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Inside Hard Cover (Sponsor 1)
“Investing in East Africa’s Future: Exploring Cement, Concrete, Energy Potentials in Ethiopia”
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND ANNUAL EAST
AFRICA CEMENT, CONCRETE AND
ENERGY SUMMIT
... cementing the gap ...
April 19th & 20th, 2017Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
“Investing in East Africa’s Future: Exploring Cement, Concrete, Energy Potentials in Ethiopia”
ORGANIZERS STRATEGIC PARTNERS
Officialy Endorsed By
Main Theme
Conference Sub-Themes
Summit Components
Ministry of Industry
Ministry of Mines, Petroleum and Natural Gas
Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity
Ministry of Urban Development and Housing
Ministry of Construction
“INVESTING IN EAST AFRICA’S FUTURE: Exploring Cement, Concrete and Energy Potentials in Ethiopia”
Ready-mix concrete market Fates of vertical shaft kiln
Human Capital DevelopmentCollaborative local coal development
Production and supply of municipal waste and biomass Sustainability of carbon black
Vertical roller millPerformance evaluation of Ethiopian cements
Cement & concrete standards and regulatory frameworks and challenges of enforcement Sustainable mining and land management
High strength concrete [Advanced Concrete] Concrete ad-mixtures
Fiber reinforcement concrete
CONFERENCEPANEL
DISCUSSIONTRAINING
WORKSHOPEXHIBITION
About the Summit
About i-Capital
About ASTU
Welcoming Speech
Keynote Address Opening Remarks
Papers
Abstracts of Other Presentations
GROWTH POTENTIAL AND CHALLENGES OF READY-MIX CONCRETE MARKET (THE ADDIS SCENARIO)
PRODUCTION & SUPPLY OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE AND OTHER BIOMASS AS SOURCE OF SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE ENERGY
WAS RIGID PAVEMENT APPROPRIATE FOR ADDIS ABABA - ADAMA TOLL MOTORWAY PROJECT?
FATES OF VERTICAL KILN CEMENT PRODUCTION IN ETHIOPIA
Kassahun Admassu (PhD)
Axumawi Ebuy
Eng. Basso Assefa
Adonay Kebede
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About the Summit
We are very much pleased to organize this Annual East Africa Cement, Concrete and Energy Summit (Annual EA-CCES) as the 2nd event. EA-CCES is essentially an annual knowledge sharing platform designed to facilitate and support the development of cement, concrete and energy industries in the region. The 1st Annual EA-CCES was successfully organized last year from March 17th – 20th, 2016 in Addis Ababa at the African Union Conference Center under the main theme of “Strategic Cooperation among Cement, Concrete, and Energy Industries: Agendas for Action.”
On the 1st event last year, delegates from more than six countries took part on the Summit as exhibitors and conference participants. It is our strong belief that the 1st Annual EA-CCES was such a successful platform where business leaders, policy makers, technology suppliers, scholars, researchers, consultants and many more came together and deliberated on key issues of cement, concrete and energy sectors.
This 2nd Annual EA-CCES intends to capitalize of the gains and lessons from the first Summit. The main theme for April 2017 is “Investing in East Africa’s Future: Exploring Cement, Concrete and Energy Potentials.”
Like the previous one, the main purpose of this Annual EA-CCES is also to provide a convenient platform for key players of the industries’ development where they all come together to network and address
critical issues as well as set-out strategic directions shaping the future of the three sectors.
In East Africa, there is a significant opportunity to invest on these sectors of the economy. Countries in this region are among those quickly growing while cement, concrete and alternative energy industries are yet taking off from a lower base.
This 2nd Summit is a brand event of The i-Capital Africa Institute and is being organized with Cement Technology Center of Adama Science and Technology University (CTC-ASTU) with strategic partnerships from Chemical and Construction Input Industries Development Institute (CCIIDI), Ethiopian Construction Projects Management Institute (ECPMI) and Ethiopian Cement Producers Association (ECPA).
Furthermore, this Summit is also officially endorsed by Ministry of Industry; Ministry of Construction; Ministry of Science and Technology; Ministry of Mines, Petroleum & Natural Gas; Ministry of Urban Development & Housing and Ministry of Water, Irrigation & Electricity.
Finally, we have full confidence that this Summit will benefit from last year’s experience and address the critical issues identified as sub-themes. There will also be take-home lessons to document for improvement of practices and policies.
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About i-Capital
The i-Capital Africa Institute is a private consulting firm based in Ethiopia and established to deliver Intellectual Capital (IC) related to solutions for small to large scale enterprises in Africa in the form of Knowledge Sharing Platforms, Human Capital Development Packages, Innovation and Technology Transfer, and Sourcing Solutions. The solutions i-Capital provides are geared towards enhancing enterprises ability to prepare for the fast changing
business world and become successful.The foundation of the Institute is our understanding to the significant gaps that are limiting innovativeness and competitiveness of African enterprises both at regional and global levels. The i-Capital is a member of International Federation of Training and Development Organizations (IFTDO) www.iftdo.net as well as intelligence for innovation (iN4iN) network www.in4in.net.
About ASTU
Adama Science and Technology University (ASTU) was first established in 1993 as Nazareth Technical College (NTC), offering degree and diploma level education in technology fields. Later, the institution was renamed as Nazareth College of Technical Teacher Education (NCTTE), a self-explanatory label that describes what the institution used to train back then: candidates who would become technical teachers for TVET colleges/Schools across the country.
In 2003, a new addition to NCTTE came about—introduction of business education. Nonetheless, the new entries were solely meant for similar purposes: these graduates were also expected to help overcome the existing dearth of educators in vocational institutions.Although it is an institution with a history of only two decades, ASTU is known for its dynamic past. It has always been
responsive to the realization of national policies: training of technologists at its infant stage, and later shifting to training of technical trainers, as well as business educators, to fill the gap in TVETs. Following its inauguration in May 2006 as Adama University, the full-fledged university started opening other academic programs in other areas—an extension to its original mission.
However, it was not until it was nominated by the Ministry of Education as Center of Excellence in Technology in 2008 that it opened various programs in applied engineering and technology. For its realization, it became a university modeled after the German paradigm: it not only became the only technical university in the nation, but also the only one led by a German professor.
Notwithstanding closure of some
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disciplines as per the new vision and mission, the ensuing three years saw flourishing of graduate programs, of which some (like a few in the undergraduate program) were exceptional to our university. The same period saw pioneering of the university in introducing PhD by Research and MA/MSC by Research programs. Before 2008, the university was stratified into faculties, and ASTU’s reach was limited to its only campus in Adama town. The university has now extended its reach to Asella, where two of the total seven schools are located. The faculties at the main campus include: School of Business, School of Engineering and Information Technologies, School of Humanities and Law, School of Natural Sciences, and School of Educational Science and Technology Teachers Education. On the other hand, the two schools in Asella are the School of Agriculture and School of Health and Hospital.
In addition to its main concern (academics), ASTU is also host of research Institutes and enterprises. In the main campus, apart from the Institute
of Continuing and Distance Education (ICDE), there exist two others: the Further Training Institute (better known as FTI) and Adama Institute of Sustainable Energy. The sister town where the two schools are located, Asella, is also host to the Artificial Insemination Institute and Asella model Agricultural Enterprise.
Following its renaming by the Council of Ministers as Adama Science and Technology University in May 2011, the university has started working towards the attainment of becoming a center of excellence in science and technology, thereby allowing for the realization of goals set in the Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP). To this end, a South Korean has been appointed as President of the University. Currently, ASTU is setting up a Research Park, in collaboration with stakeholders and other concerned bodies: one of a kind in the Ethiopian context. The university is also venturing out to the wider community and is currently engaged in various joint undertakings.
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በዚሁም መሰረት በአሁኑ ወቅት በሙያቸው ብቁና አንቱ በተባሉ ሙያተኞች እና በዘመናዊ መሳሪያዎች እየታገዘ በበርካታ የሀገራችን አካባቢዎችና በተፈጥሮ በሞቃታማነታቸው አስቸጋሪ በሚባሉት yሀገራችን ክልሎች ላይ በመሰማራት የግንባታ ስራዎችን በጥራት በመስራት ላይ የሚገኝ አንጋፋ የኮንስትራክሽን ተቆም ነው ፡፡
በቤት ልማት ½ በመንገድ ግንባታ / ኮንክሪት አስፋልት/ በመስኖና ግድብ ግንባታዎች እንዲሁም ሌሎች ከኮንስትራክሽን ሥራ ጋር ተያያዥነት ያላቸውን ስራዎች ተረክቦ በጥራትና በፍጥነት በመሥራት ለተጠቃሚዎች እያስተላለፈና በማስተላለፍ ላይ የሚገኝ ግዙፍ የኮንስትራክሽን ተቋም ሲሆን ማንኛውንም የኮንስትራክሽን ሥራ ከድርጀቱ ጋር ለመሥራት ከፈለጉ ወደ ዋናው ቢሮ ብቅ ይበሉ፡፡
mk§kà ÷NST‰K>N x!NtRP‰YZ b_‰t$ bF_nt$ y»t¥mn#bT
አድራሻችን፡- ወሎ ሰፈር ከብራና ማተሚያ ወረድ ብሎ ለበለጠ መረጃ
በስልክ ቁጥራችን 011-442 22 60/70/71 ይደውሉ፡ E-mail; info @ dec.gov.et Eab.Sita; WWW.dce.gov.et
Fax 011 442 07 16 /0114420746 P..O.BOX 3414 አዲስ አበባ ኢትዮጵያ
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Dear
Guests of Honor, Speakers, delegates, co-organizers, strategic partners, the media, our sponsors and all participants [of course all protocols observed]
It’s a great honor for me to be here and welcome you all to the 2nd Annual East Africa, Cement, Concrete and Energy Summit.
