Inside this issueSustaining MembersListed/Spotlights4; 11,15,16,30
Elie Track’s SC Predictions6
Glen McIntosh’sCryogenic Concepts12
Mendelssohn Bio, Pt. 313
Ray Radebaugh’sCryo Frontiers17
Women in Cryogenicsand Superconductivity18
Peter Mason’sSpace Cryogenics32
People, Companies inCryogenics/Calendar36-37
Photo credits, page 38
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CF CSA WINTER '07 2/12/07 3:55 PM Page 2
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ACDCRYO [email protected]
Cosmodyne [email protected]
CryoAtlanta [email protected]
CryoCal [email protected]
CryoCanada – Toronto [email protected]
CryoCanada – Red Deer [email protected]
Cryogenic Industries – China [email protected]
Cryogenic Industries – Houston [email protected]
Cryogenic Industries – Korea [email protected]
Cryogenic Industries – Malaysia [email protected]
Cryoquip [email protected]
Cryoquip – Australia [email protected]
Cryoquip – China [email protected]
Cryoquip – East Coast USA [email protected]
Cryoquip – Malaysia [email protected]
Cryoquip – UK [email protected]
Mafi-Trench [email protected]
Pittsburgh Cryogenic Services [email protected]
Rhine Engineering [email protected]
Wittemann [email protected]
CF CSA WINTER '07 2/12/07 3:55 PM Page 3
4
Cold Facts (ISSN 1085-5262) is published five times per year in the Winter, Spring, Summer and Fall and a DecemberBuyer’s Guide by the Cryogenic Society of America, Inc. Contents ©2007 Cryogenic Society of America, Inc.
Corporate Sustaining MembersWINTER 2007 | VOLUME 23 | NUMBER 1
Although CSA makes reasonable efforts tokeep the information contained in this maga-zine accurate, the information is not guaran-teed and no responsibility is assumed forerrors or omissions. CSA does not warrant theaccuracy, completeness, timeliness or mer-chantability or fitness for a particular purposeof the information contained herein, nor doesCSA in any way endorse the individuals andcompanies described in the magazine or theproducts and services they may provide.
ACME Cryogenics
AMAC International, Inc.
Abbess Instruments, Inc.
Ability Engineering Technology, Inc.
Air Liquide DTA
American Magnetics, Inc.
Amuneal Manufacturing Corp.
Applied Cryogenics Technology
Argonne National Laboratory
Austrian Aerospace GmbH
Austin Scientific an Oxford Instruments Co.
Barber Nichols, Inc.
Bio-Matrix Scientific Group, Inc.
Brooks Automation, Inc. Vacuum Products
C3B Cryo Competence Center of Astrium STGmbH
CAD Cut, Inc.
CCH Equipment Company
CS&P Cryogenics
Cabot Corporation
Cameron International
Chart Industries, Inc.
Chesapeake Cryogenics
Circor Cryogenics
Clark Industries
Coax Co., Ltd.
Cool Pair Plus, Inc.
Cryoco, Inc.
CryoconnectDiv. of Tekdata Interconnections Ltd.
Cryofab, Inc.
Cryogenic Control Systems
Cryogenic Industries, Inc.
Cryogenic Institute ofNew England
Cryogenic Technical Services, Inc.
Cryoguard Corporation
Cryomagnetics, Inc.
Cryomech, Inc.
Cryometrix, subsidiary of Reflex Scientific
Cryotech International, a VBS Company
Cryo Technologies
DLH Industries, Inc. (Cryocomp)
DMP CryoSystems, Inc.
Don Wolf & Associates
Eden Cryogenics, LLC
Empire Magnetics
Everson Tesla, Inc.
FedEx Custom Critical
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
Fin Tube Products, Inc.
Gardner Cryogenics
Gas Equipment Engineering Corp.
Genesis Magnet Services LLC
Hantech, Ltd.
Independence Cryogenic Engineering, LLC
Integrated Cryogenic Systems, Inc.
International Cryogenics, Inc.
Invena Corporation
Janis Research Co., Inc.
L-3 Cincinnati Electronics
Lake Shore Cryotronics, Inc.
Linde Cryogenics, A Division of LindeProcess Plants, Inc.
Lydall Thermal/Acoustical, Inc.
Magna Steyr
Meyer Tool & Mfg., Inc.
Molecular C*Chem
NASA Kennedy Cryogenics TestLaboratory
National High Magnetic FieldLaboratory
Nexans Deutschland Industries
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Oxford Instruments America, Inc.
PHPK Technologies
Prentex Alloy Fabricators, Inc.
Qdrive, CFIC
Quality Cryogenics, Inc.
Romarc Corporation
SAES Getters USA, Inc.
Sumitomo (SHI) Cryogenics of America, Inc.
Scientific Instruments, Inc.
Sierra Lobo
Spectra Gases, Inc.
Sunpower, Inc.
Technifab Products, Inc.
Technology Applications, Inc.
Tempshield, Inc.
Thermax, Inc.
US Cryogenics
Valcor Scientific,Div. of Valcor Engineering Corp.
Velan, Inc.
Wessington Cryogenics Ltd.
Cold Facts MagazineEditor-in-ChiefLAURIE HUGET
Editorial AssistantERIN RIGIK
Cryogenic Society of America, Inc. Board of Technical Directors
ChairmanJOEL FUERST
Argonne National Lab | 630/252-1369
President/President-ElectLOUIS J. SALERNO
NASA Ames Research Center | 650/604-3189
TreasurerAL ZELLER
National Superconducting Cyclotron, MSU708/425-9080
SecretaryGEORGE MULHOLLAND
Applied Cryogenics Technology815/838-9274
Executive DirectorLAURIE HUGET
Huget Advertising, Inc. | 708/383-6220
DANA ARENIUS, Thomas Jefferson NationalAccelerator Laboratory
MICHAEL COFFEY, Cryomagnetics
JONATHAN DEMKO
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
JAMES FESMIRE
NASA Kennedy Space Center
MICHAEL GOUGE, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
WERNER K. HUGET, Huget Advertising, Inc.
RICK LUTHER, Chicago Bridge & Iron
ROBERT MOHLING
Technology Applications, Inc.
GEORGE MULHOLLAND
Applied Cryogenics Technology
JOHN PFOTENHAUER
University of Wisconsin-Madison
JOHN URBIN
Linde Cryogenics, A Division of Linde Process Plants, Inc.
JOHN WEISEND IIStanford Linear Accelerator Center
Short Course Chairman
ROMUALD J. SZARA
Emeritus
CF CSA WINTER '07 2/12/07 3:55 PM Page 4
The TV program Absolute Zero and the Conquest of Cold isnow in post-production and on schedule to air in 2007.Executive Producer, Meredith Burch said they have a “whaleof a tale, remarkable visuals and impressive experts. Threeinterviewees (among others) will launch viewers on a magi-cal mystery tour of the strange quantum world that exists afew billionths of a degree above zero. They are Eric Cornell,Carl Wieman and Wolfgang Ketterle, who shared the 2001Nobel Prize for physics for their discovery of Bose EinsteinCondensates, a new form of matter never before seen in theuniverse.”
The program will air on the BBC before summer, andpossibly in early summer or fall in the US, according toAbsolute Zero Project Manager Allan Childers. The programwill feature a combination of science, cultural history andadventure that explores concepts, events and individuals inthe field of low-temperature physics and their impact onsociety. Recently, several partners of the project previewed40 minutes of the 2-hour series, and reported positive feed-back. New partner organizations are joining the AbsoluteZero campaign, including the National High Magnetic FieldLaboratory (NHMFL) and the National Society of HispanicPhysicists. At the national AAAS meeting in February, RussDonnelly, the principal investigator for the project, and TomShachtman, author of the book, “Absolute Zero and theConquest of Cold,” are set to present at a session for low-temperature physics.
Many physicists, educators and engineers have volun-teered to act as AZ Experts, using their knowledge to help
inspire young people, participating in after-school educa-tional events, or making presentations before professionalorganizations. AZ Experts include David Haase, director ofThe Science House, John Pfotenhauer of the University ofWisconsin and Eric Palm, chief of the Millikelvin Facility atNHFML. Visit the Absolute Zero Web site, www.absoluteze-ro.org, which now features educational games, such asAbsolute Zero Sudoku and downloadable versions of theCommunity Educational Outreach Guide and the ScienceEducator’s Guide, both created to provide educators withhands-on demonstrations for explaining such topics asstates of matter, thermometers, cryogenics and technology,and refrigeration and superconductivity.
5
Cold Facts Editorial BoardRandall Barron, Louisiana Tech University;Jack Bonn, VJ Systems, LLC;Robert Fagaly, Tristan Technologies, Inc.;Brian Hands, University of Southampton, ret.
Oxford University;Peter Kittel, ret. NASA Ames;Peter Mason, ret. Jet Propulsion Lab;Glen McIntosh, Cryogenic Technical Services;John Pfotenhauer, University of Wisconsin-
Madison;Ray Radebaugh, NIST Boulder;Ralph Scurlock, Kryos Associates, ret. University
of Southampton;Nils Tellier, Robertson-Bryan, Inc.
WINTER 2007 | VOLUME 23 | NUMBER 1
Ron Ross Retires from JPLRonald Ross retired as Supervisor of the Advanced
Thermal Group at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) onNovember 16. Ross had served as Cryocooler Manager forJPL’s Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) instrumentduring the 1990s, and starting in 2002 managed NASA'sAdvanced Cryocooler Technology Development Program,which successfully developed 6K cryocoolers for cryogenicobservatories such as the James Webb Space Telescope(JWST). For the past 18 years, Ross has managed JPL'sAdvanced Thermal Technology Group with a primary focuson cryocoolers and cryogenic instrument design. He hasauthored or coauthored more than 170 formal reports andjournal articles covering his technical experience, more than65 of which are in the field of cryocoolers and cryogenicinstruments. He is the past Chair of the InternationalCryocooler Conference and has been its Publications Chairand Proceedings Editor for the past 12 years.
Starting in 2007, Ross hopes to do consulting work inthe field of space cryocoolers for JPL and possibly others.
He is currently completing supervision of the production and dis-tribution of the proceedings of the 14th ICC Conference which willbe published in early 2007.
Absolute Zero TV Show to Debut in ‘07
From left: Dr. Mous Chahine, retired chief scientist of JPL and science team leaderof the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) instrument, Fred O’Callaghan, pastproduction manager of the AIRS instrument and current manager of JPL’sAstronomy and Fundamental Physics Program Office, Ron Ross, Larry Sumas,retired Deputy Director of JPL. Photo taken at Ross’ retirement party on Nov. 8.
CF CSA WINTER '07 2/12/07 3:55 PM Page 5
6 WINTER 2007 | VOLUME 23 | NUMBER 1
Elie Track Predicts Superconductivity Breakthroughs Dr. Elie Track, senior partner at
HYPRES Inc, a leading developer ofsuperconducting microelectronicstechnology, has developed a top 10 listof likely breakthroughs in the field ofsuperconductivity in 2007.
Track began compiling the list inthe latter half of 2006 through his workat HYPRES, as vice president of theIEEE Council on Superconductivityand vice president of the Yale Scienceand Engineering Association. Much ofhis research took place through con-versations with scientific expertsaround the world, especially at confer-ences such as the AppliedSuperconductivity Conference (ASC)in Seattle and the InternationalSymposium on Superconductivity(ISS) in Nagoya, Japan. Track reviewedthe talks given at both conferences andbegan dialogs and email exchangeswith people in the scientific communi-ty, often speaking with top level man-agers with a good overview of thebreakthrough in question, and othertimes going directly to the sourceworking on the project.
In compiling the list, Track spokewith a range of experts, including butcertainly not limited to, Dr. JohnRowell, currently a distinguished visit-ing professor at Arizona StateUniversity and a member of theNational Academy of Engineering,member of the National Academy ofScience, and a fellow of the RoyalSociety; Professor Nate Newman ofArizona State University, Dr. DonGubser of Naval Research Laboratory,Dr. Richard Harris of NIST, Dr. MutsuoHidaka, Manager of Low TemperatureSuperconducting Device Laboratory,SRL-ISTEC, and Professor HansHilgenkamp of the University ofTwente (The Netherlands). In the end,Track relied on his own judgment andsubjectivity as he narrowed the listdown to 10 upcoming breakthroughs.
Track said there have always beenlists of this nature in magazines, butthe publications didn’t have a wide cir-culation and catered predominately to
engineers, and he didn’t recall seeing atop 10. He created a top 10 rather thana longer list, thinking it might attractmore press attention.
“My motivation is that supercon-ductivity has a lot to contribute. If itcan get [recognition] and support fromcongressmen and the public then itwill help bring in resources,” Tracksaid. He added, “As a community[those of us working] in superconduc-tivity, are not doing a good enough jobof communicating in a simpleway…we need to be better communi-cators with the public.”
Track said the list is also a way tohold the superconductivity communi-ty accountable. “[The list] creates a dia-log. At the end of the year we can lookback [and see what progress we havemade].” Since the list debuted at theend of 2006, various Web sites, news-papers and magazines are picking upthe news.
“I’ve seen publications that don’tusually talk about superconductivitytalk about superconductivity,” Tracksaid. Track will even be appearing inan interview on the upcoming PBS TVshow Absolute Zero and the Conquest ofCold. He said he hopes the list contin-ues to generate news, increasing sup-port for superconductivity and makingbreakthroughs happen faster or, insome cases, actually happen. Already,new dialogs are beginning betweencolleagues, with people calling Trackwith questions and comments.
He said the list is most useful topeople who report about science andact as a liaison to the public, as well asto people in the field of superconduc-tivity working on the breakthroughs,by forcing them to think about gettingthe word out.
“One main goal was to raise theconsciousness of the general publicand make the people doing theresearch aware of the public...taking[the breakthroughs] out of the lab andengaging the public, and making
things practical.” Practicality wassomething Track looked for as he con-sidered breakthroughs for his list.“What is practical and what will makeit in the marketplace so people’s livesare made better…those were impor-tant criteria for me.”
Topping the list is a low-cost MRImachine, which will make it easier andless expensive to screen for seriousmedical conditions. Track placed it inthe number one spot because he said itholds the most promise for widespreaduse and is more affordable than otherpending breakthroughs. In creating thelist, Track placed the advancements setto happen sooner toward the top of thelist, noting that large-scale applicationscan be marketed more quickly.
