybredUSvarieties.

• ConductedadditionaltrialsatQuartierMorinonvariousformulationsandratesofphosphorusandcompletefertilizers,micronutrientfoliarfertilizer,fulvicacidandbiocharamendments,aswellasliquidbradyrizobiuminoculant.Thesewereshowntobeonlymarginallybeneficial,althoughadditionalresearchonphosphorusandnitrogenonhighpHsoilsiswarranted.

• PerformedtrialswithPremierSteppeFerme,Inc.andiFFoundation–varietytestsandscale-upofsemi-mechanized,largescaleseedsystems.Thisincludedequipmenttechnologytransferandproductionassistance,suchasuseofmechanicalplanter,two-rowdigger/shaker/inverterandPTOthresher.Thisprogramiscurrentlyworkingwell,withpeanutseedproducedbeingsoldtoAccesofortheircreditprogramtoover2000farmers.

• ProvidedtrainingandfarmerfielddemonstrationsinNorth,NortheastandCentralPlateaudepartments.

• Providedtechnicaltraining,materialsandsupporttoAccesoPeanutEnterpriseCorp.Thisincludedproductionguides,fieldvisits,aflatoxintrainingfordepotmanagers,technicalexpertiseinplanting,harvesting,storageandaflatoxindetection.

• Completedtwolargeproducersurveys,includingabaselineandimpactevaluation,incollaborationwithAcceso,producingtwopublicationsnearcompletion.

• CompletedaneconomicanalysisoffungicideinputsderivedfromFulmer’smultiyear,multi-locationtrials.AUSgraduatestudentatUGAcompletedthisworkforaMSthesisatnocosttoPMIL.

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• ProvidedguidanceandexpertisetoMFKagronomistsfortheirongoingextensionprogramfundedoutsideofPMIL.

• ContinuedsupportoftheaflatoxindetectionfacilityatiFFoundation–additionaltrainingofstaff;establishedaResearch/TeachingmycotoxinlabatFacultéd'AgronomieetdeMédecineVétérinaire(FAMV),Universitéd’Étatd’HaïtiinBonRepos.

• Conductedsmallscaletestingofpeanutby-products(highaflatoxincontamination)foralternativeusage.Thisincludecharcoalproduction,oilextractionwithethanolwash,andfeedingtrialsonseveralanimals–chickenformeatandegg,beefanddairy.

• CompletedapeerreviewedresearchreviewofallfieldresearchcompletedinHaitiunderPMILandPCRSP.


• SuccessfuladoptionofusedUStwo-rowequipmentatPremierSteppeFerme,aswellasBrazilian-madeColomboPTOthresher.SuchmediumscaleequipmentisofinterestforothercommercialscalefarmersinAfrica,includingseedproducers.

• Theaccumulateddataofthemulti-locationtrialswillreshapethetechnologypackagerecommendationsofferedbyAccesoandothers.Theprimarytake-awaysincludethepositiveimpactofincreasedplantingdensity,particularlywiththeHaitianValenciavariety,andcosteffectivenessoflimited,butwell-timedfungicideapplications.

• WhilethetrialssupportedthecontinuedfocusontheHaitianValenciavariety,improvedlinesfromICRISATandDr.TillmanandDr.Puppalahavebeenmultipliedandtrialswillcontinue.

• TheresearchusinganoilpressforcontaminatedpeanutsandethanolfeedwashtechniqueshasbeentakenupbytheIDRC-fundedAFLAHprojectmanagedbyUniversitéLavalandUniversitéQuisqueyaforcontinuedrefinement.


• Thepotentialforimpactthroughimprovedvarietiesremainshighdespitenotidentifyingvarietiesthatconsistentlyout-yieldthelocallyadaptedHaitianValencia.Abreedingprogramtointroduceimprovedtraitsintothisvariety,suchasdiseaseresistance,droughttolerance,higholeicacidandhigheryield,shouldbepursued,whilecontinuingtoevaluategermplasmfromawidesourceofPMILcollaborators.Haiti’shighpHsoilconditionsandhighrustpressuremayrequireuniquebreedingconsiderations.Theintegrationofthevaluechainandbreedinginitiativeswaslateformingintheproject,butshouldbeenhancedandcontinued.

• Attemptstoamelioratesoildeficienciesthroughfertilizershowedverylimitedandlikelyuneconomicreturnoninvestment.Newstrategies,suchasmoreintensiverotationstoincreasesoilorganicmatter,doubledlegume(pigeonpea)orcovercropping,shouldbeevaluatedasameanstoaddressthehighpHsoillimitations.

• Researchplotdataneedstobeconfirmedatscaleandonfarmandbethoroughlyevaluatedforreturnoninvestment.Adoptionoffungicidemayincreaseyields,buteconomicreturnsinlowyieldingsituationsmaybedifficult.

• Thebaselinesurveyshowedwillingnessforfarmerstoconsiderindexinsurance,whichmayimproveinvestmentsinproductiveinputinvestments.Thisshouldbefurtherinvestigated.

• InitialcollaborationwithPremierSteppeFermeyieldedadvancesinscaledproduction,butfurtherrefinementforsustainabilityandimprovedseedqualityisneeded.

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• ThefarmersurveyscorroboratedextensivefieldexperiencethataverageyieldsaremuchlowerthantheFAOreported860kg/haandaremorelikely250-300kg/ha,whichputsproductivityinHaitiamongthelowestintheworld.Fieldtrialdata,especiallyunderirrigationatMFK,regularlyreportedyieldsofover4000kg/hawithrunnerand3000kg/hawithValenciavarieties.This>10xyieldgapshowsthepotentialforwhatcanbeachievedon-farmwithcontinuedsupport.

• WiththeestablishmentofAccesoin2014,theprojectshiftedsomefocusfromextensiontomoreresearchandtrainingoftrainersinsupportofthetechnicalpackagetobeofferedintheircreditprogram.Thisallowedformuchgreaterandmoresustainableinteractionwiththousandsoffarmersinmultipleregionsthanwaspreviouslypossible.

• Significanttechnicalsupport,butverylimitedfinancialsupport,wasofferedtoPremierSteppeFermewhodecidedtoinvestinpeanutasaprimaryfocuscropduetothemarketsandtechnicalsupportofPMIL.Thisproducedagreatresourceforseedmultiplicationandfuturescaledresearch.

• OncetheMFKresearchfacilitieswerefullyoperationalandadequatetechnicalsupportwasavailabletostudents,theinternshipprogramyieldedfantasticresultswithqualitydataandmuchgreatercapacitydevelopment.

ProjectC2.AppliedResearchandTechnologyTransfertoMinimizeAflatoxinContamination

andIncreaseProduction,QualityandMarketingofPeanutinGhana

AwiderangeofabioticandbioticstressesnegativelyimpactpeanutproductioninthefieldandgenerallycontributestothereducedqualityofmarketedpeanutinGhanaandWestAfrica.Aflatoxincontaminationcanoccurandincreaseatallstepsofthepeanutsupplychainincludingproductioninthefield,storageinfieldsandvillages,andduringprocessing.Interventionsateachstepofthesupplychaincanminimizeaflatoxincontamination.Improvedproductioninthefieldincludingpest-anddisease-resistantcultivars,adequatesoilfertilityandplantnutrition,andsynchronizationofpeanutpodgrowthphasewithadequatesoilmoisturecanincreasepeanutyieldandqualityandminimizeaflatoxincontamination.Adequateandtimelydryingoffarmerstockpeanutminimizesadditionalproductionofaflatoxinduringstorageinvillagespriortomarketing.Effectiveprocessingoffarmerstockandshelledstockpeanutcanalsoreduceaflatoxinpriortopurchaseandconsumption.Determiningcurrentpracticesbyfarmers,conductingresearchtomitigateaflatoxinandimprovepeanutquality,andtransferringappropriatetechnologytofarmersareneededtoimproveproductivity,profits,andqualityofpeanutandtoincreasesafetyofpeanutproductsconsumedbyhumansandlivestock.

TheprimaryplatformusedtoresearchaflatoxincontaminationofpeanutinthesupplychaininGhanatookplaceinninevillagesinnorthernandcentralGhana.Interventionsateachstepofthesupplychainwereimplementedandaflatoxincontaminationwasdetermined.ResearchwasconductedattwoCSIRinstitutes,theSavannaAgriculturalResearchInstitute(SARI)andtheCropsResearchInstitute(CRI),todevelopappropriateproductionandpestanddiseasemanagementstrategies,andtoevaluatenewgermplasmsuitablefortheregions.ResultsfromeffortsatvillagesandresearchstationswerepresentedtofarmersusingtheFarmerFieldSchoolapproachandappropriateposters,bulletins,andmanuals.Graduatestudenttrainingandresearchwascloselylinkedtoactivitiesinvillagesandresearchstations.

ResultsfromtheprojectwillprovidefarmersinGhanawithinformationondocumentedinterventionsthatreduceaflatoxincontaminationofpeanutthroughoutthesupplychain.Improvedproductivityandqualityofpeanutcoupledwithacceptablelevelsofaflatoxininpeanutproductswillimproveaccessto

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local,regional,nationalandinternationalmarketsleadingtoenhancedeconomicviabilityoffarmersandtheircommunities.

Achievements

Objective1.Evaluatetheeffectofon-farminterventionsatproduction,drying,storageandprocessing

stepsonaflatoxincontaminationinthepeanutThegoalofthisobjectiveincludedcomparingfarmerpractices(FP)andimprovedpractices(IP)inthefield(plantingdateseitherinasingleseasonormajorvsminorseasons),FPvsIPfordrying(grounddryingvsdryingontarps),andcomparisonsofstorageusingtraditionalbags(FP)vshermeticallysealedbags(IP)toreduceaflatoxincontamination.Fivevillageswereused(twonearCRI-Kumasi,twonearSARI-Tamale,andonenearSARI-Wa)withapproximately10farmersineachvillagetocompareFPwithIP.Farmersservedasreplicationsinthevillages.Withineachplantingdate,theFPwascomparedwithanIPprogramthatincludedapplyinglocal“alata”soapfordisease/aphid-rosettesuppression,applyingcalciumforpod/kerneldevelopmentandstrengthtominimizeinsectdamage,andweedingbyhandoneadditionaltime.Afullcomplementofdatawasrecordedpriortoandatharvestrelativetopestsinthefield,yield,podandkernelformation,andaflatoxincontamination.Eachinterventionwascomparedforeconomicimpact,andpod/kernelqualityevaluatedafterstorageandaflatoxincontaminationquantifiedaftereachstepintheprocess(field,drying,andstoring).

• ResultsfromtwovillagesincentralGhanacomparedtheeffectivenessofFPandIP.PeanutyieldandestimatedeconomicreturnswerehigherwiththeIPcomparedtotheFP.

• Minor,butsignificantdifferencesinaflatoxinconcentrationinpeanutfarmerstockwerenotedwhensamplingoccurredimmediatelyafterharvestandpriortodrying(1.0versus0.5µg/kg,p=0.0015atDrobonsoand0.3versus0.5µg/kg,p=0.0290atEjura).

• Inbothvillages,aflatoxinlevelsincreasedduringdrying.AtDrobonso,benefitsofeffectivedryingonplastictarpaulins(29-80µg/kgaflatoxin)becameapparentcomparedwithgrounddrying(153-226µg/kg)regardlessofthelevelofaflatoxincomingoutofthefieldatharvest.Theserespectivedryingpracticesresultedin8-31µg/kgand68-93µg/kgatEjura.

• Asthesepeanutscontinuedthroughthesupplychain,theconcentrationfollowingrelativelylowinputinthefield,dryingontheground,andstorageinreadilyavailablepolysackswithlimitedprotectionresultedinanaverageaflatoxinconcentrationof1407µg/kgatDrobonso.

• UseofIPatallstagesresultedinthelowestaflatoxinconcentration(53µg/kg)atthislocation.AdoptingasingleIPortwoofthethreepossibleIPsresultedinaflatoxinconcentrationsbetween100and548µg/kg.AtEjura,usingFPatallstepsresultedinaflatoxinconcentrationof766µg/kgversusonly15µg/kgwhenIPwereincludedinthefieldandduringdryingandstorage.

TheseresultsfromtwovillagesincentralGhanashowhoweachstepinthevaluechainimpactstheconcentrationofaflatoxininthefinalproduct.Peanutafterstoragewillbeconsumeddirectlybyindividualsinthehouseholdorwillenterthemarketinsomeform.Economicreturncapturedatharvestcouldchangeduringstorage,dependingonqualityandseasonalpricedynamics,especiallyifbuyersconsideraflatoxincontaminationintheirdecision-makingprocess.Whetherfarmersadoptimprovedpracticestoreduceaflatoxinmaybedeterminedbythemarketvaluationoflow-aflatoxinpeanutandresultingbetterprices(seeProjectC3).Whileproductivityinterventionsshowedtheleastimpactonaflatoxincontamination,theincreaseinyieldandprofitabilitymayberequiredforfarmerstoinvestmentindryingandstoringtechnologiesthathavegreaterimpactonquality.

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Objective2.Evaluatepre-andpost-harvesttechnologiestoreduceaflatoxincontaminationon-stationatSARIandCRI

TrialswereconductedatCRI-Kumasi,SARI-Tamale,andSARI-Waassociatedwithvariousscientificdisciplines.SomeofthesetrialswereassociatedwithgraduatestudentthesisprojectsoutlinedinObjective7.Summariesofkeyfindingsfromseveralprojectsfollow.

