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1 SCO

2 For

2.1

2.2

3 Saf

3.1

3.2

3.3

4 Sys

4.1

4.2 4.2.4.2.4.2.

4.3 4.3.4.3.4.3.4.3.4.3.4.3.4.3.

4.4 4.4.4.4.4.4.4.4.4.4.4.4.

4.5

5 Me

5.1

5.2

5.3

5.4

5.5

6 Tes

OPE ...........

reword ......

Reference

Terms and

fety issues .

Foreword

Hazards an

Informatio

stem docum

Preface ...

All Solar P.1 Basic sys.2 System d.3 System i

Solar PV p.1 Wiring d.2 Planimet.3 Datashee.4 Mechani.5 Emergen.6 Shading .7 Esteem o

Solar PV p.1 Technica.2 Wiring d.3 Planimet.4 Datashee.5 Mechani.6 Emergen

Operation

echanical In

Overview

General A

Civil Work

Support St

Photovolt

st without I

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e documents

d definitions

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nd safety me

on from App

mentation r

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PV plants .....stem informatdesigner infornstaller inform

plants up to 1iagram ..........try and String ets .................ical design infncy systems ...diagram ........of the yearly e

plants aboveal report .........iagram ..........try and String ets .................ical design infncy systems ...

n and mainte

nspection –

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ssessment o

ks ................

tructures ....

aic Modules

Interconnec

Tab

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s ..................

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easures .......

plicant about

requiremen

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...................tion ................mation ..........mation ...........

11 kW ...............................layout ................................formation ..................................................energy produc

11 kW ....................................................layout ................................formation ............................

enance infor

Solar PV pl

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of the solar P

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tents

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sks on‐site a

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6.1 6.1.6.1.6.1.6.1.

6.2

6.3 6.3.6.3.6.3.6.3.6.3.6.3.6.3.6.3.6.3.6.3.

6.4 6.4.6.4.6.4.6.4.6.4.6.4.6.4.6.4.

6.5 6.5.6.5.6.5.

6.6 6.6.6.6.6.6.6.6.6.6.

7 Tes

7.1

7.2

7.3

7.4 7.4.7.4.7.4.7.4.7.4.

Overview .1 General .2 Complian.3 Test regi.4 Test regi

Common r

Inspection.1 General .2 DC syste.3 DC syste.4 DC syste.5 DC syste.6 DC syste.7 DC syste.8 DC syste.9 AC syste.10 Labell

Category 1.1 Forewor.2 Continui.3 Polarity t.4 PV string.5 PV string.6 PV string.7 Function.8 PV array

Category 2.1 Forewor.2 String I‐V.3 PV array

Additiona.1 Forewor.2 Voltage t.3 Blocking .4 PV array .5 Shade ev

st with Inte

Overview

Interface P

Performan

General on.1 Calibrati.2 Docume.3 Inspectio.4 Sampling.5 Timestam

..................

......................nce to the Regimes and addiimes for syste

requirement

n – All Solar P......................m – General ..m – Protectiom – Protectiom – Protectiom – Earthing m – Protectiom – Selectionm ..................ing and ident

1 test regimed ...................ty of protectivtest ................g combiner bog – Open circug – Current menal tests .......... insulation res

2 test regimed ...................V curve measu infrared cam

l tests – Facud ...................to ground – Rdiode test .... – Wet insulatvaluation .......

erconnection

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Protection ..

nce monitor

n data acquion .................ntation ..........on ..................g, recording, amps ................

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ts ................

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e – All solar ......................ve earthing an......................ox test ............uit voltage meeasurement ........................sistance test .

e – Recomm......................urement ........era inspection

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PV plants .........................nd equipotent............................................easurement .....................................................................

mended for S............................................n procedure ..

all Solar PV p......................nd systems ..........................e test ..................................

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olar PV plan...............................................................

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7.5 7.5.7.5.7.5.7.5.

7.6 7.6.7.6.7.6.

7.7 7.7.

7.8 7.8.7.8.7.8.7.8.7.8.7.8.

7.9

8 Pow

8.1

8.2

8.3

Annexe

Annex

Annex

1 Irra

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

2 PV

3 Am

4 Wi

5 Soi

5.1

Measured.1 General .2 Environm.3 Electrica.4 External

Data proce.1 Daylight .2 Removin.3 Treatme

Calculated.1 Descript

Performan.1 Overview.2 Performa.3 Tempera.4 STC perf.5 Annual‐t.6 Test dura

Test repor

wer Quality

Overview

Assessmen

Additiona

es ...............

x A ‐ Safety

x B – Measu

adiance .....

In‐plane ir

Global hor

Irradiance

Sensor loc

Sensor ma

Satellite re

V module tem

mbient air te

ind speed a

iling ratio ..

Equipmen

d parametersrequirementsmental paraml measuremesystem requi

essing and qhours ............

ng invalid readnt of missing

d parameterion of calculat

nce ratio .....w ....................ance ratio andature‐correcteormance ratiotemperature‐eation ..............

rt (Pn > 100 k

y Measurem

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nt of the har

l measurem

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Information

urement of e

.................

rradiance ....

rizontal irrad

e sensors .....

cations ........

aintenance .

emote sensi

mperature

emperature

and direction

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nt ................

s ..................s .....................eters .............nts ................rements ........

quality check......................dings ..............data ..............

s .................ted paramete

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......................d Annual perfed performano ....................equivalent pe......................

kW) ............

ments and T

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rmonic conte

ents ............

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Tests – Sola

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5.2

5.3

5.4

5.5

5.6

Calibration

Measurem

Measurem

Preferred

Daily aver

n ................

ment method

ment method

method .....

rage value ...

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d 1 – max po

d 2 – short‐c

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ower reducti

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1 SC

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OREWORD

Reference

EWA – Stannetworks ofMinistry of electrical insEWA – Guidnetworks ofIEC 60364‐6IEC 61010 –laboratory uIEC 61557 – d.c. IEC 61724‐1IEC 61724‐2IEC 61724‐3IEC 61730‐2IEC 62446‐1maintenancinspection IEC 62548 –

Terms and

ule – PV mopower (P) neous prodower is the rnt power (St or two‐termder sinusoidaype – descrment to be F”) eet – basic pmanual) horizontal ired in W/m2

X_OCPR – PV mften specifieon – examinn and propee irradiance n inclined surOA) irradian

D

documen

ndards for Sf the KingdomElectricity

stallations (Sdelines for Sf the Kingdom – Low volta– Safety requse Electrical sa

– Photovolt – Photovolt – Photovolt – Photovolt1 – Photovoe. Part 1: G

Photovoltaic

d definitio

dule with an– under peuct of currereal part of tS) – productminal circuit al conditions,ription of a determined

product desc

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nts

Solar PV Systm of Bahrainand Water,Second editioSolar PV systm of Bahrainge electrical quirements f

fety in low v

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tems to be n Electricity on, 2004) tems to be n installationsfor electrica

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s of a two‐r circuit expplex power. a particulaa code num

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Page | 8

tribution

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ng interval (– aggregate vng period – tng – recordinl current deexceeds the – data acquing interval – ratio (SR) – rwer that wou– Mechanicaons and, whepecified timeons. d test condn temperatur– impleme

eness is proents, said va

n (IP) ‐ The enerating unand reliabilitynergy conve

dent flux of adiance integmall inverter dnormally conounted immeelectronics or power c

embled on sin or POC ‐ Is k and where under period

y of electricamentary devnt energy intst complete f one or morr box – juncion devices, ded and stor

) – time betvalue based time betweeng of the resevice (RCD) operating vaired from a stime betweeratio of the ald be expectal device caen specified, e, currents

ditions (STC)re (25 °C), anentation of ved (Note: lues not bein

electrical prnit is disconny of the distrrter that cha

radiant powegrated over adesigned to bnnect directlediately adja– any electrconversion fite) the location the main eleic conditions

lly interconnice that exho electrical eenvironmene series‐conction box whelectronics ared in data lo

tween recoron series of en reports ults of inspe– is a sensialue of the dsensor or meen samplesactual powered if the PV apable of main given opeunder speci

) – referencnd the referemeasures It includes ang detectabl

rotection reqnected for aribution netwanges direct

er per unit aa specified tibe connectey to the factacent to the ronic devicefunctions (N

at which a ectricity mets, ratio of th

nected PV mohibits the phenergy ntally protectnected PV mhere PV striand/or switcog, based on

ds records

ection and teitive safety device easuring dev

r output of tarray were caking, carryerating overloified abnorm

ce values ofence spectralin an electascertaining le by inspect

quired to enany event thwork. electric curr

rea expresseme interval d directly totory fitted mmodule) e fitted to a ote: Module

solar PV genter is installee absolute v

odules, PV stotovoltaic e

ted assemblymodules ngs are conch‐disconnecn acquired sa

esting device that

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he PV array clean and freing and breoad conditiomal circuit c

f in‐plane irrl irradiance dtrical instalvalues by mtion)

nsure that ehat could im

rent to single

ed in W/m2 expressed inone or two

module leads

PV module e integrated

erating pland. alue of the a

trings or PV sffect, i.e the

y of intercon

nnected whictors mples

switches of

under given ee of soiling aking currenons. In additioconditions, s

radiance (1 defined in IEClation by mmeans of ap

either the gempair the int

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n kWh/m2 PV moduless and be fixe

intended tod electronics

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nnected PV c

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000 W/m2)C 60904‐3 means of wppropriate m

Page | 9

enerating egrity or

olyphase

(Note: A ed to the

o provide may be

ed to the

r P to the

‐thermal

ells

o contain

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ditions to

al circuit to carry,

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Page | 10

n to the

to‐phase

3 SA

3.1 F

This chaelectric, The pursolar PV

3.2 H

The on‐Engineeaccordinbelow. All whatand theiAll combpresencFigure 2possible

Figur

All interThis diffwhen thOnly a qon live pThe prostandardwear the

AFETY ISS

oreword

pter does no mechanical pose is to inV plants.

Hazards an

‐site tests, pr. This must ng to the law

t is located uir connectionbiner boxes e of live part2 shows an e danger.

re 2 – Examp

ventions on ference is unhe general cirqualified persparts and sucotection prods. Howevere following (

A safety helelectric arcin

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ot substituteand civil insttegrate the

nd safety

particularly be aware ofws and rule

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ple of a warn

the live parnusual for anrcuit breakerson, i.e. a prccessfully carvisions and r, it is worthsee Figure 3

met made ong);

e the safety latallations. existing rule

measure

of electricaf the main des in force in

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Page | 15

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Page | 16

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Page | 17

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Page | 18

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Page | 19

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Page | 20

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Page | 21

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Page | 22

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Page | 23

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Page | 24

ower and

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ants with gs during y. In this

the date

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ifications

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nspection

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dule level el

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esting of DC cspection of DC

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may need to b

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he installatio

be inspected

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Page | 25

dule level

onics

ictions to

tests (e.g.

it is not may be

ectronics

64‐6 and

ance with l provide

s shall be

on.

d prior to

n.

a)

b)

c)

d)

If furtheInspectio

6.3.3 Inspectioprotecti

a) b) c)


a) b)

c)

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b)

the DC systeand IEC 6254the maximumay dictatelocations); all system withstand tcorrosion; roof fixings a

er checks conon – Solar PV

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strinpara

For systems

the requ

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ncerning the V plants > 10

– Protection

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ng cables areallel strings (with string o

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points c) and00 kW shall b

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nal earthing protect again

nsulation Res548 (this is tyesidual CurreEC 62548 (th

n against ov

on shall incln the DC circng overcurre

e module m

e sized to acsee IEC 6254overcurrent

current protf IEC 62548.

specified and

uitable for thove a certa

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insulation f

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Page | 26

EC 60364

cal codes n certain

ected to ture and

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place for

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place for

galvanic ne if the correctly

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6.3.6 Inspectio

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d)

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For systems

the requ

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nt

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Page | 27

to the

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arth fault

ments of

they are

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rotective

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external

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6.3.10 Inspectio

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b)

c) d) e) f) g) h) i)

6.4 C

6.4.1 A CategosystemsSystem should bIn someneed to tests (e.completThe folloAC side Tests to

if blocking dstring in whiplug and somanufacture

AC system

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all AC circuit

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ime – All s

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least verificas been providave been coy to the “sous have been pAC circuit feents of IEC 62

least a verifiwitches and62548; and PV arrayd from a PV a

clearly labeld at point of yed on site;e; on site; d on site (whxed and dura62548).

solar PV

est sequencepe, location oAC and DC siDC testing.y only be prhase. Whereon) will need

d on all syste

of IEC 60364

age rating is

are of the s of IEC 6254

ation that: ded on the Aonnected sucurce” side; programmedeeding an in2548 (some i

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plants

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in a project e of the DC fuafter the AC t

Page | 28

of the PV

he same

wired to

has been B RCD).

to the

ating that tion from

labelling

ied to all

C testing

and may unctional testing is

DC side The follo

a) b) c) d) e) f) g)

For reasand comAn I‐V cand shorequiredsequencNote: Socable asconduct

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ms are consthat aggregative string tes

of protective

arthing and/rray frame, amain earthing

st

DC cables hall be checsuch as switof safety at to performnt protectivepolarity of oage caused b

ombiner box

ected in revequence of a mbiner boxesterconnectedto do a polaance of the ence indicat

is as followt time:

t meter with

ed out on thnd/or equipo

ge test. t (short circu

the DC circui

he preventioperformed ble alternativWhere an I‐Vve test is pe

ructed usingte the outpust requireme

e earthing a

/or equipotean electrical cg terminal sh

shall be veked to ensuching devicend for the

m the polaritye devices inone string is by this error.

x test

erse polarityreversed sts, can be sid at the comrity test with"‐" symbol ctes a revers

ws and shall

voltage rang

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g factory assut of multipents for syste

and equipot

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erified usingre they are es or inverterprevention y check befonserted. If afound, it is t

y within a PVtring, particuignificant. Thbiner box arh a digital mcan be relatise connectio

be performe

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tional).

e to connectrings are into derive therformed, septhe appropr

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V string combularly on larghe purpose re connectedmultimeter, wvely easy toon through a

ed before a

wice the max

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ted equipmeerconnectedstring open parate Voc aiate stage in

ing wiring hg conductorsrnesses are u

ding conduct

rs are fitted made on all s

est apparatuentified and

to connectts and beforemade on a pant to check

biner box canger systems of the com

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ximum system

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fitted.