Track said it is still too soon to seemany of the breakthroughs becomeeveryday reality, but many are on theirway and right on schedule. “Within2007 we will see breakthroughs in therealm of impressive demonstrations.”Consumers, he added, can expect tofind the breakthroughs as a part ofeveryday life in five to 10 years, basedon the fact that this is new technologyand there are barriers, some of themregulatory or legal, to move them fromconcept to mainstream reality. Forexample, low-field MRI needs FDAapproval before it can be used in hos-pitals around the world.
Track said the wireless digitalreceiver, number four on the list, willprobably be used by the militarybefore it enters the commercial market.In fact, several of the breakthroughs onthe list might first be used by the mili-tary, and then after five to 10 years,when they can be generated in largequantities and priced to compete in themarket, they will be available to con-sumers.
Track said number five on the list,the advanced magnetic cardio-imagingmachine, is the closest advancement torealization, and its use should be main-stream within 2007. While the FDA hasgranted the approval to use the
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7WINTER 2007 | VOLUME 23 | NUMBER 1
machine, the FDA still needs toapprove the use of the machine to cor-relate its data with that of a specificmedical condition and apply it to makea diagnosis. Once this process isapproved, doctors can more effectivelyscreen for coronary artery disease anddiagnose more accurately, Track said.
Track doesn’t know if he will createa new list in 2008, but he plans to mon-itor what happens in 2007, includingthe amount of interest the list generatesand the progress of the breakthroughs.He said a 2008 list created by the com-munity as a whole might be a possibil-ity if there is enough interest. Untilthen, Track will continue to get theword out about superconductivity.HYPRES has rejoined the Coalition forthe Commercial Application ofSuperconductors (CCAS), hoping towork with them to promote supercon-ductivity with lawmakers and the public.
Elie Track’s predictions ofexpected breakthroughs in super-conductivity in 2007
1) Announcement of laboratorydemonstrations that can lead to anadvanced, low-cost MRI machine thatleverages superconducting technology.This will make it easier and cheaper toscreen for many serious medical condi-tions, such as breast cancer and braintumors. By using tiny magnetic fields,these advanced MRI machines will alsowork in a more open environment, eas-ing concerns for claustrophobic patients.
2) Ultra-high-speed Internetswitches that will carry Internet trafficto a much higher level, leading to amuch faster information highway. Thespecific advancement would involvethe use of superconducting technologyto process optical signals in intercon-necting circuits, leading to 100 Tbps routers.
3) High-capacity power lines thatuse cables made out of superconduc-tors to efficiently carry electricity toareas that are without power infra-structure. These innovative cablescarry 3-5 times more current than tradi-
tional power lines of the same size.Such a system was demonstrated inNew York state in 2006, and Trackexpects further, more comprehensivedemonstrations and implementationsin 2007.
4) The demonstration of a wirelessdigital receiver, using superconductingelectronics, outside of the laboratory,leading to improved wireless commu-nication systems—in speed, accuracy,and data capacity—for military andcommercial applications.
5) The FDA granting approval forthe use of superconducting sensors inadvanced magnetic cardio-imagingmachines that will be used to moreeffectively screen for coronary arterydisease.
6) The proven design of a 10TFLOPS workstation computer, toreplace room-sized systems. This super-conductor-charged system would havemany applications, including increas-ing the accuracy of weather forecast-ing.
7) Demonstration of a supercon-ductor-based ship propulsion motorfor the US Navy, leading to savings insize, weight and power needs forfuture transportation systems.
8) Progress in the development ofan analog quantum computer, which isexpected to improve the speed for pro-cessing complex mathematical compu-tations from years to minutes.
9) The successful demonstration ofthe SCUBA-2 infrared camera on theJames Clerk Maxwell telescope inHawaii, the most complex demonstra-tion of superconducting electronics,will provide an unprecedented view ofthe universe.
10) Addition of an AC Josephsonvoltage standard device, leading toimprovements in the basic accuracy ofmeasurements of electrical signals.This would be an enormous break-through in the metrology community.
The Cryogenic EngineeringConference Scholarship Fund is nowaccepting applications for the CECTimmerhaus Scholarship Award.Qualified graduate students involvedin cryogenic studies are encouraged toapply.
The scholarship winner will beannounced at the awards luncheonduring the upcoming CEC meeting,which will be held in Chattanoogaduring the week of July, 16. Additionalinformation, such as eligibilityrequirements for candidates, andapplication forms for the CECTimmerhaus Scholarship may beobtained on the CECSF Web site,www.cecsf.org. The application dead-line is April 30.
The 2005 CECSF Scholarshiprecipients were Jeesung Jeff Cha ofGeorgia Institute of Technology andCSA Member Jinglei Shi of theUniversity of Wisconsin. Both received$10,000 toward their continuing edu-cation in cryogenics studies.
“I feel honored for having beenchosen as one of the first recipients ofthe CEC Scholarship,” said Cha, whoadded that he plans to “continueresearch in the area of modeling cry-ocooler components, focusing onsteady, pulsating and periodicanisotropic hydrodynamic parametersin the regenerators.”
Shi, whose interests focus on “thenumerical modeling and experimentalstudy of the mini/large scale cryocool-ers,” said she aims to do somethingmeaningful in the cryogenic commu-nity and make her work valuable.
The CEC Board of Directors spon-sors the award. Corporate sponsorshipassistance is also provided by variouscompanies, including CSA CorporateSustaining Members Cryomech,Cryofab, Lake Shore Cryotronics andScientific Instruments.
CEC ScholarshipApplicants Sought
Track’s SC Predictions for 2007
CF CSA WINTER '07 2/12/07 3:55 PM Page 7
8 WINTER 2007 | VOLUME 23 | NUMBER 1
If you missed our well-received Short Courses heldin conjunction with ASC/ICC14/CEC/ICMC, now youcan access the notes on disk. Supplies are limited,so order today. Details on content and ordering areavailable at www.cryogenicsociety.org. Pricesinclude postage and handling.
Now Available!CSA Short Course Materials
Introduction to Superconducting RF $106Dr. Isidoro E. Campisi and Dr. J.G. Weisend IIThese two-disk notes break down the high-tech and com-plicated world of superconducting materials and cavity fab-rication technologies.
Design of Optimal Helium Refrigeration & LiquefactionSystemsDr. Vankata “Rao” Ganni $90Rao’s notes have been edited and expanded since his lastcourse session.
2005 Safety Short CourseDr. John Weisend II, Robert Bell, Dr. Friederich Haug, Dr. Robert Fagaly $90Extensive notes from the Flynn/Cryoco course, plus newmaterials from Haug and Fagaly. Hard-to-find material.
Cryogenics Safety Manual, 4th EditonThe British Cryoengineering Society $70This text covers general and specific safety considerationswhen working with various cryogens. Contains charts, photos and bibliography.
Application of Cryocoolers to Superconducting SystemsDr. Ray Radebaugh, NIST $106His acclaimed cryocoolers course tailored to SC Systems
CSA/ASC sponsored courses at Seattle Applied Superconductivity Conference, 2006
CSA sponsored course at the InternationalCryocooler Conference, Baltimore, 2006
Foundations of Cryocoolers $106Drs. Ray Radebaugh, NIST, and Willy Gully, Ball Aerospace,team-teach a very popular, comprehensive course withdetailed graphs and figures, including the latest developments in this important field.
CSA sponsored courses at Keystone CO Cryogenic Engineering Conference, 2005
The 22nd Space Cryogenics Workshop (a divi-sion of CSA) will be held in Huntsville AL, July 11-13, 2007, in conjunction with NASA Marshall SpaceFlight Center. The workshop venue is the luxuriousEmbassy Suites Hotel, just 12 miles from HuntsvilleInternational Airport. The brand new all-suite hotel,connects by sky bridge to the Von Braun Center, aconvention center overlooking the picturesque BigSpring Park. Huntsville features mountainous viewsand a plethora of dining venues, nature preservesand recreational and cultural activities, includingthe US Space and Rocket Center. Registration is nowavailable at www.spacecryogenicsworkshop.org.
Registration fees: early $295 (by April 6, 2007),$320 (after April 6, 2007); students and retirees, $210;guest tickets for the Welcome Reception and forlunches are $25 (each). Guest banquet tickets are $75.Please see the Web site for more details.
Co-chairs are Sally Little, [email protected],and Leon J. Hastings, [email protected], bothof NASA Marshall SFC. Awards committee chair isPeter Shirron, NASA Goddard SFC.
Save the date • July 11-13, 2007
The December 2006 issue of the CERNCourier reported, “Tom Haruyama of KEK haswon the Commendation of the Research andEducation Promotion Fund from the AlumniAssociation of Keio University Faculty of Scienceand Technology. It recognizes his development ofa pulse-tube cryocooler for liquid-xenon particledetectors. This technology is used at CERN andis being studied for further applications in detec-tors. “ Dr. Haruyama is a long-time member ofCSA and active in the Cryogenic Society of Japan.
Haruyama Honoredfor P-T Cryocooler
CF CSA WINTER '07 2/12/07 3:55 PM Page 8
WINTER 2007 | VOLUME 23 | NUMBER 1 9
Air Liquide’s CryoCrete technology has helped reconstruct the Hoover Dam.One of the largest hydroelectric dams in the world, Hoover features one of themost magnificent sites in the western United States. So much so, traffic on USHighway 93, which runs across the dam in the Colorado River and is the mainroad connecting Las Vegas to Phoenix, often comes to a standstill as travelersslow to see the view. With the help of Air Liquide’s CryoCrete technology, abypass bridge is being constructed to open the route to smooth travel again.
The massive undertaking required many cubic yards of concrete with specialplacing and curing requirements. Using liquid nitrogen to cool concrete mixturesto exacting specifications, CryoCrete injection technology was used to reduce thetemperature of the concrete used in the bridge’s footings before it was pumpeddown to molds resting 300 feet into the canyon. CryoCrete technology cooled theconcrete to 20 to 30 degrees F and was integral in delivering the quality pour andprecise curing necessary to ensure the structural integrity of the bridge.
“This has been a spectacu-lar opportunity for Air Liquideto contribute to a project at thishistoric site. It is a world-scaleexample of the capabilities ofthe CryoCrete process, a tech-nology with a wide range ofindustrial applications,” saidEtienne Lepoutre, president ofAir Liquide Industrial US LP.
CryoCrete has been used in a variety of mass pour applications including theSan Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge. The Hoover Dam was originally constructedin the 1930s, to harness the power of the Colorado River as a major source ofhydroelectric energy and flood control for the region.
A new Chicago-Indiana computer sys-tem is set to join an international networkof computer centers and receive massquantities of data from the Large HadronCollider (LHC) at CERN.
When the LHC begins operating laterthis year, beams of protons will collide 40million times per second. When the beamsreach full intensity, each collision will yield23 proton interactions that will create vari-ous subatomic particles, but it could taketime for scientists to know what they’vediscovered.
“Even once the data is recorded, it willtake years of careful sifting and sorting,which will require massive amounts ofcomputing power to extract the final scien-tific results,” said Frederick Luehring, asenior research scientist at IndianaUniversity.
Physicists at 158 institutions in 35nations will participate in the ATLAS (AToroidal Large Hadron ColliderApparatus) experiment at CERN. TheChicago-Indiana system, which is operatedjointly by the University of Chicago andIndiana University, is one of five Tier 2regional centers in the US particpating.
The Chicago-Indiana Tier 2 system isconnected to a national computing infra-structure called the Open Science Grid, anational network that works with large-scale computing-intensive research proj-ects. This January, the site expanded toachieve the computing power equivalent of300 personal computers to the nationalinfrastructure, through wide-area connec-tions that can transfer data at 10 gigabitsper second. HighBeam.com compared thisspeed to downloading the music library ofan iPOD in less than two seconds.
The Chicago-Indiana system is fundedby annual $600,000 grants from theNational Science Foundation, and by previ-ous investments from the states of Illinoisand Indiana in I-WIRE and I-Light. Onegoal of the experiment is to find the HiggsBoson, a theoretical particle that endows allobjects in the universe with mass. The ener-gy required to create the Higgs Boson isspeculated to be within the capabilities of theLHC. Another goal is to find evidence ofsupersymmetric particles, which it hoped-could lead scientists to the discovery ofalternate dimensions.
US Computer CenterTo Crunch LHC Data
CryoCrete Used at Hoover Dam
Air Liquide’s CryoCrete being prepared at the Hoover Dam.
CF CSA WINTER '07 2/12/07 3:55 PM Page 9
Acme Cryogenics manufactures CVI cryogenicon/off, flow control, globe,y-pattern, liquid helium,vacuum seal-off, and vented actuated valvesand actuators.
Acme continues to producethe quality valves you expect from the CVIControls line in standard sizes and customdesigns to fit your requirements.We can alsosupply you with spare parts to maintain yourcryogenic piping system.
Contact our CVI Valve Product Coordinator at800-422-2790, ext. 601 for more informationabout Acme Cryogenics CVI Controls products.
cvi
Since April 2003,Acme Cryogenics has been thesole manufacturer of CVI Cryogenic Control valves.
P.O. Box 445Allentown, PA 18105
800-422-2790610-791-2402 Fax
www.acmecryo.com
CF CSA WINTER '07 2/12/07 3:55 PM Page 10
WINTER 2007 | VOLUME 23 | NUMBER 1 11
Austrian Aerospace GmbH (AAE) recently joined as aCorporate Sustaining Member of CSA. AAE is the largestsupplier of space products and related ground supportequipment in Austria, focusing on electronics, mecha-nisms and thermal insulation.
The company is made up of 120 employees and isowned by the Swedish Saab Space Group. The businessmission of AAE is to market, develop and manufacturesatellite equipment for the global space industry andcryogenic insulation for terrestrial applications thatstrengthen and support the competitiveness of its cus-tomers. AAE has produced high quality Multi LayerInsulation (MLI), since 1991 and is the leading supplierof MLI for spacecraft of the European Space Agencyand a number of other European programs. AAEdesigns, manufactures and integrates thermal hard-ware products in-house or at the customer's site. Inaddition, AAE offers procurement and the assembly ofheaters, thermistors, thermostats, Optical SurfaceReflectors (OSR) and Second Surface Mirror Tapes.