WEEDCONTROL:MostpeanutfarmersinGhanacultivatesmallfarmsizesbecausemostrelymainlyonmanualweedcontrol.Thus,researchwasconductedtodeterminetheinteractiveeffectofchemicalormanualweedcontrolandfungicideapplicationonweedsuppressionandpeanutgrowth,yieldandquality.Atsixweeksafterplanting,pre-emergentapplicationofS-Metolachlorcombinedwithhand-weedingreducedweeddensityby88%;pre-andpost-emergentapplicationby89%;andhand-weedingonlyby30%relativetothenon-weededcontrol.Thethreemostlocallyimportantweedsofpeanut,Benghaldayflower(Commelinabenghalensis),purplenutsedge(Cyperusrotundus)andwildpoinsettia(Euphorbiaheterophylla)werewellcontrolledwithImazethapyr,whileS-MetolachlorwasmoreeffectiveonBenghaldayflowerandgrasses.Yielddidnotdiffersignificantlyamongtreatments.However,economicanalysisprovedthatincludingchemicalweedcontrolwasmoreprofitablethanhand-weedingalone.Twohand-weedingscostGH₵1,668.2/ha(US$417)andrequired66.6person-days/ha.Herbicides,incombinationwithhandweeding,reducedcostby53-60%andtimetoaverageof25person-days/hacomparedtomanualalone,whilepre-andpost-emergentherbicidesusedtogetherreducedcostby94%andrequired1.3person-days/haforweedcontrol.Aflatoxinlevelsoffreshanddriedseedswereverylow(<2.0PPB).Fungicidetreatmentdidnotinteractwithweed-controlpracticeswithrespecttopeanutgrowthandyield,mostlikelybecauseenvironmentalconditionsduring2015minorseasonwasrelativelydryanddidnotfavordiseasedevelopment.Theexperimentwasrepeatedinthemajorof2016atdifferentlocationswithalocalcheck.

PROCESSEDGROUNDNUTQUALITY:PeanutpasteisadelicacyinGhana,andthisstudyaimedtoassesspeanutpastequalityinnorthernGhana,wherequalityisinconsistent.Twenty-fourpeanutpastesampleswereacquiredfromsixmajormarkets,whileacontrolsamplewaspreparedintheFoodScienceandTechnologyLaboratoryofKNUSTusingtheNkate-sarivarietyofpeanut.Asurveywasconductedusingstructuredquestionnairestocollectprocessor’smethods,whilesamplesweretestedforaflatoxinandmicrobialload.Therewasnosorting,gradingorblanchingduringprocessing,and75%ofproducersuseduntreatedstreamwaterduringprocessing.

Ninety-sixpercentoftradersacquiredrawpeanutsfromthemarketalreadyde-shelled.

Moisture,crudeproteinandcarbohydratecontentofthesamplesrangedfrom5.05±0.07to6.45±0.21,23.67±0.05to31.56±0.78and19.44±1.19to27.65±0.96respectively.Statisticalanalysisshowednosignificantdifference(p>0.05)betweenash,carbohydrateandproteincontent.AflatoxinanalysisoftheTamalecentral,Bolgacentral,WaGonomuni,TamaleAboabuandWacentralmarketsamplesshowedconcentrationsof2.89ppb,8.6ppb,55.39ppb,103.44ppband126.55ppbrespectively.Totalaerobiccountrangedfrom2.5×103CFU/gto9.9×103CFU/g.Coliformcountwerebelowtheacceptablelimitof10cfu/g.Fungalenumerationwaslessthan101CFU/ginallsamples,exceptforNavrongocentralmarketsamples.AspergillusparasiticuswasisolatedinWagonomuni,WacentralmarketandTamaleAboabumarketsamplesrespectively.BlastomycesdermatitidiswasfoundinBolgacentralmarketsamples.Eventhoughsomesampleshadhighnutrientcomposition,contaminationlevelsweresignificantduetopoorproductionpractices.

SOLARDRYER:AsolardryerwasconstructedandtestedtoshowthatthetechnologycanbeusedeffectivelyforimprovingpeanutsafetyandpreservingpeanutqualityinGhana.Anindirect,passive,

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woodendryer,withagalvanizedsteelpanel(4.5m2)andfourwiremeshshelves(2.62m2each),wasbuiltinKumasi,adaptedfromapreviousmodelconstructedatUGAinGeorgia,andevaluatedforitscapacitytodryfreshly-harvestedin-shellpeanutsonasinglelayer(8.5Kg)andtheninfourlayers(4x18Kg).Equalamountsofpeanuts,driedsimultaneouslyonaconcretefloorundertheopensun,servedascomparisons.

Themoisturecontentofsolardriedpeanutsdecreasedfrom35.85%to5.25%and32%to4.25%inthesingle-layerandfour-layerdrying,respectively,overfourdays.FasterdryingrateswereobservedwhenpeanutshadrelativelyhighermoisturecontentswithR2valuesrangingfrom0.72to0.95.Theaveragedailysolarradiationrangedfrom360to592.99W/m2anddailyenergiesgeneratedwerefrom42.24to69.16MJ.Thedryingefficiencyrangedfrom1.5%to6.47%inthesingle-layerdryingand23.07%to24.93%inthefour-layerdrying,whereasthethermalefficiencywas3.15%to21.60%inthesingle-layerdryingand3.08%to24.93%inthefour-layerdrying.

Peanutsfromthesolardryerhadlowerfreefattyacidandperoxidevalues(indicatorsofrancidity)andhighergerminationratescomparedtopeanutsdriedintheopensun,suggestingapotentiallyvaluablequalityimprovement,likelyfromthereducedvariabilityofhighdaytimetemperatures.

COMPOSTING:Resultsoflaboratory-scaletrialsrevealedthatcompostinghadthepotentialtobeemployedtodecontaminateaflatoxin-containingagriculturalwasteindevelopingcountries,whereaflatoxin-contaminatedpeanutwasteisoftenusedasmulchingmaterialorasoilamendment,whichintroducesaflatoxinsandaflatoxin-producingmoldintosubsequentfarmingseasons.Compostinghighly-contaminatedpeanutmealat40°CforsixweekscausedlevelsofaflatoxinB1,B2,G1andGtodropfrom154.9to72.2µg/kg,from17.6to7.4µg/kg,from6.9to1.2µg/kg,andfrom2.1to0.0µg/kg,respectively.AspergillusflavusandA.parasiticuscountsandtotalmoldcountsdecreasedfrom103-105to<10CFU/g.Compostingtimeandthetypeofstartersusedintheresearchsignificantlyinfluencedaflatoxincontent,whilethepresenceofanacceleratordidnotaffectaflatoxinlevels.Thehighestleveloftoxindecontaminationoccurredinthefirstweekwhencomposttemperatureandammoniaconcentrationwerehigh.Micronutrientcontentsofresultingcompostswerewithintheacceptedrangeforcropfertilizers,exceptforcalcium.Heavymetalcontentwasbelowthemaximumallowablelevelsexceptnickelinoneofthesamples.Therefore,compostingofaflatoxincontaminatedagriculturalwasteappearstobeaneffectivemeansofreducingriskofaccumulation.

Objective3.EvaluatenewpeanutgermplasmfromICRISAT,USAandAfricanbreedersNewvarietiesandexperimentallineswerecomparedonresearchstationscoordinatedandimplementedcooperativelyatCRI-Kumasi,SARI-TamaleandSARI-Wa.Thesetrialsinvolved20to30entriesincludinglocalcultivars.Resultsoverthreeyearsshowedsignificantdifference(p<0.05)amonggroundnutgermplasmforpestreactionandyield.Themajorityofthegroundnutgermplasmtookfivedaystoemergence.Shitaochi,however,hadtheleastnumberofdaystoemergencewhileOtuhiaandAdepahadthelongest.Consideringdaysto50%flowering,themajorityofgermplasmrecorded27days,withOtuhiarecording31days.Therangeforincidenceofrosettewasbetween2%and74%.YenyawosoandShitaochirecordedtheleastandhighestincidenceofrosette,respectively.Also,threelinesfromICRISAT(ICGV-03308,ICGV-03315andICGV-03398)hadgreaterthan60%incidenceofrosetteovertheotherentries.Resultsshoweddifferencesinunfilledpod,podandkernelsdamageaswellasgrainyieldasaresultofarthropodpestreactionamong23linesandvarieties.Generally,germplasmthatshowedlowerincidenceofrosettehadhigheryieldcomparedtothosewithhigherincidenceofrosette.ThehighestgrainyieldwasrecordedfromOboshe(3157kg/ha)whiletheleastwerefromICGV-03395.

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Objective4.Disseminatebestpracticestofarmersandotherstakeholders

FarmerFieldSchools(FFSs)wereheldateachvillageatplanting,mid-seasonandharvesttodemonstrateimprovedvarieties,pestmanagementandproductioninterventionsduringtheseason,andaflatoxinmitigationtechniques.AconciseguideinEnglishandappropriatelocallanguageswasdistributedthroughFFSs,theMinistryofForestryandAgriculture(MOFA),andthePMILwebsite.FromOctober2013to2017,groundnutIPMproductionandaflatoxinmitigationtechnologiesweretransferredthroughFFSstomorethan100farmersand10MOFAextensionstaffwhichextendedthereachto1500farmersandextensionstaffhouseholdsatEjura/Sekyedumase,andDrobonsointheAshantiregion.SurveysofPMILCollaborating(PMIL-C)farmers,PMILSpill-over(PMIL-SO)farmers,andGeneral/Other(GO)controlgroupfarmerswereconductedinOctober2016(seeObjective1,exampleinEjuraandDrobonso)todeterminehowinformationderivedfromPMILinteractionswasdisseminated.Inall,112farmersweresurveyed:26PMIL-Cfarmers,21PMIL-SOfarmers,and65GOfarmers.96%percentofPMIL-Cfarmershadheardaboutaflatoxinwhileonly52%ofPMIL-SOfarmersand22%ofGOfarmershadheardaboutthisissue.Mostfarmersremovedmoldygrain(thehighestrisksourceofaflatoxin)priortoconsumingormarketingpeanut.PMIL-CfarmerswereusingimprovedtechnologiesorrecommendationsmorethanPMIL-SOandGOfarmers.Approximately85%ofPMIL-CandPMIL-SOfarmersusedtarpsfordryingwhileonly42%ofGOfarmersusedthistechnique.Hermeticallysealedbagswereusedby46%,5%,and2%ofPMIL-C,PMIL-SO,andGOfarmers,respectively,while4%,9%,and14%oftheserespectivegroupsusedpolybags.Fifty-twopercentofPMIL-CfarmersusedfertilizerbagswhilePMIL-SOandGOfarmersusedthistypeofstoragebag86%and79%ofthetime,respectively.

Objective5.Analyzetheeconomicsofeachaflatoxinreductionintervention

Infall2015,600groundnutproducersfrom50villagesacrossfivedistrictsincentralGhanaweresurveyed.Obtainingacleandatasetreadyforanalysishasproventobeachallenge,andcontinuedintospringof2017.ThefinaldatasetwasstillbeinganalyzedatthecloseofFY2017.Themainfocusoftheanalysisistheprevalenceandawarenessofaflatoxinamongsmallholderfarmers.AdditionaldatafromKNUSTresearchersonaflatoxinwasalsoprovidedbycollaboratorsandwillbeincludedinthefinalanalysis.TheresultsofthisanalysiswillbeincorporatedintoJeremyJelliffe’sPhDdissertationatUCONNandamanuscriptwillbegeneratedandsubmittedforpublicationtoapeer-reviewedjournaluponcompletionofthiswork.Datareceivedfromfield-experimenttrialsofalternativemanagementpracticesinNorthern(SARI)andCentral(CRI)regionscontinuedforthe2017growingseason.Processinghasbeendoneandfinalanalysisofthedataiscomplete.Manuscriptsarebeingpreparedtoincludetheresultsfromtheanalysis,whichwillbesubmittedforpublicationtoapeer-reviewedjournal.DatafromGhanawillalsobeusedaspossibleincomparisonwiththosecollectedinMalawi,MozambiqueandZambia.

Objective6.Surveylevelofaflatoxincontaminationinpeanutsandpeanutproductsanddevelop

recommendationsforreducingaflatoxincontaminationinthepeanutprocessingvaluechain

Tradersandprocessorsalongthepeanutvaluechainweresurveyedtoassesscurrentpracticesinaflatoxinmitigation.Amarketanalysistoassesstheextentofaflatoxincontaminationinpeanutsandpeanut-basedproductsinthemarketwillbeconstructed.Seventy-threepercentoftheprocessorshadperceptionsofthecausesofdefectsinrawpeanuts.Theyidentifiedinsectattackandinadequaterainsasthehighest(27%)causesofdefectsinpeanuts,followedbyimproperdrying(23%).

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Therewerenosignificantassociationsbetweentheageandexperienceoftheprocessorsandtheperceptionofthecausesofdefectsofpeanutsrespectively(p=0.39)and(p=0.49).Therewerealsonosignificantassociationsbetweentheprocessorsethnicbackground(hometown)andtheirperceptionofthecausesofdefects(p=0.10).Thus,mostprocessorsconsideredthatimproperdryingandinsectattackwerethemajorcausesofdefectsinpeanuts.Consequentlypost-harvesthandlingactivitiessuchasdryingandstorageofpeanutsarerawmaterialsupplyissuesthatshouldbeaddressedinthevaluechainusingstandardqualitymanagementsystems.Datafromthesurveyshowedthat40%oftherespondentsthoughttherewerenofoodsafetyissuesassociatedwiththeconsumptionofdefectivepeanutswhile33%associatedtheconsumptionofdefectivepeanutswithstomachpainsamongotherhealthissues.Objective7.Includesdevelopmentofhumanandinstitutionalcapacitytoconductresearchinpeanut

inGhana.

Todate,sevenstudentscompletedcourseworkandthesis/dissertationforagraduatedegree,twoindoctoralprograms.ThestudentsstudiedatUniversityofGhanaorKNUSTinGhana,UGAorVirginiaTechintheUS.


• Therecommendedimprovedfarmerpractices(soapforinsectcontrol,calciuminputsthroughoystershellsorcommerciallegumefertilizer)provedtobeeconomicallyviableandshouldbepromotedthroughoutthepeanutgrowingregions.

• Improvedpost-harvestpracticeoftarpdryingandhermeticbagsalsoappearstosuccessfullyreduceaflatoxincontaminationandshouldbepromotedaswell.

• Solardryingtechnologies,suchasthosedeployedatCRIandsurroundingvillages,mayhavedifficultiestomanagetherequiredvolumesinatimelymanner,buttheimprovementinqualityshouldbeconsideredbythebreedingprogramtoassureseedquality.