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on the DC ssuch conduc

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mbiner box t

ng a large nuAs an alternaally different

ses / connec

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Page | 29

arity test

age (Voc) s are not ory 1 test

which are gle main deration.

ide, such tors. The

olarity is onnected

ent, it is re closed onnected d bypass

s be easy ple often test is to

umber of ative, the t voltage

ctors are

6.4.5 The purto checkmodulesinterconparticulaNote: Vconnectinsulatiovoltage The opeThis sho(where fThe resuexpecte

a)

b)

c)

d)

6.4.6

6.4.6.1 The purcharacteThese te

Insert all neg

Do not inser

Measure theexpected va

Leave one lepositive polethe voltage

Continue mcommon co

A reverse potwice the sy

PV string –

pose of the k that modus are connennecting thearly on largeVoltages signed with theon, subsequreadings areen circuit volould be donefitted). ulting string d value (typiCompare wimodel that temperatureMeasure Vostring (mostFor systemsvoltages betFor systemsconditions, meter on a r

PV string –

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rpose of a eristics of thests are not t

gative fuses

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ead on the pe of the nextmeasured sh

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olarity condstem voltage

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open circuitules strings ected in sere wrong nur systems, annificantly lese wrong poent damagee usually the tage of eache before clo

open circuiically within ith the expectakes into

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ve fuses / con

uit voltage of

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t voltage (Voare correctlries within mber of mnd the open ss than thelarity, one oe and/or waresult of wirh PV string ssing any swi

it voltage re5 %) in one octed value daccount the

e module, there there is ple identical s can be comtiple identicetween strinring.

asurement

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s so strings s

nnectors.

f the first str

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eading shall of the followerived from e type and

hen use this vstable irradistrings and

mpared. cal strings gs can be c

asurement hat there are of module

share a comm

ring, positive

string testedo strings sharan acceptab

, using the f

nt if it exists

t

ment withind specificallMissing an

hin a string ge test will rvalue may orted bypasulation in co

easured usinstalling string

then be asswing ways: the modulenumber of

value to calcance conditiwhere there

and where compared u

test is to ee no major f/ array perfo

mon negative

e to negative

d, and put thre a commonble tolerance

first positive

– the meas

the Category that the einterconneis a relativ

rapidly identindicate ones diodes or onduits or j

ng suitable mg overcurren

sessed to en

datasheet of modules a

culate the exons). e is stable ir

there is nsing multipl

ensure the faults withinormance.

P

e bus.

e, and ensur

he other lean negative ree range of ±1

e circuit as th

sured voltag

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measuring apnt protective

nsure it mat

or from a detand the mo

xpected valu

rradiance co

on‐stable irle meters, w

correct opn the PV arra

Page | 30

re it is an

ad on the eference, 15 V.

he meter

e will be

quence is umber of istakenly on error, ts. modules to poor

xes. High

pparatus. e devices

ches the

tailed PV dule cell

e for the

onditions,

rradiance with one

erational ay wiring.

Two tesinformatpreferreNote: Anperform

6.4.6.2

6.4.6.2.1

The shoThe makproceduMeasurestrings astrings sstring cuFor non‐

Note: Thsolely asthe introgive anypart of a

6.4.6.2.2

Ensure tisolated A tempoof the fo

a)

b)

c)

The testcircuit vcircuit, tThe shoammeteThe shocurrent

sts methodstion on the ed as it will en I‐V curve t

m this test.

PV string –

1 General

rt circuit curking / interruure, such as ted values shand where tshall be comurrent, for st‐stable irrad

Testing may

Tests may b

An irradiancconsider the

he use of ans a means ooduction to ty indication a Category 2

2 Short circ

that all switfrom each oorary short collowing techuse of a testPV tester); a short circpresent in thuse of a “shintroduced i

t instrumentvoltage. Whethese shall beort circuit cuer or test instort circuit cuchecked to h

s are possibcorrect funxclude any inest is also in

– Short circu

rent of eachuption of strthat describehould be comthere are stmpared. Thesable irradianiance condit

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e done using

ce meter reae validity of t

n irradiance f determininthis section, of system petest regime

cuit test proc

tching devicother. circuit shall bhniques: t instrument

cuit cable tehe string circhort circuit swinto the circu

t shall have ere a switche rated greaurrent can ttrument withurrent shall thave gone to

ble (short cctioning of nfluence frondependent o

uit test

PV string shring short cired below, shompared with able irradianse values shnce conditionions, the foll

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meter or visng if the meathe short cierformance.and are best

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es and disc

be introduce

with a short

emporarily ccuit; witch test buit to create

a rating greing device ater than the then be meh a short circthen be inteo zero before

ircuit test othe PV strinm the invertof the invert

hould be mearcuit currentould be follothe expectence conditiohould be thens). lowing meth

eters, with o

ual appraisareadings.

sual appraisaasured currercuit current. System pert achieved b

onnecting m

d into the st

t circuit curr

connected i

ox” – a loada switched s

eater than tand/or shortpotential shasured usincuit current merrupted usie any other c

or operationng. Where pters. ter and prov

asured usings is potentiaowed. ed value. Forons, measuree same (typi

hods may be

one meter on

l of the sun

al of the sunent is withint test is intenrformance my performing

means are o

tring under t

ent measure

nto a load

d break ratedshort circuit.

the potentiacircuit cond

hort circuit cug a suitablymeasuremenng the load connections

nal test) andpossible, the

ides a good

g suitable tesally hazardou

r systems wiements of cically within

adopted:

n a reference

light conditi

nlight conditithe band exnded to detemeasurementg an I‐V curv

pen and tha

test. This can

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break switc

d device that

l short circuductor is useurrent and oy rated clip‐nt function. break switcare changed

P

d both wille short circu

alternative m

st apparatus.us and a suit

ith multiple currents in in 5 % of the

e string.

ions may be

ions is includxpected. As ect faults ratts are deemve test.

at all PV str

n be achieve

ion (e.g. a sp

ching device

t can be tem

uit current aed to form topen circuit von ammete

ching deviced.

Page | 31

provide it test is

means to

. table test

identical ndividual average

e used to

ded here noted in ther than ed to be

rings are

d by one

pecialized

e already

mporarily

and open the short voltage. r, in‐line

and the

Note: A tests and

6.4.6.3 With thtrackingplaced aMeasurestrings astrings sstring cuFor non‐

6.4.7 The follo

a)

b)

Functiononce the

6.4.8

6.4.8.1 PV arraybefore pPerformunderstafollowed

“short circud also array

PV string –

e system swg), the currearound the sted values shand where tshall be comurrent for sta‐stable irrad

Testing may

Tests may b

An irradianc

A specialized

An I‐V curve

Functional t

owing functioSwitchgear athey are proAll inverterstest procedu

nal tests thate AC side of t

PV array ins

General

y DC circuits performing tming this testand the procd:

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Do not toucwhen perfor

Do not toucmodule/lam

Whenever tequipment s

it switch boxinsulation te

– Operationa

witched on nt from eactring cable. hould be comthere are stmpared. Thesable irradianiance condit

y be delayed.

e done using

ce meter read

d PV test me

e test may be

tests

onal tests shand other cooperly mounts forming paure should b

t require thethe system h

sulation res

are live durhis test. t presents acedure befo

cess to the w

h and take mrming the ins

h and take mminate or the

the insulatioshall have au

x” is an itemests.

al test

and in normch PV string

mpared with able irradianse values shce conditionions, the foll

g multiple m

ding may be

eter (with irra

e performed.

hall be perforontrol apparated and connrt of the PV e as defined

e AC supply thas been test

istance test

ing daylight

a potential ere starting a

working area

measures to sulation test

measures to module/lam

n test deviceutomatic aut

m of test appa

mal operatioshould be

the expectence conditiohould be thens). lowing meth

eters, with o

used to adju

adiance mea

.

rmed: atus shall benected. system shal by the inver

to be presented.

t

and, unlike

electric shocany work. Th

.

prevent anyt.

prevent any minate termi

e is energizeto‐discharge

aratus that c

on mode (inmeasured u

ed value. Forons, measuree same (typi

hods may be

one meter on

ust the curre

asurement) m

e tested to e

ll be tested trter manufac

t (e.g. invert

a convention

ck hazard; thhe following

y other perso

other personals when pe

ed, there is capability.

can be used f

nverters masing a suitab

r systems wiements of cically within

adopted:

n a reference

ent readings.

may be used

nsure correc

to ensure cocturer.

ter tests) sha

nal AC circui

herefore, it basic safety

ons touching

ns from toucerforming th

voltage on t

P

for both sho

ximum powble clip‐on a

ith multiple currents in in 5 % of the

e string.

.

.

ct operation

orrect operat

all only be pe

it, cannot be

is importantmeasures s

g any metalli

ching the bahe insulation

the testing a

Page | 32

ort circuit

wer point ammeter

identical ndividual average

and that

tion. The

erformed

e isolated

t to fully hould be

c surface

ck of the test.

area. The

Where tmanufaclocate thWhere Sequipme

6.4.8.2 The testpossible

Where tconnectthere is For systecommissadditionFor arraarray caWhere tnegativeapproprcan safeconnectThe testsurge ar

6.4.8.3

6.4.8.3.1

Before c

Where asecurelyThe insucombinebefore c

Appropriatetest.

the results octuring defehe location oSPDs or otheent shall be t

PV array in

t should be e to test indiv

TEST METHOpositive and

TEST METHO

the structureion or to thcontinuity oems where tsioning enginal test ii) beays that havbles and thetest methode cables shoriate short‐ciely make aned into the dt procedure rrestor or oth

PV array in

1 General

commencing

limit access

isolate the P

disconnect a(i.e. overvolt

a short circuy connected ulation resiser bus bar – carrying out t

e personal pr

of the test cts are suspof a fault – seer equipmentemporarily

nsulation res

repeated, asvidual strings

OD 1 – Test d earth.

OD 2 – Test b

e/frame is be array framver the whothe array fraineer may ctween arraye no accesse building eard 2 is adopteuld be shortircuit switchnd break thdevice. should be deher system c

nsulation res

g the test:

by non‐auth

PV array from

any piece oftage protect

uit switch binto the shotance test das approprithe test.

rotective clot

are questionected, a wetee Paragraphnt are likely disconnecte

sistance tes

s minimum, s if required.

between arr

between ear

bonded to eame (where thle metallic frme is not bohoose to docables and fible conductrth. ed, to minimt‐circuited in box. Such ahe short circ

esigned to eomponent r

sistance – T

horized perso

m the inverte

f equipment tion) in the ju

ox is being rt circuit devdevice shall iate to the t

thing / equip

nable, or wht array insulh 6.6.4 for a to influenced before car

st – Test met

for each PV.

ray negative

rth and short

arth, the earhe array framrame). onded to earto two tests:frame. tive parts (e

mize the riskn a safe mana device incocuit connect

nsure the peatings.

Test procedu

onnel;

er (typically a

that could hunction or co

used to tesvice before tbe connecteest method

pment should

here insulatation test msuitable teste the verificrrying out the

thod

V array or su

and earth f

t circuited ar

rth connectiome is used,

th (e.g. wher i) between

e.g. PV roof

k from electrnner. Typicalorporates a tion – after

eak voltage d

ure

at the array s

have impactombiner box

st to methodhe short circed between adopted. Te

d be worn fo

ion faults day be approt procedure. ation test, oe insulation

b‐array (as a

ollowed by a

ray positive

on may be tensure a go

re there is a array cable

tiles) the te

rical arcs, thlly this woulload break rarray cable

does not exc

switch discon

on the insues.

d 2, the arrcuit switch is earth and t

est leads sho

P

or the duratio

ue to instalopriate and m

or be damagresistance te

applicable).

a test betwe

and negativ

to any suitabood contact

class II instaes and earth

est shall be

he array posd be achievrated DC swes have bee

ceed module

nnector); an

ulation meas

ray cables sh activated. the array caould be mad

Page | 33

on of the

lation or may help

ged, such est.

It is also

een array

e.

ble earth and that

llation) a h and an

between

itive and ed by an

witch that en safely

e, switch,

d

surement

hould be

able(s) or de secure

Follow tTable 2 aEnsure t

6.4.8.3.2

For PV aindicatethe appr

6.4.8.3.3

For PV a MethodPerform• individ• combiThe insusatisfact MethodMethodthan 10 providesperformThe insusatisfactIf the mtested u

6.5 C

6.5.1 A Categsystemshave beIn additi

a)

the insulatioand readingsthe system is

2 Insulatio

arrays of upd in Table 2.ropriate valu

Table 3 –

System vo(Voc (stc)

[V] < 120

120 to 5> 500

3 Insulatio

arrays of ove

A m the insulatidual strings; ned strings, ulation resisttory where t

B B is an altekWp. Arrays a shortcut

med on sub‐seulation resisttory where tmeasurementusing fewer s

Category 2

Foreword

gory 2 test . Therefore ten undertakion to the CaString I‐V cu

on resistances in megaohms de‐energize

n resistance

p to 10 kWp. The result iue given in Ta

– Minimum

oltage 1.25)

0 500 0

n resistance

r 10 kWp, on

on resistancor where the totance shall bhe insulation

rnative that ys larger tha(testing the ections as petance shall bhe insulationt falls belowstrings in the

2 test regi

regime incluthey are recoken and passeategory 1 tesrve test.

e test devicems. ed before re

– PV arrays

, the insulats satisfactorable 3.

values of ins

Te

– PV arrays

ne of the foll

e test on:

otal combinebe measuredn resistance

allows for ten 10 kWp mentire array er Method Abe measuredn resistance w the approp test circuit.

ime – Rec

udes additioommended fed before costs, the follow

e instruction

moving test

up to 10 kW

tion resistanry if each circ

sulation resi

est voltage

[V] 250 500

1 000

above 10 kW

lowing two t

ed capacity id with the teis not less th

esting of an may pass theat the outse

A. d with the teis not less thpriate value

commend

onal tests anfor PV plantommencing owing tests m

ns to ensure

cables or to

Wp

nce shall be cuit has an in

istance – PV

Min

Wp

test methods

s no more thest voltage inhan the appr

entire arraye requiremeet) – only if i

est voltage inhan the apprgiven in Ta

ded for So

nd is intends with Pn > 1on the additimay be applie

the test vo

uching any c

measured wnsulation res

arrays up to

nimum insula[M

0.511

s shall be foll

han 10 kWp. ndicated in Topriate value

(or sub‐arrants of Tablet fails this te

ndicated in Topriate valueble 3, the sy

olar PV pla

ed for large100 kW. All Conal Categod:

P

ltage is acco

conductive p

with the testsistance not

o 10 kWp

ation resistan]

5 1 1

lowed.

