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Insect pests of guava in India and their control .

Dhamo K. BUTANI *

GUAVA (P.sidiurn guajava LINNAEUS) is a native o ftropical America but is now pantropical in distribution . I nIndia, it was introduced early in 17th century and a tpresent it occupies an area of about 60 thousand hectare swhich is 5 per cent of the total area under fruits in India .Of this, more than half is in Uttar Pradesh and about 10,00 0hectares in Bihar and the remaining 20,000 hectares ar espread all over India . The fruit is very rich in vitamin C an dA and contains a fair amount of calcium as well . It i seaten as such or cooked and is also used for making ja mand jelly . Like any other fruit, guava too is vulnerable to th eravages of various insect pests, which cause a regula rsubstantial loss both in quality and quantity of fruit . Abou t40 species of insects have so far been recorded thrivin gupon this crop, of which less than dozen have attended th estatus of pest - major or minor . The major pests includ ecoccids (scale insects and mealy bugs), fruit flies, bark eatin gcaterpillars and castor capsule borer while those of mino rimportance are stern borers, pomegranate butterfly, casto rsernilooper, aphid, thrips, white fly, tea mosquito, cockcha-fer beetles, grey weevils, etc . Besides, mites and birds alsocause a fait amount of loss .

SCALE INSECT S

Chloropulvinaria psidii (MASK\\EI .L) is a serious pest o fguava . According to AN YAlt (1963) it is a specific pest o fguava though it has also been found on litchi, mango, sapo-ta, tea, etc ., as of minor importance . The pest is found al lover India and Sri Lanka and has also been reported fro mBangladesh (AI,AM, 1962) . In India, it is more pronounce din Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Maharashtra states .

Small, flat, motionless, yellowish-green scale like insect sare found in colonies sticking to leaves, sucking cell sa ptherefrom. The insects also exude honeydew on whic hfungus, ~Mleliola psidii grows very rapidly covering th eleaves and twigs with sooty mould . This hindens in th e

* - Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012 .

photosynthetic activity and as a result the vigourou sgrowth of the tree is adversely affected . The attack by thispest is more common and serious during surnmer months .

Besides this scale, RAIIMAN and ANSARI (1941 )recorded Aonidiella (Chrysomphalus) aurantii (MASK Vt ELL )A . orientalis (NEWSTEAD), Aspidiotus destructor SIGNO-RET. AYYAR (1963) added A . trilobitiformis GREEN an dMytilaspis pallida GREEN . Sometimes Coccus (Eulecanium )uiridi (GREEN) and Saissetia coffeae hemisphaericus TAR-GIONI also appear in large number (WADI!! and BATRA ,1964) . In addition, Ceroplastes floridensis (COMSTOCK) ,Chrysomphalus son.idum (LINNAEUS), Coccus hesperidu mLINNAEUS, Ilemiberlesia ataniae (SIGNOIIET), lnsulaspispallidula WILLIAMS, Lindingaspis rossi (MASKW ELL) ,Parlatoria pergandei COMISTOCK,Parasaissetia nigra (NIET-NER), Saissetia oleae (IIERNAItD) have also been recorde doccasionally . Of these C . viridi often occurs even as a majo rpest specially in South India . It is found in large colonies o nleaves and tender shoots usually along the veins on ventra lside of leaves, sucking the cell sap therefrom .

Prompt pruning of the affected parts and their destruc-tion in the initial stage of attack prevents the building up o fpest population . In case of severe attack pruning followedby 2-3 sprayings at 10-12 days, interval with 0 .04

diazi -non or dichlorvos (DI) VP) or 0 .1

BHC 0 .1

DI)1' is re -commended to keep these scale insects under check .

MEALY BUG S

Mango mealy bug, Urosicha (Illonophelbus) mangiff , ra e(GItEEN) . a major pest of mango, also attacks apple ,apricot, ber (Zizyphus spp .), cherry, Citrus, falsa, fig, grapes ,guava, jack fruit, jarnun (Syzygium cuminii SKEELS) ,litchi, mulberry, papaya, peach, pear, plum, pomegranate ,etc . Eggs are laid in clusters, 50-300 turn deep in soil aroun dtree trunks during summer . llatching of these eggs lakesplace from November onwards ; late monsoons and winter

rains delay the emergence of nymphs . Freshly hatchednymphs craweup the tree to settle on a succulent spot an dstart sucking the sap therefrom .

