Inorganic chemical nomenclature

(textbook: 12 - 25)

METALS

NONMETALS

SEMIM

ETALS

Alkali metalsAlkaline earth

metalsChalcogensHalogens

Noble gases

Electronegativity

Oxidation state (oxidation number)

Valence

Ionic charge - "real electric charge"

cations: Na+ Ca2+ Al3+ anions: Cl- SO42-

Chemical formulas

We have several types of formulas: (according to the information they contain)

1) Empirical formula

2) Molecular formula

3) "Condensed formula"

4) Structural formula

5) Structural formula showing unshared electrons

1) EMPIRICAL

- relative number of each type of atom (ratio of the elements)

- e.g. H2SO4 Al2O3 CH2O

2) MOLECULAR

- real number of atoms in the molecule

- e.g. H2SO4 Al2O3 C6H12O6

3) "CONDENSED" (functional groups)

- characteristic groups of atoms (=functional groups)

- e.g. Mg(OH)2 (NH4)2SO4 K4[Fe(CN)6]

4) STRUCTURAL

- types and arrangement of bonds between atoms

5) STRUCTURAL with unshared electrons - shows also unshared (non-bonding) electron pairs

Latin nomenclature (INN)

INN = International Nonproprietary Names

- intended to be used worldwide for the identification of a given

pharmaceutical substance

- free of any protection of rights of ownership

- recommendations come from World Health Organization (WHO)

"Drug names"

TRADE NAME - registered to pharmaceutical company

- protection of rights of ownership

CHEMICAL NAME - long, difficult

GENERIC NAME (INN) – "free"

e.g. simvastatinum - trade names in the Czech republic: Zocor, Simgal, Simvor, Vasilip,

Simvastatin AL, APO-Simva, ...

... - statinum drug for lowering cholesterol

Symbols of chemical elements

- derived from LATIN name

K Kalium

N Nitrogenium Na Natrium

B Borum Br Bromum

Ag Argentum Ar Argonum As Arsenum

English name - - - > symbol ?

lead L Le Plumbum Pb

Trip to linguistics (morphology)

PREFIX STEM of the word SUFFIX

(ending)

hypo - chlor - ate

Latin is a highly inflected language.

nouns - six cases

- many declensions

1. nominative Natrium

2. genitive Natrii

3. dative Natrio

4. accusative Natrium

5. vocative Natrium

6. ablative Natrio

Genitive forms

Plumbum - - > Plumbi

Natrium - - > Natrii

element names - usual ending: - UM

Lithium, Ferrum, Cuprum, Calcium

genitive form - I

Lithii, Ferri, Cupri, Calcii

Elements with different names in English and in Latin !!!

Sb antimony Stibium

Cu copper Cuprum

Au gold Aurum

Fe iron Ferrum

Pb lead Plumbum

Hg mercury Hydrargyrum

Ni nickel Niccolum

K potassium Kalium

Si silicon Silicium

Ag silver Argentum

Na sodium Natrium

Sn tin Stannum

W tungsten Wolframium

Numerical prefixes

1 mono 11 undeca

2 di 12 dodeca

3 tri 13 trideca

4 tetra

5 penta 20 eicosa

6 hexa 100 hecta

7 hepta

8 octa 1/2 hemi

9 nona 3/2 sesqui

10 deca

Names of oxides

1) Oxides of NONMETALS - numerical prefixes

CO carbon monoxide

CO2 carbon dioxide

SO2 sulfur dioxide

SO3 sulfur trioxide

As2O3 diarsenic trioxide

As2O5 diarsenic pentoxide

Names of oxides

1) Oxides of METALS

Only one oxid. state: CaO calcium oxide

Al2O3 aluminum oxide

More oxid. states: FeO iron (II) oxide

Fe2O3 iron (III) oxide

Names of oxides (INN)

Genitive form of the name for the element + OXIDUM

(numerical prefixes are employed)

K2O Dikalii oxidum

CaO Calcii oxidum

Al2O3 Dialuminii trioxidum

SnO2 Stanni dioxidum

Sb2O5 Distibii pentaoxidum

SO3 Sulfuris trioxidum ! ( sulfur, -is ) 3rd decl.