As a product diversification, AAE has adoptedspace MLI for cryogenic applications, covered by the“Coolcat” line of insulation products. “Coolcat” is usedfor the insulation of superconducting magnets (MRI,NMR and others), cryostats, transfer lines and automo-tive liquid hydrogen tanks. AAE offers engineeringconsultancy and thermal analysis for customer sys-tems. Its state-of-the-art manufacturing facility forinsulation is equipped with automated cuttingmachines and all processes for production on an indus-trial scale. Austrian Aerospace is certified according toboth ISO 9001:2000 and ISO 14001:2004. ContactJohannes Stipsitz, phone: 43-1-80199-3070, fax: 43-1-80199-3060. [email protected], www.space.at.
Spotlight on New Sustaining Member
Exciting news! The CSA Web sitenow offers a Members-Only section with special features:
• View free back issues of Cold Facts magazinein downloadable pdf files. A list of highlightsunder each issue will help readers locate thedesired issue with ease.
• CSA Board contact information.
• Coming in 2007: a special edition of Ask theExperts, exclusively for our members, whichfeatures answers to the toughest technical ques-tions by top-notch cryogenic authorities.
www.cryogenicsociety.org
New! For Members Only
CF CSA WINTER '07 2/12/07 3:55 PM Page 11
WINTER 2007 | VOLUME 23 | NUMBER 112
Cryogenic Conceptsby Dr. Glen McIntosh, President, Cryogenic Technical Services, Inc., 2005 CEC Collins Awardee, [email protected]
We frequently encounter peoplewho need to use cryogenics but don’tknow how to do it. In one recent case alarge aluminum surface in a spacechamber was to be maintained atapproximately 77K. In another appli-cation, an adsorbent bed was to beheld near 80K during flight operations.People working on each project wereinitially thinking of a pump and sumparrangement but were not happy withthe complexity and power require-
ments.
In both cases, personnel were astounded to learn that theirneeds could be met with a no-moving-parts thermal siphon sys-tem like the simple one illustrated in Figure 1. Three principalelements are required: An elevated reservoir with a liquid levelcontroller; an insulated, low heat leak down-flowing liquid sup-ply line, and the heat exchange system which converts some ofthe liquid to vapor and directs the lower density mix up to thevapor space of the reservoir.
Specifically, this is how it works:
1. The reservoir and liquid line form one leg of a U-tubewhich is filled with high density liquid. Heat leak and boiling inthis line is to be minimized.
2. As liquid is boiled in the upward flowing leg its averagedensity decreases. This produces a differential pressure causingflow. This is the thermal siphon effect.
3. Flow is self-regulating. Delta P generated by head densi-ty differences is offset primarily by two-phase pressure drop inthe heat exchanger side. Low pressure drop in this leg is desir-able to enhance flow and improve heat transfer.
Design Guidelines:
1. Raise the reservoir as high as convenient to increase liq-uid head.
2. Minimize heat leak to the downward flowing liquid lineto preserve fluid density.
3. Cause flow to rise (without traps) in the heat transfer legand direct return flow downward as it reaches the reservoirvapor space to achieve vapor/liquid separation.
Some rudimentary vapor pressure drop calculationsare usually adequate for design of a functional system.However, for inquiring minds, this is an elegant two-phase flow problem.
Figure 1 Thermal Siphon System
CF CSA WINTER '07 2/12/07 3:55 PM Page 12
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13
Mendelssohn Biography, Part III: Early Years, 1906-1933
Kurt Alfred Georg Mendelssohn was born on 7thJanuary, 1906, as the only child of Ernst and ElizabethMendelssohn, in the Schoeneberg suburb of Berlin.
The first Mendelssohns were the brothers Saul andMoses, who were born the sons of Mendel of Dessau,Prussia, in the early 18th Century. Kurt was a directdescendent of Saul, and the composer Felix Mendelssohnwas a grandson of Moses. Kurt’s father was a business-man who represented a foreign wholesaler of men’sclothing and the family had a comfortable existence atthe time Kurt was born. Berlin in 1906 was at its peak asthe capital of the newly reunited Germany. KaiserWilhelm II wanted to make Berlin into another Paris orLondon, and a German research society, the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft (renamed Max-Planck-Gesellschaft after WW2), was founded in 1909.
As a child, Kurt Mendelssohn attended the GoetheSchule where he shone in physics, earth science, drawingand gymnastics but was weaker in art and mathematics.His differing performance between drawing and mathe-matics is reflected in his later life, in which his hobbies,such as photography and collecting oriental ceramics,were visual by nature.
In 1925, Mendelssohn entered the University ofBerlin (renamed Humboldt-University of Berlin afterWW2) where he studied physics, mathematics, chem-istry and psychology. He took great pride in having stud-ied under Einstein, Planck, Schroedinger and other lead-ers of the new “Modern Physics.” He started research atthe University’s Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut in1927, studying under his cousin Franz Simon. Simonhad produced his dissertation at Berlin under WaltherNernst who formulated the third law of thermodynam-ics. An older research assistant in Simon’s research groupwas Martin Ruhemann, later founder of PetrocarbonsDevelopments Ltd, Manchester, UK, who wasMendelssohn’s brother-in-law as a result of his marriageto Barbara Zarniko, the elder sister of KurtMendelssohn’s wife Jutta.
Nernst’s development of the Third Law was moti-vated by the problem of predicting chemical reactionsvia the measurement of the free energy of the reactantsand products. He postulated that at a temperature ofabsolute zero, the difference between the free energy andtotal energy of a substance must be zero and that the dif-ference must approach zero as absolute zero temperatureis approached. To prove his theory, Nernst and hisresearch group had to reach very low temperatures andmake precision measurements of specific heat and ther-mal expansivity. Over a number of years, Nernst, aidedby Frederick Lindemann, his brother Charles
Lindemann, Franz Simon and others, made measurements thatsupported his hypothesis. As a result, the Third Law ofThermodynamics is accepted as one of the fundamental laws ofnature today
Simon, having completed his doctorate in 1921, remained atthe Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut where he organized a cryo-genic group and built a hydrogen liquefier and then a helium liq-uefier. Mendelssohn’s work in Simon’s group was centered in twoareas, specific heat measurements at cryogenic temperatures andthe construction of small helium liquefiers. The first of these led tohis doctorate, the second led to Oxford.
Mendelssohn’s thesis project was the measurement of the spe-cific heat of solid hydrogen. It was known by then that hydrogenexisted in two molecular states, parahydrogen in which the nuclearspins are oriented antiparallel to each other, and orthohydrogen inwhich the nuclear spins are oriented parallel to each other. ThePauli exclusion principle, part of the radical new theory of quan-tum mechanics in the 1920s, predicted that the energy of orthohy-drogen close to absolute zero should be higher than that of parahy-drogen. Consequently, the specific heat of orthohydrogen shouldrise with decreasing temperature as the temperature approachesabsolute zero, above that of parahydrogen. This was a very difficult
(Continued on page 26)
Excerpts from his biography of Mendelssohn by Dr. J.G Weisend II, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, [email protected]
WINTER 2007 | VOLUME 23 | NUMBER 1
CF CSA WINTER '07 2/12/07 3:55 PM Page 13
CSA’s Expanded Short Courses at CEC/ICMC
WINTER 2007 | VOLUME 23 | NUMBER 114
Register now for The CryogenicSociety of America’s 2007 Short CourseSymposium, scheduled for Monday, July16, 2007, in Chattanooga TN, just beforethe CEC/ICMC conference. Registrationis at www.cryogenicsociety.org.
CEC-related full-day courses areCryocoolers and Microcryocoolers withDr. Ray Radebaugh and Dr. Marcel terBrake, and Design of Optimal HeliumRefrigeration and Liquefaction Systemswith Dr. Rao Ganni. Prices: Early registra-tion (on or before June 1, 2007) is $285.00.Regular registration (after June 1, 2007) is$295.00. Full-time students with ID get adiscount rate of $100.00.
Cryocoolers and Microcryocoolers:Radebaugh, a world-renowned expert oncryocoolers, is Group Leader, Physicaland Chemical Properties Division,Chemical Science and TechnologyLaboratory, NIST Boulder. A recipient ofthe CSA Vance Award and a Cold Factscolumnist, he has taught extensively onthis subject. He has invited ter Brake,Associate Professor at University ofTwente/Technological University,Eindhoven, the Netherlands, to cover thechallenges associated with the design anddevelopment of microcryocoolers forrefrigeration powers of only a few milli-watts and fabricated with MEMS tech-nologies. He is presently conductingresearch on microcooling, a 4K SQUID-based cryocooler-cooled fetal heart moni-tor, and a 4K sorption cooler for an ESA-Darwin mission.
Cryogenic temperatures provide ben-efits in a wide variety of applications.However, various problems usually occurin achieving such temperatures that oftenhinder the development of applications.Developments in cryocoolers in the pasttwenty years or so have alleviated manyof these problems, which has ushered inmany more practical applications, espe-cially many space applications. Thiscourse will review many of the advancesthat have been made to overcome some ofthese problems. The course begins with astudy of the fundamentals of refrigerationand then shows how these principles areused in the various types of gas-cycle cry-ocoolers to achieve temperatures fromabout 2K to 120K. Cryocoolers coveredinclude Joule-Thomson, Brayton, Claude,
Stirling, Gifford McMahon, and pulsetube systems. The advantages and disad-vantages of each type will be discussedand examples of applications of each willbe shown. Alternative cooling methods toreach the millikelvin temperature rangeare briefly mentioned.
A new area to be covered in thiscourse is the advances that have beenmade very recently in reducing the size ofcryocoolers to better match the require-ments of recent microelectronic devicesand detectors. The course will examinenew directions in higher frequency opera-tion of regenerative cryocoolers that allowfor significant size reductions in both thecompressor and the cold finger. Fastercooldown is an added benefit.
Design of Optimal HeliumRefrigeration and Liquefaction Systems:Dr. Venkata “Rao” Ganni and his col-leagues at Jlab will present this course.They have extensive experience and back-ground in both the design concepts andpractical operation of the helium cryo-genic systems. Course materials include acompilation of Rao’s personal notes.
This course is an attempt to providethe fundamentals for the design of anoptimal system using “SimplifiedConcepts and Practical Viewpoints” andoperation of the existing systems at theoptimal conditions. The course has beendeveloped primarily for encouraginginquisitive minds to think about “What isan optimum system and how can it beprovided?” for both new and existing sys-tems. Does it result in a system of (a)Minimum operating cost, (b) Minimumcapital cost, (c) Minimum maintenancecost, (d) Maximum system capacity,and/or (e) Maximum availability?
Presentation topics include (1)Introduction (2) Carnot HeliumRefrigeration and Liquefaction Systems,(3) Idealized Helium Systems and theCarnot Step, (4) The Theory Behind CycleDesign, (5) System Optimization, (6) LN2Pre-cooling, (7) Sub-atmospheric HeliumRefrigeration Systems, (8) Typical HeliumCryogenic System and its BasicComponents, (9) Instrumentation andControls, (10) Optimal Operation of theExisting Helium Refrigeration Systems,(11) System Design Overview (12) Design
Verification and Acceptance Testing andother. Although some of these conceptshave never been formally published, anumber of these ideas have been sharedwith many colleagues over the years tohelp them understand the concepts for theDesign and Operation of Optimal HeliumRefrigeration and Liquefaction Systems.
Dr. Ganni is a Fellow of CSA andbegan his cryogenic process engineeringcareer more than twenty five years ago atCTI/Helix Process Systems which becameKoch Process Systems. He was lateremployed at the SSCL as head of theCryogenic Systems Engineering Groupand is presently working at Jefferson Lab(Jlab) as senior staff in the CryogenicsSystems Group. He has designed newprocesses, modified existing processes,and supervised the fabrication and com-missioning of many helium refrigera-tion/liquefaction systems presently oper-ating in many laboratories. These includethe four cryogenic plants at JLab, plantsfor SNS, MSU, BNL, and Fermilab as wellas the standard product line of the com-mercial Model 1400, 1600 and the 2800cryogenic systems presently sold byLinde.
For ICMC-related courses, attendeescan choose any or all classes. Early regis-tration: $75 per class ($85 after June 1,2007). Discounts are available: two cours-es for $145 (early) $165 (late); or take allfour for $295 (early) $335 (late). Students:$50 per class.
Morning classes include LowTemperature Superconductors with PeterJ. Lee, which will discuss the latestadvances and prospects for future LTCdevelopment, and High TemperatureSuperconductors with Eric E. Hellstrom,which will focus on the methods used toprocess HTC superconductors from rawmaterials to final wires as well as their asso-ciated properties.
Afternoon classes include Metals andAlloys with Richard P. Reed, which focus-es on the low temperature properties andtesting of structural metals and alloys, andComposites and Resins with Dave Evans,which discusses the main processing tech-niques for composites and the influence offiber/filler/resin types on the mechanical andthermal properties at low temperatures.
CF CSA WINTER '07 2/15/07 2:27 PM Page 14
Eden Energy, Ltd hasannounced a global re-alignmentof its worldwide organization,including corporate name
changes, facility moves and the advancement of key personnel, inorder to focus on key customer segments and capture future global-growth opportunities. This includes a name change for BrehonCryogenics, LLC, to Eden Cryogenics, LLC, moving the organizationinto a new, modern engineering and manufacturing facility as of
WINTER 2007 | VOLUME 23 | NUMBER 1 15
Eden Cryogenics LLC New Name for Brehon
Eden Cryogenics, formerly Brehon Cryogenics,is pioneering the next generation of hardwarefor the cryogenic and vacuum industrieswith technical support for the energy and aerospace markets.
We design, manufacture and stock cryogenicvalves, couplings, filter assemblies, hingeand gimble expansion joints, vacuumevacuation valves, specialtycomponents, cryostats,vacuum jacketed piping as well as complete turn-key systems.
P 614-873-3949F [email protected]
January 2, and the pro-motion of Steve L.Hensley from generalmanager to companypresident.