This is truly exciting for our relentless team. The inception of this annual event had its humble beginning back in 2015 when we were involved in preparation of Ethiopian Cement Industry Development Strategy for the period 2015-2015. The process had shown us the need to establish a platform on which key players from cement, concrete and alternative energy sectors to discuss pertinent issues of the sectors, share knowledge and forge cooperation.
The idea was to launch a platform that will continue to be organized annually in a format of strong public-private partnership. The first one was organized in March last year at the African Union Conference Center here in Addis Ababa. It was such a challenging beginning but certainly a learning opportunity and satisfying progress.
The success of the 1st Summit gave us a lot of strength and courage to start planning for this 2nd one. We have tried to incorporate lessons from the first one. At i-Capital, we believe in continuous learning and improvement.
Last year, we had participants from business leaders, experts, policy makers, technology suppliers, researchers, and more from the three sectors. This year, we have even more representation in terms of number of companies, government offices, universities and technology suppliers from local and abroad.
We are very grateful that we have reliable public partners like our co-organizer Adama Science and Technology University, our strategic partners Ethiopian Construction Projects Management Institute (ECPMI) and Chemical & Construction Input Industries Development Institute (CCIIDI).
In general, the purpose of this annual summit is to provide a common platform for key players and stakeholders of the region’s cement, concrete and alternative energy sectors to come together and discuss issues that matter most in shaping the future of the sectors in Ethiopia and the region. For the coming few years, we hope to run it here in Ethiopia
CEO, The i-Capital Africa Institute
WELCOMING SPEECH
GEMECHU WAKTOLA (PHD)
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and gradually rotate it within other countries in East Africa as well.
The i-Capital Africa Institute is a private consulting company established to deliver knowledge sharing platforms and intellectual capital development packages for business enterprises in Africa. When we shared the idea of launching such platform, we have received enormous support from our co-organizer ASTU and our strategic partners. Now, we have tremendous support from many including high profile individuals and companies.
Our sponsors and financial supporters receive high credit for believing in what we are committed to achieve and trusting our judgments.
On this Summit, we have variety of issues to be addressed through presentations by researchers and practitioners as well as through your unreserved participations on discussions.
I have full confidence that this summit will be a learning opportunity and another step forward. We hope to see more support and ownership of this platform from all stakeholders.
Finally and once again, on behalf the i-Capital Africa Institute and our Summit Coordination Committee of the 2nd Annual East Africa Cement, Concrete and Energy Summit, I would like to say welcome to all of you. I wish you a value adding and productive two-day event.
I THANK YOU!
CEO, The i-Capital Africa Institute
GEMECHU WAKTOLA (PHD)
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(Delivered through a representative)
Your excellencies,
Dear guests, participants and organizers
Ladies and gentlemen,
On behalf of Ethiopian cement producers and myself, I am pleased to deliver a keynote speech on the opening of the 2nd Annual East Africa Cement, Concrete and Energy Summit. We had the 1st one of the same event last year at the African Union conference center on which various issues affecting the cement industry in particular and the construction sector in general were raised and discussed as well as solution were suggested.
I believe that this Annual Summit is very important to bring stakeholders and key players from cement, concrete and energy together on one forum and address multiple issues. I would also like to ensure that it will continue to serve as common platform for policy makers, executives, experts, researchers and others.
It is my strong belief that the cement industry has expanded significantly over the last few years. Today, there are about sixteen active producers with a total production capacity of nearly 17million tons of cement every year. This is a very significant growth in our investment compared to where the industry was in terms of number of producers and production capacity almost a decade ago. There was a time our country was dependent on import of large quantity of cement because the local cement production capacity was too small to supply for the booming construction sector in the past.
Thanks to the continuous investments we cement producers made and investment friendly policy of our country over the last several years, now there is no need for cement import to supply for the enormously growing construction sector.
Ladies and gentlemen,
Even though, the aforementioned developments have been witnessed in our cement industry, all of that did not come without challenges. Some of the challenges which I believe need attention by all concerned include market problem, limited access to finance and foreign currency, shortage of cement specialized manpower, dependence on imported
KEYNOTE ADDRESSHAILE
ASSEGIDE
President Ethiopia Cement producers Ass. & CEO, Derba MIDROC Cement
HAILE ASSEGIDE
President Ethiopia Cement producers Ass. & CEO, Derba MIDROC Cement
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coal, limitation of spare parts supply and so on.
It is obvious that this country has a big potential for cement in the medium and long-term. Cement per capita consumption is yet at a much lower level even compared to average per capita consumption in Africa. Due to the fluctuating cement market, our production capacity utilization rate is not much higher than 50%. This is not what we prefer to see happening as cement producers. Addressing these and other pertinent issues is one of the Association’s priorities in the coming several months.
Furthermore, our Association also aims to address the other key challenges of the cement industry including improving access to finance for producers, collaboratively exploring possibilities to use local call and alternative energy by closely working with key stakeholders.
Ladies and gentlemen,
Tackling the challenges of the cement industry requires strong collaboration among stakeholders. From this perspective, we are setting up a strong cement association which will be able to bring all cement producers under one umbrella and create collective energy to address those challenges by constantly engaging with members, the government, universities and others in order to establish strong partnership.
It is my high confidence that all cement producers will come under one umbrella and highly benefit from a collective effort than attempting to address every sort of issues individually and separately.
I believe that a strong association will help us all come together and negotiate favorable policies, resolve our spare part problems and improve our practices to ensure sustainability of the industry. It will also help us solve our existing shortage of cement experts. As you all know, currently we highly depend on destructive practice of lobbying and taking experienced cement experts from each other instead of cooperating among ourselves and universities and training institutes to develop more new ones.
Ladies and gentlemen,
I hope that this 2nd summit will also address some of the issues I mentioned above as they are our critical challenges seriously affecting our short and long-term operations. We will like to see more concrete solutions proposed in order to help us consider and use for our Association to become a strong player. We will also like to see policy recommendations which our policy makers will be able to consider for ensuring sustainability of cement production and supply in this country.
Furthermore, I would like to appreciate the organizers of the summit for working very hard with patience and strength to make this 2nd Annual, Cement, Concrete and Energy Summit a reality. I understand that putting all this together is such a challenging task and needs strong support from all cement producers, government, and other stakeholders.
Finally, I would end my key note address by wishing, on behalf of myself and member cement producers, a very productive and fruitful summit for the two days.
HAILE ASSEGIDE
HAILE ASSEGIDE
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Your Excellency Distinguished Ministers, State Ministers, Executive Directors, Director Generals, Presidents, CEOs, Invited Guests!
Ladies and Gentlemen!
It gives me great pleasure to make the opening remark of the 2st Annual East Africa Cement, Concrete and Energy Summit.
Indeed, I must commend the Ethiopian Construction Project Management Institute, The i-Capital Africa Institute, Adama Science and Technology University and Chemical and Construction Input Industries Development Institute for taking the initiative and organize such a big summit targeted at investing in East Africa’s future and exploring the potentials of cement, concrete and energy sectors.
In Ethiopia, cement, concrete and energy sectors play major roles in satisfying a wide range of physical, economic and social needs and contribute significantly to the fulfillment of various national goals. With the growth in our economy and the increase in urbanization, there is a parallel need for cement and concrete. Of course, in Ethiopia, for most construction activities by the government and private developers, there is currently no other material that can replace cement or concrete in terms of effectiveness, price and performance. Given these sectors importance, with the major emphasis and effort by the Ethiopian government and investments by both government and private investors, the sectors have shown remarkable growth and improvement in the past several years.
Ladies and Gentlemen!
However the sectors achieved significant improvements in the past several years, there are still gaps that are limiting the sectors use their full potential to the socio-economic development of the country.
With this regard, towards curbing the challenges faced by these interrelated sectors of the economy, the coming together of various stakeholders of the sectors is invaluable. In view of these, I believe, this Summit brought together the industry leaders, the academia, policy makers, experts, consultants and others who could be playing the leading role in catalyzing the changes envisioned for the sectors in the country as well as in the region.
OPENING REMARKH.E. ENG. AYISHA
MOHAMMED
Minister, Ministry of Construction
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I also believe that, the two days discussion will indicate new directions and potentials to the sectors, so that, the sectors will continue improving their growth and contribution to the socio-economic development of the country.
Since ensuring sustainable future is a collective task, I would like to assure you our Ministry’s commitment to effectively take part in playing a role towards exploiting new potentials and directions to be indicated by this summit.
H.E. ENG. AYISHAMOHAMMED
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(Delivered through a representative)
Dear
Excellencies ministers,
Invited guests and business leaders,
Speakers and panelists from here and abroad,
Local & International Delegates from both public and private sectors,
Organizers & strategic partners of the 2nd Annual East Africa Cement, Concrete &
Energy Summit,
Ladies and gentlemen
First of all, I would like to express my gratitude for having the opportunity to open this
timely and very important Summit on behalf of the FDRE Ministry of Industry and myself.
It is very clear from the title of the summit and thematic area selected by the organizers
that it is about “INVESTING IN EAST AFRICA’S FUTURE: Exploring Cement, Concrete and
Energy Potentials in Ethiopia.”
The purpose of the this event is also to provide a sustainable platform for local, regional
and global key players of the three sectors including business leaders, policy makers,
investors, researchers, regulatory bodies and many others to come together and explore
opportunities and address challenges.
Noticeably, Ethiopia and many countries in the East Africa Region have made significant
progresses in the economic front during the last several years. Particularly, during the
last decade, Ethiopia has registered impressive economic development which is also an-
ticipated to continue with more acceleration for the coming decade as well.
OPENING REMARKH.E. DR. ALEMU
SIME
State Minister, Ministry of Industry
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As you all know, our country’s ambition is to speedup industrialization and increase ac-
cess to infrastructure through improving capacity of the construction sector. In this re-
gard, I believe that the Ethiopian Cement Industry has a crucial role to play in terms of
supplying adequate quality and variety of cement products for the booming construction
and infrastructure development.
