Innovations in Groundwater MonitoringPotential of Telemetry and Remote Sensing
Stockholm World Water Week 2019
26 August
Source:
https://www.hydrosens.com/produkte/diver/diver-netz-sws/
Source:
http://www.esa.int/spaceinimages/Images/2019/03/11_Sh
aring_knowledge_and_keeping_Earth_s_memory/
Agenda
1. Introduction
• Dr. Alice Aureli, UNESCO-IHP
2. Telemetry: Groundwater monitoring from the desk?
• Torsten Krekeler, BGR
• Oussama Ait Raoui, Agence du Bassin Hydraulique de Souss Massa
3. Remote Sensing: Groundwater monitoring from outer space?
• Fabian Stoffner, BGR
• Mustapha Mimouni, Sahara and Sahel Observatory
4. Questions and Discussion
Regional Cooperation in the Water Sector in the Maghreb
▪ Goal: Regional exchange of tools, methods and information sytems on groundwater
management
▪ Project Partner: Sahara and Sahel Observatory (OSS)
▪ Outputs:
Introduction
Regional recommendations
on hydrogeological data
Regular updates of water
balances
Measuring groundwater
abstraction (remote sensing)
Pilot Zones
Telemetry: Groundwater monitoring from the desk?
Stockholm, August 26, 2019
Torsten Krekeler
Content
General Setup
Technical optionsLandline
GSM
Radio
Satellite
Advantages
Advantages?
Limitations
Opportunities
General Setup
Source: Diver
Manual, van
Essen
Source: https://www.stssensoren.de/datenlogger/
Source: https://pegelonline.wsv.de/
Technical options
Data transfer via landline
Poll: transfer initialised by control
centre
Sequencing transfer
Transfer needs lot of time –
poll system is outdated
Push: transfer initialised by sensor
Simultaneous transfer
Appropriate for hydrometry, requires
ISDN – not always available
Technical options
Mobile Network GSM
SMS
Dataset is sent by probe via SMS:
No direct link between transmitter
and receiver
GPRS
Data packages are sent via GSM
using standard protocol (FTP,
SMTP, HTTP)
+Standard in (groundwater-)
hydrometry: cost effective, fast,
easy to install…
Source:
https://www.grundwasser-
online.de/gwo_ks_oeff/viewer.ht
m
Technical options
Radio UHF
Negligible for long distance data transfer
If many probes are installed within short distance, radio is often used to
transfer data to a GPRS modem
Source:
https://www.adcon.com/products/rtu
s-274/a753-addwave-uhf-1482/ Source: https://www.vanessen.com/products/diver-netz#how-does-it-work
Technical options
Satellite Where no GSM or landline is available,
satellite can be a solution
Weather satellites:
• METEOSAT (EUMETSAT/ESA, EU)
• GEOS (NOAA, USA)
• GOMS (Roskosmos, Russia)
• GMS (JMA, Japan)
Commercial systems:
• INMARSAT-C (International
Maritime Satellite Organization, GB)
• ORBCOMM (USA)Source: Morgenschweis, G.
(2018)
Source: SatSCADA Application Note 135, Bentek Systems
Technical options
Data management
DIY
• Transfer data direct to your own ftp (sftp, http…) server and import it into
your database
• Use water management software (e.g. WISKI/
SODA – Simultaneous Online Data Acquisition)
Hydrocenter, Diver-HUB, HydroVu…
• Let the manufacturer do the work
Source: https://www.seba-hydrometrie.com/products.html
Source: https://www.vanessen.com/products/
software/diver-hub#overview
Advantages
• Essential if real-time data is necessary (e.g.
flood warning, control of dams…)
• Data is available online
• Failure of instruments is detected immediately
• Automatic data processing
Advantages?
• Saving of fuel, time and
personnel??
NO: it is fundamental to operate
your monitoring system seriously!
Source: https://in-situ.com/product-
category/remote-water-level-monitoring/
Source:
https://www.hydrosens.com/produkt
e/diver/diver-netz-sws/
Limitations
• Data accuracy – water level measurement need to be checked and
loggers calibrated regularly (about 3 month period)
• Outer general condition of monitoring borehole must be checked
• Costs – purchase and operation
Offset= 15 cm!
Opportunities
Freely
accessible
data!