Eden Cryogenics,LLC, was founded tosupport the alternativefuel, energy, aerospace, and commercialcryogenic and vacuum markets with anew line of next-generation cryogenicproducts and equipment. Although thename is new, the company is enteringthe market with a prestigious list of sea-soned veterans in cryogenic and vacu-um technology. These personnel havededicated their careers to increasing thecryogenic and vacuum technology basewhile promoting sound engineeringand manufacturing practices. In addi-tion, a wealth of technical and manu-facturing support is provided through asister division, Hythane Company,LLC, and the parent company, EdenEnergy Ltd, and its international andUS divisions. Eden Energy has domes-tic facilities on the east and west coasts,and an international presence in theUK, China, Italy and Australia. Visitwww.edenenergy.com.au.
Contact Steve L. Hensley, EdenCryogenics LLC, 8445 Rausch Drive,Plain City OH 43064-8064, 614/873-3949, [email protected].
New Eden Cryogenics, LLC, facility, in Plain City OH,combines office and manufacturing, with room forexpansion, and is just five minutes from the former plant.
Steve L. Hensley
Spotlight on Sustaining Member
CF CSA WINTER '07 2/12/07 3:55 PM Page 15
16 WINTER 2007 | VOLUME 23 | NUMBER 1
A u s t i nScientific, an OxfordI n s t r u m e n t sCompany and aleader in the devel-
opment, manufacture and service of cryo-pumps, coldheads, helium compressors andaccessories, has joined as a new CorporateSustaining Member of CSA.
Their extensive portfolio of new Cryo-Plex cryopumps and helium compressorsoffers a wide variety of solutions to the Semi-Conductor, Vacuum Coating, Research Labsand University markets. Product maintenanceis a fundamental core competency of AustinScientific. They offer repair and exchangeservice for their own products as well as allmajor cryopumps suppliers from their repairand distribution center in Austin TX. OxfordInstruments, a global leader in advancedinstrumentation, acquired Austin Scientific in2000 after eight years as a customer of thecompany. Oxford Instruments, employing1,200 worldwide, specializes in the develop-ment, manufacture and application of tools,processes and solutions needed for researchand development, industry, healthcare andeducation. Contact Donna Dent, 512/441-6893, fax: 512/443-6665, [email protected], www.austinscientific.com.
Austin Scientific Spotlight on New Sustaining Member
New Book Now Available from CSA!Low-Loss Storage and Handling of
Cryogenic Liquids: The Application
of Cryogenic Fluid Dynamics
by Dr. Ralph Scurlock, MA, DPhil Oxon,CEC Collins Awardee
Combines Scurlock’s more than 50 years’ experience andresearch, providing readers with the latest information onimproving design, construction and operation of low-loss
cryogenic liquid storage systems. This hardcover bookexpands on the previously-published Low Loss Dewars and Tanks, also available from CSA.
Available for $136.00 US per copy from
www.cryogenicsociety.orgPrice includes shipping and handling
Highlights: •Innovative ways to minimize costs and maximize operational safety•The complex surface evaporation process•The complex behavior of multi-component liquid mixtures•Trouble-fee transfer of cryogenic liquids via adequate sub-cooling•Ground-breaking research on the convective and evaporativebehavior
CF CSA WINTER '07 2/12/07 3:55 PM Page 16
17WINTER 2007 | VOLUME 23 | NUMBER 1
Halt, or I’ll Zap You!Today (January 24) the US
Department of Defense hosted a mediaday at Moody Air Force Base inValdosta, Georgia, to give the media anopportunity to get an up-close and per-sonal view of the DoD’s first non-lethalcounter-personnel, directed energyweapon.
This new weapon is called theActive Denial System (ADS), but isoften referred to as the “pain ray.” Itworks by transmitting a powerful beamof millimeter waves with a frequency of95 GHz (= 3 mm wavelength) at anadversary. A standard microwave ovenoperates at 2.45 GHz (= 12 cm wave-length). Millimeter waves will pene-trate through thick clothing but willpenetrate only about 0.4 mm under theskin, which is sufficient to reach thenerve endings and cause an intolerableheating sensation on the skin thatresults in an instantaneous repel effectwithout causing injury. The sensation islike touching a hot stove but withoutany burning of the skin. It could be use-ful in stopping, deterring and turningback an advancing adversary, provid-ing an option to lethal force.
The ADS can be used effectivelywith targets up to 500 m away, muchbeyond the range of rubber bullets ortear gas. The reaction of any adversarycarrying weapons would be to drop theweapons and flee the beam immediate-ly. The system underwent several yearsof safety studies to ensure that noinjuries to any parts of the body wouldoccur, including the eyes. The shallowpenetration depth prevents any injuriesto internal organs. The studies were fol-lowed with many tests using voluntarymilitary personnel as subjects. Oftentough Marines would volunteer, think-ing they were tough enough to handlemany tests, but after a few tests theyhad enough. Even some of the scientists
volunteered. On the January 24 mediaday a few reporters volunteered to bezapped by the beam to experience theeffect first hand. A Reuters reporter wasone such volunteer and his reaction tothe beam was to immediately dive forcover and try to escape from the beam.The pain stops immediately after escap-ing the beam or when the beam isturned off.
An official DoD photo of theSystem 1 demonstration unit is shownin Fig. 1 with all components mountedin a Humvee and the antenna to directthe focused beam mounted on top.Hand-held and aircraft mounted ver-sions are on the drawing boards. Suchapplications require the components bereduced significantly in size andweight. The millimeter waves are gen-erated by a gyrotron source tube requir-ing at least 100 kW of power. Airborneunits may require a megawatt or moreof power, which could be provided by acompact superconducting generatorwhile maintaining light weight. Thegyrotrons operate with a magnetic fieldof 3 T, which can only be provided by asuperconducting magnet.
The demonstration unit shown inFig. 1 used a superconducting magnetof NbTi cooled to 4K with a Gifford-McMahon cryocooler. The large mass ofthe cryocooler and the gyrotron sys-tems required modifications to theHumvee to accommodate the ADS.Long-range plans of the Air Force are toreplace the low temperature supercon-ducting magnet in the gyrotron with amagnet made from second generationhigh temperature superconductor andcool it to about 50 to 60K. The overallsystem would be much more compactand lightweight. It could easily bedeployed in the field in places like Iraq,although 2010 is given by DoD as aprobable first date for deployment.
The gyrotron magnet has a mass ofabout 20 kg, which requires severalhours to be cooled to operating temper-ature. The Air Force is currently investi-gating methods to speed up thecooldown process to make the systemmore acceptable to military personnelin the field who need to be ready for amission on short notice.
The use of cryogenics in militaryoperations is certainly not new.Cryocooled infrared detectors havebeen used by the military for manyyears and many space-borne systemshave been flown in the last few years.Superconducting ship motors for theNavy are being developed to signifi-cantly reduce their size compared withconventional electric motors. TheActive Denial System represents anoth-er case where cryogenics may aid themilitary. In this case, where the weaponis a non-lethal one, innocent civilians inthe wrong place at the wrong timewould not be injured or killed acciden-tally. It is nice to know that cryogenicscan contribute to a more humane war-time scenario.
Cryo Frontiersby Dr. Ray Radebaugh, NIST Boulder ([email protected])
Figure 1. Official DoD photo of the System 1demonstration unit of the Active Denial Systemthat uses high-power millimeter waves as a non-lethal weapon.
CF CSA WINTER '07 2/12/07 3:55 PM Page 17
WINTER 2007 | VOLUME 23 | NUMBER 118
A December 19, 2006, New York Times arti-cle entitled “Women in Science: The BattleMoves to the Trenches,” by Cornelia Dean,detailed the challenges women face as theycompete for careers in the field of science.Cold Facts surveyed several women workingin various aspects of cryogenics and super-conductivity to ask their reactions to the arti-cle and learn more about their experiencesand their advice for how to surmount theobstacles women in science commonlyencounter.
The women we polled listed a lack offemale mentors, balancing the responsibilityof caring for a family with the demands oftheir career and trying to inspire more youngwomen to enter the field of science as themajor challenges women in science face today.
“Girls (like boys) need to be motivated intheir early age to be attracted by the sci-ences…For women, as well as girls, I thinkmotivation is a key issue to stay in these male-driven disciplines. It is not always motivatingto fight in a male arena, on male principles, todo what you love. It is sometimes problemat-ic to be the one who has to learn, who has tochange her behavior, in order to fit in or bemore competitive, with the current environ-ment perceived as a constant. The ideal work-ing environment would be a world wherewomen could be women, and men men, notequal but complementary, with equal possi-bilities,” said Christine Darve.
Kathleen Amm said she has seen greatprogress in overcoming the challengeswomen in sciences face. To get more womeninvolved she recommends “…getting out intothe community and mentoring female stu-dents in high school and college to encouragethem to go on to graduate education.”
Katherine Develos-Bagarinao, ResearchScientist at AIST, Japan, said she would like tosee steps taken to involve female scientists inAsia and balance the under-representation offemale scientists on that side of the world.“...There are just so few women working inmy field—superconductivity—that it is diffi-cult to create networks or find role models topattern my career after. In all my years here[in Japan] I have yet to join any organizationor attend any conference where the focus is onwomen scientists and their impact on socie-ty...there is almost no interaction, no venuewhere these issues can be discussed openly.”
Amm, who leads a group of 18 engineersand scientists in developing next generationsuperconducting technology, said one of her
biggest challenges was establishing credibilityin the superconducting community. “My 8years at GE have given me the opportunity tobuild my technical reputation with the super-conducting community…having a supportiveenvironment that encourages developmentand excellence in research has been critical tomy success as a scientist.”
Anna Kidiyarova-Shevchenko, a profes-sor in Microtechnology and Nanoscience, saidshe has a full load of responsibilities includingresearch, supervision, administration of proj-ects and teaching. She said her main problemis overload. “I work from 9 a.m. till 5 p.m. andthen from 9 p.m. till 12 p.m. when the kids arein bed.”
“The main issue is the workload and,most importantly, time wasted on administra-tion, etc. Time purely used for research is lessthan 20%. Another problem is that science is ahighly competitive field that requires com-plete involvement…This is practically impos-sible to combine with family and kids,” onewoman said.
Susan Breon, head of the Cryogenics andFluids Branch, NASA Goddard Space FlightCenter, mother of one daughter, says, “It isstill very challenging to set and maintainboundaries between work life and personallife. Although senior management talk aboutlife balance, the example they set includesemails sent late at night and expectations forcompleting of tasks over weekends. This canbe grueling even when you have the freedomto commit your “off” hours to these tasks. Ifyour “off” hours are already committed toyour family and outside interests, it makesyou question whether or not you want to bepart of the senior level.”
Breon had been working for about 13years when she adopted her daughter, “so mycareer was well-established at that point.Some of the career roles I have filled in thepast would be very difficult today, particular-ly those involving irregular hours or lots oftravel with relatively short notice. Being aparent means more challenging logistics foranything that is outside the normal routine. Ifmy daughter is sick or schools are closed forsnow, then I scramble to make sure things arecovered at the office. Fortunately, I have aflexible work schedule and can telework fromhome when necessary. I have chosen a careerpath that doesn’t make as many time-criticaldemands on me to be physically present:email and phone calls can fill in when needbe. There are also times when my daughteraccompanies me to the office.”
Another woman said a challenge for heris not knowing how groups of men considerher and her work. “This is obviously veryimportant when things like job interviewsand promotion committees get togetherbecause they are predominately men. Thetoken female on the committee is normallychosen because she is quiet and demure andticks a box. (I never want to be the tokenfemale). Of course, women are excluded fromthe male bonding thing.”
Sylvie Fuzier cites a lack of understand-ing as one of the challenges. “While some sex-ist comments may not seem that offensive bythemselves, the accumulation of them is.”
“In singles settings, saying you’re a scien-tist turns men off fast,” said one woman,“They can’t stand the threat of competition.”
Another added, “As a singlewoman…challenges I had to face [included]unwanted attention by superiors and col-leagues.”
One challenge The New York Times articlefocused on was the issue of assertiveness. Onesource told The New York Times that womenwho assert themselves may be derogated. Thewomen we talked to weighed in on the issueof assertiveness.
“I am by nature quite assertive and thisoften gives me problems in my daily work. Ingeneral women have more compassion,which leads them to have more difficulties todare what men would do with little hesita-tion. Women often think too much on therepercussions of a strong attitude,” onewoman said. Another woman said while shedoes not have problems asserting herself, sheis labeled as aggressive, something she takesas a compliment.
Other women said they have not noticeda negative reaction to being assertive.
“I have not seen noticeable differences inhow my colleagues interact with me or a malecolleague. So, I do not worry about beingassertive,” said Melora Larson.
Amm said it “is a very delicate balance. Ihave been successful in sharing my thoughtsand opinions while always being respectful ofmy counterparts. It is important to stand yourground in negotiations and not be run over byyour counterparts.”
The need for finding a balance wasechoed by other women as well, who said
Women in Cryogenics and Superconductivity
(Continued on page 21)
CF CSA WINTER '07 2/12/07 3:55 PM Page 18
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there are varying degrees and styles ofassertiveness. “In general, my impression isthat assertiveness in a woman can be appreci-ated by male colleagues when it is accompa-nied by a warm and genuine interest in othersand in their work,” said Barzi.
Another issue focused on in The New YorkTimes article was a double standard for dresscode, where women need to dress to impressat all times, while men can arrive in morerelaxed attire. Feedback was mixed with somewomen saying this definitely exists and otherswriting to say they have never seen or experi-enced such a double standard.
“Initially there was a difference. When Ifirst started in this field, the females (all officepersonnel) far out-dressed the men in busi-ness attire. Over time, the dress code hasrelaxed for us,” said Eileen Cunningham, whonoted that today the dress code for both menand women is business casual.
Darve said she would like to wear nicerclothes, such as dresses, on occasion, but feelsshe has to dress down like her male colleaguesand downplay the fact that she is a woman tobe accepted in the workplace.
“I definitely think this [double standard]exists. Most of the younger women who I seewho are clearly viewed as upwardly mobileare of the slight build and fancy dressing sort.Most have limp handshakes and I perceivethem as weak physically…In grad school mywoman’s group discussed dressing down tothe point where gender wasn’t being noticedin order to guarantee that response to genderwasn’t behind response toactions/words/deeds. That uncertainty oforigin of response is one reason I have neverwanted to emphasize being a woman. Formost men, they don’t respond first to othermen’s sexuality/handsomeness,” one womansaid.
Some women added that it is neveradvisable for a woman to wear revealingclothing.