It is also clear that cement is the most consumed product in the world and very essential
component for infrastructure development and most important input for construction in-
dustry, particularly for our big projects, infrastructure and housing programs, which are
also the backbones of our socioeconomic growth and development.
As a result, the Government of Ethiopia believes that cement is one of the strategic indus-
tries that need to be strategically managed in order to sustain the growth of construction
and infrastructure development in the country.
Our cement industry has grown substantially during the past few years. Production ca-
pacity has almost doubled within the last few years alone. We have big producers with
latest technologies which helped the country from import dependence to self sufficiency.
Ladies and gentlemen-
Even though our cement industry has made significant progress in the past, it is also very
clear that the industry has tremendous challenges which need collective efforts to ad-
dress. Some of the major challenges of the industry include:
• dependence on imported skills
• low rate of capacity utilization,
• market concentration around the center
• dependence on imported energy source,
• focus on limited product varieties,
• operational inefficiency,
• quality and standard concerns
• limited access to finance, and lack of cooperation
These are only some of the problems facing the cement industry. However, I believe that
H.E. DR. ALEMUSIME
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this Summit is such a great opportunity to deliberate on some of those challenges and
recommend policy inputs, research outcomes and share best practices.
As a country, we still have ambitious plans for the future; which we very well understand
that the government alone cannot at all make meaningful progress without strong and
expanded private sector participation in the economic development effort. These are the
areas where we all need to work collaboratively via public private partnership.
Ladies and gentlemen
This annual summit is a great opportunity not only to discus key challenges and suggest
the way forward, but also to evaluate progresses made every year. We need similar plat-
forms in other sectors as well. The organizers of the Summit have made the right decision
to bring the cement, concrete and energy sector which are very interrelated.
I hereby would like to appreciate their initiative, efforts and commitment they have shown
to make this big Summit a reality through public-private partnership.
I would like to assure you that the Ministry of Industry strongly encourages such pub-
lic-private partnership to develop not only in the cement sector but also in other sectors.
I am glad to see that Adama Science and Technology University and the i-capital Africa
Institute in partnership with Chemical and Construction Input Industries Development
Institute and Ethiopian Construction Projects Management Institute have taken the initia-
tive, committed their time and resources to organize this 2nd Annual East Africa Cement,
Concrete and Energy Summit.
I believe that the summit will be very much productive and you will have a constructive
dialogue during the two days. It is also my strong interest to see the outcomes from the
presentations and panel discussion to be informative and helpful to reexamine our poli-
cies and regulations as necessary.
Finally, on behalf of FDRE Ministry of Industry and myself, I want to assure the organizers
that we are committed to support your initiative and closely work with you to ensure this
East Africa Cement, Concrete and Energy Summit continues to be organized annually.
I also want to let you know that I will personally follow up that the outcomes are used as
inputs for improving policies and regulations. It’s also my confidence that leaders of the
three sectors will use the outcomes of this summit to improve their business practices.
Hoping that the next two days will generate enormous knowledge and discussion, I would
21
Preface
like to wish you all a pleasant and successful engagement.
With this, on behalf of my Ministry and myself, I declare that the 1st East Africa Finance
Summit is now officially opened.
SELECTEDPAPERS
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Abstract
As the concrete technology stands now, ready-mix concrete is leading the infrastructure development the world over. That being the case, the paper at hand has tried to assess the level of popularity, relevance and acceptance for application within the local context; specifically in the Nation’s Capital, Addis Ababa. The effort as a whole is directly focused in examining the growth potential and challenges of ready-mix concrete’s market in the ambitious and yet need driven housing and infrastructure developments. Considering the high engagement of the City Government in vertical settlement development programs of condominiums and apartments, concrete is a major input to bring the effort to fruition. For this, RMC is the perfect choice to tackle the intricate situation of the inner City development.
Key Words: Ready-mix concrete, Growth potential, Households, Infrastructure, Inner city
BACKGROUND
Ready-Mix Concrete (RMC) is tailor-made product according to the specifics of the customer and delivered in a plastic condition to the pouring site. The use of ready-mix concrete was debated as far as the 1870s. The first recorded delivery of sold ready-mix concrete was made in Baltimore in 1913. It was not until 1926 that the transit mixer was born and the first concrete delivered in a truck mixer [1].
CONCRETE USE IN THE ETHIOPIAN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Though the exact period is yet hanging in the air, Zegeye Cherinet and Helawi Sewnet’s work of 2012 note: “Ever since its introduction in the five years Italian occupation, (1935-1940), cement and concrete technology has become the widest
and mostly used building material for housing” [3]. The 1960s architecture of Addis Ababa according to the designers of Foreign Affairs and Hilton Hotel buildings, Enav of Michael Tewodros Studio and architect Charles Warner of America mentioned the following: “It can be hard to see today, but some of these buildings reflected a great technical achievement at a time when finding quality concrete in Ethiopia proved difficult” [4].
The above source was documented 24 years after the introduction of cement and concrete into the Ethiopian construction industry. Today, it is 57 years since the above document was compiled; but 81 years as of the establishment of the Dire Dawa cement factory in the land. That being the
GROWTH POTENTIAL AND CHALLENGES OF READY-MIX CONCRETE MARKET (THE ADDIS SCENARIO)
KASSAHUN ADMASSU (PhD)
Managing Director, Materials Research & Testing Centre (MRTC) EiABC
24
highlight of the concrete business development in Ethiopia, its use as a major component of the industry, the way our folks understood and adopted concrete was in the form of a very rudimentary, unclean, but in anyway produced with whatever property of ingredients for construction through manual mixing. Then this was followed by the use of small scale mixers of very basic type in nature. The appearance of such semi or fully automated concrete mixers opened the door for bigger size stationary and mobile concrete batching units. In the meantime, the skill and familiarization to the qualitative nature of concrete from batching to casting and curing was understood to a better degree than it was in its earlier way of application.
READY-MIX CONCRETE (The local perspective)
The use of ready-mix concrete has already gained a matured market in the USA, Europe, and Japan, lots of other countries are following suit in joining the industry. In the Ethiopian context, the use of such concrete product was introduced by foreign companies in the construction of huge volume concrete demanding projects of power stations, highway bridges, irrigation schemes, high rise buildings and the like.
Ethiopia’s exposure to foreign investors further aroused interest in the local elites to take the advantage of the flourishing concrete dependent construction sector by embarking on the state-of-the-art of the top notch concrete technology which expresses itself by a ready-mix concrete delivery to construction sites. In
effect, the exercise has started ensuring; waste minimization, the culture of working within a congested narrow space, site cleanliness, quality product delivery, a saving in time and economical project execution.
Growth Potential: The growth potential of RMC use is heavily dependent on the housing and other infrastructure developments in the country. In this regard, Center for Affordable Housing Finance in Africa-CAHF on 30th of October 2016, has noted; “Housing demand is high and authorities have set up a lottery system for aspiring house holders for which 750,000 people have signed up to” [5].
What would make the upcoming housing development very resource demanding and technology driven are the twinned/ dual activities of demolishing and reconstruction. Both the processes are tasks which require strict planning and serious implementation programs focused on time compliant executions, quality service products and targeted economical completions. The challenge within such packages of a project calls for an efficient and knife-edge contemporary technology to handle the immense volume of freshly delivered concrete to construction sites.
A survey conducted and reported in October 2011 by the City of Addis Ababa, notes the following [6]:
• A total of 578,547 households for the then predicted population of 3,327,498 was required.
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• The then built houses with walls of modern materials amounted to 6.6% of the total.
• The Ethiopian urban houses are characterized by substantial qualitative and quantitative short comings.
• To improve the dismal situation of housing in urban areas, if carried out well, this necessity can be transformed into an opportunity, which may accelerate the country’s industrialization.
Challenges: The current level of technology in use whispers that enormous challenges are pending ahead. Among these the daunting ones are:
• The absence of working standard specifications and guidelines for use; like, ASTM C 940 M-16, AASHTO & ACI 304.6R-09 in its national version form.
• Lack of professionals and skilled technologists.
• In-availability of plant erection space in the proximity of RMC delivery construction sites.
• Commitment from government bodies in the facilitation of smooth and efficient traffic flow management.
• If situations dictate, changing the mind-set of the work force to engage in the informal working hours to avoid the traffic hustle during day hours.
• Getting the right quality and quantity of fine and coarse aggregates uninterruptedly.
• Securing a reliable power source.
• The huge environmental impact of running RMC facilities as experienced elsewhere in the world.
• Most significantly, win the hearts and minds of RMC consumers by penetrating the market with affordable and sustainable market price; which can eliminate the competition from the conventional concrete industry.
The RMC Market: The urban housing and related infrastructure development programs are niche markets for RMC suppliers. A report on housing of MoUDHC (2014) notes: rural housing development is 3,400,000; urban including Addis Ababa is 1,500,000 [7] and industrial park development of 30,930,000m2 of which 29,370,000m2 yet to be developed per the Ethiopian Investment Commission of 2015 report [8]. One very vital future RMC market opportunity in the pipe line is derived from the January 2015 FDRE, Ministry of Industry Strategy document which states the following to entice the concrete technology trend [9].
* Encourage use of RMC and discourage on site/traditional production of concrete.
* Cement concrete roads are cheaper as compared to the conventional asphalt.
For more opportunities, the Ethiopian RMC market is supposed to look out of the box and
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see to it that Regional and inter-African mobility and infrastructure developments are matured integrated business opportunities. Koteng (2013) has brought to light that, “The Lamu Port-South Sudan-Ethiopia Transport (LAPSSET) project is estimated to cost USD 23 billion”. This truly indicates that, the consumption of cement and concrete will continue to rise in the coming years. The author reminds the industry once more that, “Sustainable concrete practice calls for economy in the use of materials, equipment and labor, fast construction methods, durable structures and concern for the environment” [10].