Table 3. Thee given in Ta

ay) even if ite 3; hence Mest should th

Table 3. Thee given in Taystem shou

ants > 100

er or more Category 1 tery 2 tests.

Page | 34

ording to

arts.

t voltage less than

nce

e result is able 3.

t is larger Method B e test be

e result is able 3. ld be re‐

0 kW

complex ests shall

b)

As notedan accepNote 1: chosen tprovidedNote 2: the systeproportiCategoryNote: It performselectiveto comm

6.5.2 S

6.5.2.1 A string

Before urated fo

6.5.2.2 An I‐V cand shonot requtest seqThe strinthe I‐V cirradianc

6.5.2.3 Given sperformPV stringat least 4

IR inspection

d in the Cateptable mean In some cito be implemd by the I‐V cIn some cirem. An examion of the stry 2 tests canis relatively

med on a selee approach amissioning.

String I‐V cu

General

I‐V curve tes

Measureme

Measureme

Measureme

Measureme

Identificatio

undertaking r the voltage

I‐V curve m

urve test is rt circuit curuired – provuence. ng under tescurve test is ce (or cell te

I‐V curve m

uitable irradmance of a PVg and array p400 W/m2 as

n.

egory 1 test s to derive Isrcumstancesmented. An curve test tocumstances mple of this irings. n be implemey common, pected sampleand the perc

urve measur

st can provid

ents of string

ents of max p

ent of array p

ent of module

on of module

an I‐V curve e and curren

measuremen

an acceptabrrent (Isc). Wvided the I‐V

st should be solely to demperature).

measuremen

diance condV array is meperformances measured

description,sc and Voc.s just one eexample of o be added toCategory 2 s where a cl

ented on all pparticularly fe of the systentage of th

rement

de the follow

open circuit

power voltag

performance

e / string fill

e / array defe

test, the I‐V t of the circu

nt of Voc an

le alternativWhere an I‐VV curve test i

isolated andrive values f

nt – Array pe

ditions, an I‐eting the rate measuremein the plane

, where an I

element or pthis is whereo the standatests may oient wants I‐

parts of a syfor large system (a fixed he system to

wing informat

t voltage (Vo

ge (Vmpp), cu

.

factor.

ects or shadi

curve test duit under tes

d Isc

ve method toV curve test is performed

d connected tfor Voc and I

erformance

‐V curve teted (nameplaents shall beof the array

‐V curve tes

part of the e a client ward Category only be imple‐V curve test

stem or onlytems, that spercentage be tested w

tion:

oc) and short

urrent (Impp

ng issues.

device shall bst.

o derive the is performedd at the app

to the I‐V cusc, then the

st provides ate) performe performed .

t is being pe

Category 2 ants the perf1 test sequeemented on ts and/or IR

y upon sampome of the of the stringill be agreed

circuit curre

p), and max p

be checked to

string open d, separate Vropriate stag

rve test devre is no requ

a means tomance. at stable irra

P

erformed, it

test regimerformance evence. a sample pinspection o

le portions. Category 2 gs / modulesd with the cli

ent (Isc).

power (Pmax

o ensure it is

circuit voltaVoc and Isc ge in the Ca

vice. If the puuirement to

o measure

adiance cond

Page | 35

provides

may be valuation

ortion of on a fixed

tests are s). Such a ent prior

x).

s suitably

age (Voc) tests are ategory 1

urpose of measure

that the

ditions of

Note 1: angle of Note 2: and temI‐V curvechangeswhich mcause erperform The proc

On com(namepltoleranctest equ

6.5.2.4 The shaincluding

Poor resultsf incidence is

The maximumperature, ane shape varies dramaticallmodule perforrors in eval

mance (I‐V cu

cedure for u

Ensure syste

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The test insmodules und

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Where the Ithe rear of ttemperatureundertaken and that theensure that shorted byptemperature

Prior to comgreater than

pletion of thlate) value oce for the muipment).

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ape of an I‐g the followi

Damaged ce

Short circuit

Local shadin

Module mis

The presenc

Excessive se

may be exps too oblique

um power cnd are indirees slightly wly. The detaiormance hasuating arrayrve tracing o

ndertaking t

em is shutdo

nder test sho

strument shoder test.

nce meter ase plane of th light (albedof the same n technologie

I‐V curve testhe module e correctionto ensure the string Voc the string ipass diodese from the m

mmencing thn 400 W/m2 i

he test, the of the array odules unde

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‐V curve caing may be id

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ng.

match.

ce of shunt re

eries resistan

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ster uses a cand in the c

ns are calcuhat the corrvalue is wits not missins. Either comeasured Voc

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e measureme

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irradiance of the array

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cation of mo

valuable info

cells / modu

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llows:

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nected to th

ith the char

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ture probe, tcell towardshe I‐V curvecharacteristge expected e and, to theuld cause a

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odule / array

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he I‐V curve t

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this shall be the centre e test devicics are input(a check of e extent posan error in

be checked

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n the array

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test device.

type and qu

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e in firm contof a modulee, a check tted onto thVoc is perfossible, that in the calcul

to ensure

mpared to thin the stateracy of the

shading issu

under test.

Page | 36

where the

rradiance n general, ve shape extent to urve can ize string

antity of

ch that it ed shade ecked to d for the

tact with e. Where shall be

he device ormed to it has no ation of

they are

the rated ed power I‐V curve

ues

Defects

If the gocaused incidentFor mosalso be less thanrepeatedOn recoDeviatiosignificacontaineFor systfrom indfor stablIf the irrto a com

6.5.3

6.5.3.1 The puroperatinmodulesconnect Note: Asto troubles

6.5.3.2 For an IRpower pconditioW/m2 intemperaDependmodule each sidScan eacdiodes, exhibits When scarea und

oal of the I‐Vby mismatcht angles thanst shape testobtained at n 100 W/m2

d at a time wording an I‐Vons to I‐V cunt faults wied in IEC 624ems with mdividual strinle irradianceradiance conmmon irradia

PV array inf

General

rpose of an ng PV modus and/or arrions and oth

s well as form

shoot suspec

IR test pro

R camera inspoint trackingons should bn the plane ature differeing on the mproduces the). ch module ijunction boa discerniblecanning fromder investiga

V curve meah effects, thn required fos, irradiancelower irradi

2, while it mwhen values V curve, the urves demanithin the PV446‐1 – Anneultiple identngs shall be ce conditions)nditions are nance and tem

frared came

infrared (IR)les in the fieray, such asher condition

ming part of

cted problem

ocedure

spection, theg). Irradiancebe stable. Idof the arraynces. module conshe most disc

n the array oxes, electrice temperatum the front oation.

surement is e measuremr performan values shouance levels. ay merit invover 100 W/shape shall d particular V array. Infoex D. ical strings acompared (o. not stable, vmperature (e

era inspectio

) camera inseld. Such tereverse‐bia

ns that lead t

an initial or

ms in a modu

e array shoue in the planeally, irradiay to ensure t

struction andernible ther

or sub‐arraycal connectire differenceof an array,

to verify thment may bece testing. uld be greateWhere shap

vestigation o/m2 are presbe studied attention a

ormation on

and where toverlaid). Cur

visual compa.g. to Standa

on procedur

spection is tmperature vas cells, bypto localized h

periodic ver

ule, string or

ld be in the ne of the arrance shouldthat there w

d mounting rmal image (

y in questionions, or anye from its imthe camera

at there aree conducted

er than 100 Wpe defects af the potentent. for any devs they can sn interpretin

here are starves should b

rison may bard Test Con

re

to detect unvariations mass diode fahigh tempera

rification pro

array.

normal operay should be be relative

will be suffici

configuratiothe procedu

n, paying pary specificallymmediate surand operato

no steps orat lower irr

W/m2. Howere spotted atial fault, the

iation from signal otherwg deviations

ble irradiancbe the same

e aided by trditions, STC)

nusual tempeay indicate ailure, soldeature operat

ocess, an IR t

rating mode e greater thaly constant ent current

on, determinure may need

rticular atteny identified rroundings. or shall not c

P

r notches of radiance and

ever, useful dat irradiance e test should

the predictewise undetes to an I‐V

ce conditione (typically w

ranslating th) before over

erature variproblems wr bond failution.

test may also

(inverters man 400 W/mand more tto cause dis

ne which sidd to be repe

ntion to the array prob

cast shadow

Page | 37

the type d greater

data may levels of d also be

ed curve. cted and curve is

s, curves ithin 5 %

he curves rlaying.

ations in within the ure, poor

o be used

maximum 2 and sky than 600 scernible

de of the eated for

blocking lem that

ws on the

Note: Vmodule thermal

6.5.3.3

6.5.3.3.1

This testvariationorder toOn a datemperadifferennoted thwhich vaDocumecomponto deterlevel) teanomalytool. With a generatineighboIn someAllow atwhose IR

6.5.3.3.2

Module differencomparenormal supportsA hot spshunt resignificadiscolou

6.5.3.3.3

If any bdebris o

Viewing the glass, but vconductivity

Interpretin

1 IR test re

t is primarilyns due to mo avoid recorily basis, theature standce between hat array teary significanent areas onents themsermine what ests to invesy compared

wide‐angle ing or not coouring modul circumstanct least 15 mR image doe

2 IR test re

temperatuce. Howeveed to the resfor the PV s. pot elsewheresistance or cnt hot spotured area.

3 IR test re

bypass dioden the modul

array from viewing fromy of glass.

ng IR test res

esults – Gene

y looking for mounting poirding these ne average teard for idethe hot spo

emperature intly throughoof temperatuelves, or on tthe cause(sstigate. In sto the I‐V cu

IR camera, onnected, asles. ces repeatin

minutes afters not change

esults – Mod

re should br, it is to best as the heamodules to

re in a moducell mismatc(s). Visual in

esults – Bypa

es are hot (ole protected

the rear wim the front

sults

eral

anomalous tnts, adhesivnormal tempmperature oentifying anot and the nis a functionout the dayliure extremethe array / s) might be. ome cases urve of a mo

it may be s their overa

g a scan witopen circui

e may not be

ule hotspots

be relativelye expected tat is not condo see a tem

ule usually inch. In any casnspection m

ss diodes

on), check thby the diode

ill minimize usually pro

temperatureve stickers, aerature variaof a PV arrayomalies is normally open of irradianight hours. es by clearstring layout Use visual ian I‐V curveodule withou

possible toall temperatu

th the array ting the arrae producing c

s

y uniform, that the modducted as w

mperature gr

ndicates an ese, investigaay show sig

he array to e. If there is

interferenceovides easily

e variations iand other iteations. y will vary qnot particu

erating arraynce, wind sp

ly marking drawings. Innspection ae of one orut any therm

o detect moure will be n

segment opay for thermcurrent unde

with no ardule will be ell to the suradient at th

electrical prote the perfogns of overh

look for obvno obvious c

e from lighty discernible

n the array. ems should

uite dramatiularly usefuy is most imppeed, and am

their locatinvestigate eand electrical more modal anomalies

odules and soticeably dif

en circuited mal equilibraer load cond

reas of signhotter arourrounding enhe edges, la

oblem, possirmance of aleating, for e

vious reasoncause, suspe

P

t reflected fe images du

Normal tembe identified

ically, so an l. The temportant. It smbient temp

ion on the ach thermal l (string andules with a s may prove

strings that fferent to th

may be infoation. Modulitions.

nificant temund the juncnvironment.abels, periph

bly series rell modules thexample a b

ns like shadoect a bad mo

Page | 38

from the e to the

perature d only in

absolute perature hould be perature,

suspect anomaly d module thermal

e a useful

are not at of the

ormative. e strings

perature ction box It is also hery and

esistance, hat show brown or

owing or dule.

6.5.3.3.4

The conIf the co

6.6 A

6.6.1 In additialso othimplemeother tethe stan

a)

b)

c)

d)

6.6.2 This testSpecific systemsThe testthe resisrelative

6.6.3 Blockingwhere bAll diodethere is In norm

Where tdiode fa

4 IR test re

nections in tonnections ar

Additional

Foreword

ion to the sther tests thented eitherests or operandard tests. Voltage to ga high impedBlocking diois importantWet insulatiwhere the rinsulation faShade evaluconditions cstandard, thenvironmenassumptionsof particulaperformance

Voltage to g

t is used to test proced for their mot shall be perstance in plato ground, o

Blocking dio

g diodes can blocking diodes shall be inno evidenceal operating

Pass criterio

the voltage iailure is an is

esults – Cable

the wires betre hotter, ch

tests – F

andard suitehat may be r due to a spational abno

ground – residance (resistode test – Blot for installaton test – A wresults of a aults due to iuation – Whcan be a uhe shading ent changes. s used for syr use wheree contract.

ground – Re

evaluate sydures are proodules. rformed to tace is the coor within acc

ode test

fail in both des are fittednspected to e of overheatmode, the v

on: VBD betwe

s outside tholated incide

e connection

tween modueck to see if

acultative

e of tests desperformed pecific requermalities ha

istive groundtive) connectocking diodetions where bwet insulatiostandard (nonstallation oen inspectinseful recordvaluation prA shade reystem designe a project i

esistive grou

ystems that ovided by th

the specific rrrect value aeptable rang

open and shd. ensure that ting or carbovoltage acros

een 0.5 V an

is range, theent or the re

ns

ules should nf the connect

e for all S

scribed in thin some ci

est from a cve suggeste

d systems – Ttion to grounes can fail inblocking diodon test is primominally dryor manufactung a new PVd. Like the rovides a basecord can an are reflectis subject to

und systems

use a high ihe module m

requirementand is maintges of leakag

hort circuit s

they are coonization. ss the blocki

d 1.65 V.

e system shaesult of anoth

not be signifition has com

olar PV p

e Category 1ircumstanceclient or as ad a problem

This test is und. both open ades are fittedmarily used ay) insulation uring defectsV system, a velectrical mseline for futalso be useed in the aso a performa

s

mpedance (manufacture

ts of the modtaining the Dge current.

states. This t

orrectly conn

ng diode (VB

ll be furtherher system fa

cantly hotterme loose or is

lants

1 and 2 test ss. These tesa mean of dem that has no

sed to evalu

and short cird. as part of a ftest are qu

s are suspectverification omeasurementture compareful to verif‐built systemance guaran

resistive) coers who requ

dule manufaDC system at

test is impor

ected (polar

D) shall be m

r investigatedault.

