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Physiological Principles

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Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................................................................4TASK 1.................................................................................................................................................................................4

1.1 Anatomical features in each body system with identifying main functions........................................................41.2 Homeostasis, negative and positive feedback, provide an example for each......................................................5

TASK 2 ................................................................................................................................................................................62.1 Different body responses to physical activities...................................................................................................62.2 Body responses due to physical activities at cellular and tissue level.................................................................72.3 Coordination of body's internal activities............................................................................................................7

TASK 3 ................................................................................................................................................................................83.1 Routine measures and their uses in health and social care.................................................................................83.2 Assess how these routine measures provide information about the body functioning of this person.................93.3 Examining information about the body functioning to inform care planning in the case................................10

TASK 4...............................................................................................................................................................................104.1 Effect of age on body structure and functioning.............................................................................................104.2 Impacts of the above mentioned conditions on body structure and functions................................................114.3 Effects of her medical conditions including infection to the routine care........................................................11

CONCLUSION..................................................................................................................................................................12References..........................................................................................................................................................................13

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Index of TablesTable 1: Anatomical features of body systems.....................................................................................................................4Table 2: Homeostatis positive and negative feedback..........................................................................................................6



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INTRODUCTION

Human body is composed of millions of cells that are functional and structural unit of life. Numerous cells

constitute to form tissues which further leads to formation of different organs and organ system (Sherwood, 2015). All

the functions carried out by human body are executed through different types of cells present in the body. Cells play an

important role in building blocks of body as they regulate both physiological and anatomical characteristics. Different

types of cells are responsible for overall cellular metabolism in body as they perform different functions at the same

time.

TASK 1

1.1 ANATOMICAL1.1 ANATOMICAL FEATURES IN EACH BODY SYSTEM

WITH IDENTIFYING MAIN FUNCTIONS.

Table 1: Anatomical features of body systems

Different body systems Organs involved Functions

Respiratory system The main organs involved in

respiratory system is are as follows:

Nostrils

Trachea

Bronchi

Lungs

Alveolus

Diaphragm

The primary purpose of Respiratory

system is to enhance the supply of

oxygen in various tissues thereby

expelling out carbon dioxide from them.

The exchange of different gases between

lungs and blood cells also takes place

through Respiratory system (Nunn,

2013).

Circulatory system Circulatory system of human body

consist of:

Heart

Arteries

Capillaries

Veins

The most important function of

Circulatory system is to supply

oxygenated blood in different body parts

which is basically carried out by heart

(Waugh and Grant, 2014). Metabolic

waste is also removed and disposed off

with the help of circulatory system.

Nutrients transportation is also one of the

critical functionfunctions of Circulatory

system.

Digestive system Digestive system includes

various parts such as:

Oral cavity

Pharynx (Throat)

Oesophagus

The most specialized function of

Digestive system is to convert food

particles in form of energy which is

required by various body organs to

function properly.

The secretion of various gastric juices




Stomach

Small Intestine

Accessory Organs

Large Intestine (Colon)

Rectum and Anus

enhances the process of digestion in an

individual (Greger and Windhorst, 2013).

Endocrine system The Endocrine system is made up of

different glands that are as follows:

Pituitary glands

Adrenal glands

Thyroid glands

Parathyroid glands

Pancreas

Ovaries

Testicles

Production of various hormones,

regulating metabolism, tissue

development and other secondary

functions are controlled by Endocrine

system.

Basic metabolism is performed by

thyroid glands which secretes different

hormones.

1.2 Homeostasis, negative and positive feedback, provide an example for

each .

Homoeostasis can be broadly defined as 'Homeo' meaning ' same' and ' Stasis' means ' stable' as the body

system which regulates external and internal environmental conditions and maintains a constant and relatively stable

body temperature (Ganz and Nemeth, 2015).The homoeostatic control systems works on basic principles regulated by

input and output receptors which are responsible for generating stimulus and responses. Given below are the examples

of negative and positive feedbacks of homoeostasis:.

Table 2: Homeostatis positive and negative feedback

Positive feedback with example Negative feedback with example.

It works by increasing different body parameters

from a normal range to a higher level (Bianconi,

Piovesan and Perez-Amodio, 2013).

A positive feedback mechanism is entirely

opposite of to negative feedback role as the result

decreases the original effect of stimulus on

human body.

Example: A very good example of positive

feedback mechanism can be seen in the process

of blood clotting during injuries. When the tissue

gets ruptured, platelets starts adhering to the

Negative feedback mechanism functions by

adjusting the body parameters from a deviated

level to the normal point.