• Thefindingsrelatedtopeanutproductqualityshouldbesharedtoimprovethehygieneandsafety(aflatoxinandmicrobiologicalcontaminants)inpeanutflour,kuli-kuliandpeanutbutter.Likewise,effortsshouldbemadetoidentifytheriskofusingsortedoutpeanutsandoilcakeforproductssuchaskuli-kuliandkebabpowder.

• Severalimprovedvarietiesprovedtobehigheryieldingandmoreresistanttopestsandenvironmentallimitationsandshouldbescaledthroughasustainableseedsystem,suchasthevillageapproachdemonstratedinthisproject.


• Whiletechnologiesprovedtobeeffectiveateconomicallyimprovingyields,adoptionstrategiesandavailabilityofinputsremainsachallengetoscalingandshouldbeconsideredforfutureresearch.

• ThestrategicintegrationofresearchandseedproductionwithcommercialfarmingandprocessingoperationsinotherPMILcountriesdemonstratedthepotentialofthisapproach,howevertheseopportunitiesremainedlimitedanduntappedinGhanatodate.


• Large,complexprojectsacrossmanydisciplinesandinvolvingmanyinstitutionscanbesuccessfulandofferuniqueresearchopportunities,suchasthe“twobytwobytwo”factorialaflatoxinvaluechainproject.However,theyrequireadditionalmanagementinputsthatmay

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exceedthetimelimitationsofasingleUS-basedPIandhaveadditionalcosts,suchasregularmeetingstobringcollaboratorstogether.

• Innovativenewdigitaldatacollectionsystems,suchtheWorldBanktablet-basedsurveytoolusedbytheco-PIintheMalawiprojectorthefieldtrialdatasystemintheBreedingManagementSoftwaresystemwouldbehelpfulfortimely,accuratedatacollectionacrosssuchnumerousandgeographicallyseparatedpartners.

• Workingwithlocaluniversitiesiskeytodevelopinglongtermcapacity,butmuchcanalsobeachievedintwowaylearningandprofessionaldevelopmentbyincorporatinginternationalexpertsonthesiscommitteestoassurethoroughawarenessofthespecificsubjectmatter,relevanceoftheresearchquestionanddesign,andtoofferopportunitiesforcareerdevelopmenttothestudents,suchasparticipationininternationalconferences.

• Havingasinglefacilitytoanalyzeaflatoxinsampleswasinitiallyrequiredduetothelimitedavailabilityoftestingequipmentandtoreducepotentialerrorbetweenlabs.However,thiscreatedlogisticalandcostchallengesrelatingtokeepingsamplesfrozenandshippedtothecentrallab.Italsocreatedextensivedelaysindataanalysisthatlimitedtimelyinterpretationoftheresults.Futureeffortsshouldconsiderlowercostandfieldbasedtesting,suchastheMobileAssaysystemintroducedinthelateryearsoftheproject.

• Solardryingpresentssomechallengesforpeanutssincehightemperaturesnegativelyaffectpeanutqualityforflavor,shelflifeandgermination,andvolumesofthetestedtechnologiesweretoolimitedforwidespreadadoptionascurrentlyconfigured.However,thedemandfora“setitandforgetit”dryingtechnologythatprotectedthedryingcropfromrainandlivestockwasclear.Also,theimprovementingerminationoversundriedpeanutsdemonstratedtheneedforcontrolleddryingforbreedingprogramsandseedproducers.

ProjectC3.ProducerandConsumerInterventionstoDecreasePeanutMycotoxinRiskin

Ghana

ThegoalofthisprojectwastoinvestigatetherelativeandcombinedimpactoftechnologicalandmarketaflatoxinmitigationinterventionsforgroundnutsinnorthernGhana.Thetechnologicalinterventionfacilitatedtheadoptionofsimpleandlow-costaflatoxinpreventiontechnologies.Essentially,wegavearandomlyselectedsubsetofstudyfarmersthematerialsandinformationnecessarytoadopt.Weworkedwithlocalexpertstoidentifythepreventativemeasureswiththebestpotentialtoprovidelong-termandaffordablesolutions.Themarketinterventionensuredapremiumforadifferentandpartiallyoverlappingrandomlyselectedsubsetofstudyfarmers.Todothis,weworkedwithlocalgroundnutbuyerstoofferapremiumforgroundnutstestedbytheprojectthatpassasafetycriterion.Producersselectedtoreceivethemarketinterventionaremadeawareofthepotentialcustomersforsafegroundnuts,andwhatthestandardsaretoqualifyforthepricepremium.InGhana,womenconstituteover48%oftheagriculturallaborforce.Furthermore,womenarethemainpurchasersofgroundnuts,andthenusethemtomakepasteandextractoil.Hence,whendesigningthequestionnaires and intervention we considered gender differences. We built in modules on gender,individualassetsandjointassetownershipatbaseline. Inthisway,wehaveattemptedtocapturethegenderdynamicaroundreasonswhy/whynotindividualsorhouseholdsadoptcontrolmeasures.

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Achievements

Designedagrouptrainingprogramandtrained1,000farmersonaflatoxinandaflatoxinprevention

Theresearchteamcreatedatrainingprogramwithlocalextensionagentstoteachfarmersaboutaflatoxin,itsrisks,andhowlowcostharvestandpost-harvestpracticescanreducethem.Thisprogramincludesinteractivediscussions,demonstrations,ashortvideoshownontabletcomputers,andarefresherquiz.Itlastsroughlyonehour.Weusedthisprogramtotrain750farmersingroupsessionswithlocalextensionagentsandmembersofourresearchteambeforethe2015groundnutharvestandanadditional250farmersafterthe2015groundnutharvest(thiswasthecontrolgroupforthefirstyearofthestudy).Thesamefarmersreceivedone-on-onerefreshertrainingin2016.Thetrainingswereveryeffectiveatimprovingsortingandstoragepractices.Loweredaflatoxinlevelsintreatmentarmsofoursampleby20-30percentintheNorthernRegion.

In2014-2015,aflatoxinlevelswereverylowacrossGhanamakingitunlikelyanyinterventionswouldhaveadetectableimpact.Thesamecanbesaidfor2015-2016intheUpperEastRegion.IntheNorthernRegion,wherebaselinelevelswerehigherin2015-2016,thefreetarpinterventionloweredaflatoxinlevelsbyanaverageof30percentfor203farmersandthemarketpremiumloweredaflatoxinlevelsbyanaverageof20percentfor122farmers.Lookingatcriticalthresholds,wefindthatthefreetarpstreatmentdecreasedtheprobabilityofaflatoxinlevelsabovetheGhanaianstandardof15ppbby8percentandlevelsabovetheEUstandardof4ppbby6percent.Themarketpremiumtreatmentdecreasedtheprobabilitiesby5and6percent,respectively.Notethatinthisyearofthestudy,allfarmershadthesameinformationonaflatoxin,itsconsequences,andpost-harvestpracticesforitsprevention.Thus,theeffectsonaflatoxinlevelsareduetothetarpsormarketpremiumofferconditionaloninformationreceipt.Giventhestrongeffectofinformationonpost-harvestpracticeswefoundinthefirstyearofourstudy,itislikelytheimpactswouldbeevenhigherifmeasuredusingapureexperimentalcontrol.Producededucationalvideos

WithaScalingInnovationthroughVideograntfromUSAIDweproducedaseriesofshortvideosonaflatoxinandaflatoxinprevention.Onesetofvideosisaimedatextensionagentsorfarmersthemselves,andanothervideoisaimedatresearchersanddevelopmentpractitionersworkingonaflatoxinprevention.WescreenedthesevideosforfieldstaffoftheGhanaTradeandLivelihoodCoalition,PeasantFarmersAssociationofGhana,NorthernDevelopmentSociety,GrameenGhana,SheaNetworkGhana,andtheNetherlandsDevelopmentOrganization.Weareplanningtodisseminateandpublicizethesemorewidelyinthenearfuture.Researchachievements

Farmertrainingiseffectiveatimprovingfarmerpost-harvestpracticestoreduceaflatoxinriskFarmersinourstudyweretotallyunawareofaflatoxinbeforeourintervention.Whiletheywerefamiliarwithmoldandtheeffectithasonpalatabilityandmarketability,theydidnotunderstanditshealthrisks.Throughourrandomizedcontroltrial,wefoundtrainingonimprovedpost-harvestpractices,particularlysortingandstoragepractices,waswidelyadoptedandeffectiveatreducingaflatoxin.

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Fewfarmerswillinvestintarps,buttheywillusethemiftheyareprovidedfreeofchargeWhenweprovidedtarpsfreeofcharge,farmersgladlyacceptedthemandnearly70percentusedthemfortheirintendedpurpose.However,evenatsubsidizedprices($2-$5dependingonquality)fewfarmerswouldpayforthem.Thiskindofextremepriceelasticityatlowpricesissimilartothewell-documentedcaseofdemandformosquitonets,andoffersfurtherevidencetosupportprovisionoffree(orextremelysubsidized)technologiesthatresultinpublicbenefits(inthiscase,improvedfoodsafety).Farmerscanberesponsivetopricepremiums,butitrequiresflexibilityOfferingfarmersapricepremium(inadvanceofharvest)forlowaflatoxingroundnutshadnoeffectonpost-harvestpracticesthefirstyearweofferedit.Inthesecondyearofourstudyweweremoreflexibleinourpurchases,offeringtocomewithinoneweekofthefarmer’scall,3to7monthsafterharvest.Wealsoofferedaflatratepremiumratherthanapercentagetomakethepremiumeasiertounderstand.Undertheseconditions,inthethreegroupsnotofferedthemarketpremiumroughly20percentreportedsuccessfullysellingtoouragent,whereasinthegroupofferedthemarketpremium57percentdid.Thehighersalesratesinthesecondyearareencouraging,butitisimportanttonotethathighvaluebuyersareunlikelytoofferthiskindofflexibilitytosmallfarmers.Forsmallholderfarmersitisunlikelythatmarketforcesalonewillleadtoaflatoxinsafegroundnutproduction,atleastasthemarketiscurrentlystructured.Thus,informationaboutthehealthrisksandassistanceacquiringappropriatetechnologiesarekey.TarpdistributionandofferingamarketpremiumcanbothbeeffectiveatloweringaflatoxinlevelsOurinterventions—coupledwithtraining—resultedinloweraflatoxinlevelswhereandwhenbackgroundaflatoxinlevelsweresufficientlyhigh.Freetarpdistributionreducedaflatoxinlevelsbyover30percentandofferingamarketpremiumreducedlevelsbyover20percent.Thesereductionswereonlyachievedwhereandwhenbackgroundaflatoxinlevelswerenotextremelylow,ascanbeexpected.Policypresentation

VivianHoffmannpresentedourfindingsattheWorkshoponEngagingtheHealthandNutritionSectorsinAflatoxinControlinAfrica(AddisAbaba,Ethiopia),March2016.TheworkshopwashostedbyGlobalAllianceforImprovedNutrition,PartnershipforAflatoxinControlinAfrica,AmrefHealthAfrica,andtheAfricanUnion).

Academicpresentations

NickMagnanpresentedourfindingsatthefollowinginvitedseminarsandconferences:• MidwestInternationalEconomicDevelopmentConference(UniversityofWisconsin-Madison),

May2017• AgriculturalandAppliedEconomicsAssociationAnnualMeeting(Boston),July2016• DepartmentSeminar,UniversityofGeorgiaFoodsandNutritionDepartment,April2016• AgriculturalandAppliedEconomicsAssociationsectionoftheAlliedSocialScienceAssociation

AnnualMeetings(Philadelphia),January2018.VivianHoffmannorNickMagnanwillalsopresentattheInternationalConferenceforAgriculturalEconomists(Vancouver),July2018

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Ourresearchprojectdidnotproduceanynewtechnologicalinnovations.Werecommendthedistributionoffreedryingtarpsalongwithtrainingonimprovedpost-harvestpractices.


Measuringdemandforaflatoxin-preventiontechnologies

Farmersappearedtovaluetarps,astheywerehappytoreceivethemandusedthemfortheirintendedpurposewhenprovidedtothemforfree.Theywereeffectiveatreducingaflatoxin.Purchaseoftarps,however,wasverylow.Whiletrainingonaflatoxinandaflatoxinpreventiondidincreasetarppurchases,thiscouldbesimplybecauseonlyfarmerswhounderwenttrainingknewwheretopurchaseatarpfromtheresearchteam(tarpswerenotavailableinthevillagesotherwise).NewtechnologiessuchasAflasafeandPICSbagsmaybeveryeffectiveatpreventingaflatoxin,butitisunknowniffamerswillusethem,particularlyiftheyneedtopay.Furtherstudiesondemandfortechnologiesareimportanttounderstandtowhatdegreethesetechnologieswillhavetobesubsidizedtogetfarmerstoadoptthem,andifthereareanyinterventions(e.g.,credit,information,socialmarketing,amarketpremiumforaflatoxinsafegroundnuts,etc.)thatcouldincreasedemand.Experimentalauctionsorrandomizedcouponsarepotentialapproachestostudyingdemand.Howtopurchasegroundnutscost-effectivelyfromsmallholderfarmers

Smallholderfarmersdonotgrowgroundnutsasacommercialenterprise.Ourresearchshowsthattheysellsporadicallythroughouttheyearwhentheyneedmoney,andalsoholdgroundnutslongafterharvestinthehopesthepricewillincrease(asitgenerallydoes).Thesebehaviorshavetwopotentialconsequencesforfoodsafety.First,becausefarmersdonotwanttoselllargequantitiesofgroundnuts,theywillnotbeabletoattractbuyersthatwillpayapremiumforquality.Theywillalsonotbeabletohavetheirproductiontestedforaflatoxininacosteffectivemanner.Thisreducesthemonetaryincentivetoinvestinaflatoxin-mitigatingtechnologies,andresultsinmorelowqualityandpotentiallyhighaflatoxingroundnutsendingupinlocalmarkets.Second,thesebehaviorswillresultingroundnutsstayinginsuboptimalstorageconditions.Farmersgenerallystoregroundnutsinaroomintheircompound,oftenwithproduceorotheritems.Thefacilitiesarenotprotectedfrominsects,rodents,andmoisturenearlyaswellascommercialwarehouses.Ideallybuyerswouldbeabletopurchasegroundnutsshortlyafterharvesttoputintolargededicatedstoragestructures,butfarmersareunwillingtoselltheirproductionatthispoint.Ourresearchshowsthatfarmerscanandwillreacttoamarketpremiumtoproducesafernuts,butthatimplementingthatmarketpremiuminawaythatworksforfarmersisdifficultandcostly.Moreresearchonmechanismsthatfacilitatethepurchaseandproperstorageofgroundnuts,suchaswarehousereceipts,couldhelpimprovefoodsecuritywhilealsogivingfarmersflexibilityandtheopportunityfortemporalarbitrage.Nationwidelongitudinalsurveyofaflatoxiningroundnutsandmaize

Aflatoxinlevelsvaryoverspaceandtime.Tomeasuretrends,andmodelwhatclimactic(andother)factorsinfluenceaflatoxinlevels,longitudinaldatafromthroughoutthecountryisrequired.Furthermore,identifyinghotspotsinthevaluechainwhereaflatoxinriskisespeciallyhigh(storageat

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thefarm,transit,localmarkets,etc.),isanimportantstepinunderstandingwhatinterventionswillbemosteffectiveatmitigatingaflatoxinrisksinsociety.TheOpokulaboratorywouldliketobepartofsuchaneffortbysystematicallycollectingandtestingsamplesfromthroughoutGhana.PrevalenceofTrichothecenemycotoxinsinmaizeandgroundnutsinGhana

Trichothecenemycotoxins,suchasT-2andHT-2toxins,aretoxictohumansandanimals.TheyinhibitDNAandproteinsynthesisandcauseanumberofdiseases.TheclimaticconditionsinGhanasupporttheirproduction,butlittleisknownabouttheirprevalenceandconcentrationthroughoutthecountry.