Though not an indicative purposive survey was conducted due to a very limited time for the preparation of this paper other options of construction concrete supplies cannot stand as competitors in the face of RMC. The current traditional practice of construction with concrete is liable to: lots of wastage at every level of the process, poor quality work, unnecessary delay, inconsistent curing methods and less attention for sustained supervision.
The results of a quick survey into the active four RMC local suppliers cost for a C-25 class of concrete including a pumping service for pouring is Birr 3,263.67/m3. The cost of such a C-25 concrete as batched in-situ traditionally is Birr 2,952.18/m3 including direct and indirect expenses. The difference in cost of Birr 311.49 makes the RMC product charge higher by such a margin. The crude cost comparison presented in here is only for those companies who provide motor pumps for placement. Otherwise, there
are also RMC producers who are without the placing pump units. These were purposely shoved aside to make the comparison more vivid.
INFERENCE AND EMINENT SUGGESTIONS
Inference: Cognizant of the fact that the 81 years long of our exposure to cement and concrete exercise has not raised the material culture of the whole practice to a level best, a due attention has to be given to change the whole attitudinal spectrum. The RMC technology needs consistency in: operation, time compliance, commensuration, communication, dedication, all round concern, compliance to specifications and guidelines, etc.; it is a pretty tough business. Moreover, it is capital intensive at establishment.
The hastily compiled of a C-25 concrete cost for the conventional and RMC comparison has indicated that, the RMC product is expensive. This is in a sharp contrast to the world trend that embarking on RMC technology is meant for cheaper concrete; in monetary terms.
Eminent Suggestions: To bring RMC technology into the arms fold of the construction industry as a relevant business, the following vital considerations must get due attention.
• Working standard specifications and guidelines must be prepared as a first step towards the technology’s smooth, cultured implementation and nurturing.
• Financial, plant space and some more
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related incentive packages have to be there for local investors.
• Our technical schools which are the power houses to generate skilled human resource have to train their intakes as to cope with such upcoming technologies.
• Through Public-Private-Partnership (PPP) the firms who are hiring the technical graduates must support the training scheme in every aspect, for a win-win situation.
• RMC companies have to work diligently to supply their product at an affordable price as it used to be elsewhere.
• With not a lesser attention, the concerned Government bodies have to give a due consideration to the whole scenario of reliable all aggregate supply sources.
• RMC companies have to tap the local knowledge (where available) from feasibility to plant selection, installation and commissioning to have these professionals on their side as long as the
plant stays in service.
• Proactively, every stakeholder has to support the research and development (R&D) effort in finance to uphold the cement and concrete industry sustainable and healthy.
• Since the environment without which everything is non-existent has to be given a due consideration and respect to keep the whole echo-system in its natural balance state. After all, our whole effort in whichever way executed is for the well being of the human species.
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REFERENCES
1. John Newman, Ban Seng Choo (2003), Advanced Concrete Technology-Processes, Elsevier Ltd.
2. Zegeye Cherinet , Helawi Sewnet (2012), Building Ethiopia, EiABC.
3. Ethiopia: The 1960s Architectural Legacy of Addis Ababa, nazret.com
4. Centre for Affordable Housing Finance in Africa (CAHF-2016), Housing Finance in Ethiopia, 30th
October 2016.
5. Central Statistics Agency (2011), Population and Housing Census of 2007, Addis Ababa: Ethiopia.
6. MoUDHC (2014), National Housing Development Policy and Strategic Framework.
7. Ethiopian Investment Commission Report (2015).
8. FDRE, Ministry of Industry (January 2015), Ethiopian Cement Industry Development Strategy
2015-2025.
9. David Otieno Koteng (May 2013), Concrete Use for Sustainable Development, Department of
Construction & Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan.
29
ABSTRACT
Energy Cost takes the lion share of cement production (world average 30-40%) and its share
increases to around 60% in Ethiopian Cement Industries. The thermal energy requirement
of Ethiopian Cement Industries is mainly satisfied by imported South African Bituminous
Coal using the scarce foreign currency the country generates. Nowadays fossil
fuels like coal are being substituted by alternative fuels in order to reduce
carbon emission, reduce cost and avoid the dependency on imported fossil fuels throughout
the world. Ethiopia is endowed with different alternative fuels which can be used in the
cement industries (like sesame stalk, cotton stalk, coffee husk, rice husk, bamboo tree,
jatropha curcus oil/oil cake, prosopis juliflora and RDF from municipal solid waste and other
by products from industries). Different types of biomasses
which can be used as alternative fuels shall be highlighted;
However, this presentation shall focus on Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) from municipal solid
waste which comprises plastic, paper, clothes, leather, bones and etc which are the
combustible part of the solid waste; moreover it shall focus on Carbon black which is by
product of used tire pyrolysis process. In this presentation, the
potential and possibility of RDF and Carbon Black supply to
Ethiopian cement plants, the preparation, handling and burning technologies, their
environmental and socio-economic benefits of utilizing it; shall be evaluated and discussed.
INTRODUCTION AND BACK-GROUND/PROBLEM STATEMENT
Energy cost takes the lion share (40-60%)
of Cement production, besides 40% of
the CO2(which is one of the greenhouse
gases) emission arises from conventional
fuel combustion. Conventional fuels in the
cement industry can be defined as fuels that
are commonly used all over the world for
thermal energy requirement such as coal,
pet coke, furnace oil and etc.
In order to reduce the energy cost and CO2
emission, alternative fuels can be used
as a substitute to the conventional fuels.
Alternative Fuels in cement industries are
fuels other than the current conventional
PRODUCTION & SUPPLY OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE AND OTHER BIOMASS AS SOURCE OF SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE ENERGY
AXUMAWI EBUY
CEO, East African Mining Corporation PLC
30
fuels (coal, pet coke , furnace oil etc). There
are different alternative fuels in Ethiopia
which can be used as alternative fuels such as
Coffee husk, risk husk, Cotton stalk, Sesame
stalk, Prosopis juliflora weed, jatropha
curnel/oil, Bamboo tree, Refuse derived
fuel(RDF) from Municipal solid waste(MSW),
Tire derived fuels(TDF) from used car tires,
used oils and etc.
This paper shall focus on Alternative fuel
sources from Municipal solid waste (Refuse
Derived Fuel(RDF)), Tire Derived Fuel (TDF)
/Carbon black .
MSW definition
Municipal solid waste refers to solid wastes
from houses, streets, public places, offices,
Commercial establishments (Restaurants,
Hotels and etc), hospitals and etc which are
usually the responsibility of municipal or
other related government authorities as can
be seen in Fig 1
Municipal Solid waste Composition
Generally speaking solid wastes are
composed of Organic wastes, Combustible
waste (paper/plastic/textiles/boards/
leather/bone/tires), metal, glass, stones,
ashes/soil, hazardous wastes etc.
Municipal solid wastes arise from different
sources such as households, street sweeping,
Shop/store/markets, institutions, Cafe/
bar/restaurant and Hotel with different
composition as can be seen in Fig 2 below.
RDF Definition
RDF refers to Refuse Derived Fuel which
mainly consists of the combustible part of the
municipal solid waste (paper, plastic, leather,
textile, bone and etc)
Integrated Solid waste Management
Integrated solid waste management refers
to managing waste according to waste
management hierarchy(Fig-3) on an
integrated way(government, NGO’s, people
and all stakeholders) and on Sustainable
way(Environmentally effective, Economically
Affordable, Socially acceptable)
Objective of the study
The objective of this study is
To make awareness( to waste management
bodies , car tyre pyrolysis plants and
cement industries owners) that wastes are
resources if utilized properly which shall
Reduce energy cost of cement plants,
Reduce CO2 emission of Cement plants
and reduce the multifaceted harmful
effect of municipal Solid wastes.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Potential of Refused Derived Fuel (RDF)
The cement plants in Ethiopia are located
near to the main raw materials (limestone and
Shale/Clay) resource areas; for that reason
the cement plants are concentrated at Addis
Ababa surrounding, Mekelle and Diredawa
and hence the potential of Refuse Derived
Fuel(RDF) from municipal solid waste of the
above cities is shown in the following tables.
From the above tables we can see that in 2017
addis ababa city shall generate solid waste of
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721,026 tons/year out of which 420,000tons/
year is expected to be consumed by REPI
waste to Energy project for generating
electricity; the remaining amount of municipal
solid waste is around 301,026tons/year; from
this the RDF fraction (15% of the total waste
according to waste characterization made
by Artelia) is around 45,154 tons/year. This
waste is theoretically expected to satisfy or
substitute 26% of the energy requirement
of Habesha Cement which has the capacity
to produce 3000ton/day clinker. The RDF
amount is expected to increase from year
to year ( as population is expected to grow)
to around 78,853tons/year RDF and 45%
substitution rate in 2027.
Similarly in 2017 Diredawa City is expected
to generate around 85,045tons/year MSW
and 12,757tons/year RDF which is able to
substitute 7% of National Cement’s thermal
energy requirement. In 2027 the MSW is
expected to increase to 113,306 tons/year
and RDF is expected to increase to 17,071
tons/year which is able to substitute only 10%
of National Cement’s energy requirement.
Likewise, Mekelle city is also expected to
generate around 65,432tons/year MSW, 9,815
tons/year RDF which is able to substitute 6%
of Messebo’s cement Line2 (3000ton/day
clinker capacity) energy requirement. In 2027
the MSW is expected to increase to 109,406
tons/year and RDF is expected to increase to
16,411 tons/year which is able to substitute
only 9% of Messebo Line2 Cement plant’s
energy requirement.
RDF Production Techniques for Cement Plants
Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) is produced from
mixed municipal solid waste by the following
steps (See Fig4 below.