Example: The best example of negative feedback

mechanism is maintaining accurate glucose level

by insulin. As the elevation in blood sugar level is

detected; the pancreatic glands releases insulin in

blood that is responsible for decreasing the sugar

level. As soon as average level of sugar is

attained; the exocrine gland inhibits the secretion

of insulin in body fluids.




injured site which releases a chemical known as

thromboplastin. This chemical is helpful in blood

clot formation. The release of fibrin and plastin is

suppressed as soon as the clot is formed.

TASK 2 A 25 YEAR OLD INDIVIDUAL IS WORKING FULL TIME AS A

VOLUNTEER IN A CHARITY ORGANIZATION. HIS DAILY JOB IS TO

DISTRIBUTE LEAFLETS DOOR TO DOOR AND TAKE PART IN

CHARITY EVENTS. HE IS NOW PREPARING FOR A MARATHON

RUN ORGANIZED BY HIS CHARITY FOUNDATION WHICH WILL BE

HELD IN 6 MONTHS’ TIME.

2.1 Different body responses to physical activities.

Response of physical activities on Musco-skeletal system:

Movement of muscles through workout and various physical activities will increase energy production in the

25 years old person by muscoskeletal systems of body. Due to liberation of energy, his inactive muscles will contract

and expand in length. As a result, muscoskeletal system will have heterogenousheterogeneous tissues in the forms of

fibres which are diverse in their physiological, anatomical and biochemical functions (Abduljalil and et.al., 2012).

Muscle mass will gradually increase in him which will have a positive effect of physical activities on preventing

adverse drug reactions and diseases in him.

Response of physical activities on Cardiovascularcardiovascular system:

Cardiovascular system is responsible for distribution of blood in various parts of human body. Daily physical

exertion and workout will help the person in retaining mass and fibres of both left and right ventricles which otherwise

becomes inactive if the mobility of muscles is stopped. Cardiac arrest and congestive heart failure can be prevented in

the case of individual through regular exercise as it helps in contraction and relaxation of blood capillaries effectively.

Response of physical activities on Respiratory system.:

Lungs will have increased ventilation power due to workoutwork out that he is likely to perform for the

upcoming marathon event. This in turn responds faster to pH level and lactic acid levels. If an individual is practising

inflexible exercise on daily basis, his/her exhaustion level will reach to minimum which results in decreased level of

carbon dioxide and pH concentrations (VanPutte, C., Regan and Seeley, 2013). With regular exercise sessions, his/her

respiratory system will work effectively without having the feeling of fatigue and restlessness.

2.2 Body2.2 Body responses due to physical activities at cellular and tissue level

At cellular level: Certain changes in body takes place at cellular level due to regular exercise and workouts.

Individuals with no physical exertions and one with physical activities show variant rate of metabolism taking place in

body everydayevery day. Due to exercise,A active cells due to exercise helps in breakdown of fatty acids more easily

without expenditure of more ATP molecules. It further aids in secreting reduced levels of pepsin which is responsible

for breaking down proteins and amino acids into simpler products (Bianconi, Piovesan and Perez-Amodio, 2013).

Individuals who practise physical and sports activities on daily grounds are supposed to possess more potential to




eliminate different hormonal and vitamin deficiencies.

At tissue level:Variouslevel: Various tissue level changes in heart, lungs, brains and muscles are noticed due to

regular exercising and sports activities. Exercise helps in increasing the rate of breathing which in turns leads to

production of more energy in the body. Increased energy levels are required to perform various biological and metabolic

tasks in body. Heart rate of pumping blood gradually increases with the contraction and expansion of skeletal muscles

and tissues. More the quantity of oxygenated blood more will be the capacity of heart to carry out different activities.

After an intense workout the brain induced transmitter gets active which helps in increasing focus towards a particular

task and promotes growth of neural cells and tissues. Daily exercise haveexercise has a positive effect on joints and

bones of the body. It also proves to be helpful in loosing fat deposition and weight.

2.3 Coordination of body's internal activities

Both Nervous and EndrocrineEndocrine system are responsible for control and coordination of human body.

The nervous system generally consist of consists of two main divisions which are Central Nnervous system(System

(CNS) and Peripheral nNervous system(System (PNS). Endocrine system functions by controlling andcontrolling and

regulating various body functions sucsuch as sleep, behavioural aspects, reproduction, growth and metabolism. Nervous

system is the primary coordinating system which controls all the voluntary and involuntaryactivitiesinvoluntary

activities taking place in body.