ExpenseandlogisticaldifficultyofaflatoxintestingLessonslearned

Wefoundaflatoxindataverydifficulttocollect.Testingisexpensive,andevenmoresowhenaccountingforlogisticalissuesinvolvedwithtransportinggroundnutsandkeepingthemrefrigeratedwithfrequentpowerdisruptions.Weneededtopurchasetwogeneratorstokeepgroundnutsrefrigerated.

Changesmade

ForthesecondandthirdroundofaflatoxindatacollectionweswitchedfromusingRomerFluoroQuanttestingtoMobileAssay.Thismethodhadlowervariablecosts,andmuchlowerfixedcosts(whichforuswerealreadysunkinpurchasingtheRomerfluorometer).Alargeadvantagetothissystemisthatitallowedusconductquantitativetestsinthefieldatthepointofpurchase,asopposedtotakingtemperaturecontrolledsamplesbacktothelaboruseofsemi-quantitativethresholdstriptests).WefoundtestingwiththeMobileAssaysystemtobemoreaccuratethantheFluoroQuantsystemviatestingofstandardsofknownaflatoxinlevels.However,neithertestwasasaccurateasweexpectedorhoped.

Recommendation

WerecommendusingtheMobileAssaysystemfortesting.Wealsorecommendextensivetrainingoftestersandcarefulcalibrationusingsamplesofknownaflatoxinlevels.Aflatoxinlevelsvarygreatlyfromyeartoyear

Lessonlearned

Inourthreeyearsofaflatoxintestingfromthesamefarmers,wefoundlevelstovarygreatlyfromyeartoyear.Testsfromthe2014-2015seasonrevealveryhighlevels,whereastestsfromthe2015-2016and2016-2017seasonswereextremelylow.Evenwithinseason,levelsvarygreatly.Thehighaveragelevelsofaflatoxinfrom2014-2015werelargelytheresultofoutliersampleswithextremelyhighlevels.Theseoutlierswerenotpresentin2015-2016and2016-2017.Suchresultsareendogenoustoaflatoxincontaminationandcarefulconsiderationofsamplingisrequiredforfutureresearch.

Changesmade

Thelargedropinaflatoxinlevelsfromthe2014-2015seasontothe2015-2016seasonwasamajorreasonforustotestourinterventionsagainin2016.Thisturnedouttobeagoodresearchinvestment,asintheNorthernRegion(butnottheUpperEast)backgroundaflatoxinlevelswerehighenoughtomakeanddetectanimpact.

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Recommendations

Year-to-yearvariabilityinaflatoxinlevelsmakesitdifficulttomakegeneralclaimsfromanyevaluationthatusesaflatoxinlevelsasanoutcomeofinterest.Ifbackgroundaflatoxinlevelsarelow,astheywereinourtwoyearsofpost-interventiondatacollection,itmaynotbenotbepossibletoshowimpactofinterventionsthatmaybeveryimpactfulinyearswhenaflatoxinlevelsarehigher.Werecommendforanystudythatusesaflatoxinlevelsasanoutcometoconductmulti-site,multi-yearstudiesinordertobeabletotestforimpactsunderavarietyofclimaticconditions.Thisisveryexpensive,however,andmaynotbepossiblegivenbudgetconstraints.Farmersareveryreluctanttoselltheirgroundnuts,evenatapremium

LessonslearnedAsstatedabove,farmerswereveryreluctanttosellustheirgroundnutproduction2-3monthsafterharvest.Ourscopingsurveyindicatedthatthisiswhenfarmerssoldmostoftheirproductionfromthe2014harvest,butperhapsthatwasanexceptionalyear.Whenwetriedtopurchasegroundnuts2-3monthsafterthe2015harvest,onlysevenofnearly1,000farmerssoldtous.Whenaskedwhytheydidnot,manyindicatedtheywerewaitingforwhentheyneededmoney,orforwhenthepricewouldrise.

Changesmade

Foroursecondattempttopurchasegroundnutsweofferedfarmersmoreflexibility.Theycouldcallusanytimeafterharvestandwithinaweekwewouldsendabuyer.Only31farmerssoldtooneofourbuyers3monthsafterharvest,but100didsoby7months,and200indicatedtryingtosell(butmanydidnotultimatelydosobecausetheofferpricewastoolow).

Recommendations

Theapproachwetooktobuyinggroundnutsislikelycostprohibitivetoactualgroundnutbuyers.Werecommendmoreresearchonwaystoincitefarmerstoselltheirgroundnutsinlargequantities,shortlyafterharvest,inanefforttobetterintegratethemintovaluechainsthatrewardqualityandsafety.

ProjectC4.AflatoxinManagementInterventions,EducationandAnalysisatVariousSteps

AlongthePeanutValueChaininMalawi,MozambiqueandZambia

Thisprojectaddressedawiderangeofproduction,post-harvesthandling,andprocessingissuesrelativetopeanutsinMalawi,Zambia,andMozambiquethatcanimpactaflatoxincontaminationlevels,yield,andprofitability.Thestrengthofthisprojectwasthatinterventionswereevaluatedthroughoutthevaluechainandthecumulativeeffectoftheseeffortswasmeasuredagainsttraditionalproductionandmarketingpractices.Throughlinkageswithvariouspartners,farmereducationwasalsoemphasizedandextendedlinkageswithvariousindustriesandmarketinggroupshavehelpedaccelerateaflatoxinmitigationandmarketdevelopment.

MalawihasastronghistoryofresearchonpeanutthroughICRISAT,theDepartmentofAgricultureResearchServicesatChitedzeResearchStation(DARS),andLilongweUniversityofAgricultureandNaturalResources(LUANAR),buttheabilityoffarmerstoproducehighyielding,highqualitypeanutswithconsistentlylowaflatoxinlevelsisstillquitelimited.AdditionalagenciessuchasNASFAM(NationalSmallFarmerAssociationofMalawi),theMinistryofAgriculture,ExagrisAfricaLtd,Afri-Nut,TWINtradingoftheU.K.,theClintonDevelopmentInitiativeandothersareallengagedinfurtherevaluationofproduction,processing,andmarketingstrategiesaswellasfarmereducation.Improvedcultivarsareavailable,butthelackofaneffectiveseedprogramlimitsavailability.Limitedmarketingduetohigh

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aflatoxincontaminationlevelsexacerbatestheproblembyreducingfarmerincentivetoimplementcurrentproductionrecommendationsandlimitscommercialprocessingandmarketing.

Ourproject,withitsmultidisciplinaryteam,tookacomprehensiveapproachtoproblem-solvingresearchandeffectivetechnologytransferthroughkeypartnershipswithin-countryresearchcounterpartsandNGOs.TheintentionoftheprojectwastotakethehigherlevelofpeanutresearchinMalawiandtorapidlyphaseextensionintoZambiaandMozambique,creatingaregionalprojectprovidingresearchdatawithevenwiderscaleapplication.Keycomponentsincludedtakingadvantageofalreadyavailableimprovedgermplasm,in-countryaflatoxintestingequipmentandtechniciansalreadyinplace,aswellaskeyproduction,processing,marketingandtechnologytransferpartners.Ourprojectaddressedthechallengesfromproductiontoprocessingincludinginformationtransferandcreatingaflatoxinawarenessalongthewholevaluechain.

Achievements

Thepre-harvestcomponentoftheprojecthasbeenveryfocusedandproductive.Primaryobjectivesweretoevaluateproductionpracticesthatresultedinincreasedyields,increasedprofits,andimprovedcropquality(reducedaflatoxin).Sixstudents(5MScand1PhD)werefundedacross3countriesinthepre-harvestcomponentofthevaluechainproject.Theyfocusedonplantingdate,plantpopulations,soilamendments,croprotation,pestmanagement,harvestdate,anddryingtechnique.Thecumulativeresultsofthisresearchallowsustofullyunderstandtheindividualvalueofvariousproductionregimesandinputintheproductionofprofitablepeanutsinthethreehostcountries.Thevaluablefindingsfromthesestudiesweretheresultofuniqueandhighlymotivatedcollaborativelinkagesamongnon-traditionalpartners.TheselinkagesincludednationalresearchandCGIARcenters,universitiesandtheprivatesector.KeytosuccesswasthelinkageofICRISAT-MalawiandExagristoLUANARforgraduateresearchandtraining.Thisprovidedstudentswithanunmatchedopportunitytoconductlarge-scaleplotresearchatfacilitiesthatcouldensureahighlevelofqualitycontrolandplotmaintenance.Additionally,ourlinkagewithExagrisandthepeanutbreedingprogramatDARSprovidedopportunitiesforevaluationofadvancedlinesindiverseagroecologicalzonesandprovidedamechanismforseedmultiplicationanddeploymenttoout-growerfarmers.Whilethestudentshaveproducednumerousrefereedsciencejournalarticles(whichisapositivereflectionofthequalityoftheresearch),moreimportantly,theresearchhasaddressedcriticalresearchneedsforpeanutproductioninthesecountries.Likewise,thepost-harvestresearchcomponenthasproducedexcellentresults,primarilythroughsix(MSc)studentledprojects.Todate,sixstudentscompleteddegreesinpre-harvestfields(onePhD)andsixstudentscompleteddegreesinpost-harvestareas.Post-harvestInterventionsMalawi

• Groundnutflourstandardsweredevelopedandpracticesofblanchingandvariabletemperatureroastswerecomparedagainstthestandardsforqualitymeasuresofaflatoxin,microbiallevelsandrancidityorshelflife.ProjectledtodevelopmentofofficialMalawiBureauofStandardsnewgroundnutflourstandards.

• Differentextractionmethodsforproducingpeanutoilwereanalyzedfortheirefficiencyinpreventingaflatoxincarryover.

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• Farmersweresurveyedabouttheirknowledgeofhowdryingandstoragecanaffectaflatoxincontamination.Dryingandstoragetechnologiesweretestedfortheireffectivenessinlimitingaflatoxincontamination.

• DevelopmentandEvaluationofTechnologiesandPracticesforCleaningandSortingGroundnutsMozambique

• Plantingandharvestdateswereevaluatedforimpactonyieldandquality,demonstratingtheyieldlosswhenfarmerswaittoolongtoplant(untilafteramore-valuablecashcropisintheground)orleavematurepeanutsinthegroundtoolong(whiletheyharvestothercrops.)

Zambia

• Testswereconductedusingsixcommonmethodsfordryingpeanuts.Concreteslabandpapyrusmatsurfacesshowedhigherdryingperformanceat2.13and2.07%drybasisperhour,therefore,concreteslabandpapyrusmatsurfaceswithdepthof3.6cmwerethemosteffectivedryingmethodstoreduceaflatoxincontamination.

• Amarketsurveywasconductedfortheprevalenceofaflatoxinsinthreepeanutproducts:rawpeanuts,powdered(milledflour)peanutsandroastedpeanutssoldinopenmarketsof14districts.FacultyattheUniversityofZambiaconductedthesurveyandcontinuestoanalyzethedatainordertoprepareamanuscript.

• ThreeZambiangroundnutvarieties(Kadonongo,MakuluRedandChalimbana)wereanalyzedforshelflifestabilityofpeanutbutter.ThestudywasconductedbyanMScChemistrystudentwhoiscurrentlyworkingonhisthesis.

• AstudyoftwoZambianpeanutvarieties(KadonongoandChalimbana)evaluatedecologicalfungalchangesoccurringintherawpeanutsandprocessedpeanutbutters(duringproductionandstorage)usingmoleculartechniques.Themaster’sstudentinmolecularbiologywhoisconductingtheresearchalsoassessedtheaflatoxincontentandchangesovertime.Shecontinuesworkonherthesis.

• Amaster’sstudentinhumannutritionconductedastudyongroundnut-processingpracticesandaflatoxinexposureamongchildrenage6monthsto35monthsinaperi-urbancommunityinLusaka.Thestudentisdoingdataanalysisandthesiswriting

• AbachelorofsciencestudentinfoodscienceandtechnologystudiedthephysicochemicalpropertiesandsensoryevaluationofpeanutbuttermadefromthreeZambiangroundnutvarieties(Kadonongo,MakuluRedandChalimbana).Thestudentcompletedherdissertation,andthereisamanuscriptunderpreparationforpossiblejournalpublication.