• Sorting the combustible part of the
municipal waste from non-combustible
• Drying the sorted combustible part of
the municipal solid waste(Drying the
RDF)
• Shredding the combustible part of the
municipal solid waste(shredding the
RDF)
• Baling the shredded RDF and Transport
is to Cement plants
Potential of Carbon Black as Alternative Fuel to Cement Plants
Car tyre is composed of the following
Used tyres are being pyrolised to
produce back pyrolysis oil(used as
substitute for HFO), Carbon black, Steel
wire and gases(used as source of heat
for pyrolyzer)
There are around 3(three) tyre
pyrolysis industries in Ethiopia with
the following carbon black output as
by product.
Material Passenger Car Truck Car
Natural rubber 14% 27%Synthetic rubber 27% 14%Carbon black 28% 28%Steel 14-15% 14-15%Fabric, fillers, accelerators, an-tiozonants, etc.
16-17% 16-17%
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Dong Fung --- 750tons/year
Hangwa --- 112ton/year
Allied Chemicals --- 3000ton/
year
Total === 3862 tons/year
Carbon black does have similar
properties with imported coal having
net Calorific value of 6000kcal/kg and
with low sulfur content below 1%.
The above carbon black amount(3862
tons/year) is theoretically able
to substitute 3.3% of the energy
requirement of Habesha Cement
Plant(3000ton/day clinker capacity)
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Even though the amount is not too
much, the nearby cement plants to
the biggest cities(AA, Diredawa and
Mekelle) can consider RDF as an
additional alternative fuel resource
in order to reduce their energy cost ,
environmental foot print and foreign
currency burden of the country.
The load of sanitary landfills and
the multifaceted negative impacts of
municipal solid waste shall decrease if
the combustible part of the municipal
solid waste is utilized for cement
alternative fuel (energy).
Carbon black which has similar
characteristics with imported coal
can also be considered as thermal
energy source to be used in mixture
with imported South African coal as
a strategy to reduce energy cost and
foreign currency burden of the country
although the amount is currently not
too much. This shall also benefit the car
tyre pyrolysis plants which produce
carbon black as by product.
I recommend the Cement plants,
municipalities, car tyre pyrolysis
plants, waste processing companies
and other stalk holders to work jointly
on how to mutually benefit each other.
33
References
1. ARTELIA(2013), Solid Waste Management in Addis Ababa, AGENCE FRANCAISE DE
DEVELOPPEMENT/ADDIS ABABA CITY GOVERNMENT, SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
PROJECT FINAL STRATEGY REPORT –R5
2. Chemical and Construction Input Industry Input Development Institute (personal
communication around February 2017)
3. http://cambridge-industries.com/ (visited on February 2017)
4. Telephone Conversation with Mekelle and Diredawa Waste Management bodies(personal
communication around February 2017)
5. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Central Statistical Agency CSA (2013), Population
Projection of Ethiopia for All Regions At Woreda Level from 2014-2017.
6. Wali,Hamad,Abdulrahaman,(2014), Used Tires Recycling and Utilization in Saudi Arabi
34
ABSTRACT
There are two main types of kilns to produce cement: the Vertical Shaft Kiln and the Rotary Kiln. The Vertical Shaft Kiln or VSK is probably the first type of kiln that was used and it can be traced back to the 5th century A.C. in Greece, when they were used for limestone calcining (Reiter, AC, 11/1997, p. 23). In the 20th century, they have been largely replaced by rotary kilns, which were implemented for the first time in 1880. However, in several countries such as China and India, many of these kilns are still operating (4000 units in China in 2005) and even, some companies still offer this technology for sale. However, the Chinese government expects to close all mechanized shaft kilns by 2020 and that only 10% of the optimized ver-tical kilns keep operating. (Karstensen, UNIDO, 2006, p. 13). In Ethiopia there are seven VSK cement plant with total clinker production capacity of 6,200tpd from which only two plants with 2,600tpd are operational against 31,400tpd preheater rotary kilns under full operation from eight plants. Some of the advantages of preheater rotary kiln are High quality and uni-form cement production, Low production cost, Low heat consumption, Low percentage of free lime, and Possibility of using alternative fuel while Vertical shaft kiln have the negatives or the opposite of the above advantages.With this the survival rate from these very strong computations for vertical shaft kilns against preheater rotary kiln is very low and ultimately the fate of VSK shall be to closed up or change their production line to other products like lime.
INTRODUCTION
In Ethiopia there are seven VSK cement plant with total clinker production ca-pacity of 5,800tpd or 1,740,000t per year. All these VSK kilns were installed during high cement demand in the country, 2010-2011. On the other side eight rotary kilns are operational producing total clinker of 30,000tpd or 9million tons per year.
Clinker quality produced from VSK kilns are on the low quality side Compared to rotary kiln clinker production. This will limit the additive percentage to the min-imum quantity which is disadvantageous for VSK kiln owners. On the other side, clinker produced by rotary kiln has much better quality allowing the additive per-cent to go up to 30% to produce Portland pozolana cement.
FATES OF VERTICAL KILN CEMENT PRODUCTION IN ETHIOPIA
ENG. BASSOASSEFA
Managing Director- BYH Engineering and Management plc
35
Only two VSK plants with 2,600tpd or 780,000t per year were operational. The others were closed or not operational due to high competition from rotary kiln plants.
DISCUSSION AND RESULTSWhat favors VSK to come in to the mar-ket in Ethiopia?
In the years 2010 to 2011, there was high demand of cement in Ethiopia. These high created a gap between supplies against the cement demand as construction booms. During high cement demand and
high cement shortage period (2010 and 2011) cement importation reached 0.3 million tons of cement. This favored the investor to invest on VSK kilns as because of:
• Its Low initial investment cost
• Its ow construction period, only one year time
• Cement quality was seen as second-ary criteria because of customers’ low understanding of quality with this very high shortage of cement.
Table 1: Vertical shaft kilns in Ethiopia and their daily production capacity
No. Plant name Number of kiln
C l i n k e r capacity
tpd
Status of kiln op-eration
Number of (raw + cement) mills
1 Dejen Cement 4x75tpd 300 Stopped 4 + 4 = 82 Mengesteab indus-
trial plc2x700tpd 1400 Under rehabili-
tation3 Abysinia cement 2x100 200 Partial operation 1 + 2 = 3 4 Debresina-Holeta
cement3x100tpd 300 Stopped 2 + 3 =5
5 Enchini bed rock ce-ment
3x300 900 operational 2 + 3 = 5
6 Mojo cement 3x300 900 Stopped 2+ 3 =57 Pioneer cement 3x900tpd 1800 Operational 2 + 3 =5
Total clinker pro-duction
5,800
or
1.74 mil-lion tons
Total production of PPC cement (if all clinker is changed to PPC)
6.96 mil-lion to per year
Taking 25% av-erage pumice additives
ENG. BASSOASSEFA
36
Table 2: Preheater Rotary kilns in Ethiopia and their daily production capacity
No. Plant name Number of kilns
Total Clinker ca-pacity
tpd
Status as of today
1 Mugher Cement 2x1000tpd
1x3000tpd
5000 operational
2 National Cement 1x400tpd
1x3000tpd
3400 operational
3 Messebo Cement 1x2000tpd
1x3000tpd
5000 operational
4 Derba Cement 1x5000tpd 5000 operational5 Dangote Cement 1x5000tpd 5000 operational6 East cement 1x1800tpd 1800 operational7 Ethio Cement 1x1800tpd 1800 operational8 Habesha cement 1x3000tpd 3000 Tobe commissioned as of
April 30/2017Total production of clinker per day
30,000 tpd
Or
9 million ton per year
Total production of PPC cement (if all clinker is changed to PPC)
12.86 million to per year
Taking 25% average pum-ice additives
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAG-ES OF PREHEATER ROTARY KILNS OVER VSK KILNS
Advantages of preheater rotary kilns
• High quality and uniform cement pro-duction.
• Low production cost as it uses efficient burning system
• Less environmental pollution due to optimized combustion and high tech dedusting system
• Low heat consumption (<900kcal/kg clinker), low fuel consumption and which give low production cost
• Reduced number of personnel. Be-cause of high tech stat-of the art ma-chineries are used the number of per-sonnel used compared to VSK kiln are minimum.
• Low percentage of free lime (<1.5%). This will highly contribute for the qual-ity of clinker produced.
• Possibility of using alternative fuel.
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This will give the rotary kiln produc-tion better competitive advantage on cost reduction. As fuel is 40-50% the production cost structure in clinker production, saving from fuel by sub-stituting high cost thermal coal by any alternative fuel will give high competi-tive advantage for rotary kiln plants.
• Dynamic production process, since the material is always agitated. This will give producers to produce uniform and high grade clinker quality. I means they can add more additives to pro-duce PPC ( Portland pozolana cement)
• New plants can more easily obtain en-vironmental permits, as they comply with all existing environmental regula-tions.
• High economy of scale (plant with big capacity 5,000tpd to 10,1000tpd is pos-sible). To produce more cement in one plant means low cost of production with same overhead cost they produce more cement quantity gat better ad-vantage over VSK
Advantages of VSK
• Low initial investment: The VSK kiln system require very minimum invest-ment cost. This is the only advantage over Rotary kiln system.
Disadvantage of Rotary kilns
• High initial investment:- Rotary kiln system requires high capital invest-ment. This is one major barrier for the investors not jump easily in to the busi-ness.
Disadvantages of VSK kilns
• Produces Low-grade cement not suit-able for large structures or infrastruc-ture such as bridges, air ports, high
ways, skyscraper buildings, etc. , inap-propriate for export
• High production cost. High fuel con-sumption leads to high production cost.
• High environmental pollution and diffi-cult to adapt to modern dedusting sys-tem
• High heat consumption ( Up to 105% more per ton of clinker ) , therefore higher fuel cost which is also high pro-duction cost
• More personnel needed. Because of the technology used, there will be more personnel required compared to rotary kiln production line.