P

r than the ws corroded.

sequences, tsts are likeetecting fauot been iden

uate systems

rcuit states.

fault finding uestionable oted. of the as‐buts describedrisons as thefy that the m. Shade recntee or othe

onnection touire resistive

acturer, to vet acceptable

rtant for inst

rity correct)

measured.

d to determ

Page | 39

wire itself.

there are ly to be lts when ntified by

that use

This test

exercise: or where

ilt shade d in this e shading shading

cords are er similar

o ground. e ground

erify that voltages

tallations

and that

ine if the

6.6.4

6.6.4.1 The wetThe wetconditionot enteground fThis testsecured manufacinadequA wet inquestionThe tescompontypicallyIn somearray.

6.6.4.2 The procwith an Prior to water antesting, includingPerformfor a stabe wornA minimfield resafter thetest.

6.6.5 S

The purpat the tiFor smaFor largmeasureA numbscene on

PV array – W

General

t insulation rt insulation rons. This tester active pofaults, or post is especiallyjunction bocturing and uately sealednsulation tesnable, or wht can be apnents or sub‐y selected due circumstan

Wet insula

cedure to beadditional intest, the send surfactanthe area ofg the front, r

ming this test andard insulan during the tmum of two psulting in large second pe

Shade evalu

pose of perfme – to provall systems, tger systems, ements may er of meansn a sunpath

Wet insulati

esistance tesresistance tet simulates rrtions of these an electricy effective foox covers, adesign flaw diode casesst would typiere insulatiopplied to a ‐sections of tue to a knownces, the we

ation test pr

e followed isnitial step of ection of thent. The mixtuf the array urear and edgpresents a pation test shtest should cpeople are rege variation erson has co

uation

orming a shavide a baselinthe shade refor systembe required exist to mediagram as s

ion resistan

st is primarilest evaluatesain or dew oe array’s elecal safety haor finding abnd other sim

ws including s, and impropically be impon faults duewhole arrathe array). Wn or suspectet insulation

rocedure

s to be the sawetting the e array undeure should bunder test sges of modulpotential eleould be folloconsider the ecommendeof results) –mpleted wet

ade evaluatine for futurecord should s with mult. asure and reshown in Figu

nce test

y of use as ps the PV arraon the array ectrical circuazard to persbove ground milar installapolymer super (indoor rplemented we to installatiay or on larWhere only pted problem test may b

ame as that array. er test shoube sprayed oshould be ches, togetherectric shock howed. The sewet environ

ed to perform– one persotting the are

on is to recoe comparison be taken astiple sub‐arr

ecord shade.ure 5.

part of a faultay’s electricaand its wirinitry where isonnel or equdefects suchation issues.ubstrate punrated) connewhen the reson or manufrger systemparts of the aidentified due requested

described in

uld be thoronto all partshecked to er with all junchazard and telection of pnment that thm this test (an to conductea of concer

ord the shadens. s close a prarays or com

. One suitabl

t finding exeal insulation ng and verifit may enhanuipment. h as wiring da. It also maynctures, cracectors. ults of a (nofacturing defs to selectearray are beuring other t on a samp

n the standar

oughly wetteof the arraynsure that action boxes ahe safety prepersonal prothe test will bas wetness dt the measurn and has g

e and horizo

ctical to theplex shading

le method is

P

ercise. under wet oies that moisnce corrosio

amage, inady be used tcked junctio

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rd insulation

ed with a my under testall parts areand cables. eparations dtective equipbe performedries up quickurement immgiven the app

on conditions

e centre of tg, a series o

s to record th

Page | 40

operating sture will on, cause

equately to detect n boxes,

y test are pected. o specific these are

on of the

n test but

ixture of . Prior to e wetted,

described pment to d under. kly in the mediately proval to

s present

he array. of shade

he shade

In all cas

Note: A useful regrow to

ses the shad

Record the l

Show South

Be scaled so

description ecord. Thesethe point of

Fi

e record sha

ocation that

or North (as

o as to show

of any shade include conf obstructing

gure 5 – Exa

ll:

t the shade r

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n‐path diagra

aken from.

f any shade o

ely to be an rway or plan

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object.

issue in the ned, and any

P

future can ay vegetation

Page | 41

also be a n likely to

7 TE

7.1 O

The TestHoweveThe Test All Solar

Solar PV

7.2 In

After thshall be

7.3 P

All SolarThese fuand conFor this

HereafteconsiderThe adospecifica The purp

EST WITH

Overview

t with Intercer different ret with Interc

r PV plants:

Interface Pro

Performance

V plants > 100

Evaluation o

Power Quali

nterface P

e Solar PV pperformed:

The InterfacEWA in acco

The Interfacthe Interface

After a powe

Performan

r PV plants arunctions aretrol system utest it is pos

The monitor

External insparameters

er it will berations may opted criterations IEC 61

poses of a pe

identificatio

localization

comparison

comparison

comparison

INTERCO

connection sequirementsonnection in

otection;

e monitoring

0 kW:

of the “Perfo

ity measurem

Protection

plant has be

ce Protectioordance with

ce device dise Protection

er recovery t

nce monito

re fitted withe integrated usually instasible to use:

ring system o

struments t

e assumed be applied aia are taken1724‐2 and IE

erformance

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of PV system

of PV system

of PV system

ONNECTIO

shall be perfos apply to thencludes the v

g functions;

rmance Rati

ments and te

n

een connecte

n settings (fh the parame

connects the

the Interface

oring func

h performanin the inverlled in the la

of the PV pla

that measur

that a proalso to tempon from the EC 61724‐3.

monitoring s

mance trends

faults in a PV

m performan

ms of differe

ms at differe

ON

ormed on ale PV plants wverifications

o”;

est

ed to the gr

functions, theters defined

e solar PV p

e Protection

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ce monitorinrters or are arger plants.

ant, or

re and log

per monitoorary solutiointernationa

system are d

s in an individ

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nt configura

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ll PV plants, with referenclisted below

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hresholds and in the Stand

lant in case

recloses the

ng functionsavailable th

the releva

ring systemons that makal standard

diverse and c

dual PV syste

n expectation

tions; and

.

regardless tce to their po.

wered, the fo

nd times) ardards [1].

of power fai

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. rough the d

ant electric

be used. e use of exteIEC 61724‐

an include th

em;

ns and guara

P

their power ower capaci

ollowing ver

re those req

ilure on com

evice.

dedicated mo

and enviro

However, thernal instrum1 and the t

he following

antees;

Page | 42

capacity. ty.

ifications

quired by

mmand of

onitoring

onmental

he same ments. technical

:

These danalysis comparidata andand locaemphasThe requuser objlevels ofThe monThe mon(high accClass A commeras small

Basic sysDocumenSystem loElectricitFault locPV technPrecise P The clason the p

7.4 G

7.4.1 Sensors the startRecalibrmanufacIt is recreferenc

7.4.2 SpecificaelectronUser gui

diverse purpmethods ming performad consistencalizing faultsis on measuruired accurajectives. Thisf accuracy, anitoring systnitoring systcuracy, medor Class B wrcial installater commerc

Table

Typical

stem performantation of a peosses analysisty network intalization

nology assessmPV system deg

sses specifiedpower capaci

Pn ≤ 11 kW:

11 kW > Pn

Pn > 100 kW

General on

Calibration

and signal‐ct of monitorration of sencturer or at mcommendedce devices in

Documenta

ations of all nics, shall be ides shall be

oses give risay be more ance to desigcy between p, there may rement repeacy and comps document s listed in Tatem classificaem classificaium accuracwould be motions, while Cial and resid

e 4 – Monitor

l applications

ance assessmeerformance gus teraction asse

ment gradation asse

d in Table 4 ity of the sol

≤ 100 kW:

W:

n data acq

conditioning ing. nsors and sigmore frequed to perform order to ide

ation

componentsdocumentedprovided fo

se to a diveor less suitegn expectatioprediction anbe a need f

eatability andplexity of thedefines threble 4. ation shall bation may bey, basic accuost appropriClass B or Claential install

ring system

s

ent uarantee

essment

essment

apply to thear PV plant (

Clas

Clas

Clas

quisition,

electronics u

gnal‐conditiont intervals wm periodic centify out‐of‐

s of the mond. r the monito

erse set of red dependinons and guand test methfor greater rd correlatione monitoringee classificati

e stated in ae referenceduracy) as indiate for largeass C would lations.

classificatio

ClassHigh acc

XXXXXXX

e Testing wit(Pn):

ss C

ss B (Class C a

ss A (Class B

timing an

used in the m

oning electrowhere specifcross‐checks‐calibration s

nitoring syste

oring system

requirementg on the sperantees, thehods, while fesolution at n metrics rathg system depions of moni

any conform either by itsicated in Tabe PV systembe most app

ns and sugge

s A curacy Me

thout Interc

acceptable)

acceptable)

nd reporti

monitoring sy

onics is to bfied. s of each ssensors.

em, including

software.

ts, and diffeecific objecti focus shoulor analyzingsub‐levels oher than abspends on thetoring syste

ity declaratis letter codeble 4. s, such as upropriate for

ested applic

Class B edium accura

X X X

onnection a

ng

ystem shall b

e performed

ensor again

g sensors an

P

erent sensorive. For examld be on systg performancof the systemsolute accurae PV systemms providing

ons to this se (A, B, C) or

utility‐scale ar small syste

cations

acy Cla

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s follows, de

be calibrated

d as require

nst sister se

d signal con

Page | 43

s and/or mple, for tem‐level ce trends m and an acy. size and g varying

standard. its name

and large ems, such

ass C accuracy X

epending

d prior to

d by the

nsors or

ditioning

All systedocumeA log shthe dataWhen aindicate

7.4.3 For Clasat moreInspectiovermin tempera

7.4.4 S

A samplthe timeA recordthe recointerval intervalsThe recofunctionquantitysamplesinterest.A reportperiod iweeks, m Table 5

Maximum

Maximum* The inbut do no

7.4.5 Each recTimestarecordin

em maintenaented. ould be kepta acquisition a conformityd class A, B,

Inspection

s A and Clase frequent inon should loin enclosureature sensor

Sampling, r

e is defined e between sad is defined aording intervshould be as should fit worded paramn of the samy. The recors, number o. t is defined s the time months, or y

lists the max

Maxim

m sampling inFor irradiancelectrical outpFor soiling, ra

m recording inndicated samplot apply when

Timestamps

cord and eacmp data shng interval or

ance, includin

t to record usystem, chay declarationor C.

ss B the monntervals, whook for damaes, loose wis, embrittlem

recording, an

as data acquamples. Samas data enteval, denoted an integer mwithin 1 h. meter value mples acquirrd can also of missing d

as an aggrebetween repyears.

ximum value

Table 5 – S

mum interval

nterval ce, temperatuput ain and humid

nterval ling interval r

n using satellit

s

ch report shaall include tr reporting p

ng cleaning o

unusual evennges to the on is made, d

nitoring systeile for Classage to or disiring connecment of attac

nd reporting

uired from a ples do not nred into a daby τ in this ultiple of the

for each reced during thinclude su

data points,

egate value cports. Typica

s for samplin

Sampling an

ure, wind an

dity

requirements e-based estim

all include a tthe date anperiod and th

of sensors, P

nts, componeoverall systedocumentati

em should bs C inspectiosplacement ctions at sechments, an

g

sensor or mneed to be pata log for d document, e sampling i

cord is the ahe recordingpplementaryerror codes

covering mually the rep

ng intervals a

nd recording

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nd 3 s

1 mi

1 mifor class B an

mation of irradi

timestamp.nd time corrhe choice sha

PV modules,

ent changes,em operationion shall de

be inspected on should beof exterior snsors or wid other pote

measuring depermanently ata storage, is the time nterval, and

average, maxg interval, ay data suchs, transients

ultiple recordorting perio

and recordin

interval req

s A curacy Me

s

in

in nd class C apiance or meteo

responding tall be specifie

or other soi

, sensor recan, failures, famonstrate c

at least anne per site‐spsensors, evidthin enclosuential proble

vice, and thestored. based on acbetween rec an integer n

ximum, minis appropriat as additios, and/or ot

ding intervald would be

ng intervals.

quirements

Class B edium accura

1 min*

1 min

15 min pply to groundorological par

to the begined.

P

led surfaces

alibration, chaults, or accidconsistency

nually and ppecific requidence of moures, detachems.

e sampling in

cquired samcords. The rnumber of r

imum, sum, te for the mnal statisticther data o

ls, and the r chosen to

acy Cla

Basic a

1 m

1

60d-based measrameters

nning or en

Page | 44

, shall be

hanges to dents. with the

referably rements. oisture or hment of

nterval is

ples, and recording recording

or other measured s of the f special

reporting be days,

ass C accuracy

min*

min

0 min urements,

d of the

The timeavoid wiMidnighWhen mclocks oposition It is reintercha

7.5 M

7.5.1 The Tabof each requiremparamet A checkspecific The minIf the PVdifferenThe symmeteoro NOTE: Tby the meteoroprovidesidentifyifault loc

T

Par

In-plane (POA) Global HIrradiancPV modutemperatuAmbient temperatu

Wind speWind dir

e should refinter/summeht shall be tremultiple dataof the units ing system (

commendedange formats

Measured

General req

le 6 lists memonitoring

ments are prters.

k mark (√) innotes where

imum numbV plant inclut local geogr

mbol “E” in Tological data

The most sigPV array, tological paras the abilitying system dcalization and

Table 6 – Me

rameter

irradiance

Horizontal ce ule ure air

ure

eed rection

fer either to er time chaneated as the a acquisitionshall be synGPS) or netw

d that docus – Informati

paramete

quirements

easured parag parameter rovided in th

n Table 6 inde included.

ber of on‐siteudes multiplraphy, then aTable 6 indic or satellite d

gnificant andthe PV cell ameters listey to compadesign or mad assessing u

easured para

Symbol / Units

Gi [W/m2]

GHI [W/m2] Tmod [°C]

Tamb [°C]

WS [m/s] WD [°]

local standanges, and thestart of a ne units are innchronized, pwork time pr

umentation ion interchan

ers

meters and is listed in

he next parag

dicates a re

e sensors is 1e sections tat least one sates a paramdata, rather

direct impatemperaturd in Table 4re to historaintenance putility grid int

ameters and

Moni

EnviroSolar resou

Solar resohistorical aDetermininrelated losConnectionand esttemperaturEstimation

ard time (noe choice of tiew day and envolved thatpreferably brotocol (NTP

of timestamnge – Repres

a summary order to ggraphs and i

quired para

1 for PV planthat have difsensor shall meter that mthan measu

acts on PV pre, and sha aids in estimrical meteorproblems. Adteractions.

d requireme

itoring purpo

onmental paraurce

ource, connecand satellite dng tempe

sses n to historic

timation ofre n of PV tempe

t daylight same shall be sexpressed ast each indepby an autom).