USA(UniversityofGeorgia)

• Storagequalityoflightlyroasted,shelledpeanutswascomparedwithrawshellednuts.


Pre-harvest:• Farmersshouldconsiderpre-rain“dry”planting.Datasuggestedthatthisincreasedyieldand

reducedthelikelihoodofaflatoxin.Thiswillbeachallengeforprioritization.• Increasedplantdensityfromcurrentfarmerpracticeshouldbeencouraged.• Timelyharvestshouldbeafocusoffarmertrainingtomaintainyieldandquality.

Post-Harvest:• ThevariousdryingtechniquesandconditionsthathavebeenexploredbybothLUANARand

UNZAcanbedisseminatedtothepeanutgrowersintherespectivecountries.

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• Thelightroastingofrawpeanutsfollowedbyblanchingcanbeaneffectivetooltoweedoutdiscoloredpeanutstherebydecreasingthechancesofaflatoxincontamination.Moreover,iftheblanchedpeanutsarestoredinHDPEbags,theshelflifeisaround32weeks.Thistechnologycanbetransferredeasilytothepeanutprocessors.

• LUANARcanhelpimplementGMP/HACCPthroughtrainingandworkshopsastheyhavedevelopedtherelatedtrainingmodules.

• BothLUANARandUNZAshouldbeabletohelpsmallandmediumprocessorswiththeirprocessingneeds.


Pre-Harvest:• Researchinvariousproductionareasoncompleteproductiontechpackageswithnewvarieties

comparedtoCG7.Thesetrialsshouldbeconductedoncommercialfarms,onoutgrowerfarms,andinseparatefarmingvillagesandsubjectedtoeconomicanalysis.

• Forecastmodelsshouldbedevelopedandintegratedforcropmaturityandoptimalharvestdatesforconsumptionandforseed,predictivemodelsforaflatoxin

Post-Harvest:• Transportationandstoragestudiesshouldbecontinuedtobestudiedtoreducetheincidence

aflatoxinsinharvested/driedin-shellpeanuts.Variouscosteffectivepackagingmaterialsshouldbestudied.Traceabilityshouldalsobeamajorfocusinthenextphase.

• Thepushforhigh-qualityproductsfrommicrobiological,toxicological,nutritionalandsensoryviewpointsshouldbemaintained.

• Nutritionalstudiesshowingthepositiveimpactofpeanutsonchildrenandmaternalhealthshouldbemadeapriorityareaofresearchinfuture.

• Characterizingallthelocalpeanutcultivarsofthehostcountriesforflavor,physicochemical,nutritionalandsensorypropertiesshouldbecarriedout.

• ThereshouldbeanemphasisonshorttrainingformorestudentsandstafffromthehostcountriesatthecollaboratingUSuniversities.


Malawi• Themajorityofgroundnutflourprocessorsareunawareofaflatoxinandpracticesrequiredto

reduceaflatoxinrisk.Asurveyofthemarketfoundthatthemajorityoffloursdonotmeetqualityandsafetystandards.

• Whilecommercialoilextractionyieldsoilwithlowaflatoxinlevels,simplevillage-scalemethodslendafalsesenseofsecuritythataflatoxinlevelsarelowwhentheycanbesignificant.Astudyofsimplemethods,suchasblanching,filtrationandethanolcleansingshowedthemosteffectivewaystoreduceaflatoxintoacceptablelevels.

• Groundnutsdriedtogetherwithvinestook14daystodrycomparedwiththreshednutsthattookonlythreedaystodry,butalsohadahighpercentageofsplits,discolorationandmold.Storagestudiesrevealthattheuseofpolyethylenebagsforstoringgroundnutsmightresultinhighaflatoxincontaminationascomparedtostoringthegroundnutsinhermeticallysealedbagsandinthetraditionalgranary.

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Mozambique• Earlyplantingandtimelyharvestshowedsignificantlyimprovedyieldsandreductionof

aflatoxin.Contrarytoacommonmisconceptionoffarmersintheregion,harvesting10dayspastmaturitybroughtin30.7%to36.6%fewerofthepods,comparedtotimelyharvest.Farmersandextensionagentscanusethisknowledgetoweighthecostofdelayinganotheractivityorhiringlabortoharvestpeanutsontime.

Zambia• Existingdryingmethods/surfaceswereidentifiedandevaluatedforoptimalmaterialsand

peanutdepthtoreduceaflatoxincontamination.Concreteslabandlocallymadepapyrusmatswerefoundtobeanimprovementoverbareground.

USA(UniversityofGeorgia)• Hermeticstorageextendsshelflifeofbothblanchedandunblanchedpeanutsfor24weeks.

Wovenpolybagsshouldbeavoidedduetolimitedoxygenbarrierandlikelihoodofrancidity.ProjectManagementThecoordinationofatruevaluechainproject,itsdeploymentandpromotionofateamconcept,aswellasthelogisticsofcoordinatingtheprojectsandprovingsubawardsandfundinginatimelymannerwasadisasterthefirsttwoyearsoftheproject.Thedelayingettingthefunds,theadditionofnewcountriesandinstitutionsthatnoonefromtheU.S.sidehadanyinteractionwithorapreviousworkingrelationshipmadetheinitiationoftheprojectburdensomeandfrustratingforall(especiallyhostcountrycollaborators).Theneedtorapidlydeveloprelationships,newobjectives,collaborators,andMOUsaftertheprojecthasalreadystartedresultedinprogramsthatwereslowtostart,mistrustamongthecollaborators,andfrustrationateverylevel.Iftheintentistofundonlyavaluechainthatincludespreandpost-harvestovermultiplecountriesthatneedstobeclearinthecallforproposalandnotacontingencyforfundingoncetheawardsaremade.

Themainlessonlearnedwasaboutthedisbursementofthefunds.Fromyear3itwasdecidedthatthefundswillbedisbursedquarterlytothehostcountriesintheformofanadvance.ThishelpedthehostcountriestremendouslyastheydidnothavefindthefundsontheirowntospendbeforebeingreimbursedbyUGA.Thepreviousformatactuallyhinderedtheprogressoftheprojectinthefirst2years.

ProjectC5.ProductivityandProfitabilityGrowthinPeanutProduction:AFarmLevelAnalysis

inMalawi,MozambiqueandZambia

Theoverarchingobjectiveofthisprojectwastogenerateandtransfereconomicknowledgeneededtointensifygroundnutproduction,anditssubsequentuse,soastosignificantlyincreaseproductivityandfarmprofits,whilereducingtheriskofaflatoxincontaminationintheharvestedcrop.Theendgoalwastoboostproductivitygrowthingroundnutfarmingsystemsasawaytoincreasefoodsafety,foodsecurity,andfarmincomeinMalawi,Mozambique,andZambia.ThisworkhasbeendoneinclosecollaborationwiththeSouthernAfricaValueChainandIntegratedBreedingProjects.AfundamentalunderpinningoftheprojectwasthatamajorconstrainttoahealthygroundnutvaluechaininmuchofAfricaislowlevelsoffarmproductivityandprofits.Productivityandprofitscanbeimprovedinvariousways,includinggainsinmarketableyields.Thus,theprimaryfocusofthisprojectwastoanalyzethefarmlevelcostsandbenefitsofalternativetreatmentsdesignedtoreducetheaflatoxinlevelswiththegoalofincreasingpeanutqualityandpricesreceivedbyfarmers.

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AsecondareaofworkwastoutilizeavailabledatafromtheWorldBankLivingStandardMeasurementStudies-IntegratedSurveysonAgriculture(LSMS-ISA)andvarietydatageneratedbytheIntegratedBreedingProjecttoevaluatethefarmbenefitsofimprovedseedvarieties,particularlyinUgandaandMalawi.Athirdareaofworkwastoundertakehumancapacitybuildingthroughworkshopsinvarioustopicsincludingproductioneconomics,farmmanagementprinciplesand/orimpactevaluationtechniques.

Achievements

Theprojecthastakenshapeundertwoprimaryobjectives:1)Compiling,organizingandanalyzingexistingproductivitydatathroughcollaborationwithotherPMILinitiatives(includingGhana),particularlythebreedernetwork,and2)implementationofabaselinesurveyinMozambique.Objective1:

• Adatabasefortheprojecthasbeencompletedandwillbemadeavailabletoresearchers.• Datacollectionoverthelastyearbycountryincluded:

o Malawi:Informationreceivedforplantingandharvestdate,plantingdensity,droughtstress,andvarietaltrialsformostrecentgrowingseasons.

o Zambia:Communicationswithlocalresearcherscontinued,butdatawasnotmadeavailableforanalysis.

o Mozambique:Additionaldatawasreceived,butnotincludedintheongoinganalysisbecauseitisdifferentthanthedataalreadyavailableandcouldnotbemergedtoconductaunifiedanalysis.

• Thefollowingresearchmanuscriptsareinfinalstageofpreparationforsubmissiontoscholarlyjournals:

o GroundnutYieldsfromAlternativeSeedVarieties:EconomicEvidencefrom

MozambiqueandMalawi.Bravo-Ureta,B.E.,J.Jelliffe,E.Owusu,A.Muitia,C.Sibakwe,N.Puppala,C.Deom,J.Chintu.Objective:ToexamineproductivityofinterventionsdesignedtodecreaseaflatoxinbasedonseedvarietaltrialsconductedinMozambiqueandMalawi.

1)Mozambique(720observations):a)Outcomevariable:Yieldinfourstudylocations(Namapa,Nampula,

MontepuezandAncuabe)forfourseasons2012/13,2013/14,2014/15and2015/16(unbalancedpanel).

b)Treatmentvariables:-Groundnutvarieties(JL-24,ICGV-SM01513,ICGV-SM01514,ICGV-SM99568andICGV12991;Plantingdates(December15,December24,January3andJanuary13).

2)Malawi(60observations):a)Outcomevariable:-Yieldovertwogrowingseasons(2014to2016)b)Treatmentvariables:-Groundnutvarieties(ICGV-SM01514,Chitala,Baka,

Kakoma,andICGV-SM99566);Moisturestress(no,mild,moderate/minimalandprolongeddrought).

• ProductivityandProfitabilityEffectsofAlternativeGroundnutManagementPracticesin

MalawiandGhana.Bravo-Ureta,B.E.,J.Jelliffe,E.Owusu,L.Mkandawire,M.Abudulai,B.Mochiah,D.Jordan,R.Brandenburg.Objective:Toexaminecostandbenefitsofalternative

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managementinterventionsdesignedtoimproveproductivityandprofitsinMalawiandGhana.

1)Malawi(384observations):a)Outcomevariable:-GrossMarginintwostudylocations(Mpatsanjokaand

Lisungwi)fortwoseasons-2015/16to2016/17(balancedpanel).b)Treatmentvariables:-Season(dry,rainy);Daystoharvest;Plantingdensity

(89,000plants/ha,178,000plants/ha,285,000plants/ha).2)GhanaNorth(144observations):

a)Outcomevariable:-GrossMarginfor2015/16growingseasonintwolocations(ZankaliandKpalbe);

b)Treatmentvariables:-FertilityManagementPractices(YaraLegume,OysterShell,FarmerPractice).

3)GhanaSouth(48observations):a)Outcomevariable:-GrossMarginfor2015/16growingseasonintwo

locations(DrobonsoandEjisu)b)Treatmentvariables:-FertilityManagementPractices(Alatasoap&Oyster

Shell,FarmerPractice).Objective2:AnalysisofthedatafromtheJune2016Mozambiquediagnosticsurveycommencedandpreliminaryresultsareincorporatedintoagraduatestudentdissertationresearchproposal.Thefinalanalysiswillbeincludedinajournalarticlesubmission.Initialfindingsindicatelow-levelmeanproductivityandtechnicalefficiencyamongsmallholderfarmersinnorthernMozambique.Theseresultsareconsistentwithreportsfromlocalexpertsandpriorresearchfindingsfromfarm-leveltrials.Thissurveywillserveasarigorousbaselineforfutureinterventions.CapacityBuildingandTraining:

Agraduatestudentattendeda1-weektrainingprogramattheWorldBankheadquartersinWashingtonD.C.tolearnhowtousetheSurveySolutionstool.Thisisatabletdrivenapplicationtocollectsurveydata.Trainingof20individualsfocusingonsurveydesignandimplementationwascompletedinMalawi.Thetrainingincludedsurveypreparation,basicsofimpactevaluation,andtheuseoftabletsfordatacollectionfollowingthemethodsandsoftwareusedbytheWorldBank.


Thedatareceivedfromfieldtrialsindicatethatearlyplantingresultsingreateryields.ResultsfromvarietaltrialsinMalawiandMozambiqueprovideevidenceofsuperiorperformanceofcertainvarietiescomparedwithothers.However,inMozambiqueonlynewvarietiesarecomparedandthestudydidnotincludealandraceortraditionalvarietyforthesakeofcomparisontotypicalfarmerpractice.Itisthereforerecommendedthatscalingandadoptionofrecommendedpracticesforplantingdateandvarietalsbeseriouslyconsidered.


Itispossibletoutilizetheinformationcollectedduringthediagnosticsurveytoevaluateadoptionofalternativemanagementpracticesatbaseline,e.g.,plantingdateandvarietal.Followingascalingupanddisseminationprogram,researcherscanrevisitthesameHHstoevaluatetheimpactofadoptionof

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alternativemanagementpractices.Itisimportanttonotetheimportanceofresearchdesignforanyprospectivedisseminationprogramsinordertocapitalizeontheavailablebaselinedata.Randomizationandcarefulselectionof‘treated’and‘control’HHsshouldbegivenprimaryattention.Inthiscase,itisusuallyrecommendedthatrandomizationbedoneatthevillagelevel.


Itiscriticaltohaveclosercoordinationfromthebeginningacrosssimilarprojectsregardingobjectives,datacollectionapproach,andeventualanalysis.UndertakingsimilarobjectivesacrossdifferentlandscapescanbearealstrengthofprogramslikePMIL,buttobeabletotakefulladvantageofcomparativeworkrequiresharmonizationofprotocolsfromtheoutset.ThetrainingreceivedandgivenregardingtheWorldBankSurveySolutionstoolhasclearlyshownthatthistypeofapproachshouldbeimplementedwheneverpossible.Anexampleofapromisingareaofapplicationisforthedatacollectionfromvarietytrials.TrainingpeanutbreedersandtechniciansonhowtouseSurveySolutionswouldsignificantlyenhancethevalueofthefinaldatatheygenerate.