To control, plough around the trees to expose and kil lthe eggs ; mix thoroughly 5% heptachlor or chlordane dus tin the upper 400-500 nun of soil around the trees to killthe freshly emerged. nymphs and to prevent the nymph sfrom climbing up the trees, lie around the tree trunk ,alkathine sheet (400 gauge) as suggested in case of mang o(13UTANl 1975) . If the nymphs be observed on the trees ,spray 0 .04% diazinon or rnouocroiophos against the youn gnymphs and 0 .1 f diazinon, phoaphamidou or endosuLfa uagainst the full grown nymphs and adults .

Other mealy hugs commonly found on guava include ,Ferrisia (Ferisiana) virgata (COCKERELL), Ilemaspidio-proctus cinerus (GREEN), Iceryaaegypliaca (DOUGLAS) ,1 . purchasi MASKVEI,L, Nipaecoccus niridis (NE\VS'l'EAD)(corvmbatus GREEN), N. uipae (MASK\YELL) and Plano -coccus lilacinus (COCKERELL) . All these are polyphagou spests and of minor importance in case of guava . F . virgataand P. lilacinus are major pests of custard apple (Auon asguamosa LINNAEUS) ; N . riddis and 1 . aegyptiaca aredestructive to jack - fruit (Arlocarpus heterophyllus LAM .) ,while 1 . purchasi is an exotic insect (from Australia) whic hhas been found m India, damaging besides guava, appl e( :ilrns grapes and mango as well . These mealy bugs ar efound on tender twigs and leaves suckings the plant sap ;resulting in loss of vigour . Like other coccids, they alsosecret honeydew which favours the fungal development ,giving the leaves and twigs black appearance and affectin gadversely the growth and fruiting capacity of the tree .

Prune and destroy the affected twigs in the initial stag eof attack ; followed by spraying with 0 .05% dicldorvo s(DMP) (VENAL, 1974) or 0 .1% carbaryl .

FRUIT FLIES

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white maggots bore inside the fruits and start feeding o nsoft pulp . When full grown . they come out of the fruits an dpupate in the soil . The infested fruits show depression swith dark greenish punctures and when cut open wrigglingmaggots are seen inside . Later, the affected fruits ge tmalformed, rot and all down . Attack on guava is moresevere during rainy season (June - September) and continuesupto December . Soft pulp varieties are more susceptibl ethan hard pulp ones . Life-history and bionomics of the pes thave been studied by JANJUA (1948) and SHAH and al .(1948) . Egg and grub stages last for 2-3 and 12-15 day srespectively while pupal period varies between 6 days i nsummer to 44 (lays in winter . Besides D . dorsalis, guava i salso attacked by guava fruit fly D . diversus COQUIL,I .ET ,melon fruit fly D . cucurbilae COQUILLET and peach frui tfly 1) . zombis SAUNDERS . Of these, 1) . diversus i scommonly found in guava and loquat orchards duringwinter and these migrate to cueurbits as and when the sam eare available while D . cucurbitae attacks guava only duringhot and dry weather when cucurbits are not available . TIu 'main host of' D . zonatus is peach and it attacks guava usual-ly during monsoon months .

Since adult flies are active on wings while maggots an dpupae are inside the fruit and soil respectively, it is rathe rdifficult to check this-pest by spraying or dusting . Harvestthe fruits before they ripe . PEIITA and VAIiMA (19613 )suggested potion baiting with protein Irydrolysaie malatlrio nand water (1 :10) . The bait may be kapt in small fla tcontainers, suspended 3-4 per tree . Besides attracting fruit -flies, adults of fruit sucking moths and castor capsule borertoo will be attracted and killed . l'ALGER L (1(167) ha ssuggested spraying with 0 .03% phosphamidon or 0 .06 %methyl detneton, which brings down the population t osome extent . In addition, removal and prompt destructio nof all infested and fallen fruits as also ploughing around th etrees during winter help to prevent carry over of the pest .

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BARK EATING CATERPILLAR SMango fruit fly, Dacus (Slrumeta) dorsali.s (IIENDEL) -

a pest of potential importance is eostnupolitan and breed son a variety of fruits . Though as the name suggests, mang ois its main host, but PR ['TIl I and It \TR,A (196(1) reporte dguava also as a prefered host . Besides it also feed and bree don Citrus, fig, loquat, peach, pear . etc . Ii is found al l

.

f, rare destructive in

Indarbela tetraonis (MOORE) a polyphagous pest tha tattacks and damages number of trees (fruit and forest )prefers guava . It is found in abundance in neglected orchard sspecially in Uttar Pradesh . Besides guava, it is a destructivepest of Citrus, falsa, janun . litchi, mango, etc . Stout ,dirty brown moths appear during May-June and lay eggs

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a year .