No more
gaps in
your
recordings
Source:
http://www.sasscalwea
thernet.org/weatherstat
_hourly_we.php?logger
id_crit=856134
Thank you!
Water Ressources Monitoring Using Telemetry in the Souss Massa Basin,Morocco
Stockholm, 26th August 2019
Oussama AIT RAOUI
Head of department Water resources monitoring , ABHSM
PLAN
❖ Introduction to Souss Massa Basin
❖ Methodology : Telemetry System Setup
❖ Challenges
❖ Lessons learnt
❖ Water Ressources in the Souss Massa Basin
Total area : 27800 km2
( 1/20 of the area of Morocco)
Souss plain: 4500 km2
Chtouka plain: 1260 km2
Tiznit plain: 1200 km2
the Anti-Atlas mountains and
High-Atlas Mountains
Main activity areas : Agriculture,
tourism, fishing
6 provinces and prefectures
Total population : 2,3 Millions
inhabitants ( 54% rural , 46% urban)
Arid to semi arid climate
INTRODUCTION TO SOUSS MASSA BASIN
Overexploitation
of Groundwater
in the Chtouka
Aquifer
more than 60 m
Drawdown
in 30 years
WATER RESSOURCES IN THE SOUSS MASSA BASIN
Threat of SW intrusion
Area of Interest of the CREM Project :
- Monitoring SW Intrusion since 2016
- International Cooperation: BGR, GIZ,
OSS, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia
- Sustainable Water Management
WATER RESSOURCES IN THE SOUSS MASSA BASIN
WHY ?
rovide water ressources data for the water plans on regional and national
level
ata are used to establish synthesis reports to present to decision-makers to
help them make the right decisions to conserve and develop water
resources
METHODOLOGY : TELEMETRY SYSTEM SETUP
upplement the established network and fill in the gaps that may appear
on datasetsS
P
D
void long distance travel to remote stationsA
nnounce flashfloods to warn the population near the riversA
bserve the data directly from the officeO
ave money in the long term (because of less personal to be paid to go
to the field)S
Components of ABHSM telemetry system
27
piezometers
6
meteorological
stations
3
precipitations
gauges
14
River Gauges
METHODOLOGY : TELEMETRY SYSTEM SETUP
Measured parameters : Temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, wind direction
and velocity and precipitation
Meteorological Station
is composed of : Datalogger
Solar Panel
Precipitation gauge
Pyranometer
Anemometer
Sensor of temperature and air humidity
Station enclosure 10x10m
2,5 meters height wire grid
door with latch and 3 meters high mast
METHODOLOGY : TELEMETRY SYSTEM SETUP
Measured parameters : water level , salinity and water temperature
Piezometer : Datalogger
Solar Panel
Water level and Conductivity Probe
6 meters high mast with Stainless steel cage for protection
A closing system using specific tools to open
METHODOLOGY : TELEMETRY SYSTEM SETUP
Measured parameters : water level , precipitation
River Gauge : Datalogger
Solar Panel
Water level device using ultrasound
6 meters high mast with Stainless steel cage for
protection
Precipitation gauge
Mounted on a concrete basement
Identification stainless plate
METHODOLOGY : TELEMETRY SYSTEM SETUP
❖ 11 of 18 piezometers are
equipped with telemetry
system
❖ 5 equiped piezometers Out of order
and need to be recovered
METHODOLOGY : TELEMETRY SYSTEM SETUP
In the Chtouka Plain Only
❖ 2 piezometers measure water
level and salinity at different
levels
METHODOLOGY : TELEMETRY SYSTEM SETUP
2 piezometers
equipped with
that system along
the coast in an
area threatened
by SW intrusion
Need to monitor the SW intrusion in order
to alerting in real time the decision makers
Measures are collected and
treated and could be visualized on a daily basis
METHODOLOGY : TELEMETRY SYSTEM SETUP
Multiple sensors are
put into the
boreholes at different
depths measuring
the water level and
the Conductivity
METHODOLOGY : TELEMETRY SYSTEM SETUP
Salinity is shown as a transition
Alerts are set when the salinity
bevel exceeds a critical levelExporting data in order to
supply the GW model
In a process managed by the ABHSM, a
partnership between all the stakeholders
in the water sector , 32 meteorological
stations equipped with telemetry have
been implemented in the Souss Plain and
the Chtouka Plain
METHODOLOGY : TELEMETRY SYSTEM SETUP
Local
Stakeholders
❖ System needs to be calibrated regularly to ensure that
the probes are measuring the parameters correctly
❖ Maintenance is the key to ensure that the system is
continuously working properly
❖ Possibility of sending alerts to operator to prevent
breakdowns
❖ Keep established measurement system in
shape to complement telemetry system
LESSONS LEARNT
igh technologies need specific skills not available in our institution
to find reason of sudden breakdowns and fix it
mportant delay in sending alerts: GPRS transmission stops
because of atmospheric turbulence in heavy rainy or stormy events
CHALLENGES
H
I
aintenance contracts and spare parts are expensive especially in