PMILFinalReport

51

HumanandInstitutionalCapacityDevelopment

Short-TermTraining(bycountry)

Name

GenderHomeCountry

HomeInstitution

Dates

Discipline

ResearchFocus

Mentor

TrainingLocation

AbdiHassen

M Ethiopia HawassaUniversity,Awassa,Ethiopia

06/28/2017-07/08/2017

PlantPathology

DetectionofaflatoxintypesandmoleculardiversityofAspergillusspeciesfromEthiopia

ReneeArias USDA-ARSNationalPeanutResearchLab,Dawson,GA,USA

FideleNeya M BurkinaFaso

UniversityofOuagadougou

PlantPathology Trainingingenomics,specificallyidentificationanduseofSNP-basedmarkers

MikeDeom TexasA&MAgrilifeResearch

MaxwellLamptey

M Ghana CropsResearchInstitute,Kumasi,Ghana

Apr-Sep/2015 Agriculturalmechanization

Developandevaluateasolardryerforpeanuts

JinruChen/DavidJordan

UniversityofGeorgia,Griffin,GAUSA

JuniorAbraham

M Haiti UniversiteROIHenriChristophe

2017 AgricultureScience

Internshipandundergraduatethesis(SeedSpacing)

RickMacajoux/AlexCarroll/GregMacDonald

QuartierMorin.MedandFoodforKids

WendyAntoine

M Haiti UniversiteRoiHenriChristophe

April2017 AgricultureScience

InternshipandundergraduateThesis(PlantingMethods)


QuartierMorin/MedandFoodforKids

GaryBenoit M Haiti UniversiteRoiHenriChristophe

Spring2016 Internshipandundergraduatethesis(RunnerFungicideTimingStudy)


MedandFoodforKids

EmileBlaise

F Haiti UniversiteROIHenriChristophe




MedandFoodforKids

52

Name

Gender

HomeCountry

HomeInstitution

Dates

Discipline

ResearchFocus

Mentor

TrainingLocation

RolckyButois

M Haiti UniversiteChretienneduNordd’Haiti

October2016 AgricultureScience

Internshipandundergraduatethesis(RunnerFungicideTimingStudy)

RickMacajous/AlexCarroll/GregMacDonald


FedelineCharles

F Haiti UniversiteROIHenriChristophe


InternshipandundergraduateThesis(RunnerFungicideTiming)



PierreRichardCharles

M Haiti UniversiteEpiscopaled’Haiti


Internshipandundergraduatethesis(PlantingMethod)


Mirebalais

RodsonCharles

M Haiti UniversiteSolidarited’Haiti

March2017 AgricultureScience

Internshipandundergraduatethesis(RunnerFungicideStudy)



ExanDesamours


Fall2016 Internshipandundergraduatethesis(RunnerFungicideTimingStudy)


MedandFoodforKids

DapheneyDolce

F Haiti UniversiteRoiHenriChristophe


Internshipandundergraduatethesis(SoilFertility)



LaineDorinvil


Fall2016 Internshipandundergraduatethesis(Top6ValenciaStudyatQuartier-Morin)


MedandFoodforKids

PMILFinalReport

53

Name

Gender

HomeCountry

HomeInstitution

Dates

Discipline

ResearchFocus

Mentor

TrainingLocation

RuthEustache






JeanBaptisteFontilus


January2017 AgricultureScience

Internshipandundergraduatethesis(Top6ValenciaStudyatQuartier-Morin)

RickMacajoux/AlexCarrol/GregMacDonald


RosinyFrederick






PierreGalet


Fall2016 Internshipandundergraduatethesis(PlantandSeedSpacingStudy)


MedandFoodforKids

DaphenieJean



Internshipandundergraduatethesis(RunnerFungicideTiming)


MedandFoodforKids

RodlinJean M Haiti UniversiteRoiHenriChristophe




MedandFoodforKids

RonaldJean

M Haiti Universited’Etatd’Haiti,CampusRoiHenriChristophe


Internshipandundergraduatethesis(SoilFertility)



54

Name

Gender

HomeCountry

HomeInstitution

Dates

Discipline

ResearchFocus

Mentor

TrainingLocation

JosephJob M Haiti UniversiteRoiHenriChristophe


Internshipandundergraduatethesis(PlantingMethod)



FredoJoseph






JeanJonesJoseph


October2016 AgricultureScience

Internshipandundergraduatethesis(AdvanceBreedingLineStudy:TillmanVariety)



JudelineJoseph

F Haiti UniversiteChretienneduNordd’Haiti

Fall2016 Internshipandundergraduatethesis(SoilAmendmentStudy)


MedandFoodforKids

MyrvelisaJules






ElizeLeandre



Internshipandundergraduatethesis(ValenciaFungicideTiming)



YonelLouis M Haiti UniversiteChretienneduNordd’Haiti

April2017 Agriculture Internshipandundergraduatethesis(ICRISATVariety)



PMILFinalReport

55

Name

Gender

HomeCountry

HomeInstitution

Dates

Discipline

ResearchFocus

Mentor

TrainingLocation

RicoMondestin






GaleineQueranor


Internshipandundergraduatethesis(ValenciaFungicideTimingStudy)


MedandFoodforKids

JuniePachoute





MedandFoodforKids

FrisnelPierre


Fall2016 Internshipandundergraduatethesis(Top6ValenciaStudyatQuartier-Morin)


MedandFoodforKids

KinsonPierre



Internshipandundergraduatethesis(RunnerFungicideTiming)


Med&FoodforKids

TelsonRichard

M Haiti UnviersiteSolidarited’Haiti


Internshipandundergraduatethesis(ValenciaFungicideTiming)



NorvilmarStFirmin



Internshipandundergraduatethesis(Plantingmethods)



56

Name

Gender

HomeCountry

HomeInstitution

Dates

Discipline

ResearchFocus

Mentor

TrainingLocation

RodemaneSaintLouis


Fall2016 Internshipandundergraduatethesis(Top6Valenciastudy)


MedandFoodforKids

MarileneSaint-Juste


Fall2016 Internshipandundergraduatethesis(ValenciaFungicideTimingStudy)


MedandFoodforKids

RodnieValmy

F Haiti UnviersiteRoiHenriChristophe

Spring2016 Internshipandundergraduatethesis(Top6ValenciaStudy)


MedandFoodforKids

DavidGithanga

M Kenya UniversityofNairobi

September7–September15,

2017

AflatoxinDetection JSWang UniversityofGeorgia

PaulMacharia

M Kenya KenyattaUniversity

2015 Biotechnology Peanut-genetictransformationandmoleculartools

ReneeArias USDA-ARENationalPeanutResearchLab,Dawson,GaUSA

DanielMwalwayo

M Malawi MalawiNationalStandardBureau

October11-October30,

2016


VincentMlotha

M Malawi LilongweUniversityofAgricultureandNaturalResources

SensoryandAflatoxintechniques

AgnesMwangwela

UniversityofGeorgia;VirginiaTech

AmosAcur

M Uganda NARO,Uganda 2015 Moleculardiversity

IsolationandgeneticfingerprintingofArpergillus


JonothanFarr

M USA GeorgiaSouthwesternUniveristy

Learnmoleculartoolsandhelpwithresearchprojects


PMILFinalReport

57

Name

Gender

HomeCountry

HomeInstitution

Dates

Discipline

ResearchFocus

Mentor

TrainingLocation

LaTanyaJohnson

F USA AlbanyStateUniversity

2014-2015 Biotechnology DNAextractionfromAspergillusandfromplants,PCRscreenings,andDNAfingerprinting

ReneeArias USDA-NationalPeanutResearchLaboratory,Dawson,GAUSA

AustinPage M USA AlbanyStateUniversity

Biology Learnmoleculartoolstohelpwithresearchprojects

ReneeArias USDA-NationalPeanutResearchLaboratory,Dawson,GAUSA

EmilyUrban

F USA UniversityofGeorgia

2016 Surveypreparationandfacilitation

BorisBravo-Ureta

LovenessNyanga

F Zimbabwe UniversityofZimbabwe

January15-February6,

2017


DegreeLong-TermTraining(bycountry)

Name

GenderHomeCountry

Degree

GraduationDate

Discipline

ResearchFocus

Mentor

TrainingInstitution

PaolaFaustinelli

F Argentina PhD 2012 PlantBiotechnology

ReneeArias UniversityofCordoba,Argentina

FideleNeya M BurkinaFaso

PhD April2017 PlantPathology CarlDeom UniversitedeOuagadougou,BurkinaFaso

SamsonNakone

M BurkinaFaso

MS PlantPathology CarlDeom UniversitedeOuagadougou,BurkinaFaso

KouhaHamidouSogoba

F BurkinaFaso

MS PlantPathology CarlDeom UniversitedeOuagadougou,BurkinaFaso

AdamaZongo

M BurkinaFaso

PhD 2014 CarlDeom

WenjieCai F China MS May2018 EnvironmentalHealthScience

JSWang UniversityofGeorgia

FengleZhu F China PhD July2014 BiosystemsEngineering

HaiboYao ZhejiangUniversity,China

58

Name

Gender

HomeCountry

Degree

GraduationDate

Discipline

ResearchFocus

Mentor

TrainingInstitution

CarolinaChavarro

F Columbia PhD August2017 PlantBreeding,GeneticsandGenomics

PeggyOzias-Akins

UniversityofGeorgia,TiftonGAUSA

AlibuAbdul-Hafiz

M Ghana BSc November2016

Bio-Technology NelsonOpoku UniversityforDevelopmentStudies

YussifAbubakari

M Ghana MPhil November2016

FoodScienceandTechnology

Effectsofapplicationsofcalciumtoreduceaflatoxincontaminationinpeanut

DavidJordan KwameNkrumahUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Kumasi,Ghana

IsaacKwesiAddo

M Ghana MSc July2016 Food&PostharvestEngineering

Determiningtheutilityofdryingmethodsincludingfabricatingasolardryertoreduceaflatoxininpeanut


BoadiGershonAfoakwah

M Ghana BSc July2017 BiotechnologyandMolecular

Biology

NicholasMagnan

UniversityforDevelopmentStudies(UDS)

EstherYeboahAkoto

F Ghana MSc December2016

FoodScience Deactivationofaflatoxin-contaminatedpeanutwasteviacomposting

JinruChen UniversityofGeorgia.Griffin,GAUSA

TheophilusAlale


Biotechnology NelsonOpoku UniversityforDevelopmentStudies(UDS)

AbrahamAnane


Biology

NicholasMagnan


JamesAddyAppenahier


Biology

NicholasMagnan


ObedBoadiAsumah


Biology

NicholasMagnan


StephenArthur

M Ghana MPhil Jul2017 Agronomy Influenceofherbicidesandfungicidesonpestreaction,yield,andaflatoxininpeanut


AyinuAsumah


Biology

NicholasMagnan


AbigailAwusiwa

F Ghana BSc July2017 BiotechnologyandMolecular

Biology

NicholasMagnan


PMILFinalReport

59

Name

Gender

HomeCountry

Degree

GraduationDate

Discipline

ResearchFocus

Mentor

TrainingInstitution

K.EmmanuelAyenor


Biology

NicholasMagnan

UniversityforDevelopmentStudies

RaphaelKwasiAyim


Biology

NicholasMagnan


EricaAzatorwu

F Ghana BSc July2017 BiotechnologyandMolecular

Biology

NicholasMagnan


SylviaBaah-Tuahene

F Ghana MSc Nov2015 FoodScience Evaluatingthequality(aflatoxinandmicrobial)ofproductsinthelocalpeanutprocessingchain

AgnesBudu,F.K.Saalia

UniversityofGhana,Accra,Ghana

EricBiney M Ghana BSc July2017 BiotechnologyandMolecular

Biology

NicholasMagnan

UniversityforDevelopmentStudies(UDA)

ClaraDarko F Ghana PhD December2016

AgricultureEngineering/Post-harvestProcessing

Comparisonofstoragesystemsforin-shell,shelled,andblanchedpeanuts

KumarMallikarjunan/DavidJordan

VirginiaTech

IsaacDarko M Ghana MPhil November2016

AgricultureEngineering

KumarMallikarjunan/DavidJordan

KwameNkrumahUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Kumasi,Ghana

LorettaDarkwah

F Ghana MSc FoodScience Groundnutprocessing AgnesBudu,F.K.Saalia

UniversityofGhana,Accra,Ghana

JoshuaKwekuAyim


Biology

NicholasMagnan


AfiaKarikari F Ghana PhD Breeding JamesAsibuo CropsResearchInstituteDominicNdelaNgagmayan


Biotechnology NelsonOpoku UniversityforDevelopmentStudies

B.A.CharlesNeequaye


Biotechnology NelsonOpoku UniversityforDevelopmentStudies(UDS)

60

Name

Gender

HomeCountry

Degree

GraduationDate

Discipline

ResearchFocus

Mentor

TrainingInstitution

VincentNinkuu

M Ghana MPhil January2017 Biotechnology Leadingenumeratorteams,conductinglaboratorytesting,anddoingdataanalysis

NelsonOpoku UniversityforDevelopmentStudies(UDS)

WilliamOforiAppaw


FoodScienceandTechnology

Includesevaluationofpre-andpost-harvestinterventionstoreduceaflatoxininpeanut


EricOwusu M Ghana PhD May2020 AgEconomics BorisBravo-Ureta

UniversityofConnecticut

NoahSaduli M Ghana MPhil October2016 Biotechnology Leadingenumeratorteams,conductinglaboratorytesting,anddoingdataanalysis

NelsonOpoku UniversityforDevelopmentStudies,(UDS)