• High percentage of free lime (1.5 to 5%). Because of high free lime, the clin-ker quality produced by VSK kiln has low quality which limits the assuage of more additives.
• Unable to use alternative fuel such as waste. The technology used cannot al-low use of alternative fuel and lose the advantage of cost reduction.
• It is a static process (Each nodule is an ‘independent’ kiln). As it is static pro-cess, it will be difficult to get uniform quality of clinker during production.
• Environmental licenses are harder to obtain
• Low economy of scale. Less quantity of cement is produced compared to rota-ry kiln and loss the advantage to be ob-tained from high quantity production.
As seen above the rotary kiln has only high investment cost as disadvantage compared to VSK kilns but the advantag-es obtained from rotary kiln are far most supersedes the VSK kilns. On the other hand the disadvantages listed under VSK
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kiln production so high that it will be more difficult to compete with rotary kiln plants. So, it will be very difficult to survive in such highly competitive market with VSK kiln producing low quality of clinker as high quality required by the market.
WHY SOME OF VSK PLANTS SUR-VIVED UP TO NOW?
• Due to Low awareness of customers about cement quality in previous years. But now this is changing.
• The VSK plant cement producers use Small niche market through peoples (customers) they know and the opportunities when cement shortage appear in the country.
RISKS ASSOCIATED TO USE VSK PRODUCED CLINKER CEMENT
• Due to low cement quality under-standing of majority of Ethiopian cement customers (in previous time, now is improving more) on cement quality difference, use of VSK clin-ker produced cement for bridges, or highways or high rise builds is possibley risking the build for fail-ure
• No strong quality control mecha-nism implemented in the country. (Every cement producer is respon-sible for the quality of cement pro-
duced in its plant according to the standards.) This will give a loop hole to distribute low quality ce-ment in the market.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMEN-DATIONS
Fate/Future of VSK plants
The survival rate of VSK kilns from high clinker quality producing rotary kilns is very low as the quality awareness increas-es and cement price decrease with econo-my of scale (High cement production from Rotary kiln)and low production cost from rotary kiln plants. So, the only fate of the VSK kiln plants I suppose are as follows.
• They have to close their clinker pro-duction lines from producing ce-ment clinker
• There a chance to change the VSK kilns to produce lime. As lime mar-ket is available, it will good to mod-ify their clinker production line to produce lime.
• Use their raw mills and cement mills to produce cement as satel-lite grinding station from preheater rotary kiln clinker producers. They can have a contract with rotary kiln plant or sale complete plant to them to use as satellite grinding station for cement production.
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REFERENCES
• Ethiopian Herald newspaper on 25th March 2017 edition, “ Cement production transforming construction center”
• S.P Deolalkar, Hand book for designing cement plants, BS publications, 2009.
• From different internet sources.
40
ABSTRACTIn the context of Ethiopia’s geography, pattern of settlement and economic activity, transport plays
a vital role in facilitating economic development. In particular, it is road transport that provides
the means for the movement of people, utilization of land and natural resources, access to social
services and opportunities for sustainable growth. With this regard, the roads and highways need to
be constructed by taking account of future generations need. In order to accomplish that, reviewing
the state-of-the- practice in methods used for pavement type selection is the critical responsibilities
of Road Sector Development Program. Flexible pavements have been the preferred choice because
of low initial cost as compared to the rigid pavements. In view of availability of cement in plenty
within the country and scarcity and raising prices of bitumen, it has become prudent to consider
rigid pavement, a far better alternative to flexible pavement. In connection to this, the research
paper primarily focuses on addressing a gap in the existing knowledge base, contributing a new
perspective and generating facts about phenomena that has not been explored previously. The
choice of the appropriate economically advantageous pavement type, flexible or rigid, is made
by carrying out Life Cycle Cost (LCC) analysis which takes in to account the initial investment cost
and also the maintenance cost over the design life of the pavement structure. Accordingly, for this
purpose, Addis Ababa – Adama Express way has been adopted for the assessment. Upon finalizing
research results and entailing implicated findings, expanding the use of rigid pavements in the
development of infrastructure for high volume roads is one aspect that provides sustainability for
future generations. In addition to the longer service lives exhibited by rigid pavements and lower
life cycle cost, this research shows the positive environmental, social, as well as, economic impact
of rigid pavements provide.
INTRODUCTION
Transport is one of the key infrastructures
of a country. The rate at which country’s
economic growth is very closely linked
to the rate at which the transport sector
growth. Roads and highways, to satisfy their
WAS RIGID PAVEMENT APPROPRIATE FOR ADDIS ABABA - ADAMA TOLL MOTORWAY PROJECT?
ADONAY KEBEDE
General Manager, Bethelhem: Adonay General Building Construction Partnership
41
intended purpose, must be constructed to
be safe, easy and economical. With this
regard, pavements have a vital role in
achieving the anticipated objective.
A highway pavement is designed to
support the wheel loads imposed (from
traffic moving) on it. Additional stresses
are also imposed by changes in the
environment. Therefore it should be strong
enough to resist the stresses imposed on it
and it should be thick enough to distribute
the external loads on the earth sub grade
so that the sub grade itself can safely bear
it.
From the point of view of structural
performance, pavements can be classified
as flexible, rigid, semi rigid and composite.
A flexible pavement is essentially a
layered system which has low flexural
strength. Thus, the external load is largely
transmitted to the sub grade laterally
with increasing depth. Because of low
flexural strength, the pavement deflects
momentarily under load but rebounds to
its original level of removable of load. The
pavement thickness is so designed that
the stresses on the sub grade soil are kept
within its bearing power and the sub grade
is prevented from excessive deflection.
This implies that in flexible pavement, the
sub grade plays an important role as it
carries the vehicle loads transmitted to it
through the pavement.
As a contrast, a rigid pavement derives
its capacity to withstand loads from
the flexural strength or beam strength
(modulus of elasticity), permitting the
slab to bridge over minor irregularities
in the sub grade, sub base or based
upon which it rests. This implies that the
inherent strength of the slab itself is called
upon to play a major role in resisting the
wheel load.
The third category of pavements has
become popular during recent times.
Known as semi rigid pavement, it
represents an intermediate state between
the flexible and the rigid pavement. It has
much lower flexural strength compared to
concrete slabs, but it also derives support
by the lateral distribution of loads through
the depth of pavement as in the flexible
pavement.
A composite pavement is one which
comprises of multiple, structurally
significant layers of different sometimes
heterogeneous- composition. A typical
example is the brick sandwich concrete
pavement. It consists of top and bottom
layer in the neutral axis zone.
From the widely used pavement used
pavement types, flexible pavements
have been the preferred choice because
of low initial cost as compared to the
rigid pavements. However, this trend of
selecting pavement alternatives has to be
reviewed. To asses all the options to select
a better pavement types, Addis Ababa-
ADONAY KEBEDE
42
Adama Toll Motor Way Project have been
selected to check weather rigid pavement
is appropriate or not.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
In Ethiopia, paved roads are solely built
from asphalt concrete and a substantial
amount of bitumen is being imported
each year. On the other hand, the price
of bitumen is increasing by leaps and
bounds. On the other hand, Ethiopia
neither has sufficient currency reserve
nor does it has its own port. The country,
being landlocked, is spending its meager
hard currency on port fees too. This is
really putting financial strain on nation’s
economy. Moreover, it usually takes too
long to transport bitumen from abroad
to Djibouti port and from the port to
the construction site, which may partly
contribute for a delay in construction.
On the contrary, currently, the cement
price is declining and it’s expected to
decline as more new cement factories
are entering to the market. Nevertheless,
no study is conducted to investigate the
viability of rigid pavement over flexible
pavement in context of today’s situation.
OBJECTIVE OF THE RESEARCH
The study aims to compare flexible
and rigid pavement construction costs
by using life cycle cost analysis (LCC)
technique, investigate the viability if
rigid over flexible pavement, and make
suggestion whether to maintain the status
quo or make a paradigm shift.
Major objectives that are set to be met by
the completion of this thesis are:
• To demonstrate the feasibility of
rigid pavement construction in
Ethiopia.
• To assess the conditions and
areas of rigid pavements to be
more economical over flexible
pavements.
• To optimize design options
with regards to thickness, mix
proportions and base layer types
from different concrete pavement
options and;
• To build demonstrative design
templates.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
As mentioned above, to show the viability
of rigid pavement over flexible one, LCCA
(life cycle cost analysis) is adopted in this
case study. LCCA is an analytical technique
that uses economic principles in order to
evaluate long term alternative investment
options. The analysis enables total
cost comparison of completing design
alternatives with equivalent benefits.
LCCA accounts for relevant costs to the
sponsoring agency, owner, operator of
the facility, and the roadway user that will
occur throughout the life of an alternative.
43
Relevant costs include initial construction
(including project support), future
maintenance and rehabilitation, and user
costs ( time and vehicle costs). The LCCA
analytical process helps to identify the
lowest cost alternative that accomplishes
the project objectives by providing critical
information for the overall decision-
making process. In connection to this,
specifically for our case study, the initial
cost of rigid pavement is way higher than
flexible pavement. On the other hand,
the overall maintenance cost of flexible
pavement is larger than concrete one.
While analyzing their life cycle cost, one
can use any project appraisal methods.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Entailing implicated findings for Addis
Ababa-Adama Toll Motor Way ;
Life cycle of flexible pavement
will be approximately about 20%
higher than rigid pavement
Since the life of pavement will be
more than 40 years, it has additional
advantage than that of flexible
pavement
Using Fly ash in concrete pavement,
initial and life cycle cost of concrete
pavement will further reduce
Upon finalizing research results,
expanding the use of rigid pavements in
the development of infrastructure for high
volume roads is one aspect that provides
sustainability for future generations.
In addition to the longer service lives
exhibited by rigid pavements and lower
lifecycle cost, this research shows the
positive environmental, social, as well
as, economic impact of rigid pavements
provides.