Another species, I . quadrinotata (WALKER) is also foun don guava, though this is a major pest of mango (BIJTANI ,1975) . It is found in large numbers in those neglected guav aorchards that are in vicinity of mango orchards .

To control this abnoxious pest, remove all the webbin gfrom tree trunk and-insert in the entry holes of the pest, aswab of cotton woll soaked in kerosene (PATEL and al . ,1964) or 0 .04% DDT, malathion or dimethoate (SRIVAS-TAV A, 1972) and seal the holes with mud. Such of th eholes as may reopen have to be retreated . SRIVASTAV A(1964) have suggested injecting a mixture of ethyl glyco land kerosene (3 :1) . Any of these treatment is good an deffective for stem borers as well .

CASTOR CAPSULE BORE R

Dichocrocis punctiferalis GUENRE is a major pest o fcastor and is often found on guava throughout the plains o fIndia . ANSARI (1945) reported this as a serious pest ofguava in Punjab . It has also been reported from Java, Japan ,Malaysia and Australia (PRUTIII and BATRA, 1960) .Besides castor and guava, it is a major pest of ginger an dturmeric and of minor importance on arrow-root, cardamon ,Citrus, clover, cocoa, jack fruit, mango, mulberry, peach ,pear, plum, etc .

Moths are medium sized brownish-yellow with numerou sblack dots on wings . Eggs are laid on fruits but in absenc eof fruits, on tender buds and shoots . These hatch in 5- 6days and bore into that fruit, bud or shoot and feed withi non pulp and seeds or soft tissues . Full grown caterpillar (25 -35 mm long) is dark pinkish-brown with spiny wrats allover . Larval and pupal periods vary from 14 to 20 and 7 t o10 days respectively . Total life cycle occupies 28-35 day sand as usual it is longer during winter than in summer .

To control this pest, destroy all the infested shoots, bud sand fruits ; dust 5-10% BIIC or spray 0 .1% BIIC 0 .1 % DOT .

MINOR PEST S

Guava stern borer, Microclona leucosticta MEY RICK i scommonly found in Assam (CHOUD1111RY and MAJ ID ,1954) . The larvae bore into tender twigs and damage th epith generally near the lips . The attacked stems becom ehollow and filled with black frass .

Another species, M. techrnographa MEYRICK has alsobeen reported from North-West [ndia (PRUTIII and BA -[RA, 1960) causing similar damage .

To control these pests plug the holes with cotton wool a ssuggested against bark eating caterpillars .

Cherry stem borer, Aeolesthes holoserica FABRICIUS - amajor pest of cherry has also been recorded boring guav astems . The pest is polyphagus and has been collected fro mapple, apricot, crab-apple, mulberry, peach, pear, walnut ,etc . It is found all over India and has been also recorde dfrom Burma, Sri Lanka, Malaysia and Thailand (PR[J'l'll Iand BATRA, 1960) . ALAM (1962) reported it from Bangla-desh .

.

RAIIMAN and KHAN (1962) studied its bionomics .Adult beetles (about 40 mm long) are nocturnal ; dar kbrown in colour with silvery or golden yellowish spots o nelytra . Male antennae is 1 1/2 times its body length whilethose of female are as long as the body . Whitish, elliptica leggs are laid in crevices in the bark of trees preferably dea dbark or fallen trees during May to October . 'l'hese hatchin 7-12 days . Caterpillars on hatching feed on inner laye rof bark and make zigzag galleries ; when full grow n(about 75 x 13 .5 rum), these are yellowish, clothed withfine bristles and bore into thick sterns and trunks, feedwithin and tnake therein irr egular cavities . The larvae ar eactive for 27 to 32 months . Pupation takes place in thes ecavities and even the adults on emergence stay there t ooverwinter and come out only when the temperature rise s(April-May) . Pupal period varies between 40-100 days an dthe entire life cycle occupies 2 1 /2 to 3 years .

Collect and destroy the grubs and beetles ; fumigate th eholes with paradichlorobenzene (ALAM, 1962) or insert i nthe holes cotton wick (about 150 mm long) soacked in afumigant or 10 ml of 0 .1% dichlorvos (DI)VP) 0 .03 %dimethoate or 0 .025% phosphamidon, methyl demeton orthiorneton (SIIARMA and ATTRI, 1969) and seal the hol ewith mud .