Breon said that her attire on days whenshe does not have major meetings with per-sons from outside Goddard is fairly casual,though not jeans, similar to that of her malecounterparts. In more formal settings, shewears a dress or suit and heels. The men maybe wearing ties and a sport jacket, althoughnot always, “so perhaps there is a double stan-
dard as the formality of the meeting increas-es.” She added that she has learned to wearthe right clothing when presenting with amicrophone, which is designed to clip toman’s tie or shirt! This does not work withlightweight blouses or many dresses. She candepend on a suit jacket working well, with themic clipped to the lapel and the transmitter inher pocket.
Another point covered in The New YorkTimes article was the subject of mentoring. Thearticle said that women do not always receivesupport and mentoring to the same degree astheir male counterparts. Most of the womenwe spoke with credited lists of male mentorswho helped them navigate the field.
“All my mentors have been male. Thesehave been fair people who, I believe don’tconsider whether I am a man or a woman,”said Judith Driscoll.
“Yes, they are all males. I have never beenunder the guidance of a woman scientist orprofessor,” said Develos-Bagarinao.
Breon had two mentors when she startedher career: Dr. Edward Klevans, one of herprofessors at the Pennsylvania StateUniversity, who encouraged her to continueon to graduate school, and her thesis advisorat the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Dr.Steven Van Sciver, now at Florida StateUniversity. “My supervisor at Goddard formany years, Dr. Stephen Castles, really waskey in helping shape my career,” she said. “Inaddition to identifying work assignments thatwere challenging, he introduced me to a broadarray of technical professionals who did workthat related to aerospace cryogenics, but werenot necessarily in the field. Another mentor,and friend, is Ms. Lynne Slater, AssociateChief of Goddard’s Equal Opportunity Office.She provided invaluable insight into theworking of Goddard and the effect that vari-ous aspects of the Goddard culture have onmy work. Lynne has also been working tomake connections among Goddard’s womensupervisors, many of whom are somewhatisolated amongst their male counterparts.”
“I could list many people whom I consid-er my mentors. Many of them are my scientif-ic supervisors. In the area of research theyhelped a lot…they acted as ‘door openers.’ Inmy personal life, their advice was extremelyimportant. I believe a significant part of mycurrent social skills was developed under
their influence,” said Kidiyarova-Shevchenko.
“My first mentor was my father who is ascientist. He started me on the path to being ascientist. This continued in my academiccareer with my advisor, Dr. Justin Schwartz,who encouraged me to excel as a researcher insuperconductivity by teaching me the skillsthat are critical to success as a scientist...Afterstarting my career at GE, I have been fortunateto have many mentors…Dr. Xianrui Huang,Dr. Evangelos T. Laskaris, Dr. Jim Bray and Dr.Peter Jarvis have shared with me their years ofexperience…I have also had some greatfemale mentors, Dr. Cynthia Landberg andDonna Fairbanks, who gave me great adviceon how to manage people and programs,”said Amm.
“By far, my biggest mentor was myfather. Though quite a chauvinist himself, (hedid not allow his daughters to train on theshop floor when growing up as he requiredhis son to do), he was my biggest supporter. Itwas his idea that I join the family business andhe believed that, even without a shop back-ground, my other skills would allow for suc-cess in this field. He pushed me to achieveadvanced certification beyond a four-yeardegree, knowing that this would go a longway toward my gaining personal credibilityin the workplace. And he was right! While afour-year engineering degree or fabricationskill with no formal education was enough toestablish credibility for the male workforce, abachelor degree in accounting did not carryenough weight for others to consider me anymore than just another paper shuffling ‘girl’ inthe office. After achieving my Certified PublicAccountant certification, I was definitelytreated with more professional respect. It gaveme a voice, allowing me the opportunity toreally contribute toward building the compa-ny, something I could not do if my co-workersdid not view me as accomplished,” saidCunningham.
“During my fellowship at CERN, AlainPoncet permitted me to access the cryogenicworld and pushed me to work hard, lettingme do everything from A to Z, with support ofcourse, which helped me develop…I nevernoticed that his group treated me any differ-ent because of my sex and have the highestrespect for them…While at Fermilab, anothergreat mentor (Tom Nicol) emphasized that noproject can be 100% perfect, but one needs toreduce our entropy and focus on action,”Darve said. She added, “More than mentors it
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Women in Cryogenics and Superconductivity(Continued from page 18)
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is important to have our own image of successlike a guiding star, an unattainable goal, adirection to work towards. There are severalwomen in the sciences and in engineeringwhom I consider my role models.”
Fuzier listed a female undergraduateadviser as one of her key mentors. “Her abili-ties to show her success as well as at leastsome of her insecurities helped me at that timeand later on to have more acceptance of myown doubts.”
The New York Times article talked aboutwomen negotiating jobs for their spouses afterthey themselves were hired with a company,and women attending job interviews whilevisibly pregnant. We asked several women ifthey had either experience.
“I did not exactly negotiate a job for myspouse, but I did bring him to the attention ofmy bosses when they were looking to fill anew post-doctoral position a few months afterI was hired. Because of my effort, he and Ihave been working for the same laboratory forover a decade,” said Larson.
“I had my daughter before I obtainedtenure. Fortunately, in spite of the obviouseffect of child-rearing on my productivity atwork, I was still able to qualify for tenure,”said Develos-Bagarinao.
Perhaps the largest challenge of all is jug-gling family and managing a full-time career.
“Although I don’t have kids, issues relat-ed to juggling with child-care and career seemthe most difficult challenge and I do admiremy colleagues who handle this perfectly.Women need a lot of energy to organize boththeir family life and ensure an ambitiouscareer,” said Darve.
“I have a 5-year-old boy, whose birth Iplanned in between a couple of conferences. IfI can manage the juggling act, it is thanks tomy partner who provides huge support,” saidBarzi.
“Issues of children’s needs are relevant toboth men and women; I find employers to beflexible and understanding,” said MargaretaRehak. She added, “Childcare is a very bigworry. I manage my children with my hus-band’s support. I would recommend takingon both. It is better for the children, too tohave a mother who has varied interests andcan eventually also mentor them.”
Amm, who has two children, credits heremployer, which helps employees find pri-
mary and backup childcare. “The support Ihave received from GE in terms of findingexcellent childcare and flexible scheduling hasbeen critical to my success.”
Cunningham, who has four children, alsocredits suitable childcare for allowing her tofocus on her career. She was able to find acaregiver who remained with the family for 10years, which meant she could avoid sendingher kids to daycare. “There will always befeelings that you are shortchanging both ends.However, when you are working, you must beable to put your ‘mom guilt’ aside.Conversely, when you are focused on home,you must put your ‘work guilt’ aside. Thatdoesn’t mean you can never work at home…Itjust means when you do, you try to remainfocused on work for the duration so you canget back to your ‘mom job’ as soon as possi-ble.”
“No kids. Never felt safe enough injob/career to face conflict…People who wantkids and a career had better not want muchsleep or relaxation time. I work 60 hours aweek just to not feel always behind…the co-worker I most resent is a woman who gets bymaking work calls while commuting or atkids’ events and can never be counted on todo the good work she is capable of becauseshe puts her five kids first,” one woman said.
Kidiyarova-Shevchenko said that manag-ing family is the most critical issue.“…Publications, funding and respect cannotreplace family, love and kids. I had threefemale graduate students and was very sorryfor them. At the prime age of 25, instead ofbuilding families, they were sitting in theoffice for the whole day. They are quite suc-cessful in their research careers, but I have afeeling that I have destroyed their lives.”
Develos-Bagarinao credits daycare andhelp from relatives in being able to juggle bothmotherhood and her career. At one time herhusband was working in another city, anexample of the two-body problem mentionedin the New York Times article. “Literally andfiguratively, I had to go it alone during thosecritical years. If there had been no relatives ordaycare, I would have quit my job.”
Despite the challenges, many womenweighed in on the advantages of being femalein a male-dominated career.
“[Play] on people’s prejudices against awoman’s worth by taking them by surprise,i.e., we are supposed to be understanding andsweet, but not so strong in science? Elegantly
walk out there smiling, but confident enoughof your own worth and the quality of yourwork so that it shows so clearly in your pres-entation that there will be only a very smallnumber of skeptics left in the room,” said Barzi.
“Women have maybe more abilities tounderstand the psychological character of theopponent and they work hard to achieve theirgoal. Therefore, in industry they can be morepersuasive. Women are sometimes perceivedas more honest, which could be an example ofa positive prejudice. Some women have a lotof determination and organization based onthe daily experiences required by mother-hood…” said Darve.
“Are there [advantages]? I can see thatwomen are a minority [in Japan]; it doesn’tseem to be an advantage when one is in theminority. It’s easier to be ignored,...isn’t it?”said Develos-Bagarinao. Rehak said being awoman “definitely helps in getting a job, allother qualifications being equal, when gov-ernment affirmative action programs [are afactor].” When she was beginning her career,it gave her a strong start.
“[One] perk of being female is a generalunderstanding when we put the family first. Itmay not be the best for our careers, but thedecision is better understood than whenfathers do it. Fathers are still fighting for theirright to be as involved as mothers in the fam-ily unit,” said Cunningham
Many women listed visibility as oneadvantage to being female in a male dominat-ed career. “Being a female in the superconduc-tivity field gives you a great advantage of vis-ibility. With the small number of females in thefield, it is easy for people to recognize andremember you. I feel that I can have a broad,positive impact on the community by beingsuccessful,” said Amm. “In our field there arefewer than 10% women, so it is quite naturalto be visible and recognizable,” saidKidiyarova-Shevchenko.
As the numbers of women entering thefield of science appear to be reaching anotherplateau, several women offered advice onhow to the rise above the challenges womenface and overcome this plateau.
“I often hear the comment that it is hardto find good women but I would like the menwho choose between resumes to think aboutthe extra obstacles that most women have toface to reach the same level and give morewomen a chance instead of going the conser-vative way. Also, being the only female in a
Women in Cryogenics and Superconductivity(Continued from page 21)
(Continued on page 24)
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WINTER 2007 | VOLUME 23 | NUMBER 1 23
Women in Cryogenics and Superconductivity
Several women contributed to our article by answering the sur-vey. Some of them, pictured here, are: A. Dr. Emanuela Barzi,Superconductor R&D Group Leader, Magnet Systems Department,Fermilab’s Technical Division; B. Dr. Christine Darve, CryogenicEngineer, Fermilab; C. Dr. Judith Driscoll, Department of MaterialsScience and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge; D. Dr. MeloraLarson, Manager for a space instrument sub-system, Jet PropulsionLaboratory; E. Dr. Susan Breon, Head of the Cryogenics and FluidsBranch at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; F. Dr. Katherine
Develos-Bagarinao, Research Scientist, Superconductor TechnologyGroup, AIST; G. Dr. Kathleen Amm, Lab Manager, Electromagneticsand Superconductivity Lab, GE Global Research; H. Dr. Sylvie Fuzier,Assistant Scholar/Scientist, National High Magnetic FieldLaboratory; I. Eileen Cunningham, President, Meyer Tool & Mfg., Inc.;and J. Docent Anna Kidiyarova-Shevchenko, Research Fellow of theRoyal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Chalmers University ofTechnology. Not pictured, Margareta Rehak, Senior ResearchEngineer, Brookhaven National Laboratory.
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large cryogenic group and having done my PhD in a Mechanical Engineeringdepartment with only one female professor, I do not understand why many menfeel satisfied with the diversity issue when there is one woman. Having two ormore women would help people go beyond our gender and see our work inde-pendently from it (good or bad),” said Fuzier.
“I think it takes a lot of self-confidence for women to succeed in science andthe culture does not reinforce that very well and indeed often denigrates. TV
shows like NUMB3RS help make being a scientist[or being] competent at logic seem more OK,” onewoman said.
“I believe that there are not many women inthe world who would prefer to tear themselvesbetween research and the family. It is emotionallya very difficult life and I would not recommend itas a first choice to anybody. In my case I simplycannot do anything else,” said Kidiyarova-Shevchenko. “Work hard, communicate clearly,and learn to network and connect with the lead-ers who can help you to meet your goals. It is notenough to produce excellent scientific results—you need to have your impact recognized by lead-ers in the field who can advocate for you. To movebeyond the plateau we need more female lead-ers,” said Amm.
“My advice to everyone, both male andfemale, is to believe in yourself and understandthat where you go is really up to you...when youallow yourself to feel like a victim of circumstanceyou lose the ability to control your own des-tiny...Those who believe they can, make decisionsaccordingly and probably will! It truly is all up toyou, so don’t worry about where the rest of theworld is. Just choose to do what you love. That’sthe only way both genders will continue to evolvebeyond the current plateau,” said Cunningham.
“I advise [women] to be good at what theyare doing. Recognition will follow. I have seenmerit prevail. Women are just as good as men inscience. What little lack of natural predispositionto science there may be can easily be compensat-ed for by effort and training.”
“In my opinion it is fundamental that womenbe the first not to fall in the prejudice trap, that wedevelop a mentality of greatest appreciation ofone another, of union and loyalty,” said Barzi.
“As women, we have to set realistic goals forour personal lives and scientific careers. I don’tthink any mother would ever say on herdeathbed, ‘I wish I had been a better scientist.’Children and our families fulfill our lives as muchas, if not more than our careers do,” said Develos-Bagarinao.
“To stay motivated and open-minded and todiscuss potential issues freely. The role of womenin science will continue to evolve if educationbecomes more adequate and if industries/labssupport the problems related to motherhood. Ibelieve that it should be every parent’s aspirationand every teacher’s goal to motivate girls toaccess the understanding of what the wonders ofscience and engineering are,” said Darve, “I dis-agree with the idea of a plateau; one can alwaysimprove the situation.”
Women in Cryogenics and Superconductivity(Continued from page 22)
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experiment, due to the low temperatures, thelow thermal conductivities and the small effectinvolved.
However, Mendelssohn was finally able tomeasure a rise in the specific heat of orthohy-drogen at 5K, while the specific heat of parahy-drogen continued to fall with decreasing tem-perature down to 3K. While consistent with thepredictions of the new quantum mechanics, hisresults also supported the new Third Law ofThermodynamics. The excitement and stimulat-ing intellectual atmosphere in Berlin in the 1920sis very well described in his 1973 book, “TheWorld of Walther Nernst.”