44
REFERENCES
[1] FHWA (2002), Life-cycle cost Analysis Primer, Department of Transportation – Federal
Highway Administration Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
[2] ERA, Ethiopia Roads Authority (2011), Annual Traffic Count Report On the Federal
Road Newton in Ethiopia of 2009, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
ABSTRACTS OF OTHER PRESENTATIONS
46
“Importance of Corporate Governance and Effective Boards”
Corporate governance is a set of global principles to guide the Board of Directors in directing and governing the affairs of the company with a view towards to maximize its long-term value for the benefit of shareholders and of all other stakeholder as well. In the observance of the fundamental principles of fairness, transparency, and accountability, the Board of Directors set the tone at the top, ensuring that a culture of ethics, compliance and social responsibility pervade all levels and aspects of corporate.
The principles of corporate governance are universal. They hold in all economies and societies. However, in applying these global principles, each economy and society would need to adapt them into their local circumstances, taking into account their culture, histo-ry, and the prevailing business and economic regime. Due to the greater interconnection between economies and particularly in the global financial market, there is also increas-ing convergence towards a set of “best practices” in those economies that aim to attract foreign investments into their markets.
Corporate governance in today’s world seeks to empower the Board of Directors in actual practice since this is what the law mandates. In addition, this would help address several issues that have arisen due to the problem of management having concentrated powers of decision-making with few operative checks and balances.
The orientation that the Board of Directors should have in directing the affairs of the cor-poration must be long-term. In a market economy, that orientation should therefore be towards the long-term market value of the corporation. And this should be for the benefit of all shareholders, holding the same class of shares, and with special attention given to minority shareholders so they do not end up being discriminated against.
Numerous studies conclude that well-governed companies worldwide perform better in commercial terms. For example, good corporate governance: (i) improves access to external financing, (ii) lowers the cost of capital, (iii) improves operational performance, (iv) increases firm valuation, (v) improves share performance, and (vi) reduces the risk of corporate crises and scandals.
Good governance starts with a well-functioning board of directors. It is at the heart of a company’s corporate governance framework and is crucial to ensuring all other gover-nance components (i.e., the company’s control environment, shareholder practices, dis-closure and transparency policies, etc) are working effectively. Broadly, boards exist to provide stewardship and oversight to a company in various manners. Yet, based on IFC’s
TSION ADMASSU BEYENEConsultant, Ethiopia Corporate Governance Program
TSION ADMASSU BEYENEConsultant, Ethiopia Corporate Governance Program
TSION ADMASSU BEYENE
47
experience, there are many common problems that inhibit a board’s ability to perform these functions effectively. These are issues that will be discussed in this session. For ex-ample:
• Board roles and responsibilities are unclear and/or overlap with management func-tions;
• Directors do not fully understand or embrace their duties as board members;
• The Board is composed inadequately with a lack of proper skills, experiences, or ob-jectivity;
• Proper board committees do not exist or do not function effectively; and
• Board procedures are poorly designed, inhibiting board efficiency and effectiveness.
Corporate Governance is a system of structures and processes to direct and control com-panies. OECD-Principles of CG defines CG as “The corporate governance framework should promote transparent and efficient markets, be consistent with the rule of law and clearly articulate the division of responsibilities among different supervisory, regulatory and enforcement authorities.”
IFC CG Program in Ethiopia and in the region helps companies become recognized as a market leader and gain competitive advantage through good corporate governance.
The Program consists of:
i. Workshop on corporate governance leading practices;
ii. Brief diagnostic leading to a concise, practical Action Plan
iii. Tool for ongoing board/CG evaluations
The aim of the program is to explore leading governance practices and how they might practically apply to your company. The IFC CG Methodology has specific tools for each major type of IFC client- Listed companies, family (or founder) owned unlisted compa-nies, financial institutions, transition economy companies and SOEs.
The Program will explore leading governance practices in the areas of board excellence, control environment and processes, Shareholder practices and disclosure, transparency, conflicts/conducts. The IFC CG Methodology is internationally recognized, having been adopted by more than 30 other DFIs and other private investment firms globally.
IFC brings a unique perspective stemming both from our private sector investment ac-tivity and our macro level advisory work to promote good CG standards, regulations, and practices across entire markets. A key part of this includes working with companies to implement good governance practices as a demonstration effect for the market. We utilize internationally recognized tools and methods, combined with professionals who possess deep governance experience across all types of companies.
48
As it stands right now, the Ethiopian Cement Industry has multiple challenges ranging from operational inefficiency, insufficient demand leading to under capacity utilization, lack of innovation and strategic thinking, weak cooperation, dependence on expensive source of energy and above all human capital deficiency. Even though there were few players and many other challenges the industry had to endure, at least in terms of human capital, it was once a self-sufficient industry in the history of cement industry develop-ment of the country.
Currently, the industry is significantly dependent on foreign sourced skills not only for plant building but also for operation and maintenance as well. In a country where annual-ly more than 300,000 and 100,000 trainees and students graduate from TVET and higher education programs respectively as well as where unemployment is considerably large, this reality is really troubling. Furthermore, the predominant reality in this business era of talent economy is that no business can survive and sustain through the stiff competition without obtaining, developing and retaining talent of its own.
Therefore, there are adequate societal, industry and firm level reasons why such human capital deficit should be systematically addressed through a collaborative effort at all levels.This presentation intends to address historical reasons for existing human capital deficits within the Ethiopian Cement Industry, shows current human capital status, and proposes a systematic approach for collaborative skills developing in order to sustain-ably meet future human capital needs of the Industry.
“Human Capital Deficit & Self Sufficiency Approach for Ethiopian Cement Industry and Lessons for Construction
Sector”
TSION ADMASSU BEYENEConsultant, Ethiopia Corporate Governance Program
GEMECHU WAKTOLA (PhD)CEO, The i-Capital Africa Institute & Assistant Professor, AAU
49
Globally, both in public and private sectors,a large number of construction projects and programs fail to be completed on time, within budget, and with good quality. The 2016 State of Project Management annual survey of 686 professionals from 317 organizations in UK and Europe revealed that 32% of their projects are never completed on time, 31% never delivered full benefits, 31% never completed on budget, and 46% never have a track record of success.
A 2016 Project Management Institute (PMI) global survey of 2,428 project management practitioners, 192 senior executives and 292 PMO directors responded that US $122 mil-lion is wasted for every US $1 billion invested on projects and programs. The Interna-tional Project Leadership Academy outlined 101 common causes of project failure and categorized them under lack of goal and vision, leadership and governance, stakeholder engagement, requirements gathering, lack of planning and estimation, risk management, quality, configuration and information management, performance tracking and measure-ment.
The majority of these causes are not related to the technical skills of engineers, architects, and construction professionals, but rather to lack of proper project and program man-agement methodologies, practices and principles, and overall lack of integration (PMI, 2016, Standish Group Chaos Report, 2015, State of Project Management, 2016). Research also showed that projects are 2.5 times more successful when proven project manage-ment practices are used (PMI, 2016). The purpose of this conference paper is to analyze issues related to the failure of construction projects and recommend solutions based on tools and techniques developed from industry best practices and lessons learned.
“The Role of Policy, Governance, and Skill Training in Construction Project Management”
DEREJE TESSEMA (PhD)PMP, PMI-ACP, CEA, CSM, CSP President & CEO, Maryland
Global University
50
Use of high strength concrete is growing in the concrete industry in order to reduce the area occupied by concrete sections. This in turn leads to application of low water to ce-ment ratio for concrete mix design. One major effect of using low water to cement ratio is the introduction of autogenous shrinkage (self-desiccation) within concrete structures, especially during early age of concrete placement. This effect is mainly dependent on the type and behavior of cement used for concrete work. Hence this research was car-ried out with the aim of determining autogenous shrinkage behavior of different cement types produced in Ethiopia and consequent evaluation of crack risk potential for use in the high strength concrete mix design.
Laboratory tests as well as prediction models were used to investigate behaviors of dif-ferent OPC, PPC and PLC cements. Linear and volumetric shrinkage tests were carried out with sealed paste specimens using strain gauges and membranes respectively. Wa-ter to cement ratio of 0.3 were taken in order to achieve autogenous condition. Fineness using wet sieve and air permeability(Blaine) apparatus, setting time, chemical analysis, heat of hydration, compressive and flexural strength tests were also conducted to see ex-isting correlations following international standard codes. The CEB-FIP 90 and the JSCE shrinkage prediction models were also used to supplement the laboratory results.
Crack risk assessment were carried out with the help of two parameters, average stress rate and stress ratio. While the former is based on analysis of the slope of the graph formed between measured shrinkage strain and square root of elapsed time the latter uses ratio of induced shrinkage stress and tensile strength and it is a well-known and widely used method for determining crack risk potential of cementitious materials.
The laboratory investigations revealed that there are strong correlations between au-togenous shrinkage and other cement properties. Cement s having relatively finer parti-cles, high silica and alumina content have shown larger shrinkage strain. This was mainly due to difference in the source of ingredient materials, especially that of Pozzolana used, and the working procedures. Cracking potential assessment has also shown that even if crack occurs mainly due to restrained shrinkage, high flexural strength could overcome this challenge and leads to increased cracking resistance.
ESAYAS G. YOUHANNES (PhD)Associate Prof. of Concrete Materials & Structures
Executive Director, AAU-AAiT with the Rank of V/President for AAUHead of Construction Materials Lab AAU, AAiT
“Performance Evaluation of Ethiopian Cements: physical, chemical, thermodynamic and mechanical aspects”
51
Sustainable mining and land management for cement industry according to ASCOM’s vision which supported with over 40 years of exceptional track record in the Egyptian market and its operations covering North& East Africa, the Gulf and Levant regions in offering geological investigations & total quarry management, quarry design, raw ma-terial evaluation & quality control as well as drilling and blasting to the cement industry in Egypt, United Arab of Emirates, Syria, Sudan, Algeria and Ethiopia as well as teams in many other countries in the region.