Pomegranate butterfly, Virachalo isocrates FABRICIU Sis a polyphagus pest that breeds through out the year .PRUTHI and BATHA (1960) reported it on pomegranate ,guava, apple, litchi, loquat, tamarind, orange (Citrus) ,etc . Medium sized greyish purple butterfly ; female havin ghaving orange coloured patch on fore wings . Shinnin gwhite eggs are laid singly on the calyx of flowers and ofte non young fruits . These hatch in 6-8 days, puncture th efruits, go inside the same and feed within on pulp an dimmature seeds for 15-20 (lays . Full grown caterpillars ar erather short (15-18 mm), dark brown in colour wit hwhitish patches . Pupation usually lakes place inside th erotten fruit but sometimes caterpillar may come out an dpupate, attaching itself to the stalk of fruit (MEIITA an dV ARMA, 1968) . Pupal period varies between 7 and 14 days .The affected fruits rot, give offensive smell and fall down .

Collect and destroy all infested and fallen fruits . Spra yduring flowering season when fruits are just beginning t oform with 0 .03% phosphamidon (\LAM, 1962) or 0 .15 t o0 .2% BIIC or DDT (PR UTIII and ltA'l'RA, 1960) .

Castor semi-louper, Achaea jarrata (LINNAEUS) - amajor pest of castor has also been reporter damaging her(Zizyphus spp .) Citrus, grapes, guava, mango, pomegranate ,etc . The moth is stout greyish brown with forewing sgreyish brown and black blotches on hind wings . Eggs ar egreenish brown and are laid singly on tender shoots an dleaves . Full grown larva (40-45 Inn, long) is slender, smooth ,dull grayish brown tû greyish black in colour with white o rbrown stripes . It moves like a seinilooper and feeds vora-ciously on leaves while dulls have also been recorde dsucking the juice from fruits of Citrus, grapes, mango, etc .One life - cycle occupies 28-47 days during active period(5h51IAGIRI RAO, 1972) ; summer is passed in pupal stageinside the soil or folds of leaves . There are 5-6 generation sa year .

Collect and destroy the caterpillars . In case of severeinfestation dust 5 to 10% RHC or spray 0 .05% endosulfa nor 0 .1% carbaryl .

Cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii GLOVER (malvae KOCH . )is a major pest of cotton that attacks number of other crop sas well including guava, apple, melon, water-melon, goo dmany vegetables and ornamental trees, etc . The pest i sfound all over the world except colder parts of Asia andCanada (CIE Map N A 18) . Both nymphs and adults havebeen observed during August to October sucking cell sa pmostly from the leaves but in severe cases from tende rshoots as well . These insects also exude honeydew whic hfavours the development of sooty mould . This black coatin gon leaves gives the tree a sickly appearance and also inter-feres with the photosynthetic activity of the tree resultin gin stunted growth .

Spraying with 40% nicotine sulphate (1 :600) or 0 .02 %phosphamidon or 0 .04% dichlorvos (DDVP) is effectivein controlling these aphids as also the thrips and whiteflies ,if any .

Cocoa thrip, Selenolhrips rubrocinctus (GIARD) - amajor pest of cocoa has not yet been recorded on cocoa i nIndia but is found in large numbers on leaves of cashewnu ttrees (ANANTHAKR,ISIINAN, 1971) . HILL (1975) repor-ted mango, avocado, pear, cashew and guava as its hos tplants . The pest is pantropical in distribution (CIE Map n°A136) . Egg is kidney shaped about 0 .25 min long . Nymphsare yellow with bright red band around the base of abdo-men . Full grown nymph is about one rnrn long . Adult i sdark brown (1 .2 men long) fragile, slender with dark gre yheavily fringed wings . Nymphs and adults lacerate the lea ftissues and feed on oozing juice . lifecycle has not bee nstudied in India yet .

\Vhitefly . lleyrotuberculatus psidii (SINGII) and teamosquito bug, Helopeltis anlonii SIG NORET have also bee nreported as rninor pests by DAVID and KUMARAS\V'AMI

Fruits - vol . 32 . not , 197 7

(1975) .1 . psidii sticks the cell sap from underside of leave sthereby devitalizing the trees . Il . antonii attacks the fruit sand causes corky scab formation on the fruits . Such fruit sloose their market value .