TheophilusTengey

M Ghana PhD August15,2018

PlantandSoilScience

DNAmarkersforresistancetoleafspot

CarlDeom TexasTechUniversity

MaxwellYorke


Biotechnology NelsonOpoku UniversityforDevelopmentStudies

PaulKaranja M Kenya MSc December2014

PlantBiotechnology

GenetictransformationofpeanutusingRNAinterferenceconstructprovidedbyNPRL

ReneeArias KenyattaUniversity,Kenya

DavisGimode

M Kenya PhD May2019 PlantBreeding,GeneticsandGenomics

Peanutgenomics PeggyOzias-Akins

UniversityofGeorgia,Tifton,GAUSA

RuthWagina

F Kenya PhD May2020 EnvironmentalHealthScience

J.S.Wang UniversityofGeorgia

AndrewAbraham

M Malawi MSc September2016

CropScience Effectofrotationsandharvestdateonpre-harvestaflatoxincontamination

W.Mhango,V.Saka/R.Brandenburg

LilongweUniversityofAgricultureandNaturalResources,Lilongwe,Malawi

KelitaPhambala

F Malawi B.S. 2016 Agronomy IsolationofAspergillusfromsoilandpeanuts

SamNjoroge/ReneeArias

RuthPhiri F Malawi B.S. 2016 Agronomy IsolationofAspergillusfromsoilandpeanuts

SamNjoroge/ReneeArias

PMILFinalReport

61

Name

Gender

HomeCountry

Degree

GraduationDate

Discipline

ResearchFocus

Mentor

TrainingInstitution

KobbyAmponsah

M Malawi MSc 2015 Economics ResearchTechnicianworkingontheproductivityeffectsofimprovedgroundnutseedvarieties

BorisBravo-Ureta

UniversityofConnecticut

AlbertJere M Malawi BSc November2017

NutritionandFoodSciences

Effectsofblanchingandvarietyofpeanutonsensorycharacteristicsofcookedpumpkinleavesseasonedwithpeanutflour

AgnesMwangwela


PrinceChadza

M Malawi BS July2017 AgricultureEngineering

AgnesMwangwela


MonicaChimbaza

F Malawi MSc June2017 AgriculturalEngineering

Dryingandstoragetechnologiesforreducingaflatoxininpeanuts

WellamKamthunzi


AggreyGamma

M Malawi PhD May2019 FoodScience Peanutproducts KoushikAdhikari UniversityofGeorgia,Griffin,GAUSA

ClaraKasukula

F Malawi MSc Apr2017 FoodScience Residualaflatoxininoilfromcontaminatedpeanuts

LimbikaniMatumba


JeremyJelliffe

M Malawi PhD December2017

Economics Economicsofinterventionstoreduceaflatoxincontaminationinpeanuts

BorisBravo-Ureta

UniversityofConnecticut,Storrs,CTUSA

ChikondiMagombo

F Malawi MSc Mar2017 FoodScience Processingandusesofpeanutflour

AgnesMwangwela


EstherMambo

F Malawi BS 2014 Biology IsolationofAspergillusfromsoilandpeanutsamples

ReneeArias UniversityofMalawi,ChancellorCollege

62

Name

Gender

HomeCountry

Degree

GraduationDate

Discipline

ResearchFocus

Mentor

TrainingInstitution

DicksonMbughi

M Malawi ReneeArias

LydiaMkandawire

F Malawi MSc November2017

Agronomy AgnesMwangwela/R.Brandenburg


TchiyiweMoyo

F Malawi MSc February2016 FoodScience Baselineevaluationofpeanutbutterqualityandprocessorknowledgeofaflatoxin

AgnesMwangwela


ChancySibakwe

M Malawi MSc September2016

Entomology Biotic/Abioticstressimpactsonpre-harvestaflatoxincontamination

W.Mhango,V.Saka/R.Brandenburg


LongweTiwonge

F Malawi MSc April2017 FoodScience Baselineevaluationofpeanutflourqualityandprocessorknowledgeofaflatoxin

AgnesMwangwela


EmmanuelZuza,Jr.

M Malawi MSc November2016

CropProduction RickBrandenburg

UniversityEduardoMondlane

RitaValentimManjonda

F Mozambique

MS December2017

Agronomy ReproductiveefficiencyofValenciapeanutsunderterminaldrought

CarlDeom KhonKaenUniversity,KhonKaen,Thailand

MariaJacintaDeCarvalhoMopecane

F Mozambique

MS December2017

Agronomy ReproductiveefficiencyofValenciapeanutsunderterminaldrought

CarlDeom KhonKaenUniversity,KhonKaen,Thailand

SalvaSamegqueInacio

F Mozambique

MSc July2018 PlantBreeding Performanceofhigholeicacidbreedinglines


DeokHan M SouthKorea

PhD May2016 ElectricalEngineering

Hyperspectralandmultispectralimaging,remotesensing

HaiboYao MississippiStateUniversity/StennisSpaceCenter

PMILFinalReport

63

Name

Gender

HomeCountry

Degree

GraduationDate

Discipline

ResearchFocus

Mentor

TrainingInstitution

ImanaPower

F Suriname PhD December2014-

November2016

PlantPathology ResearchonRNAinterference

ReneeArias UniversityofGeorgia,USA

EricSimning M Tanzania MSc Economics ResearchTechnicianworkingontheproductivityeffectsofimprovedgroundnutseedvarieties

BorisBravo-Ureta

YenTswenLai

F Taiwan MPS May2017 AnimalScience DanBrown CornellUniversity

NehaPaliwal

Uganda MSc Economics Researchtechnicianworkingontheproductivityeffectsofimprovedgroundnutseedvarieties

BorisBravo-Ureta

JohnYawe M Uganda MSc May2017 AgricultureEngineering/Post-HarvestProcessing

Assessmentofexistingdryingandstoragesystemsforpeanuts

Mkandawire/Simate/R.Brandenburg

UniversityofZambia

JenniferChagoya

F USA MS December2016

CropScience Breedingfortolerancetodroughtstress

CarlDeom TexasTechUniversity

KathrynChurchill

F USA PhD December2017

AnimalScience DanBrown CornellUniversity

AbrahamFulmer

M USA PhD August2017 Plantpathology Leafspotsinpeanut BobKemerait UniversityofGeorgia,Tifton,GA,USA

ChandlerMaddox

F USA MS May2021 PlantBreeding,GeneticsandGenomics

Peanutinterspecifichybridsforintrogressionofpestanddiseaseresistance

PeggyOzias-Akins

UniversityofGeorgia,Tifton,GAUSA

JohnM.North

M USA MS December2017

AgricultureEconomics

GentiKostandini UniversityofGeorgia

LaSindiaPowell

F USA BS June2016 ForensicScience DNAextraction,analysisbyfingerprintingofAspergillusDNA

ReneeArias AlbanyStateUniversity,USA

AmandaSeawright

F USA MSc May2016 EnvironmentalScience

Aflatoxindetectionsinpeanutsandgrains

Jia-ShengWang UniversityofGeorgia,Athens,GAUSA

64

Name

Gender

HomeCountry

Degree

GraduationDate

Discipline

ResearchFocus

Mentor

TrainingInstitution

MonicaWang

F USA BS June2015 Chemistry/Biology

Bioinformatics ReneeArias EmoryUniversity,USA

KathyXue F USA PhD,MPH

May2017 Toxicology Aflatoxindetectionindriedbloodsamples

Jia-ShengWang UniversityofGeorgia,Athens,GAUSA

HendrixChalwe

M Zambia PhD May2018 Agronomy Modelingofpre-harvestaflatoxincontaminationinpeanuts

AliceMweetwa/R.Brandenburg

UniversityofZambia,Lusaka,Zambia

AbigailHamiwe

F Zambia MSc July2017 BiologicalSciences-MolecularBiology

Microbiologicalcontaminationofpeanutbutters/FungalandaflatoxinchangesinPeanutButtersmadefrom2varietiesfromZambia

NyambeMkandawire,JohnShindano

UniversityofZambiaLusaka,Zambia

GaspardKwizera

M Zambia MSc July2017 HumanNutrition/Post

HarvestProcessing

Peanutprocessingatthehouseholdlevel

NyambeMkandawire,JohnShindano


LutanguMakweti

M Zambia MSc November2017

PlantBreeding CarlDeom

TambudzaiMakwelele

F Zambia BSc October2017 FoodScience&Technology

Physio-chemicalPropertiesandSensoryEvaluationofPeanutButtermadefromthreeZambianGroundnutVarieties

JohnShindano/NyambeLisuloMkandawire/KoushikAdhikari/R.Brandenburg


MunsandaNgulube

F Zambia MSc October2017 Agronomy Useofbiocharandgypsumtoreduceaflatoxininpeanuts

AliceMweetwa/R.Brandenburg

UniversityofZambia,Lusaka,Zambia

PMILFinalReport

65

Non–DegreeLong-TermTraining(bycountry)

Name

GenderHomeCountry

TrainingInstitution

Dates

Discipline

ResearchFocus

Mentor

TrainingLocation

Dr.PaolaFaustinelli

F Argentina UniversityofCordoba,Argentina

March2015-October2017

PostDoc/PlantBiotechnology

RNAinterferenceandgeneticdiversityofAspergillus

ReneeArias TexasA&MAgrilifeResearch

Dr.ImanaPower

F Suriname UniversityofGeorgia,USA

December2014-

November2016

PostDoc/PlantPathology

RNAinterference ReneeArias UniversityofGeorgia,Griffin,GAUSA

Dr.RaphaelColbert

M USA 2017 PeanutCrossingandbreedingTechniques

BarryTillman

66

WorkshopsandCourses

EventM

F

Trainee(s)

Dates

Trainer/Institution

ResearchFocus

Mentor

TrainingLocation

APRES2017 0 5 07/11/17-07/13/2017

AgnesMwangwela

Albuquerque,NM

CLC-Bio-Software 5 3 05/17/2016 MonicaWang TrainingBioinformatics ReneeArias Dawson,GAStakeholderWorkshop

11 24 Extensionstaff,ResearchTechnicians

December14-18,2018

JustusChintu,DonaldSiyeni/DARS,Malawi

GroundnutTrialsandDemostrations

CarlDeom Salima,Malawi

TrainingofExtensionstaffandTechnicians

19 11 ExtensionstaffandResearchTechnicians

April18-22,2016

JustusChintu,DonaldSiyeni/DARS,Malawi

TrialManagement,GroundnutProduction

CarlDeom Salima,Malawi

FieldDays 52 98 Farmers April2016 JustusChintu NewGroundnutVarieties,PVS,Productionpracticesforhighproductivity

CarlDeom Ntcheu,Lilongwe,andKaronga,Malawi

PlotHarvesting 12 16 November2015 StudentsandWomen Harvesting CarlDeom GampelaandPOBE,BurkinaFaso

FieldMonitoring 12 10 July30,2016toharvestingtime

M.Almissa,StudentsandFarmers

PlotNotes CarlDeom GampelaandPOBE,BurkinaFaso

Fieldmonitoring 8 20 Aug29,2016 P.Sankara PlantingandFieldPlotDesign CarlDeom Gampela,BurkinaFaso

46 24 WorldVision-MbaleButalejacluster

March2016 D.K.OkelloandP.Osia,/NASRRI

GroundnutProductionSystem

CarlDeom Uganda

33 28 WorldVisionSorotucluster

February2016 D.K.OkelloandP.Osia/NASRRI

GroundnutProductionSystem

CarlDeom Uganda

10 7 TechniciansEastandSouthernAfrica

May2016 D.K.Okello/NASRRI LegumeBreedingSystems CarlDeom EastandCentralAfrican

9 4 StudentsInterns(certificate,Diploma,Bachelors

May2-July30,2016

D.K.Okello/NASRRI GroundnutValueChain CarlDeom Uganda

11 16 DanishRefugeeCouncil-Amuria

May2016 D.K.Okleeo,P.Anguria,andP.Osia/NASRRI

SeedSystems,Agronomy CarlDeom Uganda

32 38 ZOAAmuru June2016 P.OsiaandS.Ocuga/NASRRI

SeedSystems,Agronomy,CropProtection

CarlDeom Uganda

14 18 LSBDokolo June2016 D.K.OkelloandP.Anguria/NASRRI

SeedSystems CarlDeom Uganda

PMILFinalReport

67

Event

M

F

Trainee(s)

Dates

Trainer/Institution

ResearchFocus

Mentor

TrainingLocation

ZOAFarmerTraining

73 48 Farmers August24,2016 P.OsiaandS.Ocuga/NASRRI

SeedSystemsandCropProtections

CarlDeom Uganda

25 7 HaitianPeanutResearchAgronomist

June21,2016 /MFK&PMIL ExperimentalDesignandbestmanagementpractices

GregMacDonald

Quartier-Morin,Haiti

EnumeratorWorkshop

6 3 June3,2016,June6-8,2016

BorisBravo-Ureta,JermyJelliffe

Familiarizeenumeratorswiththesurveyinstrument

BorisBravo-Ureta

Nampula,Mozambique

AflatoxinTraining 9 16 Farmers August/September2015

AbdulaiBaako/MoA,NoahSaduli/UDS,VincentNinkuu/UDS

Traintreatmentfarmersonpost-harvestbestpractices

NickMagnan

DigbilaVillage,NorthernRegion,Ghana




NickMagnan

GeluweiVillage,NorthernRegion,Ghana




NickMagnan

KpsingaVillage,NorthernRegion,Ghana




NickMagnan

NyongVillage,NorthernRegion,Ghana




NickMagnan

TamaleguVillage,NorthernRegion,Ghana




NickMagnan

KplungVillage,NorthernRegion,Ghana




NickMagnan

NyekoVillage,NorthernRegion,Ghana




NickMagnan

YingVillage,NorthernRegion,Ghana




NickMagnan

ZionVillage,NorthernRegion,Ghana




NickMagnan

ZogguVillage,NorthernRegion,Ghana

68

Event

M

F

Trainee(s)