mps follow sentation of d

of measuremuide the usn Annex B –

meter to be

ts up to 5 Mfferent PV tebe placed inmay be estimred on site.

performance ading losses mating somerological datdditional pa

nts for each

ose C

ameters

ction to data erature-

al data f PV

erature

avings time) specified. 00:00.

pendently apmated mecha

ISO 8601 dates and tim

ment requireer. More de– Measureme

e measured

W and 2 for echnology tyeach section

mated based

are in‐planedue to so

e of these fata for the srameters list

monitoring

MeasureClass A

√

√

√

√

√ √

P

or universal

pply timestaanism such a

Data elememes.

ements. Theetails and aent of enviro

on site, qua

larger ones.ypes or subsn. d on local or

e irradiance oiling. Monitctors indepesite, and cated in Table

system clas

ement requireClass B

√ or E

√ or E

√ or E

√ or E

√ or E

Page | 45

time, to

mps, the as global

ents and

purpose dditional onmental

alified by

stantially

regional

received toring of endently, an aid in e 6 aid in

s

ed Class C

√ or E

√ or E

Par

Soiling ra

Array voArray curArray po

Output vOutput cuOutput pOutput en

Output pReduced demand System ofactor req

7.5.2 The envThe instand the Annex B

7.5.3 All electelectricawhichev Note: El1000 W/Electrica8 for meoperatinTable 7measureconversiin additi

rameter

atio

oltage (DC) rrent (DC)

ower (DC)

oltage (AC) urrent (AC) ower (AC) nergy

ower factor load

output power quest

Environmen

ironmental ptructions regrequiremen

B – Measurem

Electrical m

trical measual output whver is lower.

ectrical outp/m2) and lowal measuremeasurementng at STC. 7 lists theements on tion. Optionaion to or inst

Symbol / Units

SR

Va [V] Ia [A] Pa [W]

Vout [V] Iout [a] Pout [W] Eout [kWh]

req

ntal parame

parameters agarding the vnts for the mment of envi

measuremen

urements shhen the PV a

put can signifw module temments shall has correspond

e requiremehe PV arrayally the DC mtead of at the

Moni

Determininlosses Energy oufault locali

ElecEnergy ou

Utility reqDeterminerequest comimpact on performan

eters

are listed in tverification omeasurementronmental p

ts

all have a rrray is opera

ficantly excemperature (bave uncertaiding to ≥ 20

ents for in prior to po

measuremente inverters.

itoring purpo

ng soiling-rela

utput, diagnostization

ctrical parameutput

quest compliane utility or loadmpliance andPV system

nce

the Section Aof the correts of the enparameters.

range extendating at STC o

eed the expebelow 25 °C)nty meeting0 % of the e

nverter‐levelower conversts may be pe

ose C

ated (if S

tic and

eters

nce d If a

If a

A of the Tablect installatiovironmental

ding up to aor up to the

cted STC val. g the requireexpected ele

electrical sion and AC erformed at e

MeasureClass A

√ SR > 2%) √ √ √

√ √ √ √

√ applicable

aapplicable

a

le 6. on of the en parameters

at least 120maximum r

ue due to ov

ments listedctrical outpu

measurememeasuremeeach combin

P

ement requireClass B

√ √ √ √

√ If

applicable If

applicable

nvironmentas are availab

0 % of the erating of the

ver‐irradianc

d in Table 7 aut when the

ents, includents followinner box or ea

Page | 46

ed Class C

√ √

l sensors ble in the

expected inverter,

ce (above

and Table e array is

ding DC ng power ach string

Input volInput curInput powOutput vOutput cuOutput p

Active po

Power fa

7.5.4 The momaximuor requipower c

7.6 D

The perfelectricabe effecdocume

7.6.1 Processeeach daintroduc

7.6.2 The memissing shall be Recomm

T

Paramete

ltage (DC) rrent (DC) wer (DC)

voltage (AC) urrent (AC) ower (AC)

Table

Parameter

ower and ener

actor

External sys

nitoring systm output porements, whcurtailment.

Data proce

formance mal parameterctively used fent the perfo

Daylight ho

ed data for iy (sunrise toce errors in a

Removing in

asured dataor invalid dadocumented

mended meth

applying phy

applying phy

applying stamultiple sen

applying codata;

Table 7 – Inv

er

e 8 – Plant‐le

rgy as

as

stem require

tem should ower to the hich may inc

essing an

onitoring sysrs. The reliabfor the moniormance of th

ours

rradiance ano sunset, irraanalyses, unl

nvalid readi

a shall be cata points and by the monhods of iden

ysically reaso

ysically reaso

tistical tests nsors;

ntract data

erter‐level e

ClaHigh a

±2±2±2±2±2±2

evel AC elect

Class AHigh accura

Class 0,2 Ss per IEC 6205

Class 1s per IEC 6155

ements

document putility grid aclude, for exa

d quality

stem collectsbility of theseitoring of thehe renewabl

nd PV‐generaadiance ≥ 20ess such erro

ings

hecked and nd filter themnitoring systetifying missi

onable minim

onable limits

to identify o

to identify

electrical me

Mass A accuracy 2.0 % 2.0 % 2.0 % 2.0 % 2.0 % 2.0 %

trical output

acy S 53-22 a

57-12 a

periods durinand/or local ample, syste

check

s the measue measures se Solar PV ple generator

ated power 0 W/m2) to aors have bee

filtered, eitm out of subsem. ng or invalid

mum and ma

s on maximu

outlying valu

viable para

easurement

MeasurementClas

Medium an/n/n/

±3.0±3.0±3.0

t measurem

Class BMedium accu

Class 0,5 as per IEC 620

Class 1as per IEC 615

ng which theloads as a reem output p

res relevant shall be checlant or to co.

should be reavoid extraneen demonstr

ther automasequent anal

d data points

aximum limit

m rates of c

ues, including

ameter boun

requirement

t uncertaintyss B accuracy /a /a /a 0 % 0 % 0 %

ent requirem

B uracy S

053-22

557-12

e PV systemesult of exteower factor

to the envircked in ordermpile the pe

estricted to teous night‐tated to be n

atically or mlysis. Such m

include:

ts;

hange;

g comparing

ndaries for c

P

ts

y Class

Basic accn/an/an/an/an/an/a

ments

Class CBasic accu

Class 2per IEC 620

Class 2per IEC 620

m does not drnal system demand and

ronmental anr these measeriodical rep

the daylight ime data vanegligible.

manually, tomissing or inv

measureme

certain perf

Page | 47

C curacy

C uracy 2 053-21 2 053-21

eliver its requests d system

nd to the sures can ports that

hours of lues that

identify valid data

ents from

formance

A recomTable 9 Dependand thefilters (docume

Flag type

Range

Dead value

Abrupt change and stability

* May be** The medge effe1500 W/excluded Note: Pirradianc The stableast evpoints isstability The numthe testmay be collectindependi

noting error

identifying a

identifying m

identifying r

checking tim

checking sys

mmendation with values ing on the lo frequency range, deadented as part

Desc

Value accepta

Valuessingle val

Detecderi

Valueunacceptadata poinusing de

temperatusp

e adjusted depmaximum irraects, whereby /m2. For mos

d from the eva

otential‐induce condition

bility filter revery minute s less than filter to bot

mber of data. As a guidetaken as a gng more dating on the lo

r codes retur

and deleting

missing data;

readings stuc

mestamps to

stem availab

for applicatsuggested wocal conditioof data colled value, abt of the final

Table

cription

outside of able bounds

s stuck at a ue over time.

cted using ivative

es change ably between nts. Detected erivative for ure and wind peed

pending on theadiance includlight is reflec

st systems, thaluated data by

uced degrads remarkably

ecommendedduring 15 m5% of the ah the irradiaa points idene to determiguide. The laa on longer ocal weather.

rned by senso

redundant d

;

ck at a single

identify gap

ility reports.

tion of this pwhen the collns, the detaiection, the frupt changereport.

e 9 – Data va

SuggeIrradia

[W/m

IrradiancW/m2

> 1200 WDerivati0,0001 wvalue is

Assuming data deriveat least 1 mstandard de> 5% of a

e season of daded in the anacted by a nearbese conditiony the stability

dation (PID) y, without a

d here calcuminutes) anaverage of tnce and powtified as mening an adeqarger numbedays and is.

ors;

data entries;

e value for an

ps or duplicat

procedure folected data hils of the plafiltering crite/stability a

alidation and

ested Criteriaance

m2] te

ce < 0 2 or W/m2 ive < while s > 5

< >

15 min ed from

min data, eviation

average

ata acquisitionalysis may beby cloud and cns will cause filter.

effects maymeasurable

lates the aved confirms the same dawer data. eting the criquate, yet rer of data pos expected t

n extended t

tes in data;

or this applihave been ant design, theria may beand inverter

d filtering cr

a for FlaggingAmbient mperature

[°C] > 55 or < -10*

0,0001 and > -0,0001

> 4

n. e adjusted to can cause irrasaturation of

y start to reeffect at hig

erage of at lethat the staata points. I

iteria in Tableasonable, noints during o result in a

ime;

cation is givveraged 15 mhe addition oe modified, br status) sh

riteria

g Rejected DaWind speed

[m/s]

>15 or < 0,5

< sensitivityof sensor

> 10

account for thadiance readinf the inverter,

educe the pgh irradiance

east 15 data andard deviat is recomm

le 9 will affenumber of dthe summera higher accu

P

ven in more minute timeof other databut all four hall be app

ata (15 min dd Powe

power

5 > 1,02 ×<

y < 0.1% c3 rea

Assumindata deriat least 1 standard > 5% of

the possibilityngs up to appro, and will typ

power outpue.

points (meaation for thmended to a

ect the uncerdata points, r reflects theuracy measu

Page | 48

detail in periods. a streams types of lied and

data) er (AC

rating)

rating or < 0

change in adings

ng 15 min ived from min data, deviation

f average

y of cloud oximately pically be

ut at low

asured at ose data apply the

rtainty of Table 10 e ease of urement,

Table

Sea

Winter Spring Summer Autumn

7.6.3 Missing

The treamissing quantifyperformThe spec

7.7 C

Table 11table sh

InPVEnAAFiR

7.7.1

7.7.1.1 In the finterval in the re

e 10 – Examp

ason

Treatment o

or invalid da

the invalid recorded be

the invalid o

the data madocument, o

the analyzed

atment of mior invalid dy module pemance and avcific treatme

Calculated

1 summarizeall be report

n-plane irradiaV array outpunergy output f

Array power raArray power ra

inal system yiReference yield

Description

Notes on s

formulas givwithin a repeporting peri

ple guide for

D

November January 2

March 24 September 2

of missing d

ata may be tr

or missing efore and/or

or missing da

ay be treateor other spec

d interval ma

issing or invaata associaterformance, vailability. ent of missin

d paramet

es calculatedted with resp

Parameter ation ut energy (DC)from PV syste

ating (DC) ating (AC) ield d

of calculate

summations

ven below inporting perioiod.

r seasonal m

Dates

22 – January 22 – March 23– September 2

22 – Novembe

data

reated in one

data may bafter the inv

ata may be re

d in a manncification cov

ay be treated

alid data maed with invebut should b

g or invalid d

ters

d parameterpect to the re

Table 11 –

) em (AC)

ed paramet

s

nvolving sumod, and the s

minimum staapplications

Mii

21 3 21 er 21

e of the follo

be replacedvalid or miss

eplaced with

ner specifiedvering the in

d as missing

y depend onerter issues be retained

data shall be

s which are eporting per

Calculated p

S

ters

mmation, tksymbol: Σ de

ble irradiancs

nimum POAirradiance

450 550 650 550

owing ways:

by values ing data;

h an average

d in a valid cnstallation;

or invalid.

n the goal ofshould be dif the goal i

e documente

further defiriod (typically

parameters

Symbol Hi Ea

Eout Po

Po,ac Yf Yr

denotes thnotes summ

ce requireme

RequiMinute A

estimated f

value for the

contract, per

the measurdiscarded if ts to capture

d in any repo

ined below. y a day, mon

k

kWkW

e duration ation over a

P

ents for flat‐

ired Number Average Dat

20 30 60 40

from the va

e analyzed in

rformance g

rement. For ethe goal is se all aspects

orts.

All quantitienth, or year).

Unit kWh/m2

kWh kWh kW kW

Wh/kW Wh/kW

of the kth rall recording

Page | 49

‐plate

of 15-a Points

alid data

nterval;

uarantee

example, strictly to of plant

es in the

recording intervals

Note thpower sunits of

7.7.1.2 IrradiatiIn‐planethe irrad

7.7.1.3 Energy parametAlternatenergy qThe PV a

The AC e

7.7.1.4 The finaof instal

7.7.1.5 The refereferenc

where tdetermiThe refebe at remonitorIf the re

at in formulshould be exkWh.

In‐plane ir

on, also knoe irradiation diance as fol

,

Electrical e

quantities mters over thetively, if powquantities marray DC out

energy outpu

Final syste

al PV system led PV array

⁄

Reference

erence yield ce plane of a

⁄

the referencned. erence yield eference irrared during thporting perio

as involvingxpressed in k

rradiation

wn as insolaquantity Hi lows:

,

energy

may be calce reporting pwer measuray be taken put energy i

,

ut is given by

,

em yield

yield Yf is thy:

⁄

yield

Yr can be crray irradian

,

ce plane of

represents tadiance levehe reporting od is equal to

the produckW and the

tion, is the tcorrespondin

ulated fromperiod. rements aredirectly as ms given by:

y:

he net energ

calculated bynce:

array irrad

the number els in order period whileo one day, th

t of power qrecording in

time integralng to an irra

m the integr

e performedmeasuremen

gy output of

y dividing th

iance Gi,ref

of hours duto contribu

e the utility ghen Yr would

quantities wnterval in ho

of irradiancadiance quan

al of their c

using senst readings fr

the entire P

he total in‐p

f (kW/m2) is

ring which thute the samgrid and/or lod be, in effec

with the recoours in order

e. ntity Gi is cal

correspondin

ors with buom the sens

V system (AC

lane irradiat

s the irradia

he solar radime incident socal load wect, the equiva

P

ording intervr to obtain e

lculated by s

ng measure

uilt‐in totalizsors.