Names of peroxides

element + PEROXIDE

H2O2 hydrogen peroxide

Na2O2sodium peroxide

BaO2 barium peroxide

Names of peroxides (INN)

Genitive form of the name for the element + PEROXIDUM

H2O2 Hydrogenii peroxidum

Na2O2Natrii peroxidum

BaO2 Barii peroxidum

Names of hydroxides

element + HYDROXIDE

( if element forms more hydroxides – specify it ! )

NaOH sodium hydroxide

Ca(OH)2 calcium hydroxide

Mg(OH)2 magnesium hydroxide

Fe(OH)2 iron (II) hydroxide

Fe(OH)3 iron (III) hydroxide

Names of hydroxides (INN)

Genitive form of the name for element + HYDROXIDUM

( numerical prefix: if element forms more hydroxides )

NaOH Natrii hydroxidum

Ca(OH)2 Calcii hydroxidum

Mg(OH)2 Magnesii hydroxidum

Fe(OH)2 Ferri dihydroxidum

Fe(OH)3 Ferri trihydroxidum

Names of acids

1. Acids not containing oxygen ("binary acids")

HYDRO.... -IC ACID or HYDROGEN .... -IDE

HF hydrofluoric acid

HCl hydrochloric acid

HBr hydrobromic acid

HI hydroiodic acid

H2S hydrogen sulfide

HCN hydrogen cyanide

2. Oxyacids

How many oxyacids can the element form ?

a) only one .... -IC ACID

H2CO3 carbonic acid

H3BO3 boric acid

H2SiO3 silicic acid

H2MoO4 molybdic acid !!!

a) two

Lower oxidation n. .... -OUS ACID

Higher oxidation n. .... -IC ACID

H2SO3 sulfurous acid

H2SO4 sulfuric acid

HNO2 nitrous acid

HNO3 nitric acid

H3PO3 phosphorous acid

H3PO4 phosphoric acid

a) more than two the halogens Cl, Br, I

HClO hypochlorous acid

HClO2 chlorous acid

HClO3 chloric acid

HClO4 perchloric acid

The same way: "traditional"

H2MnO4 manganic acid

HMnO4 permanganic acid

Names of acids (INN)

1. Acids not containing oxygen ("binary acids")

ACIDUM HYDRO …… -ICUM

HF Acidum hydrofluoricum

HCl Acidum hydrochloricum

HBr Acidum hydrobromicum

HI Acidum hydroiodicum

H2S Acidum hydrosulfuricum

HCN Acidum hydrocyanicum

2. Oxyacids

How many oxyacids can the element form ?

a) only one ACIDUM ……-ICUM

H2CO3 Acidum carbonicum

H3BO3 Acidum boricum

H2SiO3 Acidum silicicum

H2MoO4 Acidum molybdaenicum

a) two

Lower oxidation n. ACIDUM ……-OSUM

Higher oxidation n. ACIDUM ……-ICUM

H2SO3 Acidum sulfurosum

H2SO4 Acidum sulfuricum

HNO2 Acidum nitrosum

HNO3 Acidum nitricum

H3PO3 Acidum phosphorosum

H3PO4 Acidum phosphoricum

a) more than two the halogens Cl, Br, I

HClO Acidum hypochlorosum

HClO2 Acidum chlorosum

HClO3 Acidum chloricum

HClO4 Acidum hyperchloricum

( perchloricum )

The same way: "traditional"

H2MnO4 Acidum manganicum

HMnO4 Acidum hypermanganicum

Names of salts

1. Salts of binary acids (acids not containing oxygen)

cation + ……- IDE

more oxidation states of cation: specify it ! e.g. iron (II)

NaCl sodium chloride

AgI silver iodide

KCN potassium cyanide

ZnS zinc sulfide

Common elements with two oxidation states in cations

FeII iron (II) ferrous FeIII iron (III) ferric

CuI copper (I) cuprous CuII copper (II) cupric

HgI mercury (I) mercurous HgII mercury (II) mercuric

AuI gold (I) AuIII gold (III)

SnII tin (II) stannous SnIV tin (IV) stannic

TlI thallium (I) TlIII thallium (III)

PbII lead (II) plumbous PbIV lead (IV) plumbic

Salts of elements with more oxidation states

FeCl2 iron (II) chloride

FeCl3 iron (III) chloride

CuI copper (I) iodide

CuI2 copper (II) iodide

Hg2Cl2 mercury (I) chloride

HgCl2 mercury (II) chloride

2. Salts of oxyacids

cation + … -ATE ( if acid -ic )

… - ITE ( if acid -ous )

according to acid also: HYPO- PER-

Na2CO3 sodium carbonate

K2SO3 potassium sulfite

NaClO sodium hypochlorite

FeSO4 iron (II) sulfate

NH4BrO2 Ammonium bromite

Names of salts (INN)

1. Salts of binary acids (acids not containing oxygen)

genitive form of the cation + ……- IDUM

more oxidation states of cation: lower: -osi

higher -i

NaCl Natrii chloridum

AgI Argenti iodidum

KCN Kalii cyanidum

ZnS Zinci sulfuridum !!!