Mendelssohn was awarded his doctorate in1930 and decided to stay on at Berlin Universityto work as Simon’s assistant. In 1931, Simonaccepted the position of Professor of PhysicalChemistry at the Technische Hochschule inBreslau, Germany (now Wroclaw, Poland). Heinvited Mendelssohn and Nicholas Kurti tocome with him as his assistants.
During the Spring semester of 1932, Simonwas invited to the University of California atBerkeley, as a visiting professor in the ChemistryDepartment. Meanwhile, back in Breslau,Mendelssohn was left in charge. Simon hadalready recognized the danger of the rise ofNazism and as a precaution had left his wife andtwo daughters in Switzerland while he went toCalifornia. The Simon house in Breslau wastherefore let to his assistants, Mendelssohn,Kurti, London and Kaichev, to live there duringhis absence. The four young physicists got onquite well and worked hard together to set upthe new research facility.
However, the need to build up a laboratoryfrom scratch, the absence of Simon and increas-ing political turmoil, prevented much researchwork being done during Mendelssohn’s stay inBreslau. The group continued to developSimon’s expansion liquefier and conduct earlyexperiments in superconductivity.
In 1919, Frederick Lindemann, who hadstudied under Nernst in Berlin, was appointedDr. Lees Professor of Experimental Philosophyat the University of Oxford.
This position made him head of theClarendon Laboratory and responsible for thephysics program at Oxford. At this time, howev-
er, there was effectively no physics research program. As a result of hisexperience with Nernst in Berlin, one of the first research areas thatLindemann started was cryogenics. He purchased a hydrogen liquefierfrom Simon’s laboratory in Berlin and started work on a small scale. Thefirst hydrogen liquefier never worked properly. After Simon’s groupmoved to Breslau, Lindemann bought an improved hydrogen liquefier,which became a mainstay of the Clarendon Laboratory.
In 1932 Lindemann invited Mendelssohn to spend a year at theClarendon Laboratory to assist them in their low temperature research. Hewas now quite interested in moving on to work at liquid helium tempera-tures. Mendelssohn proposed to work in two areas: first, the physical prop-erties of superconductors, and second, the gas desorption from copper sur-faces at very low temperatures. Lindemann approved of these research top-ics and applied for a Rockefeller Foundation grant to support him.However, setting up this grant took time and by the end of 1932 there wasstill no funding.
In the meantime, Lindemann wished to purchase a small helium lique-fier as soon as possible from Simon’s group, and asked Mendelssohn tocome over to Oxford to set it up. The timing of this was not solely to enableLindemann to conduct experiments but, additionally, to compete withCambridge University, Oxford’s traditional rival! Cambridge had receiveda large sum of money from the Mond family to build a cryogenics labora-tory to be run by the Russian physicist Peter Kapitza. This Royal Society
Mendelssohn Bio: His Early Years (Continued from page 13)
(Continued on page 31)
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“Experimental Techniques for Low-TemperatureMeasurements,” by Jack W. Ekin, NIST Boulder, OxfordUniversity Press. Reviewed by Dr. Zuyu Zhao, JanisResearch Company, Inc., [email protected].
This book is a valuable addition to the literature ofcryogenic engineering and techniques, presenting techni-cal details about the design and handling of cryogenicfacilities, and information about electrical transportationand critical current measurements at cryogenic tempera-tures above 1K. The book can be divided into three dis-tinct but related sections: Design (Part-I), Measurements(Part-II and Part-III), and Data Handbook (Appendix).
Part-I includes six chapters which combine to form anoverview of cryostat design and material selection. Aftera brief review of cryogenic liquids, the first (introductory)chapter presents examples of types of cryostats common-ly used for transport measurements, including the pulsetube cryocoolers developed during the past decade. Detailedcryogenic techniques and material properties at cryogenictemperatures are discussed in the remainder of the chapter.
Chapter one presents several topics of particularinterest:
Design guidelines and a check list are presented insection 1.3.1 (helpful for readers of all experience levels).
Sketches of sample mounting details are shown in sec-tion 1.4.2, and the story of magnetic snowballs is told insection 1.4.2.
The author presents most of the topics in this bookwith vivid and interesting language, rather than by flood-ing the contents with formulas. With the exception of sev-eral separate examples, I did not observe a single formulain the first chapter.
Chapter two discusses heat transfer at cryogenic tem-peratures in an introductory but fairly complete manner.While few books have offered useful information con-cerning heat conduction through gases (and liquid), sec-tion 2.3 presents an interesting discussion of this topic.Heat conduction across interfaces is presented in sections2.5, 2.6, and 2.7, and is another useful but somewhat diffi-cult topic for cryostat designing (in particular for solid-to-solid interfaces). I have personally encountered this aspectof cryogenic design quite frequently over the years, andfound it presented in a reasonably thorough manner.
The reader would have benefited if additional practi-cal information had been included, such as the discussionof the thermal conduction of gold plated metallic contactsat liquid helium temperatures by P. Kittel et. al. An excel-lent review article on this subject by E. Gmelin and et. al.[J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 32 (1999), R19-R43] might beworth referencing.
28 WINTER 2007 | VOLUME 23 | NUMBER 1
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Several useful examples of heat transfer calculationsare given at the end of the chapter, with one mistake insection 2.9.1 in an example presented to estimate the heatflux from radiation “in the best case” (on page 75). Theradius of the top plate should be 0.15 meter instead of 10.5meter, although the final result of 0.15 watt is correct.
Information on cryostat construction is presented inchapter three, including the subjects of material selection,joining techniques, etc. Construction examples of simplecryostats are provided. Discussion of the sizing of partsfor mechanical strength in section 3.5 covers the most fre-quently encountered mechanical issues for cryostatdesign, such as Euler buckling criterion, deflection ofbeams and circular plates, and the forces due to vacuumloading.
Vacuum and some UHV techniques are also dis-cussed in this chapter, including the subjects of pumpingspeed and ultimate pressure in section 3.8. The authordemonstrates a practical approach for calculating theultimate pressure that can be obtained in a cryostat usingvacuum pumps (see equations 3.15 to 3.18), which shouldprove very useful for many cryostat designers.
If you don’t have time to read the entire book, makeit a priority to read chapter four. It includes an excellentdiscussion of wiring and connections and provides thereader with valuable information, needed in day-to-dayengineering work. It is nearly impossible to find theseuseful skills and techniques anywhere else. Such tech-niques are generally acquired either from a senior “train-er” or from personal experience (with the price of mis-takes along the way). For example, how to design and fab-ricate a reliable and cost-effective cold wire feedthroughremains a commonly asked question, and is detailed here.The information provided should shorten a new engineer’slearning curve.
A modification to the discussion of vapor cooled cur-rent lead design on page 178 is suggested. The ventedcold helium vapor should be balanced between the highcurrent leads and the dewar neck, instead of “all the
Book Review
CF CSA WINTER '07 2/12/07 3:56 PM Page 28
escaping gas…vented through the vapor-cooled leads” as described in the discus-sion. This is particularly true when themagnet is operated in the persistentmode. New and efficient designs forvapor cooled current leads which do notutilize active helium vapor venting maybe worth introducing in the next edition.
Discussion of thermometry is a nec-essary subject for any article about cryo-genics, and it is not an easy task sincemany excellent review articles have beenpublished in past years. Chapter five suc-ceeds in giving the reader an organizedand fairly complete discussion of cryo-genic thermometry, including the selec-tion of thermometers for different appli-cations. Special skills and techniquesrequired for the correct installation of ther-mometers at low temperatures are presentedin detail. Temperature controlling is alsodiscussed, including a succinct discus-sion of PID control. Acheck list to help usersselect the right temperature controller forexperiments is provided in section 5.4.3.
One suggestion: while the authorstrongly praises Cernox thermometers,readers should be reminded that themagneto-resistance of Cernox sensorsbecomes quite high at very low tempera-tures (~300mK).
Chapter six presents a wide range ofmaterial properties of solids at cryogenictemperatures without delving deeplyinto the underlying physics, and is sup-ported by an excellent data handbook.This chapter also provides guidance forreaders who are interested in related top-ics and want to find additional dedicatedliterature. Before getting deeply involvedwith Part-II and Part-III, I should men-tion that I have had limited experiencemaking transportation measurements onsolid samples as a student, as the samplesubject of my PhD thesis experimentswas superfluid He-3 liquid. My majortasks as a post-doc at Harvard Universityand as a cryogenic scientist at JanisResearch Company have been equippingultra-low temperature labs and develop-ing ultra-low temperature instrumentsand facilities. I am by no means a profes-sional magnet designer, and am not over-ly familiar with critical current measure-
ments. Nevertheless, I read these two partswith interest and was fascinated by the detailspresented by the author.
Part-I presents information for awide audience range, while Part-II andPart-III are focused on specific topics.Part-II includes two chapters andaddresses techniques related to electricaltransportation measurements. The twokey issues for successful measurementsare proper design of the sample holderand making good electrical contactbetween the sample and the measure-ment wires. These topics include manyintricate details that are widely scatteredthroughout cryogenic technical litera-ture, rather than presented systematical-ly in one book. The author has combinedthese details nicely, incorporating theoreti-cal background and practical design details.
Chapter seven focuses on sampleinstallation, including sample holderdesign, and sample wiring for both bulksamples and thin film samples. Effectsfrom aspects, such as strain, thermal con-traction, magnetic fields, are considered.
Chapter eight discusses sample con-tact in great detail for bulk samples aswell as thin film samples. Interestingexamples with quantitative calculationsare presented giving readers a betterunderstanding of the subject: the topicscovered in Part-II are much more specificthan those in Part-I.
Part-III includes two chapters andaddresses critical current measurements.Chapter nine focuses on how to measurecritical currents, while chapter 10 focuseson the data analysis of critical currentmeasurements. The protocol checklist forhigh-current Ic measurement listed intable 9.1 was of great interest, providinga good foundation for other experimentsand for design and operation procedures.The author describes in detail the scalinglaw, which he developed in 1980 (andconfirmed in later years). The discussionof the mathematical framework of theunified scaling law was most interesting,and includes the equation for the unifiedscaling law in separable form and thesummaries of the strain scaling law pre-sented in sections 10.5.6 and 10.5.7.
Useful examples with quantitative calcu-lations are presented in chapters nineand 10. These examples make it almostinevitable for the reader to better under-stand the discussion, since the topics cov-ered in Part-III are more sophisticatedthan other topics in this book. Thesechapters are especially useful to thosewho design magnets, or who performmodeling on the critical current data oftype-II superconductors. However, theuser must clearly understand the condi-tions of all equations before trying to usethe data in the appendix.
One can never overestimate theimportance of having a complete andaccurate data source on hand for cryostatdesign work. Nearly every experiencedperson working in this field has created apersonal data base. However, the datahandbook presented in the Appendix ofthis book includes the most comprehen-sive data collection I have seen in a singlebook; I highly recommend adding it toyour data base library. (The term-abbre-viations-acronym decoder in AppendixA1.1 was found to be particularly useful.)
In summary, the greatest contribu-tion of this book may be its clear presen-tation of information to a broad range ofindividuals working in the field of cryo-genics. In the US, there are no cryogenictechnical schools for training profession-al cryogenic technicians, nor are therecollege cryogenic engineering depart-ments. Few schools offer a single theoret-ical or experimental cryogenics coursefor training expert cryogenic engineers.Nearly all of the detailed technical skillsrequired for cryogenic engineering arepassed from generation to generationduring daily practice in university lowtemperature labs. What has been lackingis an encyclopedic type of professionaltextbook, summarizing commonly need-ed cryogenic engineering and technicaldetails in a systematic manner: this is thefirst book I have found that successfullyfills the void.
I consider this an excellent resourcefor the cryogenic community. The authorhas provided a great addition to the liter-ature of our field, and fulfilled his mantrafor this literature: USEFUL.
WINTER 2007 | VOLUME 23 | NUMBER 1 29
Book Review
CF CSA WINTER '07 2/12/07 3:56 PM Page 29
The discovery of a single topquark and the new W-mass valueat the DZero collaboration at
Fermilab’s Tevatron and at the Lab’s CSF collaboartion arehelping scientists inch closer to finding the elusive particle,the Higgs boson.
Scientists of the DZero collaboration, an internationalexperiment conducted by physicists from 90 institutionsand 20 countries at the Department of Energy’s FermiNational Accelerator Laboratory, have discovered the firstevidence of single top quarks produced in a subatomicprocess, involving the weak nuclear force. The physicistssaid the result was an important test of predictions of par-ticle theory and the techniques used in the analysis willallow scientists to search for the elusive particle known asthe Higgs boson. The finding was announced in a seminarat Fermilab on December 8, 2006.
Ten years ago, the top quark was discovered atFermilab’s Tevatron, but each top quark that scientistsobserved was accompanied by its anti-matter partner, pro-duced by a strong nuclear force, Fermilab Today reported.The relationship has since been studied, with scientistssearching for a single top quark that could appear solo, asopposed to with its mate, an occurrence expected to tran-spire only once in every twenty billion proton-antiprotoncollisions. Another obstacle is the fact that this occurrence iseasily mimicked by other “background” processes thathappen at higher rates.
Beginning with a million billion proton-antiproton col-lisions produced by Tevatron, the world’s most powerfulparticle collider, the DZero collaboration used modernsophisticated analysis techniques to search for 60 collisions,each containing a single top quark. DZero scientists reliedon three different techniques to combine 50 discriminatingvariables to represent their results, allowing scientists to
recognize thetrue single-topevents, muchlike a mother’sability to tell thed i f f e r e n c ebetween identi-cal twins.
“This analy-sis is an impor-tant milestone inour continuingsearch for theHiggs boson, the missing keystone in the Standard Model,”said DZero co-spokesperson Terry Wyatt, of the Universityof Manchester, UK.
“The discovery of the Higgs boson would help explainwhy particles have mass. Observing the Higgs requires usto see very low rate singles in the presence of substantialbackgrounds. The sophisticated analysis techniques we arehoning in our current analyses will be directly applicable toour Higgs searches.”