C) per rated

tion by the m

ance at whi

iation wouldsolar energyere available.alent numbe

Page | 50

val tk the energy in

summing

d power

zers, the

kW (DC)

module's

ch Po is

d need to y as was . er

of sun h

7.8 P

7.8.1 A numbmetric fCustomePerformon a moThe ratin Note: Pesystem exampletimes ofbetter trFor thealternat The perf

7.8.2 The perfindicatesystem cas:

Expandidenominonly on

The Annfor a rep Note: Teffect o

ours at the r

Performan

Overview

ber of metricfor a given er and the Co

mance ratios ore detailed mng‐based pe

erformance power outpe, systems wf high irradireated by a p above reaively to perf

formance rat

Performance

Annual perfo

Annual temp

STC‐tempera

Performanc

formance ras the overacomponent

⁄

ng the formnator in unitmeasured ir

nual performporting perio

he energy eof array tem

reference irr

nce ratio

cs are definesystem depontractor share based omodel of sysrformance ra

ratios are reput to deviawith high DCance, but thperformanceasons, in paormance rat

tios describe

e ratio (PR)

ormance rat

perature‐equ

ature perfor

ce ratio and

atio PR is thell effect of inefficiencie

⁄

mula and mots of energy, radiance and

,

mance ratio, od of one yea

expectation mperature, u

adiance per

ed here for ends on theall agree then the systemtem performatio metrics

elatively simate from expC‐to‐AC ratiohis is an expe index basedarticular castios.

ed in the IEC

io (PRannua

uivalent perf

mance ratio

d Annual per

e quotient oflosses on thes or failures

⁄⁄

oving Po to giving PR as d neglecting

PRannual, isar.

expressed busing the fi

day.

quantifying e system dee kind of perfm name‐platmance. are adopted

mple to calcupectations bo operate atpected attribd on a detailses perform

61724‐1 are

al)

formance rat

PR’stc

rformance r

f the systemhe system os, including b

,

the denom the ratio of other factor

,,

s the perform

by the denoixed value o

system perfesign and usformance tee rating, wh

d in this docu

late but maybased on tht less than tbute of the ed system mance indice

e the followin

tio (PR’annu

ratio

m’s final yieldoutput due balance of sy

inator, sum measured ers) over the g

mance ratio

minator of of array po

formance. Thser requiremst to be carrile a perform

ument.

y omit knowhe name‐plathe DC namsystem desi

model. s may be u

ng:

al‐eq)

d Yf to its refto both arraystem comp

expresses bnergy to expgiven reporti

of the abov

the above fower rating,

P

he most appments. Thereried out. mance index

wn factors thte rating al

meplate ratinign. Such eff

used along

ference yielday temperatponents. It is

both numerpected energing period:

ve formula e

formula negPo. Theref

Page | 51

propriate efore the

is based

hat cause one. For ng during fects are

with or

d Yr, and ture and s defined

ator and gy (based

evaluated

lects the fore, the

performthough accompahigher Pbetween

7.8.3 The seatemperaequivaleIt shouldfactor cadepende

7.8.4 S

The STCinterval referencThe valutemperaPR’stc isformula,

Where C

Here ismodule

is typicThe memonitorguarantesame hea bias etemperaNote thadifferen°C.

7.8.5 A

The annthe ann

mance ratio energy prodanies higherPR values inn systems ins

Temperatur

sonal variatature‐correctent performad be noted ausing seasoent shading,

STC perform

C performanto compensce temperatuue of the meature corrects calculated, as follows:

′

Ck is given by

1

s the relativtemperature

cally negativeasured PV mring objectivee, Tmod,k eat transfer mrror. In IEC Tature is showat the formut reference t

Annual‐tem

nual‐temperanual perform

usually decrduction is inr irradiation n winter andstalled in dif

re‐corrected

tion of the pted performance ratio). that while vonal variatiospectral effe

mance ratio

ce ratio, PRsate for diffure of 25 °C.etric will be ction. d by introdu

,

y:

,

e maximum‐e (in °C) in ti

e, e.g. for crymodule temve is to coshould instemodel used TS 61724‐2 Awn. ula that calctemperature

mperature‐e

ature‐equivamance ratio

reases with ncreased, duand results d lower valuferent clima

d performan

performancemance ratio

variations in ns in measuects, and oth

R’stc is calcuferences bet

closer to unit

ucing a pow

25

‐power tempme interval k

ystalline silicperature mampare PR’sead be estimby the simulAnnex A, a h

culates Ck cae by substitu

quivalent pe

alent performPRannual r

increasing ue to increain lower effues in summtes.

nce ratios

e ratio PR caPR’ (STC p

average amred performhers can also

ulated by adtween the a

ty than for t

wer rating te

perature coek.

con. ay be used tc to a tarmated from tlation that seheat transfe

an be used tution of the d

erformance

mance ratio regardless o

irradiation dsing PV modficiency. Thismer. It may

an be signifperformance

mbient tempmance ratio, o contribute t

djusting the actual PV mo

the performa

emperature

,,

efficient (in

for Tmod,krget value athe measureet the perforr model to c

to calculate desired refer

e ratio

PR’annual‐eof the durat

during a repdule tempers gives a seaalso give g

icantly reduratio or A

erature are other factorto the seaso

power ratinodule tempe

ance ratio ca

adjustment

units of 1/°C

in the formassociated wed meteorolrmance guarcalculate exp

performancerence tempe

q is constrution of the

P

porting periorature whichsonal variatgeographic v

ced by calcAnnual temp

the most sirs, such as senal variation

ng at each rerature and

alculated wit

t factor Ck

C), and Tmod

ula. Howevewith a perflogical data rantee valuepected cell o

e ratio adjuserature in pla

cted to appreporting p

Page | 52

od, even h usually ion, with variations

ulating a perature‐

ignificant easonally n of PR’.

recording the STC

thout the

into the

d,k is the

er, if the formance with the to avoid operating

sted to a ace of 25

roximate period. It

calculateinterval expectemetric, ithe metPR’annuformula,

Where C

Here ismodule tempera

is typicTmod,avpredicteshould temperaequivaleperformhistoricaThe meato compinstead used by61724‐2

7.8.6 The durfollows:

7.9 T

The TestThe finaas the fo

1) 2)

es the perforadjusted to d annual‐avit does not rric comparabual‐eq is calc, as follows:

_

Ck is given by

1

s the relativtemperatu

ature.

cally negativevg is chosened module tbe calculateature and thent performmance ratio Pal data. asured modupare PR’annube estimate

y the simulat2, Annex A, a

Test duratio

ration of the

Up to 11 kW

Above 11 kW

Above 100 k

Test repor

t report applal test reportollowing itemRelevant datDescription

rmance ratiocompensate

verage PV mremove the eble to the vaulated by in

_

y:

,

e maximum‐re (in °C) i

e, e.g. for cry based on htemperatureed by comphen verified ance ratio

PRannual for

ule temperatual‐eq to a taed from the tion that set heat transfe

on

e Test with

W – At least o

W and up to

kW – At least

rt (Pn > 10

les only to sot shall includms: ta on the Tesof the site b

o during the e for differenmodule tempeffect of annalue of PRanntroducing a

,

,

‐power tempin time inte

ystalline silichistorical wea as a functiputing an iusing the hiPR’annual‐ethe

ture may be arget value ameasured mt the performer model to c

Interconnec

one valid mea

100 kW – 1 d

t 10 days (95

00 kW)

olar PV plantde both the T

st Engineereing tested,

reporting pences betweeperature. Wnual‐averagenual. power rating

perature coeerval k and

con. ather data fion of ambirradiance‐wstorical dataeq for the h

used for Tmassociated wmeteorologicmance guaracalculate exp

ction will de

asurement

day (99% val

5% valid data

ts above 100Test Procedu

including lat

eriod with then the actualWhile this rede temperatu

g temperatu

,

efficient (in d Tmod,avg

for the site aent conditioeighted avea for the sitehistorical da

mod,k. Howevwith a performcal data withantee value,pected cell o

epend on th

lid data reco

a recorded)

0 kW. ure (either e

titude, longit

e power ratil PV module duces seasore losses and

ure adjustme

,

units of 1/°Cis an ann

and an empions and moderage of thee by confirmata is the s

ver, if the momance guarah the same , to avoid a perating tem

he size of th

rded)

explicitly or b

tude, and alt

P

ing at each rtemperatur

onal variatiod leaves the

ent factor Ck

C), and Tmodual‐average

irical relationdule construe predicted ming that thesame as the

onitoring obantee, Tmod,heat transfebias error.

mperature is

he Solar PV

by reference

titude

Page | 53

recording re and an n in the value of

k into the

d,k is the module

n for the uction. It module

e annual‐e annual

bjective is ,k should er model In IEC TS shown.

plant as

e) as well

3)

4) 5)

Addition6)

7)

8)

9) 10) 11)

12)

No pass/

Description parasitic loaDescription Description

nal sections fA summary calibration dlocation, inclike rough oA summary records of coThe descriptmet the stabA list of any Summary ofDescription correction faof the modresponse to A summary (temperatur

/fail criteria

of the systeds and how of the verificof the verific

for Solar PV of the defi

data for all secluding photor smooth vegof the definompleted cation of raw dbility and othdeviations ff the correctiof uncertaactors, baseel assumptioirradiance. version of

re corrected)

based on PR

m being testhese are docation of thecation of the

plants > 100 nition of thensors (sensographs for getation or snition of the alibrations data that weher criteria rom the testion factors thinty analysid on the uncons such as

the test re) in the test i

R and PR’ are

sted. Specificocumented be Interface Pre performanc

kW e meteoroloor identificadocumentinsnow and recsystem out

re collected

t procedure ahat were calis and statecertainty of s the tempe

sults may binterval.

e considered

c note shouldby the test rotection ce monitorin

ogical data ttion, test labng the sensocords of sensput data col

during the t

and why theculated for tement of uthe weatherrature mode

be provided

in the Test w

d be made o

ng system

taken duringboratory, datr location ansor cleaning.llected durin

est, includin

se were takethe filtered dncertainty ar measuremeel and the a

containing

with Intercon

P

of whether t

g the test, ite of test) annd ground co. ng the test,

ng note of wh

en data associated wents and unassumption

the PR and

nnection.

Page | 54

there are

including nd sensor onditions

including

hich data

with the certainty of linear

the PR’

8 PO> 1

8.1 O

The PowregardleA Test EThe harmverify thfor SolaBahrain In princiPOCs, th

8.2 A

The met

The harmharmonThe Harfollowin

The testplant asthe voltbe clearEWA/EDcustomecurrent attribute

8.3 A

If someaddition

OWER QU100 KW

Overview

wer Quality mess their voltngineer appmonic emisshat network r PV Systemand in EN 60iple, the testhe tests must

Assessme

thodology of

Observation

N = numberrange.

N1 = numbharmonic limharmonics li

N2 = numbevoltages excnormal opermonic conteics and N2/Nrmonic Emisg measurem

Taking advameasureme

Installing arequirementts are deemes specified inages during rly presentedDD planning er for additioemission sped to the sol

Additional

voltage hanal measurem

UALITY M

measuremenage connectointed by thsions generatpower qualit

ms to be conn0160. The sots are made t be perform

ent of the

f the tests is

n period of at

r of 10‐minu

er of 10‐minmit and the simits are def

er of 10‐minceeds the harating range.nt on the voN <= 5% for Tssions Perfoments metho

ntage of thents requirem

and making ts, to performed valid if thn Chapter 7. the Test Wid in tables folevels or limonal measurpectrum andar PV plant o

measure

rmonics limments are ne

EASUREM

nts and tests ion. e Applicant mting from thty is actuallynected in paolar PV plant for the who

med at each P

harmonic

here summa

t least one w

ute intervals

nute intervasupply voltagfined in [1].

nute intervalrmonic volta. ltage is acceTHD during tormance Tesds:

e functionalitments), by re

use of sm a dedicateey have beeIn other woith Interconnor their analyits. In case sements on c investigate or to the inte

ements

mits were foeeded:

MENTS A

applies to a

makes this ine solar PV py in line witharallel with tshall not gele power plaPOC.

c content

arised:

week with fix

in which th

als in which ge is within

s in which tage limits de

eptable whenhe observatists may be

ties of the Smetrieving the

specific insted test campen carried ouords, it is adnection. Theysis by EWA/ome limits acurrent harmwhether theraction with

ound over th

AND TEST

ll solar PV p

nspection. lant shall be the requirethe distributnerate distuant at POC. I

ed steps of 1

he supply vo

voltage harnormal oper

he THD valuefined in [1]

never N1/N <ion period.performed

mart Meter measureme

trumentationpaign. ut considerinvisable to me tests result/EDD engineare exceededmonics emisshe causes of h other equi

he limits as

TS – SOLA

lants whose

measured tments reportion networkrbances to of the solar P

10 minutes.

ltage is with

rmonics leverating range.

ue for one o and the sup

<= 5% for eac

indifferentl

(if it is compnts on a suit

n, complian

ng operating measure the s and the meers and theid, EWA/EDD ions in ordesuch limits pment.

specified in

P

AR PV PL

Pn is above

to allow EWArted in the Sks of the Kinother customPV plant has

hin normal o

el exceeds in. Levels for in

or more of thpply voltage

ch individua

ly using one

pliant with thtable time pe

nt with the

conditions oharmonic co

measured valir confrontatis entitled to

er to check thviolations a

n 8.2, the f

Page | 55

LANTS

100 kW,

A/EDD to tandards ngdom of mers. different

operating

ndividual ndividual

he phase is within

l

e of the

he above eriod.

e above

of the PV ontent in ues shall tion with o ask the he actual are to be

following

The currwith fixharmonPV plantThe indfrequendistortioThe currclose as operatio

Background PV plant disin the previo

Emission of

rent harmoned steps of ic current dit within the adividual harcies up to on shall be carent harmon possible to onal mode is

harmonic vconnected frous paragrap

current harm

nic measurem10 minutesstortion shaactive powermonic curre50 times talculated as nics shall bezero, i.e. if a used, this sh

oltage of therom the gridph have to be

monics durin

ments shall bs. The valuell be given inr ranges 0‐25ent componhe fundamederived frommeasured fapplicable thhall be clearl

e existing grd. The measue carried out

ng continuou

be made wites of the inn tables in pe5, 25‐50, 50‐nents shall ental grid frm these. for the solarhe reactive sly stated.

id at the Pourements witt, after disco

s operation.

h an observadividual curercentage of‐75 and 75‐1be specifierequency, a

r PV plant oset‐point con

int of Conneth the methonnection of

ation period rent compof In and for o00% of Pn. ed as sub nd the tota

perating witntrol shall be

P

ection, with odology as dthe plant

of at least oonents and toperation of

grouped vaal harmonic

th reactive pe set to Q=0

Page | 56

the solar described

one week the total the solar

alues for c current

power as . If other

ANNEX

Annex

The folloby the ATest Eng

Safety Solar PVType of AOrganizaFirst namLast namP.O. BoxStreet nuStreet namLocation City Voltage dPV capacVoltage dPV moduBuilding Building

TrackingNotes onPV array LocationCombineInverters SwitchgeOther Indicatio Notes onequipmen Interfere Locationextinguis

XES

x A - Safet

owing form iApplicant / Cogineer) visitin

y Informat

V plant Applicant ation (if applicme me x umber me

n / Area

delivery city [kW] delivery ule installationinstallation (itype (if appli

g system if anyn safety measuy

n of equipmener boxes

ears

ns to put the P

n safety measunt

ences with oth

n of fire hydrashers

ty Informa

ndicating spontractor to ng the site of

tion Form

cable)

n if applicable) cable)

y ures to access t

nt

PV plant off-l

ures to access t

her works

ants and fire

ation Form

ecific risks aEWA/EDD of the PV plan

m

Indiv

230V

230V On b Flat r Villa Scho Hote Dete No tr

the

ine

the

m

nd on‐site saor to any othnt.

vidual Or

V (1 phase)

V (1 phase) building Orooftop R

a or small houool/Universityel/Restaurant ention/Correctracking S

afety measuer concerned

rganization

400 V (3 ph

400 V (3 phOther structureRoof flap usehold Ay Healthca

Entertainmtional OthSingle-axis tra

res shall be fd Authority o

hases) 11

hases) 11e (e.g. canopyFaçade O

Apartment blocare/Hospital ment Agrher . . . . . . . . .acking Tw

P

filled and deor Inspectors

1 kV

1 kV y) GroundOther ck Office Industrial

ricultural/Stab. . . . . . . . . . .

wo-axes tracki

Page | 57

livered s (e.g.

d

s

ble . . . . ing

Safety risks in t

Electric sFalls Slipping Dust Harmful

y Informat

the workplaceSpecific

shock

substances

tion Form

e and related prisk

m

prevention anC

nd protection Collective Pro

measuresotection

P

PPE

Page | 58

Annex

1 IRR

1.1 In

For flat orientedperpendanother Note: Pmodel.