Nervous system:

Neuron is regarded as the basic and functional unit of Nervous system in human beings. It is organised of

various cell bodies such as axons and denderitesdendrites which are responsible for carrying and transmitting brain

signals from one junction to the anotheranother (Sieck, 2013). Brain receptors sendsreceptors send various signals

through neurotransmitters which are coded through different chemicals present in nervous system. Synapse is a junction

between two nerve cells, axon and dendrite which carry signals across brain.

Endocrine system:

Endocrine system is a collection of glands and hormones which plays ana crucial role in controlling and

coordinating different body functions effectively. It consistconsists of ductless, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands with

ovaries and testicles included in it. Ductless or Pituitary glands secrete hormones which is necessary for physical

growth and development of body. Deficient pituitary hormones leadsDeficient pituitary hormones lead to development

of severe deformities in an individual. Thyroid glands also contribute to growth and metabolism of body by releasing

thyroid hormones (Human Endocrine System. 2015). They are mainly responsible for mental growth and development.

Retarded mental growth and stunned body are the results of decreased level of thyroidism in body.

TASK 3

3.1 Routine measures and their uses in health and social care

In health and social care it is very crucial to record the routine measures for effective and early diagnosis of

diseases of service users. Early diagnosis is useful for developing effective care plan for affected patients. In the given

scenario, the businessman is 65 years old and is obese. He complains for fever and flu. Thus it is very important to

record the routine measures to treat the symptoms of flue and other medical condition of the old businessman in the




given case. There are certain ethical issues which need to be addressed while recording the routine measures in the

given case. These issues are discussed in the following points:

Respect and Dignity : In health and social care it is very important to treat patients with respect and dignity.

While recording the routine measures this aspect is need to be taken into consideration to improve the quality

of the care services. In the given scenario, the person is old as well as obese therefore the routine measures

need to recorded in a dignified and caring manner.

Privacy: One of the most important component in health and social care is maintenance of privacy of service

users. The healthcare workers need to keep the patient data safe and secured from unauthorized access (Ansari

and et.al., 2016). It is also important to maintain the privacy while recording routine measures in the given

scenario.

Rights of service users: In health and social care setting it is very cardinal to respect and safeguard the rights of

service users. Health practitioners need to take patients preferences and choices into consideration while

providing them care support. In the given scenario the old businessman complains to his GP about flu and

fever symptoms. Therefore it the duty of the GP to effectively record routine measures in order to detect

disease in a timely manner and provide necessary care support to the person.

Uses of routine measures:

Routine measures are helpful in effective decision making processes in health and social care setting.

Healthcare professionals can design effective care plan for the patient based on the observation of routine

measures.

Effective routine measures helps in monitoring the progress in patient's health condition.

3.2 Assess how these routine measures provide information about the body

functioning of this person.

The assessment of routine measures which are recorded in the case of old businessman is done in the

following manner:

Temperature: Human body temperature is recorded by a device called Thermometer. It is a useful tool that

helps health practitioners in measuring the variation in body temperature of the obese person in the given case

(Sondergaard, Parkin and Aneman, 2015). Since the person was suffering from fever it became very crucial to

record his body temperature to diagnose the correct health condition.

BMI: BMI stands for Body Mass Index which is derived by measuring height as well as weight of an

individual. It can be defined as the body weight (Kg) divided by square of height (m sq). It is very useful tool

to quantify the tissue mass of the person in the given case and categorise him as overweight or obese on the

basis of obtained value. Since the old businessman in the case is obese therefore faces health problems which

need to be addressed effectively.

Blood Pressure: Blood pressure of the patient in the given scenario can be recorded through an instrument

called sphygmomanometer.




Blood Test: Blood test provide important information about the physical health of a patient. It is useful in

detecting the microbial infection in p[patient's body (Sieck, 2013). In the given scenario the person suffers

from flu thus it becomes very crucial to test the blood sample to identify the extent of flu infection.

Respiration Rate: Respiration rate of the patient in the given scenario is recorded by an instrument called

Electrocardiogram (ECG). In this the electrical activity of the heart is recorded to measure cardiac rhythm to

diagnose cardiovascular diseases.

3.3 Examining information about the body functioning to inform care planning

in the case

In the given scenario the care planning of the old patient can be informed by obtaining essential information

from the routine measures. By measuring BMI of the businessman the person can be categorized as obese on the basis

of obtained value. This indicates that the person may be at major risk of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes,

hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, high blood pressure, etc.This information is very important for developing the

care plan for the obese person that include healthy eating as well as daily exercise to control the excess weight (Choi,

Ryter and Levine, 2013). This will prove beneficial in reducing the excess weight and gaining a healthy BMI value.