the case of piezometers as there is only one supplier mastering this
technology and working in this field in Souss Massa
M
THANK YOU
Monitoring groundwater abstraction
for agricultural use
A multi-spectral remote sensing approach
Fabian Stoffner
Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources
World Water Week
Stockholm, 26 August 2019
Current situation of the aquifers
Enfidha Safra in Tunisia. Source: Project CREM
Current situation of the aquifers
▪ Intensive agriculture with a high water demand
▪ Low precipitation rates
▪ Groundwater abstraction
Agriculture in the Maghreb. Source: Project CREM
Social challenges
▪ Few existing reference data
▪ Limited data quality
▪ Limited expertise
▪ Restraint towards sharing
information
Challenges in groundwater monitoring for agricultural use
In situ data acquisition
▪ Wide agricultural area
▪ Hard to access
Agricultural activities
▪ Extremely dynamic
▪ No regulations, pattern or information
of crop type and planting date
▪ Illegal and uncontrolled cropping as
well as groundwater abstraction
Application of remote sensing
How much water is abstracted? Where? When?
Satellite imagery
Crop mapping
Estimating groundwater
abstraction
Remote sensing approach – Satellite Imagery
▪ Copernicus Sentinel-2
- European Space Agency (ESA)
- Up to 10m spatial resolution
- Repeat cycle of 5 days
▪ Copernicus data ensure sustainability
- Free and open data policy
- Future availability of data
- Regularity of acquisitions ideal for crop monitoring
www.gim-international.com
Remote sensing approach – Crop mapping
▪ Masking of agricultural areas: ESA CCI land cover of Africa 2016
Source: ESA CCI land cover of Africa 2016
Remote sensing approach – Crop mapping
▪ Multispectral classification for agricultural season (Maximum Likelihood)
▪ Field data as input and validation
▪ Based on field surveys
- Growing period
- Crop type
- Planting date
- Crop height
Source: Project CREM
Remote sensing approach – Crop mapping
▪ Determination of specific multi-temporal features
- Consideration of time series for each season
- Analysis of multi-temporal profiles of vegetation index NDVI
- Maximum likelihood classification based on defined multi-temporal
features and spectral properties
Source: Project CREM
Remote sensing approach – Crop mapping
Source: Project CREM
Remote sensing approach – Estimating groundwater abstraction
▪ Estimation of crop water needs ETc (FAO)
- Calculation of the reference
evapotranspiration ET0
- Use of FAO crop coefficient Kc
▪ Consideration of effective rainfall
Remote sensing approach – Estimating groundwater abstraction
Source: Project CREM
▪ Simple, workable and transferable approach for
- Crop mapping
- Defining water needs
- Estimating the groundwater abstraction
▪ Spatial information about groundwater use and input for further analysis
▪ Based on open data and on open source software
Conclusion
Coopération Régionale pour une gestion durable des
ressources en Eau au Maghreb (CREM)
Monitoring groundwater abstraction
Application of multi-spectral remote
sensing
MIMOUNI Mustapha
Sahara and Sahel Observatory
World Water Week
Stockholm, 26 August 2019
Sustainable groundwater management requires precise information on quantity and
quality
The use of available earth observation data (multispectral, thermal and radar) in
order to obtain quantitative and qualitative information:
• Water use for agricultural purpose
• Provide modern and efficient methods for estimating and monitoring
groundwater (cost-effectiveness, reliability of outputs, replicability to other
areas,…)
Involvement of national partners in the activities: trainings, methodologies
conception, field work, …
EO in support of groundwater sustainable management
Co-designing the approaches and solutions with the local technical staffs is a
key measure to ensure appropriation and sustainability as well as output’s
reliability
Co-designing the approach, products and solutions
Experts local knowledge
Data constraints
• End-users involvement
• Capacity building
Approach Sustainability
Calibration & validation
Pilot sites in the Maghreb region
Algeria
Remila-F’kirina plain
MoroccoTunisia
Souss-Massa-Draa watershed
Nebhana watershed
Pilot site in Algeria
1. Identifying water manager’s objectives and needs
2. Exploring the opportunities of using EO to detect and monitor water abstraction
3. Demonstrate the potentials and limits of the approach at the pilot sites level
4. Exploring complementary applications, and replication over other aquifers
5. Communication & dissemination, raising awareness
General Approach
▪ Identifying non-authorized abstraction
▪ Estimate water abstractions (where, when, water abstracts quantification)
▪ Analysis of the actual situation, Solutions / reflections has to be proposed:
irrigation mode, crops type, farmers behavior, …. ?