Cockchafer beetles : .11elolonlhids, namely, Itolotrich aconsanguinea RLANCIIARI), H . insularis RRENSKE, H .serrata 131,AN( ;IIARD and Schizonycha refficollis I" as alsoRutelids, namely, tdoretus ducauceli BLANCIIARD, A .horticola ARRO\1' . A . lasiopygus R1 RMEISTER,4 . versu-tus IlAItOLD and Anomala bengalensis BLANCIIARI) hav ebeen recorded occasionally damaging guava in India . Allthese are minor pests, so far guava is concerned . The over -wintering adults are stimulated to activity by a good showerof rain whether pre-monsoon (DAVID and KAI,RA, 1966 )or monsoon (SRI VAS'l'AVA and KIlAN, 1963) . The activi-ty declines with heavy showers of rain . Thus the adul tbeetles are found in fields frorn March to June-July soo nafter dusk feeding on leaves and making naptual flights .Just before day break they go down in the soil . Grub susually feed on roots and other organic matter availablein soil . Eggs are laid in the soil (50 to 150 men deep) whe nthe soil is sufficiently moist (June-July) . In Rajasyhan in-cubation period is 7-12 days ; larval 8-12 weeks ; pupa l2-3 weeks and total lifecycle 11-16 weeks (H . insularis -SRIVAS'I'AVA and KHAN, 1963 ; H . consanguinea - RA Iand al ., 1969) . Adults emerge by November but remai ninactive in soil for the entire winter and spring seasons .

These are difficult to combat as they live sufficientlydeep in the soil . Deep ploughing around the trees couple dwith mixing thoroughly in the soil heptachlor dust 8 k ga .i . per hectare (JOSIII and al ., 1969) help to minimize th epopulation . For adults, foliar spraying with 0 .2% 131IC ,carbaryl or Dl)T, twice at 7-10 days interval is suggested .

PRASAD (1961) suggested introduction of Surina mtoad, Budo marinas to control these chafer beetles . Scotiaaureipennis and Campsomeris cal/ads have been recordedparasitizing grubs of H . consanguinea (KALRA and KUL-SIl1iESIITHA, 1961) while carabid beetle, Anthia sexgutta-la has been reported preying upon the adults (RAI and al . ,1969), R ANGA NA - 'l'IIAIAH and al . (1973) claimedBeauvaria brongniartii to be effective against Il . serrataSEKIIAIt and VENKATARAM] AIl (1964) and SHIND Eand SHARMA (1971) found Bacillus lhuringiensis BEIt1,1 -NER, and B. popilliae to be effective against the grubs in th elaboratory . Complete success by means of biological con-trol is still a far cry .

Grey weevils, Mylloceru .s discolor BOIIEMAN . M. 11-pustulatus maculosis DESBROCIIER, M . sabulosus MAR-SHAL[, and M. viridanus l'ARRICIUS have been reportedby FLETCHER (1917) . 'l'hese are polyphagons with a ver ywide range of host plants ; guava being of minor importan-ce . The grubs feed on roots of all sort while the adul t

64 -

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betties (5-7 mm long) nibble the leaves starting frommargins and eat away large patches . ALAM (1962) recom-mended spraying with 0 .2% B11C or DDT or 0 .02% endri nor 0 .03% phosphamidon . Besides, spraying with 0 .04%dichlorvos (DDVP) or dusting with 5-10% BIIC or 4%carbaryl have also proved effective in checking thes eweevils .

MITE S

These minute, 8-legged, spider like creatures often gounnoticed except when they cause serious injury to fruits .According to VEVAI (1971), Brevipalpus phoenicis GEIjS-KES) and Tenuipalpus puniicae PITCIIARD and BAKERhave been occasionally found to be serious in Karnatakaand Maharashtra states specially (luring dry weather . Th eaffected fruits show scalde patches on the surface andcause spitting at the apical portion of the fruits . GUPT A(1974) has also listed B. deleoni occurring on guava .

BIRDS AND ANIMAL S

Parrots (Psitlacula spp .), flying foxes (Pteropus spp .) ,crows (Corvus splendens V IEILLOT), mynas (Acridolheristristis), etc ., also damage the ripe and even unripe fruit sand so do monkeys. Of these, C . splendens has also beenreported as predator of Achaea janata (SACIIAN andRANA, 1974) and A . tristis have been observed preyingupon Holotrichia consanguinea during July-August (PAN -DEY and YADAV) . Watching and scaring away the bird sand animals is the only feasible remedy . This too is possibl eonly in big orchards, as in case of small orchards the costwill be prohibitive and uneconomical . Bagging of fruits hasalso been suggested but it is neither economical nor practi-cable on large scale .

DISEASE S

Wilt : This is the most destructive disease of guavaspecially in Uttar Pradesh and Bengal . It is caused b yFusarium oxysporum psidu PRASAD, MI?IITA and I,ALand is more pronounced in alkaline soils . The leaves tur nyellow then brown and ultimately die away while the bar kof the twigs show splitting . Cut off and destroy the infestedbranches (by digging) and dispose off promptly the wilte dtrees and disinfect the pits by burning dry leaves in these .Sow resistant varieties of guava, seedlings and grafts shoul dbe obtained from disease free orchards only

MD Y,1968) .

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