1.2 G

Global hMeasureand can Note: Gmodel.

1.3 Ir

Suitable

x B – Meas

RADIANC

n-plane irr

plate systed parallel to dicular to th structure thOA irradian

Global hor

horizontal irrements of hbe relevant

GHI can also

rradiance

e irradiance s

thermopile p

PV reference

photodiode

surement

CE

radiance

ms, in‐planethe plane o

he sensor aphat is alignedce can also

rizontal ir

adiance (GHorizontal irrto documen

o be estimat

sensors

sensors inclu

pyranomete

e devices, in

sensors.

Figure

t of enviro

e irradiance of array (POAperture), mod parallel to tbe estimat

radiance

I) is measureadiance are ntation of a p

ted from PO

de the follow

rs (Figure 6);

cluding refer

e 6 – Exampl

onmental

is measureA), having aounted eithethe modulesed from GH

ed with a houseful for c

performance

OA irradianc

wing:

;

rence cells (F

le of an in‐p

paramete

ed with an i field of vieer on the m. HI using a d

rizontally orcomparison te guarantee.

e using a d

Figure 7) and

lane pyrano

ers

irradiance sew of at leasmodule supp

ecompositio

iented irradito historical

ecompositio

d reference m

meter

P

ensor with st 160° (in aport structu

on and trans

iance sensormeteorolog

on and trans

modules; and

Page | 59

aperture ny plane re or on

sposition

r. gical data

sposition

d

ThermoPyranomFor classshould bPV referwith prorequiremreferencThe TabmeasureThe sen0 W/m2 Note: Ovfrom clo

Sensor

Thermoppyranom

PV refedevice Photodiosensor

pile pyranommeters shall bs A systems,be considererence deviceocedures thements of IEC ce spectrum ble 12 lists ement, and Tsor, signal‐coto 1 500 W/

ver‐irradiancouds under p

Table 12

type

pile meter

Se

H

(Un

erence fr

ode

Figu

meters shall bbe calibrated angle of inced; see ASTMes shall confoerein. The de60904‐10. Pprovided in sensor choicTable 13 listsonditioning /m2 and a res

ce in the ranpartly cloudy

– Sensor cho

ClaHigh a

econdary stand

High quality pN

certainty ≤ 3 %

Uncertaifrom 100 W/m

Not ap

ure 7 – Exam

be classified d as stipulatecidence and M G183. orm to IEC 6evices shall mPV reference IEC 60904‐3ces and accs maintenancelectronics, solution of ≤

ge 1 000 W/conditions.

oices and req

ass A accuracy dard per ISO 9or

per WMO Guio. 8 % for hourly t

inty ≤ 3 % m2 to 1 500 W/pplicable

mple of an in‐

according toed by ISO 98temperature

60904‐2 and meet the sh device calib. curacy requice requiremand data sto

≤ 1 W/m2.

/m2 to 1 500

quirements

9060

ide

totals)

Go

(U

/m2 fro

‐plane PV se

o ISO 9060 o46 or ISO 98e corrections

be calibrateort circuit cubration is to b

rements forents for thesorage shall p

0 W/m2 or hig

for in‐plane

ClasMedium a

First class peor

ood quality peNo

Uncertainty ≤ tota

Uncertainom 100 W/m2

Not app

nsor

r WMO No. 847. s to pyranom

ed and mainturrent versube performe

r in‐plane ase sensors. provide a ran

gher can occ

and global i

ss B accuracy er ISO 9060 r er WMO Guid. 8 8 % for hourly

als) nty ≤ 8 %

to 1 500 W/mplicable

P

8.

meter measu

tained in accus irradiance d with respe

nd global ir

nge including

cur due to re

irradiance

ClaBasic a

de

y

A

m2 A

A

Page | 60

urements

cordance linearity

ect to the

rradiance

g at least

eflections

ass C accuracy Any

Any

Any

Each irra

The angsystem, or at timThermomay be

1.4 S

The locafrom sushall be The irrafrom loctimes ofto identFor planmodulesangle as Note: Ththe sensabove thground o The locaeffects oground the rest

1.5 S

Irradianc

adiance sens

Thermopile measure totto 3% (monhave long re

Matched PVcorrelates wor meteorol

Photodiode appropriate

gular sensitivbecoming es

mes when thepile pyranombest for in‐p

Sensor loc

ation of thenrise to sundocumenteddiance meascal surroundf the year, frify nearby vene‐of‐array ms, either dires the module

he measuredsor is placedhe row of moor nearby fe

al albedo shof adjacent mcovering nexof the field.

Sensor ma

ce sensor ma

sor type has

pyranomettal solar irradnthly averagesponse time

V reference dwith the monogical measu

sensors hafor smaller o

vity of the vaspecially a fae angle of incmeters may plane (POA) m

cations

irradiance set, if possibd. surement sedings (shadinom sunrise tents that coumeasuremenectly on the es, avoiding s

d irradiance d below a roodules, sinceatures.

hould be repmodule shadxt to the irr

aintenanc

aintenance r

its benefits:

ers are insdiance. Howe) under tyes compared

devices meanitored PV syurements of

ave significaor lower cos

arious sensoactor when mcidence maybe best for measuremen

measuremenble. If shadin

nsors shall bng or reflectto sunset. Wuld dischargent, irradiancemodule rackshadings and

may differ dow of modue a contribut

presentative ing. If the gradiance sen

ce

requirement

sensitive to wever, this caypical conditd to PV device

sure the PV‐ystem outpuf irradiance, d

antly lower st systems, b

ors may diffemeasuring gly be far fromGHI measurnt.

nt sensors sng occurs wi

be placed sotions), includ

When mountee vapors thate sensors shking or on ad reflections

depending oules, it may tion to the ir

of the alberound coverisors shall be

ts are listed i

typical spean vary fromions. In addes and photo

‐usable portut. However,depending o

cost than ut are typica

er from eachobal horizon normal. ement, whil

shall be chothin a half a

as to captuding nearby ed near or ont could condhall be placen extension completely.

on the positioshow a differradiance in a

edo experienng is not a coe documente

n Table 13.

ectral variat the PV‐usabdition, thermodiodes.

ion of the sothis may den instrumen

the other ally less accu

h other and ntal irradianc

e matched P

sen to avoidn hour of su

re the irradiportions of n a building,ense on the ed at the saarm mainta

on of the seerent readina tilted plane

nced by the onstant throed relative t

P

tions and tble irradiancmopile pyran

olar irradianeviate from hntation used.

two types rate.

from that oce (GHI) in th

PV reference

d shading counrise or sun

ance withouf the PV arra, care shouldsensors.

ame tilt anglained at the

nsor. For exng than whee originates

system witoughout the to what is p

Page | 61

therefore ce by 1 % nometers

ce which historical

and are

of the PV he winter

e devices

onditions nset, this

ut impact ay, at all d be used

le as the same tilt

ample, if n placed from the

hout the field, the resent in

Recalibra

CleaningHeating taccumulacondensafrozen pr

VentilatithermopipyranomDesiccanand replathermopipyranom Recalibrpossiblerecalibraused to CleaningmeasureirradiancNight‐tim Note: It time.

1.6 S

When pSuch satgeneraticost andSatellitedownwethe radiselectedfrom thirradiancSatelliteirradiancImporta

Ta

Item

ation

g to prevent ation of ation and/or recipitation

on (for ile

meters) nt inspection acement (for ile

meters)

ration of see to minimizeation, the sitreplace thosg of irradianed PV systece sensors ame data sho

is common

Satellite re

ermitted bytellite‐deriveion systems d maintenance remote senelling irradiaiance emitted number ofhese on‐boace componee‐derived irrces are typicnt considera

satellite‐derreviewing ap

able 13 – Irra

HigOn

At leasRequirwhere

and/or frow

measurthan 7

As per re

nsors and se the time thte should bese taken offlince sensorsm performare to be maiuld be check

for pyranom

emote sen

Table 6, irred irradianceincluding noce requiremnsing is an inance. The aped/reflected f visible and rd satellite nts are furthradiances, incally availableations when

rived data shpplication‐pe

adiance sens

Class A gh accuracynce per year

st once per wered in locatione condensationozen precipitaould affect

rements on mo7 days per yeaRequired

manufacturerquirements

signal‐condithat sensors ae designed wine, in order s without clance ratio. Intained in thked to ensure

meters to sho

nsing of ir

adiance quaes are extenson‐instrumeents of on‐sindirect apprpproach is inby the eartinfrared spemeasureme

her modeledncluding gloe in real timeselecting sat

hould be carertinent (loca

sor choices m

MO

eek ns n ation

ore ar

Rewh

and/o

meatha

r’s As

ioning electare offline. If with redundato prevent ileaning the n some cashe same state accurate ze

ow a small ne

rradiance

antities may sively used foented class Bite measuremroach to reliandirect becath’s surfaceectral bandsents via rad from the raobal horizone from commtellite model

refully selectalized) valida

maintenance

Class B Medium accur

nce every 2 y

Optional quired in locahere condensar frozen preci

would affectasurements onan 14 days per

Optional

per manufacturequirement

tronics shousensors are

ant sensors onterruption modules caes contract te of cleanlinero‐point ca

egative signa

be estimateor monitorinB and class Cments. ably estimatuse on‐boar through ths; surface doiative transfdiative transntal, direct mercial servils are as follo

ted after a rations associ

e requiremen

racy ears A

ations ation pitation t

n more r year

urer’s s

A

ld be perfoto be sent oor else backuof monitorinan result inrequiremeness as the mlibration.

al, –1 W/m2

ed from sateg the perforC systems, in

te site‐ and trd satellite ine filter of townwelling ifer models. sfer model ounormal, dices. ows:

review of theiated with th

P

nts

Class CBasic accu

As per manufaRequireme

As per manufaRequireme

ormed on sioff‐site for laup sensors sng. n a loweringnts may spemodules.

to –3 W/m2,

ellite remotemance of disn order to a

time‐specificnstruments the atmosphirradiance isIn‐plane anutput. iffuse, and

eir accuracyhe data sourc

Page | 62

C uracy acturer’s ents

acturer’s ents

te when boratory hould be

g of the ecify that

, at night

sensing. stributed avoid the

c surface measure here in a inferred

nd other

in‐plane

, e.g., by ce;

Note 1: measureand macontineninstrumeof satellbased inrange oradiativetypically

20 W/min absolagainst w Note 2:

100 W/mthe instmodel oirradiancsouth‐fatypicallyfor a tra Note 3: can introsand, wh Note 4:averagefor evalpower p

2 PV

The PV one or mThe mea°C. Dependevery 2 yIf adhesshould bcompatior degra

good satellirepresentat

Satellite‐deed irradianceaintenance. nts at once, entation soiite‐irradiancnstruments, f irradiancese transfer my have an acc

m2 throughoute terms, bwhich satelli

The best tra

m2 – i.e., a ctrumentationoutput GHI,ce, have a hacing (northey 1,25 times ined model,

If satellite‐doduce substhich may be

Satellite‐ded over long uating systeproduction.