What’s more, scientists of the CSF collaboration, (aninternational experiment of 700 physicists from 61 institu-tions and 13 countries at Fermilab, which is supported bythe US Department of Energy, the US National ScienceFoundation and a number of international funding agen-cies), announced on January 8, 2007, that the world’s mostprecise measurement by a single experiment of the mass ofthe W boson, the carrier of the weak nuclear force and a keyparameter of the Standard Model of particles and forces.The new W-mass value leads to an estimate for the mass ofthe Higgs boson that is lighter than previously predicted, inprinciple making observation of this elusive particle morelikely by experiments at the Tevatron particle collider atFermilab.
Scientists working at the Collider Detector at Fermilabmeasured the mass of the W boson to be 80,413 ± 48MeV/c2, determining the particle's mass with a precision of0.06 percent. Calculations based on the Standard Modelintricately link the masses of the W boson and the topquark. By measuring the W-boson and top-quark masseswith ever greater precision, physicists can restrict theallowable mass range of the Higgs boson, the missing key-stone of the Standard Model.
“This new precision determination of the W bosonmass by CDF is one of the most challenging and mostimportant measurements from the Tevatron,” saidAssociate Director for High Energy Physics at DOE's Officeof Science, Robin Staffin. “Together, the W-boson and top-quark masses allow us to triangulate the location of the elu-sive Higgs boson.”
WINTER 2007 | VOLUME 23 | NUMBER 130
Spotlight on Sustaining Member
Scientists Inch Closer to Elusive Higgs Boson
CF CSA WINTER '07 2/12/07 3:56 PM Page 30
an example of degenerate “Jewish Physics”). Thirdly, and most seri-ously, Mendelssohn had been a member of an anti-Nazi SocialDemocrat group.
One particular incident made Mendelssohn realize the precarious-ness of his situation. He and Jutta went to Berlin for the Easter holiday.He was leaving a U-Bahn underground station when a group of NaziSA men cordoned off a crowd and started taking people away.Mendelssohn was fortunately pushed outside the cordon and escapedattention. This incident was the last straw and convinced him that hehad to leave Germany right away without returning to Breslau, so heleft for England immediately. Jutta, who came from an old Prussianfamily that could trace its ancestry back to the Teutonic Knights, wasnot in serious danger from the Nazis, so she returned to Breslau to set-tle their affairs and followed on to England separately. Mendelssohnarrived in England in early April and immediately went to Oxford toseek a position with Lindemann.
Like Mendelssohn, Lindemann had quickly recognized the dangerof the Nazis. He realized that there would be a flood of refugee scien-tists and saw this as an opportunity to bolster the research program atthe Clarendon Laboratory. The problem was funding, since theUniversity did not have sufficient resources to create a lot of new per-manent or temporary positions. The Rockefeller Foundation, whose
WINTER 2007 | VOLUME 23 | NUMBER 1 31
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Mond Laboratory would include a helium lique-fier and would then be able to qualify as the firstplace in the United Kingdom where helium hadbeen liquefied.
By bringing Mendelssohn over with a work-ing liquefier, Lindemann hoped to beatCambridge to the title. The academic year hadalready begun in Breslau and so Mendelssohnagreed to visit Oxford during the 1932 Christmasbreak, to set up and operate the liquefier. Inpreparation for this, Mendelssohn correspondedin some detail with Lindemann’s assistant, T.C.Keeley, to ensure that the appropriate equipmentand facilities were available. Items such as vacu-um insulated flasks and valves that were notavailable in Oxford were acquired byMendelssohn in Germany and brought toEngland. This degree of thoroughness and prepa-ration was typical of Mendelssohn’s approach toboth work and hobbies. He didn’t tend to dothings by half! During what must have been afairly hectic month, Mendelssohn and JuttaZarniko were married, in December, 1932, andwent to Prague for their honeymoon.
Mendelssohn then travelled to Oxford withthe liquefier, set it up and on 5th January 1933,the first liquid helium in England was produced.As Lindemann and Keeley reported in Nature131, 191–2, (1933) (11th February issue), “Dr.Mendelssohn brought the liquefier over fromBreslau and produced liquid helium within oneweek of the arrival of the apparatus.”
It is interesting to note that in the same issueof Nature was a report of the formal opening ofthe Royal Society Mond Laboratory, inCambridge, “…with the hope of constructing ahelium liquefier within a few months.”
Mendelssohn afterwards returned to Breslauwith the intention of going back to Oxford inOctober, 1933, but events in Germany madeeverything move more speedily than that.
Hitler came to power in February of 1933 andthe Nazi terror started rather quickly in Breslauwith the Nazi Police Chief Heines being effectivein rounding up so called “undesirables.”Mendelssohn had three strikes against him. Hehad a very famous Jewish background, althoughhe had been baptized a Lutheran. Secondly, hewas an intellectual and, worse, a physicist (Hitlerbelieved that Einstein’s Theory of Relativity was
Mendelssohn Bio: His Early Years (Continued from page 26)
(Continued on page 35)
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In the 1980s and 1990s, spaceastronomy came into its own. TheInfrared Astronomical Satellite provid-ed the first all-sky survey in theinfrared, the Cosmic BackgroundExplorer first showed the milliKelvinvariations in the cosmic microwavebackground, and the Hubble SpaceTelescope showed the value of a long-duration, general-purpose telescope inspace. These outstandingly successfulmissions provided strong motivation
for a general-purpose long-duration space infrared telescope.The Space Infrared Telescope Facility (after launch the namewas changed to Spitzer Infrared Telescope Facility to honor thegreat infrared pioneer) was conceived to provide astronomerswith just such a capability.
SIRTF was first conceived in 1969 as a shuttle-borne tele-scope, but early measurements with a small shuttle-based tele-scope showed a high infrared background, leading to thechoice of a free flyer. This was first planned to be an IRAS-liketelescope in low earth orbit, but as the mission developed, costand weight considerations led to a radically new design. Dr.Johnny Kwok of JPL conceived the idea of an earth-trailingorbit. The telescope would be launched with just enough veloc-
ity to achieve solar orbit, but falling slowly behind the earth.Thus it would avoid earth radiation, a major source of heatinput to the IRAS and COBE cryogenics, but would remainclose enough to Earth to allow communications. Because itneeded to reach only escape velocity rather than orbital veloci-ty, it could be launched with a Delta vehicle, rather than themuch larger and more expensive Titan.
Several technical advances have made SIRTF a vastly morecapable mission than IRAS. Certainly the most important is theincrease in the number of cryogenic sensors from 62 to about350,000, wavelength coverage from 5.2 to 160 microns, and anincrease in sensitivity by several orders of magnitude. A secondwas an increase in the duration of the mission. By going to theearth-trailing orbit, by an ingenious design that minimized thehelium-cold mass and volume, and by taking advantage ofradiation cooling, lifetime was increased from 10 months to sixyears, while reducing the LHe volume from 540 liters to 360l.
A cutaway view of the SIRTF telescope is shown in Fig. 1,and a cross section in Fig. 2. From the outside in, the thermaland cryogenic elements are: sun shield, extended outer shell,outer vacuum-cooled shell, (VCS) cryostat vacuum shell, innerVCS and multilayer insulation, and the helium tank. The prin-cipal change from IRAS is the placement of the telescope out-side of the cryostat, (suggested by Prof. Frank Low, U. ofArizona) allowing a much smaller cold volume. To keep it ascold as possible, it is surrounded by an additional vapor-cooledshield. This arrangement allows the reduction of parasitic heatflow to the helium bath to about 1 mW, small compared withthe instrument heat loads of about 4 mW. This compares to theIRAS parasitic heat load of about 30 mW. A substantial disad-vantage is that cooling of the telescope can take place only in
by Dr. Peter Mason, retired, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and Visiting Associate, California Institute of Technology, [email protected]
32 WINTER 2007 | VOLUME 23 | NUMBER 1
Space Cryogenics
Fig. 2 Cross Section of SIRTF Telescope and Spacecraft Bus. Courtesy of M.Werner, Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Fig. 1 Cutaway View of SIRTF Telescope. Courtesy of Ball Aerospace
CF CSA WINTER '07 2/12/07 3:56 PM Page 32
space or in a vacuum chamber, a substantial impediment to func-tional testing before launch. However, a careful test and modelingprogram overcame these difficulties.
SIRTF carries three instruments. The Infrared Array Camera(PI, Giovanni Fazio) covers 3.6 to 8.0 micron wavelength. TheInfrared Spectrometer (PI, James Houck), covers 5.2 to 38 microns,and the Multiband Imaging Photometer for SIRTF (PI, GeorgeRieke), covers 24 to 70 microns. All are contained in an instrumenthousing inside the cryostat, and the cold assemblies operate verynear the LHe temperature of 1.24K.
The telescope assembly is 85 cm in diameter and is made ofberyllium. It operates at 10 to 12 K during IRAC and IRS opera-tions. The MIPS long-wavelength (70 micron) observations requirethe telescope to be at about 5.5K, to avoid interference with theobservations. A heater is used to boil more liquid helium and thusprovide cooling from the enthalpy of the gas via a heat exchangeron the telescope. This is done for a limited time to conserve helium.
A heat flow diagram is shown in Fig. 3. Several kilowatts ofsolar radiation strike the solar panel. A combination of reflectionand insulation and solar panel and spacecraft thermal shieldsreduce this to about 300 mW on the outer shield. Vapor cooling ofthe outer shell, outer and inner VCSs and the vacuum shield reducethis to less than 1 mW to the helium. Extremely efficient heatexchangers were developed to make maximum use of the cooling.
To maximize science return, a long operating lifetime is crucial,as is the ability to predict it accurately. The NASA requirement is2.5 years, but the entire design was based on a 5 year lifetime. Atpresent, 3.5 years after launch, the prediction is a lifetime of 5 years,10 months. This prediction is determined by the temperature rise of
WINTER 2007 | VOLUME 23 | NUMBER 1 33
Space Cryogenics
Fig. 4 The Crab Nebula, as seen in a composite of the IRAC and MIPSimages. It is the remnant of a supernova first seen in 1054 by Chineseastronomers. Courtesy of T. Termin, R. D. Gehrz and C. E. Woodward, et. al,U. of Minnesota.
the bath when a known amount of heat is introduced. Sincethe specific heat is known accurately, the calculation is quiteprecise, after corrections are made for the amount of liquidevaporated. A dedicated heat-pulse mass gauge is incorpo-rated, but has been used only twice, to avoid depletion ofthe liquid helium. An alternative that does not require addi-tional helium uses the heat needed to generate helium cool-ing for the telescope for the MIPS 70 micron observations.
SIRTF has produced thousands of beautiful and oftenspectacular pictures. I have included (Fig, 4) a false colorimage of the Crab Nebula, which is the remnants of a super-
nova first seen by Chinese andAmerican Indian observers, but,oddly, is not reported in Europeanliterature.
A comprehensive paper “TheNASA Spitzer Space Telescope”, byR. D. Gehrz, et al, is to be publishedin the Review of ScientificInstruments. I have drawn several ofthe details of the history, design, per-formance and operation of SIRTFfrom this paper. I highly recommendit for a complete account of the mis-sion, the instruments and the resultsto date, including many stunningpictures. The figures are taken fromthis paper and are attributed to theoriginators in the captions. Mythanks to them. I encourage thereader should also to visit the SIRTFWeb site at http://ssc.spitzer.cal-tech.edu for a wealth of informationon the technology, the mission andthe scientific results.
Fig. 3 Heat Flow Diagram. Courtesy of Paul Finley, Ball Aerospace
CF CSA WINTER '07 2/12/07 3:56 PM Page 33
WINTER 2007 | VOLUME 23 | NUMBER 1`34
In an age when more girls look to Britney Spears as a role model than toAstronaut Sally Ride, there is a great need to offer young women additionalcareer options, and to inspire them to choose a career in science and feel com-fortable with their choice. Tallahassee is home to two major research universi-ties and is surrounded by extensive natural resources, such as the Gulf ofMexico, the Apalachicola River and estuaries, as well as the ApalachicolaNational Forest. In 2006, through a grant from Dragonfly TV, the TallahasseeMuseum of History and Natural Science, the Florida State University HighMagnetic Field Laboratory (a CSA Corporate Sustaining Member) and WFSU-TV sponsored a two-week science camp for middle school aged girls, calledSciGirls. The unique partnership allowed the sponsors to develop a programutilizing their resources, as well as those of the surrounding science commu-nity. The end result far exceeded initial expectations and has provided insightinto how the program could be developed into a sustainable and highly effec-tive science program to inspire young women to pursue careers in science.
During Summer 2007, there will be two two-week SciGirls camps—onefor 15 rising eighth and ninth graders, and the second for 15 returning girls.This year’s program will be expanded. It will welcome back the girls whoattended the first year, providing them with opportunities to pursue more in-depth experiences, while introducing the camp to new middle-school agedgirls. The camps will run concurrently, to allow for interaction and mentoringamong the girls.
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CF CSA WINTER '07 2/12/07 3:56 PM Page 34
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WINTER 2007 | VOLUME 23 | NUMBER 1 35
grant was originally envisaged to supportMendelssohn’s visit for one year only, wasnot the solution.
Lindemann solved the problem bygoing to Sir Harry McGowan, who was anold friend and the Chairman of ImperialChemical Industries, and convinced him ofthe benefits to England, ICI and Oxford ifsome funding could be found to supportthe refugee scientists. Lindemann wasquite persuasive and the first of these ICIgrants, for £400 per year, was awarded toMendelssohn, starting on 1st May, 1933.
Now that the funding had beenobtained, Lindemann started work onbringing other people to Oxford. AtLindemann’s request, Mendelssohn corre-sponded with the rest of the Breslau group.The letters between Oxford and Breslautook the form of inquiries regarding a seriesof air compressors that the ClarendonLaboratory was interested in buying. Thehigh pressure compressor referred to FranzSimon, while the low pressure compressorreferred to Nicholas Kurti. The workingpressure of the compressors in atmospheresstood for the annual salary in Englishpounds. Simon was also seeking to placeHeinz London at Oxford—and Londonasked if he could be known as the “vacuumpump,” in letters.
In the fall of 1933, Simon, Kurti andLondon all emigrated to England and tookpositions in Oxford. Later, in 1936, Londonmoved to the University of Bristol. The lastmember of the Breslau group, Kaichev,returned to Bulgaria and had a successfulcareer as a physicist there.
Mendelssohn’s father was Jewish andalso under threat from the Nazis. Fairlysoon after arriving in England,Mendelssohn brought his parents over aswell and they remained in England for therest of their lives.