▪ Scientific and technical tools allowing the production of accurate
information on water quantity, scenarios of different profiles in the future
Different workshops (information, restitution, planning, field visits, trainings,
…) has been held to ensure and maintain end-users involvement
Water managers needs
Remote Sensing
Practical Case
▪ Water points database is a key elements in
groundwater resources management
▪ Overlaying the shared database with actual
satellite imagery reveals inconsistencies,
incompleteness and outdates of data
▪ Satellite imagery has been used as support for
identifying anomalies
▪ Results : updated database, as common support
for decision making, shared among the partners
Water points inventory
~3 KM
▪ Field visits have been carried by local partners, EO-derived supports and GPS
Field visits to update the water points inventory
▪ Irrigated areas from
non-inventoried
water points can be
delimited from satellite
imagery
▪ the red dots represent
the water points
inventoried on the
ground, the red
rectangles represent
the irrigated areas
where no water points
are identified
Illicit / non inventoried water points
Sentinel-2 image, acquired on 31st July 2018
> 50% of abstractions are not inventoried
▪ The characterization
of each water point by
a "zone of influence"
which corresponds to
an agricultural area
that can be irrigated
from this water point.
▪ Comparative analysis
(Areas potentially
irrigable from water
points) & (Irrigated
areas extracted from
satellite imagery)
Illicit / non inventoried water points
▪ Since the filed visits are very costly (human resources, cars, time, …), we
investigate the identification of water points from very high satellite imagery
(50cm),
Water points identification from very high spatial resolution satellite imagery
•
▪ It is possible to
inventory the wells;
▪ It is impossible to
identify the
boreholes;
▪ It is impossible to
locate water
points in areas
not covered by
field visits.
There are two types of non-authorized abstraction for irrigation purposes:
1. Abstraction for irrigation of areas without official water rights ;
2. Abstraction of water beyond the authorized amounts (threshold of water
abstractions allowing a sustainable water resources)
Non-authorized abstractions, which remain out of record, represent an additional
significant pressure on groundwater resources.
Non-authorized abstraction for irrigation purpose
▪ From irrigated areas, water volumes abstracted from groundwater are estimated
through indirect methods
Irrigated areas mapping and water abstractions estimation
Different methods have been studied :
▪ Estimation of the maximum evapotranspiration (ETm) of the crop by Penman
Monteith's approach.
▪ Estimation of current evapotranspiration (Eta) through modelling of energy and
water transfers at the ground-vegetation-atmosphere interface
▪ The application of an average agricultural water supply per hectare on the
basis of the irrigated areas estimated from satellite imagery, which represents
at best the water needs of the crops in the area in question and the farmer's
irrigation behavior.
In-situ data remains the major limiting factor
Water abstraction estimation
▪ EO coupled with a minimum of in-situ data can be technically implemented on
the pilot zones and provide satisfying results,
▪ Involvement of national partners is a key measure to ensure the appropriation
of the approaches
▪ There is a lack of awareness on the benefits/importance of using EO data ,
▪ Showcasing EO potential for SDG’s reporting and progress measure can be a
relevant way to raise awareness.
▪ Developing a replicable approach for monitoring water use for irrigation
from space is very relevant , we welcome organizations, research centers,
and professionals to support us & collaborate with us
Conclusion
Thanks for your attention
Site web: www.oss-online.org
Contacts: OSS : M. Mustapha MIMOUNI - [email protected]
BGR: M. Fabian Stoffner- [email protected]