Common elements with two oxidation states in cations

FeII Ferrosi FeIII Ferri

CuI Cuprosi CuII Cupri

HgI Hydrargyrosi HgII Hydrargyri

AuI Aurosi AuIII Auri

SnII Stannosi SnIV Stanni

TlI Thallosi TlIII Thallii

Salts of elements with more oxidation states

FeCl2 Ferrosi chloridum

FeCl3 Ferri chloridum

CuI Cuprosi iodidum

CuI2 Cupri iodidum

Hg2Cl2 Hydrargyrosi chloridum

HgCl2 Hydrargyri chloridum

2. Salts of oxyacids

cation in genitive + … -AS ( if acid -icum )

( -osi, -i ) … - IS ( if acid -osum )

according to acid also: HYPO- HYPER-

Na2CO3 Natrii carbonas

K2SO3 Kalii sulfis

NaClO Natrii hypochloris

FeSO4 Ferrosi sulfas

NH4BrO2 Ammonii bromis

Names of hydrogensalts

HYDROGEN

(numerical prefix if needed)

NaHS sodium hydrogen sulfide

NaHCO3 sodium hydrogen carbonate

KHSO3 potassium hydrogen sulfite

Na3PO4 sodium phosphate

Na2HPO4 sodium hydrogen phosphate

NaH2PO4 sodium dihydrogen phosphate

Names of hydrogensalts (INN)

prefix: HYDROGENO-

(numerical prefix if needed)

NaHS Natrii hydrogenosulfuridum

NaHCO3 Natrii hydrogenocarbonas

KHSO3 Kalii hydrogenosulfis

Na3PO4 Natrii phosphas

Na2HPO4 Natrii hydrogenophosphas

NaH2PO4 Natrii dihydrogenophosphas

Names of basic salts

Mg(OH)Cl Magnesium chloride hydroxide

Cd(OH)I Cadmium iodide hydroxide

Al(OH)CO3 Aluminum carbonate hydroxide

Names of basic salts (INN)

prefix: SUB-

Mg(OH)Cl Magnesii subchloridum

Cd(OH)I Cadmii subiodidum

Al(OH)CO3 Aluminii subcarbonas

Names of hydrates

….. HYDRATE

numerical prefix

CuSO4 . 5 H2O copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate

MgCl2 . 6 H2O magnesium chloride hexahydrate

CaSO4 . 1/2 H2O calcium sulfate hemihydrate

anhydrous: (Only if you want to point out this.)

Na2CO3 sodium carbonate anhydrous

Names of hydrates (INN)

….. HYDRICUS ( -UM)

numerical prefix

CuSO4 . 5 H2O Cupri sulfas pentahydricus

MgCl2 . 6 H2O Magnesii chloridum hexahydricum

CaSO4 . 1/2 H2O Calcii sulfas hemihydricus

anhydrous: (Only if you want to point out this.)

Na2CO3 Natrii carbonas anhydricus

Names of polyacids and their salts

(Number of central atoms is expressed by numerical prefix)

H2B4O7 tetraboric acid

Na2B4O7 sodium tetraborate

H2Cr2O7 dichromic acid

K2Cr2O7 potassium dichromate

Names of polyacids and their salts (INN)

(Number of central atoms is expressed by numerical prefix)

H2B4O7 Acidum tetraboricum

Na2B4O7 Natrii tetraboras

H2Cr2O7 Acidum dichromicum

K2Cr2O7 Kalii dichromas

"Functional replacement" derivatives of oxyacids

Peroxyacids -O-H group replaced by -O-O-H

(HOO)NO2 peroxynitric acid

(HOO)2CO diperoxycarbonic acid

Thioacids oxygen is replaced by sulfur ( -O-H replaced by -S-H )

=O replaced by =S

H2S2O3 thiosulfuric acid

H2CS3 trithiocarbonic acid

"Functional replacement" derivatives of oxyacids (INN)

Peroxyacids -O-H group replaced by -O-O-H

(HOO)NO2 Acidum peroxonitricum

(HOO)2CO Acidum diperoxocarbonicum

Thioacids oxygen is replaced by sulfur ( -O-H replaced by -S-H )

=O replaced by =S

H2S2O3 Acidum thiosulfuricum

H2CS3 Acidum trithiocarbonicum

Double salts

(salts containing more than one cation or anion)

AlK(SO4)2 Aluminum potassium sulfate

CaMg(CO3)2 Calcium magnesium carbonate

ZnBrF Zinc bromide fluoride

Cu3(CO3)2F2 Copper (II) carbonate fluoride

Double salts (INN)

(salts containing more than one cation or anion)

AlK(SO4)2 Aluminii kalii sulfas

CaMg(CO3)2 Calcii magnesii carbonas

ZnBrF Zinci bromidum fluoridum

Cu3(CO3)2F2 Cupri carbonas fluoridum