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InsectsinVegetables:AReviewof2011andWhattoKnowfor2012
RickFosterPurdueUniversity
CABBAGECATERPILLARS
DiamondbackMoth DiamondbackMoth
• Mostseriouspestworldwide‐$1billionannually
• Resistanttomanyinsecticidesinsomeplaces
• Appearearlyingrowingseason• Larvaearesmall(5/16inch),light‐green,tapered,andwigglewhendisturbed
ImportedCabbageworm ImportedCabbageworm
• Adultsarewhitebutterflies• Larvaearevelvetygreen,1inchlong• Relativelyeasytocontrol
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CabbageLooper CabbageLooper
• Doesnotoverwinter;lateseasonpest• Larvaeloopwhentheycrawl• Palegreen;11/2inchlong• Relativelydifficulttocontrol
CaterpillarDamage
• Chewholesinleaves;boreintohead• Youngplantskilled• Olderplantsstunted• Headsabortorareunmarketable
• Contamination
ManagementOptions
CabbageThresholds
Stage DiamondbackMoth ICWandLoopers
Transplanttocupping 50%with>5larvae/plant 30%
Cuppingtoearlyhead 50%with>5larvae/plant 20%
Earlyheadtoharvest 10%with>1larva/plant 10%
Broccoli,CauliflowerThresholds
Stage DiamondbackMoth ICWandLoopers
Seedbed 10% 10%
Transplanttofirstcurd 40% 20%
Firstcurdtoharvest 10% 10%
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Insecticides
• Pyrethroids–Ambush,Asana,Baythroid,Brigade,Hero,MustangMax,Pounce,Warrior
• Bt• Avaunt• Confirm,Intrepid,Rimon• Coragen• Radiant,Entrust,SpinTor• Proclaim• Larvin,Lannate
CabbageInsecticideTrial‐2011Chemical Rate/acre Loopers ICW DBM Yield
Untreated ‐‐‐‐‐ 30.0ab 103.25a 24.0ab 10.8e
Coragen 5fl.oz. 4.25c 8.5c 14.25bc 85.0a
Radiant 10fl.oz. 7.0c 8.5c 8.5c 77.5abc
Proclaim 4.8oz. 20.25abc 16.25bc 17.0abc 81.7ab
Agree 2lb. 35.25a 9.0c 12.25c 71.7bcd
Avaunt 3.5oz. 16.5abc 14.75bc 15.75bc 65.8cd
Entrust 2.0oz. 27.5ab 21.25b 10.5c 64.2d
Intrepid 10fl.oz. 13.75bc 13.75bc 30.5a 65.0cd
MustangMax 4fl.oz. 21.25abc 16.5bc 18.5bc 65.8cd
Crymax 2lb. 23.0abc 10.5bc 17.0bc 67.5cd
CaterpillarsAttackingSweetCornEars
• EuropeanCornBorer• WesternBeanCutworm
• CornEarworm
EuropeanCornBorer
• Twogenerationsperyear
• DeclininginimportanceduetoBtcorn
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
1990 1992 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
EuropeanCornBorersPerUntreatedEarinInsecticideTrials
Lafayette,IN
EuropeanCornBorerManagement
• Treatmentatpre‐rowtasselisthekey• Pyrethroidinsecticidesworkwell–especiallyBrigade,MustangMax,HeroandWarrior
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WesternBeanCutworm Native to North America, first described in Arizona in 1887 Long time pest of dry land beans and corn Gradual migration to the east, CO, NE, IA 2005, significant moth captures in Illinois 2006, first moths captured in Indiana 2007, first damage documented in NW Indiana 2009, significant damage documented in NW Indiana
WBCMothTrapping 2011
WBC,2010DocumentedDamage
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WesternBeanCutworm‐2011
• Mothemergencewas2weekslaterthanin2010
• Temperatureswereveryhighatpeakemergence
• Eggmasseswereverydifficulttofind
• Damagewasgreatlyreducedcomparedto2010
• 2012‐?????
First Documented Case of WBC Damage To Sweet Corn In Indiana - 2009
WBCScouting
• Eggmassesonupperleaves
WBCScouting
• Eggmassesonupperleaves• Hatchedlarvaeinwhorlorleafaxils
WBCThreshold
• Nothresholdyet• Myrecommendationistotreatifyouseelarvae
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WBCTreatment
• Foliarinsecticides– Earlyinstarlarvaeeasytocontrol– Timingiscritical–whorlstage/pre‐rowtassel– Pyrethroidshaveprovidedgoodcontrol
CornEarworm
• Pestofsweetcorn,seedcornandtomato
• Twogenerationsperyearwhereitoverwinters–2ndisusuallymostimportant
• Doesnotoverwinterinlargenumbersinnorthern2/3ofIndiana
CornEarwormBiology
• Femalesprefertolayeggsongreensilks
CornEarwormBiology
• Femalesprefertolayeggsongreensilks• Whenlarvaehatch,theymovedirectlyintotheeartip
• Onceinsidetheear,thelarvaeareprotectedfrominsecticides
CornEarwormControl
• Musthaveinsecticidepresentonsilkwhenlarvaehatchesfromegg
• Pyrethroidshavebeenprimarycontroloptions,especiallyCapture,MustangMax,Hero,andWarrior
• Someconcernsaboutresistance
• CoragenandRadiantappeartobegoodalternatives
CornEarwormManagement• Treatwhenfresh,greensilksarepresent(startat70%)
• Treatifcatchingmorethan10mothspernight
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CornEarwormManagement
• Maketreatmentsevery2‐5daysfrom70%silksuntilsilksarebrown;generally3‐4treatments
• Shortenintervaliftemperaturesarehigh
• Shortenintervalifmothcatchesarehigh
CornEarwormManagement
• Firstgenerationpopulationsmayormaynotreacheconomiclevels
• Duringmuchoftheseason,fewearwormspresent• Oncethesecondgenerationhits,populationswilllikelybehighfortherestoftheseason
• Dateofarrivalofsecondgenerationisvariable• Apheromonetrapisacriticalmanagementtool
CEWManagementTips
• Thefirstapplication(70%silks)isthemostcritical,witheachsucceedingspraybeinglessimportant
• Gettinggoodcoverageofthesilksisimperative–considerdropnozzles.Testwithwatersensitivepaper.