FAYEZ GRESSChairman and Managing Director,
ASEC Company for Mining ASCOM-Geology & Mining
“Sustainable Mining and Land Management for Cement Industry”
52
“Challenges and Prospects of Collaborative Local Coal Development”
In today’s globalized world, business organizations are expected not only to survive fierce competition but also have to make sure their operations is sustainable enough throughout the dynamism. The cost of energy for manufacturing industries is so high due to several factors. One such factor is the fact that the input materials to run the plants come from outside source as an import. Coal as a source of energy was an important stimulus to industrialization and it currently contributes around 30% of the world’s primary energy usage. A little greater than half of the coal produced is used for power generations; the remainder is used for the production of steel, cement and certain chemical processing and for domestic use.
In Ethiopia the cement plants use coal for clinker burning process. During the process coal is usually burnt in the form of powder. Around 130kg of coal is consumed to produce a tone of clinker. The five major cement producing plants alone when working at full ca-pacity require close to one million tons of coal per annum, and to import that much quanti-ty, Ethiopia need to spend on average about 80 million USD. At least 40 to 60 % of the coal could be substituted if local production is well developed. According to a study by Ethio-pian Institute of Geological Survey, currently there are five relatively studied coal deposits whose exploration stage have reached the preliminary resource evaluations stage.
There is a total of about 600 x 106 tons of lignite to sub bituminous coal resource in these deposits the quality of which are suitable for cement production, power generation, and fertilizer making. As the cement industry is said to be an energy intensive industry togeth-er with steel, paper and petro chemical industries, reduction of energy cost means lower-ing of the manufacturing cost which results in increasing the companies’ profits. Currently almost all coal input is imported from South Africa even though one or two cement plants have been trying to utilize domestic coal at a very low proportion. In addition to cost issue, to be very much dependent on imported coal has a potential risk on the supply chain, and hence developing and use of local coal would be necessary. Indeed, the contribution of different stakeholders (cement companies, different government institutions) is required to overcome challenges and only through such collaborative work would it be possible to realize domestic resource utilization such as the coal under discussion. The presentation will ignite point of discussions which includes the country’s energy sector policy as well as some other technical, technological and financial constraints
TEBABAL WUDINEHDeputy Director General, Corporate R & D
Ethiopian Chemical Industry Corporation (CIC)
53
Different grinding technologies and systems have been developed for comminution of raw materials, fuels, clinker and additives in the cement production process. Coming from the ancient simple tube mills different suppliers have created different grinding technologies.
Among these grinding solutions, the vertical roller mills have been proven to be the most efficient one. This starts already in the engineering and construction phase of a project. Nowadays vertical mill easily achieve capacities that allow to install single mills for raw material grinding and cement grinding even for kiln capacities of more than 10.000 tons per day. The installation of huge single mills safes about 25% of total investment com-pared to solutions with two or more smaller mills. Innovative modern MVR mills with MultiDrive® solution also minimize the risk of production loss in case of failure or main-tenance of one component.
In terms of energy consumption the vertical mills system are the most efficient technol-ogy, even more efficient than combined grinding systems. Operation data from different cement plants in the world have proven this for various types of cement. Adding this with the other features - such as the high drying capacity - the vertical roller mills are the per-fect solution for most applications in the cement production process.
Furthermore it has repeatedly been confirmed by different cement producers, that also the maintenance for vertical roller mills is less expensive than for other grinding systems.
Gebr. Pfeiffer has supplied hundreds of vertical mills to clients all over the world. Among them, you can find the largest mills for cement grinding. The MVR mill technology is the proper answer to the raising energy prices and the demand for highly flexible and main-tenance friendly cement production machinery with highest availability.
“Vertical Roller Mills – the efficient grinding technology”
ROLAND MARTINIArea Sales Manager, Gebr. Pfeiffer SE Barbarossastr.
54
“High strength concrete production in Ethiopia: Prospects and challenges”
Concrete is a versatile material made of binding agent, which is usually cement, fine and coarse aggregates, water and additives. Since the aggregate’s component covers the ma-jor share of concrete ingredients by volume, the short and long term behaviors of con-crete are substantially influenced by the size, amount, physical and chemical properties of the aggregate. Though the percentage is small, cement is the most expensive concrete making material and its type, amount, physical properties and composition are crucial in determining the quality and durability of concrete.
In this paper, the history of concrete specifications and production in Ethiopian construc-tion industry is briefly reviewed. The recent trends in concrete production in the sector in general and high strength concrete application in particular are further analyzed.
Test results from experimental investigations done to produce high strength concrete us-ing locally produced cements are presented. Encouraging test results were obtained and recommendations are forwarded so that concerned stakeholders should appreciate the mandatory shift from normal strength to high strength concrete for high raised buildings and other important infrastructure developments.
PROF. ABEBE DINKUVP for Institutional Development of AAU
Chair holder of the Construction Materials and Management, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering at AAiT, AAU
55
“Trends on utilization of Fibre Reinforced Concrete (FRC)”
The low tensile strength of concrete is being compensated for in several ways, and this has been achieved by the use of reinforcing bars and also by applying prestressing meth-ods. Though these methods provide tensile strength to concrete, they do not increase the inherent tensile strength of concrete itself and moreover installation of reinforcements is time taking business. Researchers have demonstrated that conventionally reinforced con-crete is not a two-phase material in the true sense unless cracks are initiated and cracked matrix is held by the reinforcing bars. Existence of one phase (i.e., steel or concrete) does not improve the basic strength characteristics of the other phase and consequently the overall performance of the traditional reinforced concrete composite is dictated by the individual performance of the concrete and steel phase separately.
Fibres have been used since Biblical times to strengthen brittle matrices; for example straw and horse-hair was mixed with mud to form walls and floors. In modern technology, steel fibres were for the first time proposed as dispersed reinforcement for concrete by Romualdi in his two papers in 1963 and 1964. Since that time, the concept of dispersed fibres in cement-based materials has developed considerably for various applications demonstrating significant improvement on flexural capacity of concrete elements. The first serious civil engineering constructions with the application of FRC were carried out in the 1960s. The most remarkable application was building of 18 runways of airports in USA between 1972 and 1980, which demonstrated excellent performance for about two decades towards crack and local damages. Recently FRC technology is gaining more and more popularity among constructors for shotcrete work in which steel fibers of various types and shapes were introduced for the application of unstable slopes, landslides, tun-nel lining, and road embankments.
In this study, literature reviews have been presented exploring the state of the art of FRC technology and also possible future perspectives have been discussed. Moreover, it is in-tended to provide an overview of the types of commercially available FRCs and how they work. The paper also discusses commonly applied terminology and models of mechani-cal behavior that form a basis for understanding material performance without involving too much of mathematical details.
YOSEPH BIRRU (PhD)Assistant Professor
56
“Standards and regulatory frameworks for cement & concrete production and enforcement challenger”
In this paper the Ethiopian construction industry development and its direct relation with cement and cement products; the demand of cement and cement products and the out-moded construction system that influence the cement products quality, time, cost and public satisfaction is compared with a modern prefabricated cement product construc-tion materials system on same parameters. The regulatory issues such as construction permit, certification of the production process on quality and its compatibility with Ethi-opian construction standards and quality controlling laboratories and certification for prefabricated construction elements is seen. Finally the policy framework set to be im-plemented for the development of the construction industry and related legal documents and practices that are derived from it will be discussed.
ENG. YONAS AYALEWHead, Addis Ababa City Construction Bureau
57
PANELISTS
DR. ARGAW ASHA
DR. GEMECHU WAKTOLA
DR. MEDHANYE BIEDEBRHAN
MR. SAMUEL HALALA
A. Executive Director, Ethiopian Construction Projects Management Institute
CEO, The i-Capital Africa Institute, Assistant Professor, Addis Ababa University
Assistant Professor of Structural Engineering , Ethiopia Institute of Technology Mekele University
Director General, Chemical and Construction Input Industries Development Institute
58
MR. WOLDAY BERHE
MR. YOHANNES NEDA
MR. KIDANE T.HAIMANOT
MR. SHIFERAW FEYESA
General Manager, Defence Construction Enterprise
Deputy CEO, the i-Capital Africa Institute Lecturer & Coordinator of Graduate Programs College of Business & Economics, AAU
Deputy General Manager, Messebo Cement Factory
Vice President, Adama Science and Technology University
MODERATOR
60
PHOTO GALLERYDelegates
61
Exhibition
Guests
62
Panel Discussion
Presentations
Dangote Cement is a fully integrated cement company and has projects and operations in more than 18 African countries including Nigeria, Cameroon, Benin, Ghana, Senegal, Tanzania, Zambia, South Africa, Ethiopia etc. The combined manufacturing capacity is more than 40 Million tons per annum. Dangote Industries (Ethiopia) Limited is a subsidiary of Nigeria based Dangote Cement and is engaged in cement manufacture & inaugurated its factory on June 04, 2015 which is offering employment opportunities to more than 7,000 people; the factory is currently producing cement that meets world class quality standards & has capacity to produce 2.5 Million tons per annum.Dangote Industries (Ethiopia) is currently producing both PPC (32.5) & OPC (42.5) types of Cement.
Packaging Our products are packed in high quality PP bags. The strength and durability of our bags boosts our customers’ confidence in safe delivery.
Quality & Technology • Modern robotic laboratories monitor standards in-process and online from the
raw material stage, through all intermittent processes, right up to the end product.• The laboratories are manned by trained personnel who are conversant with the
latest technologies, practices and standards. Stringent quality assurance processes are put in place to ensure the best quality cement.
• Automatic loading with the capacity to load 9 trucks at a time
FINANCIAL SUPPORTERS