V MODULE

module temmore moduleasurement u

ing on the myears for Claive is used tbe appropriaible with theaded by the a

te models cive ground m

rived irradiaes. Their maiWith a singsatellites remling, calibratces versus onthe accuracys, but tendsmodels — gcuracy of be

out the 100 Wbut in relatiote models ar

ained satellit

constant 10n used to tr, including igher uncertern hemisphlarger than frelative to t

derived data tantial error difficult to d

erived data periods. Theem energy p

E TEMPE

mperature, Tmes. uncertainty o

monitoring syass A and perto affix the tate for prolone surface maadhesive.

can be trainmeasuremen

nces have bn advantagegle set of cmove the untion drifts ann‐site measuy of satelliteto be const

global horiztter than 2 %

W/m2 to 1 00on to — henre evaluated

e models ca

0 W/m2 throurain them. Qtilted in‐platainty due tohere) or norfor GHIs, i.e. he training i

have not beon the orde

distinguish fr

may be leserefore satelproduction o

RATURE

mod, is mea

of the tempe

ystems, tempr manufacturemperature nged outdooterial on the

ned locally unts.

both advantae is their reliacarefully moncertainty annd location‐tured irradiane models is ntant in absoontal irradia% at 1 000 W

00 W/m2 rannce above and.

n deliver an

ughout the 1Quantities dane irradiano applicationrth‐facing (so2,5 % at 1 0nstrumentat

een trained fer of 10 %. Trom white clo

s accurate flite‐derived over an exte

asured with

erature senso

perature senrer’s recomm sensor to thor use at thee rear of the

using short‐t

ages and disability and coonitored onnd cost assocto‐location mces is their inot constant olute terms. ance (GHI) W/m2, but 20

nge. Note thnd beyond —

accuracy of

100 W/m2 toderived fromnce, direct of secondarouthern hem00 W/m2 fortion.

for a local arThis is especouds in some

for short pedata may bended period

a temperatu

ors, including

sors shall bemendations fhe back surfe site conditioe module so

erm, region

advantages onsistency in‐board sensciated with omismatches. ntrinsic accuin relative tFor the prim– well‐train

0 % at 100 W

at this uncer— the groun

1 % at 1 000

o 1 000 W/mm the primanormal irrary models. Umisphere) inr an untraine

ea, variationcially true in e situations.

eriods but me more approd as compar

ure sensor af

g signal cond

e replaced orfor Class B. ace of the mons and shouthat the mat

P

nally/environ

compared tn terms of casors coverinon‐site main The main liuracy. Unlikeerms over thmary producned satelliteW/m2 – i.e, a

rtainty is notd‐based inst

0 W/m2, and

m2 range – rery radiative adiance, andUncertainty f‐plane irraded model, an

ns in the loca a desert wi

more accuraopriate, for ered to instan

ffixed to the

ditioning, sha

r recalibrated

module, the uld be checkterial is not

Page | 63

mentally

o on‐site alibration ng entire tenance, imitation e ground‐he entire ct of the e models constant

t defined truments

d 10 % at

elative to transfer

d diffuse for tilted, iances is nd 1,25 %

al terrain ith white

te when example, ntaneous

e back of

all be ≤ 2

d at least

adhesive ked to be attacked

Adhesivshall be be 500 module'this may0,5 W/mAdditionAnnex BCare shsubstant Note 1: on the mmay bemateria Note 2: cell in frfactors. Module temperamay intris clampTherefodesired should bIn additdifferensensor isto arrayand sectModule IEC 609surface. tempera

3 AM

When reare repradiationTemperaresolutioTemperalocationinverter

e or interfacthermally coW/m2K or g's rear surfacy be achievemK in a layer nal recommeB. all be takentially altered

Cell junctionmodule's rea estimated, ls.

An infrared ront of the s

temperaturature may broduce a temped to the racre, care shalinformationbe distributetion, when tt orientations required foy size, are totion types. temperatur04‐5 as an This may reature measu

MBIENT A

equired by Tresentative n shields whature sensoon ≤ 0,1 °C aature sensos where thes or equipme

ce material bonductive. Tgreater, in oce and the ted using a thnot more thendations o

n to ensured due to the

n temperatuar surface, das a funct

image of thesensor is not

re varies acroe observed. mperature dick, since thel be taken ton is obtainedd throughouthe array cons or other or each modu be distribut

e measuremalternative

equire use ofrement purp

AIR TEMPE

able 6, the aof the arraich are ventiors and signnd maximumrs should bey will not ent shelters,

between the he total therorder to keeemperature ermally conhan 1 mm thin temperat

e that the tpresence of

ures are typicdepending otion of irrad

e front of tht substantial

oss each moFor exampleifference > 5 rack may aco place tempd. For perfout the systemonsists of mattributes tule type or sted in a repr

ment may alsoto using a f an additionposes.

ERATURE

ambient air tay conditionilated to pernal conditiom uncertainte placed at be affected, asphalt or r

temperaturrmal conducep the maxsensor on tductive adheick. ure sensor

temperaturethe sensor o

cally 1 °C to n the modudiance, using

he module mlly altered ow

odule and ace, strong wi5 °C. Similarlyct as a heat sperature sensormance mom so that themore than othat can affsection type, resentative m

o be performtemperaturnal reference

E

temperaturens by meansrmit free pasning electroty ±1 °C. least 1 m d by thermaroofing mate

re sensor andctance of theimum temphe order of esive with th

attachment

e of the celor other facto

3 °C hotter le constructg the therm

may help confwing to the

cross the arrnds blowingy, a module sink. sors in reprenitoring, a ne average temone module fect temperaand additionmanner amo

med with thee sensor in e module, no

, Tamb, shals of tempesage of ambonics shall t

away from al sources oerials, etc.

d the rear sue adhesive orerature diffeapproximatehermal cond

may be fou

l in front oors.

than the temion. The temmal conduct

firm that thepresence of

ay and substg parallel to may be cool

esentative locnumber of tmperature catype or inc

ature, at leanal sensors, ongst the dif

e Voc‐based contact wit

ot connected

l be measurerature sensoient air. together ha

the nearestor sinks, suc

P

urface of ther interface laerence betwely 1 K. For eductivity grea

und in IEC

of the senso

mperature mmperature divity of the

e temperatuf the sensor

tantial differthe module ler near a fra

cations suchtemperaturean be determcludes sectioast one temif required afferent modu

method desth the modd to the PV a

ed at locatioors located

ave a meas

t PV modulech as exhau

Page | 64

e module ayer shall ween the example, ater than

61724‐1,

or is not

measured ifference module

re of the or other

rences in surfaces ame that

h that the e sensors mined. ons with perature according ule types

scribed in ule back array, for

ns which in solar

surement

e and in sts from

Dependevery 2 yWhen pregional

4 WI

Wind spused forWind spthe arraperformIn somewith probe sufficmaximuWind mbe locatWind spof the reWind difrom geoWind se

5 SO

The soilito the p

5.1 E

Measurea)

b)

ing on the myears for Claermitted by l meteorolog

IND SPEE

peed and wir documentinpeed and diry conditions

mance guarane cases data oject design ciently smalm values. easuremented at a pointpeed sensor meading for wrection is deographical nensors shall b

OILING RA

ing ratio is thower that w

Equipment

ement of theA referencesoiling at thor PV moduthose used mounted in identical moA reference kept free ofshall have sdifferences device shall may be perfleast twice pclean devicetypically rec

monitoring syass A and perTable 6, amgical data.

ED AND D

ind directionng warranty rection are tos and/or the ntee of the Pon wind gusrequiremenll (e.g. ≤ 3 s

equipment t that is suffimeasuremenind speeds gefined as thorth. It shallbe recalibrate

ATIO

he ratio of thould be expe

t

e soiling ratioe PV device,e same rate le, but shouin the PV arthe same p

ounting mechPV device, df soiling. Thesimilar spectin responsebe mountedformed eitheper week, foe should be heive more th

ystems, tempr manufacturbient air tem

IRECTION

n are used fclaims relateo be measurconditions aV installationsts (typicallynts. When nes) and the d

shall not shaiciently far frnt uncertaintgreater than e direction f be measureed as per ma

he actual powected if the P

o requires th, designatedas the PV ald preferablyrray to be mplane as andhanisms. designated te clean devictral and ange should be d close to ther manually oor Class A, orheated to rehan 7 days of

perature senrer’s recommmperature at

N

for estimatined to wind dred at a heigassumed by an. y gusts up toecessary thedata record

ade the PV srom obstructty shall be ≤ 5 m/s. from which ed with an acanufacturer’s

wer output oPV array wer

he following:d the “soiledrray. The soiy be a PV momonitored sod at the aver

he “clean” dce may be egular respon included inhe soiled devor by an autr at lesser intmain free off frozen prec

sors shall bemendations ft the site ma

ng module triven damagght and locaany applicab

o 3 s in lengte monitoringshould cont

system at antions. 0,5 m/s for

the wind blccuracy of 5°s recommen

of the PV arrre clean and

d” device, wiled device module that is that it will rage height

device, whicheither a PV rnse to the sn the measuvice and co‐tomated systtervals if desf frozen preccipitation pe

e replaced orfor Class B. y be estimat

emperaturege. tion which ale performan

th) may be rg system samtain not onl

y time of da

wind speeds

ows, and is . dations.

ray under givfree of soilin

which is allomay be eithe identical to soil at the sof the PV ar

h is regularlyreference cesoiled deviceurement unplanar to it wtem and shasired for Clascipitation if inr year.

P

r recalibrated

ted based on

s. They may

are represennce model u

required to mpling perioy averaged

ay or year an

s ≤ 5 m/s, an

measured c

ven soiling cong.

owed to accer a PV refero or represensame rate. Itrray, prefera

y cleaned so ll or PV mode. The effeccertainty. Twithin 0.5°. ll be done dss B and Clanstalled in a

Page | 65

d at least

n local or

y also be

ntative of sed for a

compare d should but also

nd should

nd ≤ 10 %

clockwise

onditions

cumulate ence cell ntative of t shall be ably with

that it is dule, but ct of any he clean Cleaning aily or at ss C. The reas that

c)

d) e)

For itemin an eltypical measurecircuit (oneeded

5.2 C

a) b)

c)

The calibImmediashould bbe used

5.3 M

Performa) b) c)

d)

e)

5.4 M

Perform

A measuremand/or shormay be meaA measuremA measuremusing tempe

ms c) and d), ectrical statcrystalline sements, to aor max poweto choose th

Calibration

Choose a refDetermine designated rUsing the cpower (Meathe soiled de1) Complet2) Simultan

and tem3) Using th

calibrati4) Using th

the maxreferenc

bration shallately followibe close to uas a check o

Measurem

m the measurMeasure theMeasure theCalculate thvalues deterCalculate thand the temmaximum pCalculate thexpected ma

Measurem

m the measur

ment systemt‐circuit currasured using ment system ment system erature senso

in between te which masilicon moduvoid hot spoer) in betweehe appropria

n

ference conda calibratioreference coclean device asurement mevice at the tely clean theneously meamperature as he clean deon data detehis calculatedximum powece condition

be repeatedng the calibrnity. Significof the calibra

ment metho

rement as foe short‐circue max powerhe effective rmined for thhe expected mperature mower. e soiling ratax power cal

ment metho

rement as fo

m for measurent (MeasurI‐V curve trafor measurinfor measurinors affixed to

measuremeay cause degules should ot generationen measuremte hold state

dition of irran value for ondition. It is to measure

method 1) anreference coe soiled deviasure the soiwell as the cevice measuermined in std irradiance er and/or shof irradiance

d at least annration or follant deviatioation, so that

od 1 – ma

llows: it current anr and tempeirradiance fhe short‐circmax power measured in

io SR by divilculated in d

od 2 – sho

llows:

uring the mrement metacing or maxng the short‐ng the tempo their rear s

ents, the meagradation orbe held atn, while typiments. Obsee.

diance and P the short‐ sufficient toe irradiancend/or short‐ondition as foice. iled device mclean device ured short‐ctep b), calcuand the me

hort‐circuit ce and tempe

nually. lowing any sn from unityt the calibrat

ax power

nd temperaturature of thefrom the vacuit current.of the soilen b), using

iding the soi).

ort-circui

maximum pohod 2) of thex‐power‐poin‐circuit curreeratures of bsurfaces.

asurement sr metastablet open‐circucal thin film erve the mod

PV device temcircuit curreo use the ma, determine‐circuit curreollows:

maximum poshort‐circuitcircuit currelate the effeeasurementsurrent of therature.

significant ray indicates a tion may be

reduction

ure of the clee soiled devicalues measu

ed device at the calibrat

iled device m

t current

ower (Measue soiled devint‐tracking elent of the cleboth the soil

ystem shall e drift of thit (or max modules shodule manufac

mperature, eent of the cnufacturer’scalibration

ent (Measure

ower and/or t current andent and temective irradias for the soie soiled dev

infall, the mproblem witrepeated if n

n due to s

ean device. ce. red in a), u

the irradiantion values

max power m

reduction

P

urement meice. Maximulectronics. ean device. led and clean

not hold thee device. Thpower) in ould be heldcturer’s dire

e.g. STC. clean devices datasheet vvalues for ement meth

short‐circuid temperatumperature, wnce. iled device, vice correcte

measured soith the setup.necessary.

soiling

using the ca

nce determindetermined

measured in

n due to s

Page | 66

ethod 1) m power

n devices

e module herefore, between d at short ctions as

e at the values. the max hod 2) of

t current re. with the

calculate ed to the

ling ratio . This can

alibration

ned in c) for the

b) by its

soiling

a) b) c)

d)

e)

5.5 P

Measureto soilinacross tbe used uniformconstrucbe empl

5.6 D

The soiinstantaangular soiling pcomputePerformvalues fvalues to Note: Fintegrat

Measure theMeasure theCalculate thvalues deterCalculate thin c) and thmaximum pCalculate thb) by its exp

Preferred m

ement methng, and in phe modules,when soilinity on the raction or devoyed simulta

Daily avera

iling ratio neously memisalignmenparticles, for e a daily ave

m the integratfor a given do a specific t

or example,ion could inc

e short‐circue short‐circuhe effective rmined for the expected se temperatuower. e soiling rat

pected short‐

method

od 1 is geneparticular it , especially fg is known tatio of maximice physics oaneously and

age value

measured asured soilinnt of the twoproper interage value. tion by calcuday. The dattime window

, when the clude only tim

it current anit current anirradiance fhe short‐circshort‐circuit ure measure

io SR by divi‐circuit curre

erally preferrproduces mfor typical cto be uniformmum power tof the modud the most a

e

by the meng ratio teno reference rpretation th

ulating the ira may be fi

w that minim

clean and smes within ±

nd temperatund temperatufrom the vacuit current.current of thed in b), usin

iding the soient calculated

red because more accuratrystalline silm across theto short‐circle, e.g. for tyappropriate v

ethod abovnds to show devices as whe measured

rradiance‐weltered to exizes the effe

soiled devic±2 h of solar

ure of the cleure of the soalues measu

he soiled devng the calibr

iled device sd in d).

it best reprete results wicon modulee modules orcuit current aypical thin fivalue or a we

ve is an ina time‐of‐d

well as angled soiling rati

eighted averaclude outliects of angula

es are fixednoon.

ean device. oiled device. red in a), u

vice at the irrration values

short‐circuit

esents the achen soiling es. Measuremr when the eare known toilm moduleseighted aver

nstantaneousday depende‐dependent o values sho

age of the mrs and/or toar misalignm

d in position

P

using the ca

radiance dets determined

current mea

ctual powermay be nonment methoeffects of soio be small dus. Both methrage may be

s value. Sience due to light scatterould be integ

measured soio limit the mment.

n (not track

Page | 67

alibration

termined d for the

asured in

loss due nuniform od 2 may ling non‐ue to the hods may used.

nce the residual

ring from grated to

ling ratio measured

ing), the

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Inspection and Testing Guidelines 2.2 - EWA · IEC 60364‐6 IEC 61010 – laboratory u IEC 61557...

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