• Highgallonageispreferred–20gallonsperacreormore
RELATIONSHIPBETWEENCORNEARWORMPHEROMONETRAPCATCH
ANDEGGLAYING
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RelationshipBetweenPheromoneTrapCatchandEggLaying
NightlyRelationshipBetweenTrapCatchandEggLaying
WhatAffectsTrapCatch?
• Fullmoonsuppressestrapcatch• Highrelativehumidity(50–80%)increasedtrapcatch
WhatAffectsEggLaying?
• Egglayingwassuppressedduringfullmoon• Highhumiditysuppressedegglaying
• Egglayingwasincreased(permothcaughtinpheromonetrap)inearlyseasonsweetcorn
So,howdoweusethreshold?
• Ingeneral,weshouldcontinuetouse10mothspernightasthethresholdformostoftheseason
• Forearlyseasonsweetcorn(beforenearbyfieldcorninsilking,useathresholdof1.
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0
50
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6‐Jun
13‐Jun
20‐Jun
27‐Jun
4‐Jul
11‐Jul
18‐Jul
25‐Jul
1‐Aug
8‐Aug
15‐Aug
22‐Aug
29‐Aug
5‐Sep
MothsPerW
eek
CEWPheromoneTrapCatch‐2011
Pinney
Lafayette
TOMATOES–HIGHTUNNELS
Hornworms
• Hornwormsaregenerallyaminorprobleminfieldgrowntomatoes
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InsectsinHighTunnels
• Popularliteraturesaysthatmostinsectswillbelessseriousinhightunnelsthaninfield
• Hightunnels.org– “…decreasedincidenceofpestanddiseaseproblems”
• VermontHighTunnelGuide– “Insectpestsgenerallycauselessdamageinhightunnelsthantheydointhefield…”
• Notsupportedbyresearchdata• Ourresearchshowsthatmostinsectscanbeasbadorworse
inhightunnels
‐0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
HT Field
Hornw
orms/Plant
A1.15
A0.32
2010 2011
HornwormsHighTunnelsvs.Field
BrownMarmoratedStinkBugsFoundinIndiana
• FirstdiscoveryinElkhartCountyinNovember,2010
• Confirmedin6counties
• Likelypresentinmanyotherlocations
• Allconfirmedcountiesarealonginterstate
Brown Marmorated Stinkbug, Halyomorpha halys (Stal)
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Whyshouldwecareaboutbrownmarmoratedstinkbugs?
• Seriouspestofvegetablessuchastomatoes,peppers,sweetcorn,greenbeans,etc.
• Seriouspestoffruitcropssuchaspeaches,apples,grapes,etc.
• Pestofcornandsoybeans• Pestofmanyornamentalplants• Theyliketooverwinterinsidehomes• Theyaredifficulttocontrol• Theystink
History
• ImportantpestinnativerangeofKorea,China,andJapan
• FirstdetectedinAllentown,PAin2001• Nowaseriousproblemalongmostoftheeasternseaboard
• Problemsusuallyappearinhomesforseveralyearspriortobecomingaseriouscroppest
• FindinElkhartCo.wasinahome–largenumbers
Biology
• Overwintersasadult(inside)• BecomeactiveinMay
• Firstattacktreesandorchards• Latervegetablesandsoybeans• Probably2ormoregenerationsperyear
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Identification Management
• Nogoodsamplingmethodsavailableyet– Blacklighttraps– Pyramidtrap– Directobservations
• Noeconomicthresholds• Noculturalmethods• Nobiologicalcontrol• Noorganiccontrolsolutions• Severalpyrethroidsandanumberofolderinsecticidesseemtoprovidegoodcontrol
Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Trapping 2011
Blacklight Trap and Pyramid Traps
Blacklight Trap Only
Pyramid Trap Only
Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Trapping 2011
Blacklight Trap and Pyramid Traps
Blacklight Trap Only
Pyramid Trap Only
Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Trapping 2011
0
0
0 0
0
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Implications
• WeprobablyhaveafewyearsbeforeBMSBbecomesaseriouscroppest
• Growingorganicfruitsandvegetableswillbecomeincreasinglydifficult
• Vegetablegrowerswilllikelyincreasepesticideuse
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Whatshouldyoudo?
• Staycalm;it’snotaproblemyet• IfyouthinkyouseeBMSB,collectsomeandreporttoyourcountyExtensioneducator
Questions?