With his family safe and a position,however tenuous, at Oxford, Mendelssohncould start to put the events of 1933 behindhim. It was time to get to work.
Mendelssohn, Pt. III:His Early Years
(Continued from page 31)
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In a corporate reorganization,Gladstone Investment Corp., the ACMECryogenics Senior Management Teamand Brant Point Partners have purchasedcontrolling interest in ACMECryogenics, Inc. from founder RodericFink. Frank Hartzell has been promotedto President and CEO and MichaelBrown has joined ACME as Director ofSales and Marketing.
The environmental group reEarthhosted the first EnvironmentalAwareness concert in the Bahamas onDecember 2, to gain protest signaturesagainst the LNG plant planned for OceanCay. The concert was free, open to all andfeatured top Bahamian artists protestingAES Corporation’s plans to put an LNGterminal at Ocean Cay, and lay 100 milesof pipeline, 43 miles of which would runthrough Bahamas’ waters, to bring LNGto Southern Florida. The project has seendelays because of protests in the Bahamasand governmental bureaucratic issues.Protesters want a ban on LNG because ofenvironmental dangers, the terroristthreat it could pose, and the issue of reg-ulating an industry that is not connectedwith the Bahamas.
Dave McConathy has been appoint-ed Cyl-Tec’s new cryogenic product man-ager. McConathy currently oversees thecryogenic repair facility and product lineat Cyl-Tec and also provides technicalsupport of customers and sales person-nel. “He has the expertise we need tomove to the next level,” Said Cyl-TecPresident Jim Bennett.
Donald Levy, the Albert A.Michelson Distinguished ServiceProfessor in Chemistry at the Universityof Chicago, was recently appointed theUniversity’s Vice President for researchand for national laboratories.
American SuperconductorCorporation has completed its previous-ly announced acquisition of Windte.
Praxair Distribution Inc. has intro-duced Remote Cylinder MonitoringService, a new wireless pressure monitor-ing service for the remote management ofcylinder gases. It includes wireless com-munication pressure gauges andPraxair’s proprietary prediction soft-ware, which provides continual pressurereadings of gas products at a customer’ssite. Subscribers can view their individ-ual cylinder pressures and actual product
usage online at www.praxair.com/cylin-dermonitoring.
The International Linear Collider(ILC) is designed to collide high-energyelectrons with high-energy positrons(electrons’ antimatter counterparts).Recently, the American contingent of theILC Global Design Effort sent two prefab-ricated niobium ILC accelerator cavi-ties—the components that will acceleratethe electrons and positrons for experi-ments—to Jefferson Lab for initialscreening and performance tests.Members of the Accelerator Division’sInstitute for SuperconductingRadiofrequency Science andTechnology processed, completed thefinal assembly of, and tested the first cav-ity. They found its accelerating gradient,its ability to stuff energy into particles,was 30 Megavolts per meter. “It’s the firstnine-cell ILC cavity tested at JLab and thefirst in the US to reach this gradientlevel,” Robert Rimer, Director of theInstitute, said. “Significantly for us, it isby far the highest gradient multi-cell cav-ity ever produced at JLab and shows thefruit of our program to systematicallyimprove quality and eliminate field emis-sion in accelerating cavities.”
AMCS Corporation has commis-sioned its ULTRA-N-25 nitrogen plantstateside for installation at the port ofUmm Qasr, Iraq. The nitrogen plant proj-ect is part of the Iraq reconstructioneffort. The nitrogen plant produces 25tons per day (755 Nm3/hr) of high-puritynitrogen gas and liquid. The overall proj-ect also included liquid storage andvaporization equipment, engineering,and field services. AMCS also had overallengineering and project managementresponsibility.
National Stem Cell LaboratoryServices, Inc., a new subsidiary ofNational Stem Cell Holdings, Inc., is setto manage the cord blood and tissuebanking operations of its parent compa-ny. The development of the Baltimore-based laboratory will be directed byJacob Cohen, National Stem Cell COO, aPhD in Molecular Biology. www.nation-alstemcell.com.
Air Products reached an agreementwith The Linde Group this January toacquire the Polish industrial gas business,BOC Gazy Sp z o.o, for 370 million euros($481 million). For regulatory purposes,Linde was required to sell BOC Gazy, as a
result of its purchase of the BOC Groupplc in September 2006.
L. Derek Lindsay has joinedCryoCath Technologies Inc. as ChiefFinancial Officer. CryoCath recentlyannounced its 12-month follow-up datafrom 15 patients treated during the feasi-bility stage of its STOP AF trial. This trial,now in its pivotal stage, is assessing thecompany's proprietary Arctic Front™catheter to treat Atrial Fibrillation (AF),the most prevalent cardiac arrhythmiaaffecting more than 2.2 millionAmericans. A total of 33 patients weretreated during the feasibility stage. At thesix-month mark, 11 of the original 15patients (73%) were AF-free. Of the 11,nine are AF free at 12 months and off anti-arrhythmic drugs (AADs) and two didnot show up for their one-year visits. Ofthe four that were not AF-free at sixmonths, all are off AADs at 12 months,suggesting their AF condition improvedto the level that AAD treatment is nolonger necessary.
CryoCath has also announced thatthe first patients have been treated withSurgiFrost XL, a new minimally invasivesurgical probe for treating cardiacarrhythmias, for which the FDA provided510(k) clearance in late 2006. The first twopatients were treated before the end ofDecember 2006. Both patients left theoperating room in sinus rhythm and aredoing well. “Up until now, treating car-diac arrhythmias without invasive sur-gery has proven to be a technical chal-lenge for the surgical community;SurgiFrost XL addresses that challenge,”said Allan Zingeler, CryoCath's Vice-President, Global Marketing.
Flowserve opened new administra-tive headquarters this December, for itsFlow Solutions Europe, Middle East and
Africa operations. Located in Essen,Germany, the facility contains a quickresponse center and a learning resourcecenter. www.flowserve.com.
People, Companies in Cryogenics36 WINTER 2007 | VOLUME 23 | NUMBER 1
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People, Companies in Cryogenics
MARCH 18-20 CGA 94TH ANNUAL MEETINGSt. Petersburg FL, Renaissance Vinoy Golf Resort.www.cganet.com.
MARCH 22-23 2007 CGA HYDROGEN SEMINARSan Antonio TX, Hilton Palacio del Rio.www.cga.net; registration at http://www.hydrogen-conference.org/cgaseminar.asp.
APRIL 4-5 MAGNETICS 2007Chicago, Lincolnshire Marriott Resort.www.magneticsmagazine.com/mag_conf_index.htm.
APRIL 11-132ND INTERNATIONALCONFERENCES OF THEIIR ON MAGNETIC REFRIGERATION ATROOM TEMPERATUREPortorosz, Slovenia.www.thermag2007.si.
APRIL 16-20 HANNOVER MESSE 2007SUPERCONDUCTING CITY 2007Hannover, [email protected].
MAY 16-18, 2007SHORT COURSE ON PRESERVATION OFCELLS, TISSUES AND GAMETESMinneapolis, University of Minnesota, Contact Dr. Allison Hubel, [email protected];www.me.umn.edu/education/shortcourses/preservation.
JUNE 10-14 2007 ISEC Washington DC, Omni Shoreham Hotel.www.isec07.org.
JUNE 21- 23INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON LOW TEMPERATURE ELECTRONICSNoordwijk, The Netherlands.www.congrex.nl/06c01.
JUNE 24-27 ITCC29/ITES17Birmingham AL. www.thermalconductivity.org/index.html.
JUNE 25-29PARTICLE ACCELERATION CONFERENCESponsored by American Physical Society.Albuquerque NM, Albuquerque Convention Centerhttp://pac07.org.
JULY 8-12INTERPACK AND ASME-JSME THERMALENGINEERING AND SUMMER HEAT TRANS-FER CONFERENCES 2007 Vancouver, British Columbia.www.interpackconference.org, www.heattransfercon-ference.org, [email protected].
JULY 11-13SPACE CRYOGENICS WORKSHOP, Div. of CSAHuntsville AL, Embassy Suites Hotelwww.spacecryogenicsworkshop.org. Abstracts dueMarch 1 to [email protected].
JULY 16CSA SHORT COURSE SYMPOSIA--EXPANDED!Chattanooga TN, Chattanooga Marriott at the ConventionCenter. John Weisend II, [email protected], www.cryogenicsociety.org.
JULY 16-20THE CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING CONFER-ENCE/INTERNATIONAL CRYOGENIC MATERI-ALS CONFERENCE (CEC/ICMC)Chattanooga TN, Chattanooga Convention Center.Centennial Conferences, [email protected], www.cec-icmc.org.
AUGUST 6-9CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING SHORT COURSEBoulder CO.Dr. Thomas Flynn, www.cryoco.com, [email protected].
AUGUST 21-2622ND IIR INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OFREFRIGERATIONBeijing, China. Sponsored by the Chinese Associationof Refrigeration, www.icr2007.org.
AUGUST 27-31 20th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ONMAGNET TECHNOLOGY (MT-20) Philadelphia. www.mt-conference.org. Chair: BruceStrauss, [email protected].
SEPTEMBER 16-208th EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON APPLIEDSUPERCONDUCTIVITY (EUCAS)Brussels, Belgium, www.eucas2007.be.
Upcoming Meetings & Events
WINTER 2007| VOLUME 23 | NUMBER 1
Los Alamos National Laboratoryannounced that after 10 years of work,the world’s most powerful pulsed, non-destructive magnet is ready for use at 85Tesla, Associated Press reported. A Teslais a measuring unit for magnetic fields.Researchers can join low temperatureswith a strong magnetic field to inspectmaterials at a nanometer scale, a billionthof a meter. The magnet is expected to beused to study large organic molecules,such as drugs. Alex Lacerda, leader of theNational High Magnetic Field-LosAlamos Center said that the magnet hasalready achieved 87.8 Telsa and is expect-ed to reach 100 Tesla during its lifetime.
The ATLAS Barrel Toroid, thelargest magnet ever built, has successful-ly been powered up to its nominal oper-ating conditions at the first attempt.Named for its shape, this magnet pro-vides a powerful magnetic field forATLAS, one of the major particle detec-
tors being prepared to take data atCERN’s Large Hadron Collider (LHC),the new particle accelerator scheduled toturn on in November 2007. The ATLASBarrel Toroid consists of eight supercon-ducting coils, each in the shape of around-cornered rectangle, 5m wide, 25mlong and weighing 100 tonnes, all alignedto millimeter precision. It will work withother magnets in ATLAS to bend thepaths of charged particles produced incollisions at the LHC, enabling importantproperties to be measured. Unlike mostparticle detectors, the ATLAS detectordoes not need large quantities of metal tocontain the field because the field is con-tained within a doughnut shape definedby the coils. This increases the precisionof the measurements it can make. At 46mlong, 25m wide and 25m high, ATLAS isthe largest volume detector ever con-structed for particle physics. Among thequestions ATLAS will focus on are whyparticles have mass, what the unknown
96% of the Universe is made of, and whyNature prefers matter to antimatter. Some1800 scientists from 165 universities andlaboratories representing 35 countries arebuilding the ATLAS detector and prepar-ing to take data next year.
Air Products is forming a joint ven-ture company with Nanjing ChemicalIndustries Co. Ltd, a subsidiary ofSinopec Assets ManagementCorporation, a wholly-owned subsidiaryof China Petrochemical Corporation, toproduce hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen andliquid products. Air Products andNanjing Chemical will jointly build andoperate an air separation unit and ahydrogen facility in Nanjing. Slated tocome on-stream in 2009, this facility willhave the capacity to produce more than100-million standard cubic feet per day ofhydrogen for Nanjing Chemical andother customers in the Nanjing area tomeet their industrial gas needs.
CF CSA WINTER '07 2/12/07 3:56 PM Page 37
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Index of Advertisers
WINTER 2007 | VOLUME 23 | NUMBER 138
Expires Security CodeAccount number
Signature
ACME Cryogenics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Barber-Nichols . . . . . . . . . . . .Inside Back Cover
CAD Cut, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
CCH Equipment Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
Chart Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
Circor Cyorgenics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Back Cover
Cool Pair Plus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
Cryocomp (DLH Industries, Inc.) . . . . . . . . . . .12
Cryofab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
Cryoguard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
Cryogenic Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
Cryogenic Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Cryomagnetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
Cryo Technologies . . . . . . . . .Inside Front Cover
Eden Cryogenics, LLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Genesis Magnet Services LLC . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
Janis Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Lake Shore Cryotronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Linde Cryogenics div. of Linde Process Plants, Inc.19
Meyer Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
PHPK Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
SAES Getters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
Sumitomo (SHI) Cryo of America .Inside Back Cover
Sunpower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Cameron International (TBV Ball Valves) . . . .24
Technifab . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Inside Front Cover, 19
Tempshield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Thermax Incorporated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
Our cover celebrates women in cryogenics andsuperconductivity, as well as girls starting on theroad to science careers. Top: girls attending theSci-Girls Summer Camp in Tallahassee FL (page34). Individual photos: Women in Cryogenics andSuperconductivity (page 18; all photos with jobtitles, page 23): clockwise from top, Dr. EmanuelaBarzi, Fermilab; Eileen Cunningham, Meyer Tool& Mfg., Inc.; Dr. Susan Breon, NASA GoddardSpace Flight Center; Dr. Judith Driscoll, Universityof Cambridge; Dr. Christine Darve, Fermilab, andcenter, Dr. Katherine Develos-Bagarinao, AIST.Bottom right: A Sci-Girl camper experiments withLN2 (note the Tempshield gloves and big smile).
On Our Cover
Cold Facts is the official technical magazine of The Cryogenic Society of America, Inc.218 Lake Street • Oak Park IL 60302-2609 • Phone: 708.383.6220 Ext. 222 Fax: 708.383.9337 • Email: [email protected] • Web: www.cryogenicsociety.org A non-profit technical society serving all those interested in any phase of cryogenicsISSN 1085-5262 • CSA-C- 3701 • WINTER 2007 Printed in USA
New Memberships • Cryogenic Society of America218 Lake Street • Oak Park Il 60302-2609
Fax: 708.383.9337
CF CSA WINTER '07 2/12/07 3:56 PM Page 38
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