Dates

Trainer/Institution

ResearchFocus

Mentor

TrainingLocation




NickMagnan

GbrimaniVillage,NorthernRegion,Ghana




NickMagnan

KpakyiyliVillage,NorthernRegion,Ghana




NickMagnan

KpaligaVillage,NorthernRegion,Ghana




NickMagnan

SataniVillage,NorthernRegion,Ghana




NickMagnan

YipelguVillage,NorthernRegion,Ghana




NickMagnan

BachalbadoVillage,NorthernRegion,Ghana




NickMagnan

MacheliyiliVillage,NorthernRegion,Ghana




NickMagnan

NaadunoVillage,NorthernRegion,Ghana




NickMagnan

SambuVillage,NorthernRegion,Ghana




NickMagnan

TijoVillage,NorthernRegion,Ghana

AflatoxinTraining 16 9 Farmers September/October2016

JosepthAmeniniandThomasAnobiga/MoA,NoahSaduli/UDS,VincentNinkuu/UDS


NickMagnan

AchobisiKasamVillage,UERegion,Ghana




NickMagnan

AsibigaVillage,UERegion,Ghana

PMILFinalReport

69

Event

M

F

Trainee(s)

Dates

Trainer/Institution

ResearchFocus

Mentor

TrainingLocation




NickMagnan

Balungu-GantorisiVillage,UERegion,Ghana




NickMagnan

Basiengo-AmenabisiVillage,UERegion,Ghana




NickMagnan

BeoKasingoDaporyorogoVillage,UERegion,Ghana




NickMagnan

BoniaVillage,UERegion,Ghana




NickMagnan

ChuchuligaTiedemaVillage,UERegion,Ghana




NickMagnan

ChuchuliaYipaalaVillage,UERegion,Ghana




NickMagnan

ChuchuliaAdabinsaVillage,UERegion,Ghana




NickMagnan

ChuchuliaAkpoteyeraVillage,UERegion,Ghana




NickMagnan

DuluguAginbisiVillage,UERegion,Ghana

70

Event

M

F

Trainee(s)

Dates

Trainer/Institution

ResearchFocus

Mentor

TrainingLocation




NickMagnan

Dulugu-AsanorebisiVillage,UERegion,Ghana




NickMagnan

FeoAsimabisiVillage,UERegion,Ghana




NickMagnan

NyanguaVillage,UERegion,Ghana




NickMagnan

SumbrunguKologoAkanyebiVillage,UERegion,Ghana




NickMagnan

SumbrunguYeobongoNayireVillage,UERegion,Ghana




NickMagnan

TampolaVillage,UERegion,Ghana




NickMagnan

VeaGungaVillage,UERegion,Ghana




NickMagnan

WiagaYemonsaVillage,UERegion,Ghana




NickMagnan

YikeneVillage,UERegion,Ghana

Workshop/Symposium

60 70 Professionals November28-December1

2016

IntroduceDBSmethod JSWang Hangzhou,China

PMILFinalReport

71

Event

M

F

Trainee(s)

Dates

Trainer/Institution

ResearchFocus

Mentor

TrainingLocation

CourseModule 33 9 Fall2015 NelsonOpoku/UDS Practicaltraininginaflatoxinanalysis

NickMagnan

Ghana

CourseModule 3 10 Fall2016 NelsonOpoku/UDS Practicaltraininginaflatoxinanalysis

NickMagnan

Ghana

NAROmeeting 2 0 September19-22,2016

DavidOkello NAROGroundnutprogram BorisBravo-Ureta

Kampala,UG&Soroti,UG

Forecasting 3 1 2017 /ISSD:NARO Seeddemandforecasting CarlDeom UgandaBreeding 3 0 2017 /ICRISAT:TLIII BreedingManagement

SystemsCarlDeom Uganda

Improvement 1 1 2017 /ICRISAT:TLIII GenderinGroundnutImprovement

CarlDeom Kenya

Breeding 2 0 2017 /ICRISAT BreedingManagementSystems

CarlDeom Kenya

Production 10 10 Agprofessionals 2017 ExposedAgProfessionalswotkinginpeanutstomodernproductionpractices

CarlDeom Haiti

SeedQuality 77 23 Paraseedinspectors

2017 Newattributesofnewlyreleasedgroundnuts

CarlDeom Malawi

Prevention 660 339 Farmers 2017 Aflatoxinpreventionrefreshercourse

NicholasMagnan

Ghana

Prevention 10 0 Studentenumerators

2017 Trainingondeliveringtheaflatoxinpreventionrefreshercourse

NicholasMagnan

Ghana

Prevention 13 12 FieldStaffandFarmers

2017 AflatoxinPrevention(usingvideo)

NicholasMagnan

Ghana

AflatoxinTesting 70 70 3rdand4thyearstudentsatUDS

2017 Practicalaflatoxintestingandanalysis

NicholasMagnan

Ghana

Training 0 5 Nurses 2013-2017 3timeseachyearinanthropometry,datacollectionandmanagement,andnutritionaleducation

MarkManary

Malawi

Workshop/Symposium

60 60 Professionals June2017 IntroduceDBSmethod JSWang Wuxi,China

AnnualMeeting 50 50 Professionals March2017 IntroduceDBSmethodandresults

JSWang Baltimore,Maryland

PMILFinalReport

73

ProgramPartners

UnitedStatesofAmericaInstitution Department City State

AuburnUniversity DepartmentofAgronomy&Soils Auburn AL

CaliforniaPolytechnicStateUniversity FoodScienceandNutrition SanLuisObispo CA

UniversityofConnecticut AgriculturalandResourceEconomics Storrs CT

IMPAQInternational Columbia MD

InternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitute(IFPRI)

Washington DC

UniversityofFlorida AgronomyDepartment Gainesville FL

PremierSteppeFerme LakeWorth FL

UniversityofFlorida NorthFloridaResearchandEducationCenter

Marianna FL

Frank'sDesignsforPeanuts,LLC MexicoBeach FL

UniversityofGeorgia CenterforAppliedGeneticTechnologies Athens GA

UniversityofGeorgia DepartmentofPlantPathology Athens GA

UniversityofGeorgia CenterforAppliedGeneticTechnologies Athens GA

UniversityofGeorgia DepartmentofAgriculturalandAppliedEconomics

Athens GA

UniversityofGeorgia DepartmentofEnvironmentalHealthScience

Athens GA

UnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture-AgricultureResearchService(USDA-ARS)

NationalPeanutResearchLaboratory Dawson GA


PlantGeneticResourcesConservationUnit

Griffin GA

UniversityofGeorgia DepartmentofFoodScienceandTechnology

Griffin GA


CoastalPlainExperimentStation Tifton GA

UniversityofGeorgia PlantPathology Tifton GA

UniversityofGeorgia DepartmentofPlantPathology Tifton GA

UniversityofGeorgia NationalEnvironmentallySoundProductionAgricultureLaboratory(NESPAL)

Tifton GA

UniversityofGeorgia DepartmentofEntomology Tifton GA


FoodandFeedSafetyResearch NewOrleans LA

TuftsUniversity SchoolofNutritionScienceandPolicy Boston MA

Meds&FoodforKids StLouis MO

WashingtonUniversitySchoolofMedicine CollegeofMedicine St.Louis MO

74

Institution Department City State

MississippiStateUniversity GeosystemsResearchInstitute StennisSpaceCenter MS


Genomics&BioinformaticsResearchUnit

Stonesville MS

NorthCarolinaStateUniversity DepartmentofEntomology Raleigh NC

NorthCarolinaStateUniversity DepartmentofCropScience Raleigh NC

NewMexicoSateUniversity AgriculturalScienceCenter Clovis NM

CornellUniversity AnimalScience Ithaca NY

TexasA&MUniversity LubbockResearch&ExtensionCenter Lubbock TX

TexasA&MUniversity AgriLifeResearch Stephenville TX

VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversity

BiologicalSystemsEngineering Blacksburg VA

VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversity

TidewaterAgriculturalResearch&ExtensionCenter

Suffolk VA

ForeignInstitution Department City

BurkinaFaso

UniversityofOuagadougou DepartementdePhytopathologie Quagadougou

Ghana

CounselforScientificandIndustrialResearch(CSIR)

CropsResearchInstitute(CRI) Kumasi

KwameNkrumahUniversityofScienceandTechnology(KNUST)

DepartmentofCropandSoilSciences Kumasi

KwameNkrumahUniversityofScienceandTechnology(KNUST)

FoodScienceandBiotechnology Kumasi

UniversityofGhana InstituteofStatistical,Social,andEconomicResearch

Legon

UniversityofGhana DepartmentofNutritionandFoodScience Legon


UniversityforDevelopmentStudies Tamale


SavannaAgriculturalResearchInstitute(SARI) Wa

Haiti

TechnoServe PetionvilleMeds&FoodforKids QuartierMorinPartnersinHealth/ZanmiAgrikol Corporant

AccesoPeanutEnterpriseCorporation Petionville

India

TamilNaduAgriculturalUniversity DepartmentofPlantBiotechnology Chennai

InternationalCropsResearchInstitutefortheSemi-AridTropics(ICRISAT)

GrainLegumesResearchProgram Hyderabad

PMILFinalReport

75

Institution Department City


CenterofExcellenceinGenomics Hyderabad

Kenya


EastandSouthernAfricaRegionalProgram Nairobi

KenyattaUniversity PlantTransformationLab Nairobi

Malawi

UniversityofMalawi CollegeofMedicine BlantyreAfri-Nut LilongweLilongweUniversityofAgricultureandNaturalResources

DepartmentofHomeEconomics&HumanNutrition

Lilongwe

ChitedzeAgricultureResearchService LilongweExagrisAfricaLtd. LilongweInternationalCropsResearchInstitutefortheSemi-AridTropics(ICRISAT)

ChitedzeAgriculturalResearchStation Lilongwe

NationalSmallholderFarmersAssociationofMalawi(NASFAM)

Lilongwe

Mali


WestandCentralAfricaRegionalProgram Bamako

Mozambique

EdwardoMondlaneUniversity MaputoInstitutodeinvestigaçãoAgráriadeMoçambique(IIAM)

Maputo

IKURUFarmer'sCooperative NampulaLurioUniversity NampulaMozambiqueAgriculturalResearchInstitute NortheastZonalCenter NampulaNigeria

InternationalInstituteofTropicalAgriculture(IITA)

Ibadan

Senegal

InstitutSenegalaisdeResearchesAgricoles(ISRA) CentreNationaldeRecherchesAgronomiques(CNRA)

Bambey

InstitutSenegalaisdeResearchesAgricoles(ISRA) Centred'etuderegionalpourl'ameliorationdel'adaptationalasecheresse(CERAAS)

Thies

Uganda

NationalAgriculturalResearchOrganization(NARO)

NationalCropsResourcesResearchInstitute(NaCRRI)

Kampala


SavannaAgriculturalResearchInstitute(SARI) Nyankpala


NationalSemiAridResourcesResearchInstitute(NaSARRI)

Soroti

BulogoWomen’sGroup Zambia

EasternProvinceFarmer'sCooperativeLtd. KatopolaFarmInstitute Chipata

ZambiaAgricultureResearchInstitute(ZARI) Chipata

ZambiaAgricultureResearchInstitute(ZARI) Mt.MakuluCentralResearchStation Lusaka

UniversityofZambia SchoolofAgriculturalSciences Lusaka

76

GraphicsandResourcesTheManagementEntityandindividualcollaboratorscreatedseveralguides,infographicsandvideostomakeresearchfindingsaccessibletothepeoplewhocouldusetheinformation.

ImpactfulPeanutsEverypartofthepeanuthasauseforthehousehold,fromcookingoiltoextraincometoplantrotation.Chichewa,Creole,French,Luo,Oromo,Portuguese,Spanish,Twi

DetectingMycotoxinsBecausemycotoxincontaminationdoesn’tspreadevenly,findingtheonecontaminatednutorkernel–whilepreservingthecleannutsorkernels–isdifficult.Followingestablishedsamplingprocedurehelps.English,French,Spanish

OneHandfulJustahandfulofpeanutshaveasmuchproteinasachickenlegortwoglassesofmilk.Ateso,Chewa,Chichewa,Creole,French,Dagbani,Luganda,Lugbara,Luo,Oromo,Portuguese,Runyankole,Spanish(Guatemala),Spanish(Honduras),Twi

ControllingAflatoxinSimple,butprovenactionscandiscouragethebuild-upofaflatoxinandbenefitthefarmerfinancially.Ateso,Chewa,Creole,Dagbani,French,Luganda,Luo,Oromo,Runyankole,Twi

GroundnutSeedProductionGuidelines(Zambia)Thistrifoldbrochurecoversvarieties,recommendedfarmingpracticesandproperstoragetoavoidaflatoxincontamination,whilehelpingthefarmerrecognizethemostcommonpeanutdiseasesinthearea.Chewa

GroundnutLeafMiner(Uganda)

PMILFinalReport

77

IntegratedPracticestoManageDiseases,Nematodes,WeedsandArthropodPestsofGroundnutinGhanaThis100-pagemanualhelpsfarmersfromsiteselectiontoplantingtopestmanagementtoshellingandstorage.

Groundnutproductionfromplantingtoharvest(Ghana)Thistrifoldbrochurecoversplanting,growingandharvesting.Agraphicexplainshowtodecidetheoptimumdaytoharvestandthecostofharvestingtooearlyortoolate.Dagbani,Twi

GroundnutGrower’sGuideforMozambique:Production,HarvestingandPost-harvestHandlingThis58-pagebookcoverspeanutproductioninMozambiquefromchoosingtherightvarietytostoringproperly.

GroundnutProductionGuideforUganda:RecommendedpracticesforFarmersThis42-pagebookwaspublishedbytheNationalAgriculturalResearchOrganisationincollaborationwithMakerereUniversity.

GroundnutSeedProductionManualforUgandaTheNationalAgriculturalResearchOrganisationEntebbeinUgandapublishedthisguidein2015.

This Final Report (covering the years 2012 to 2017) is a publication of the Feed the Future Innovation Lab for

Collaborative Research on Peanut Productivity and Mycotoxin Control.

Published March 2018

This report was made possible through the support provided by the Office of Agriculture, Research and Policy, Bureau of Food Security U.S. Agency

for International Development, under the terms of Award No. AID-ECG-A-00-07-001. The opinions expressed herein are those of the author and do

not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Agency for International Development.

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