In addition to this, information from blood test will inform health professionals about the presence of pathogen

which is responsible for flu infection and fever in the given scenario. Besides this, blood test will be helpful in detecting

the blood cholesterol level in the obese person and planning a effective care plan (Greger, and Windhorst, 2013).

Besides this the care workers in the given scenario will also include effective medication to treat the symptoms of flu in

the given scenario.



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TASK 4

4.1 Effect of age on body structure and functioning

In the given case the old woman was 85 years old and suffers from type 2 diabetes and hypertension. She also

suffers from arthritis and her age has severely affected her physical health. In order to examine the affect of women's

age on her body structures and functions following points can be discussed:

Nervous System

Age significantly affect the nervous system of older people. With advancing age there are certain changes that

occur in the brain and nervous system (Nervous System. 2015). Neurons lose the ability to transmit signals from brain

to other body parts which slows down the normal body functioning the body of the old women in the given scenario. In

addition to this her type 2 diabetes also affects brain due to high blood glucose levels. She also faces difficulty in

walking due to reduced body coordination and her arthritic condition.

Respiratory System

It has been observed that old people find it very difficult to breathe properly. With the advancing age the bones

and muscles that make up the respiratory system in humans tend to deform. This happens as the rib cage tend to change

shape in the older people. This affects the respiration in the old women in the given scenario as her rib cage loses the

flexibility while carrying out respiration.

Integumentary System

The Integumentary system of the body if referred to the organ system that protects the human body from loss

of water and damage from external environmental factors. The system include skin, hair and nails (Climstein, Schram

and Hing, 2015). The effect of age is clearly visible on the Integumentary system as compared to other body

mechanisms in older people. In the given scenario the old lady was 85 years of age. She has grey hair, wrinkled and

loose skin and brittle nails. Due to her diabetes her skin is dull and wounds do not heal quickly.

4.2 Impacts of the above mentioned conditions on body structure and

functions.

In the given case the above mentioned conditions greatly influence the old women's body functions and

structures. Age has significantly affected the bodily structures of the old women as she was 85 years old. With the

advancing age her respiratory system does not function properly. She finds it very difficult to breathe due to deformed

ribcage as it does not contract and expand properly. This cause depleted oxygen supply to rest of the body parts (Tanner

and Gore, 2013). Besides this, the nervous system does not function effectively in the case of old women. It has been

observed that with advancing age neurons get damaged and thus affect the signal transmission in the body. This leads to

slower functioning of the body parts as brain and nervous system do not receive signals in a timely manner. The

Integumentary system of the old women is immensely affected due to her age and her diabetes. The wounds on her

body do not heal quickly which leads to further infection. Her diabetes has severely affected her skin as due to increased

blood glucose levels wounds tend to heal at a very slower pace.




4.3 Effects of her medical conditions including infection to the routine care.

The old women in the given scenario suffers from type 2 diabetes, hypertension and arthritis. There these

chronic medical conditions will include the following routine care.

Regular routine check-up: Since the old women suffers from chronic medical conditions that include type 2

diabetes it is very important for recording regular routine measures to check her blood glucose level as well

blood cholesterol level.

Effective medication: Medication should include insulin to control the blood sugar level of the old women. In

addition to this the medication should be prescribed to control the cholesterol level to treat her hypertension.

Diet and nutrition: The care plan of the old women should include well balanced diet that can meet her

nutritional needs as well control her blood and cholesterol levels in her body (Farré and Tack, 2013).

Care plan for arthritis: In the given scenario, the old women suffers from arthritis therefore her care plan

should include painkillers to give her relief from pain. In addition to this, physiotherapy can also be included to

make movement easy for the old women.

Care plan for treating wounds: Diabetes tends to slow down the healing process in the old women. The care

plan should include medication as well as foot care to prevent the risk of infections due to open wounds in the

given case.

CONCLUSION

In a nutshell, the present report develops a clear understanding on the principles of human physiology. The

physiology include various body systems such as respiratory system, nervous system, endocrine system, Integumentary

system. These bodily systems respond to humans daily activities such as eating, running, walking, etc. It has been

learned that the body systems perform at cellular level to perform life activities among humans. Besides this, the report

also features the significance of regular routine measures in health and social care setting in the given scenarios.




REFERENCES

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January 2015].






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