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INSTITUTE OF INNOVATION AND KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT
Not searching, but finding: Innovation as a non-linear source of the private use of public knowledge
Joaquín M. Azagra-Caro | Bristol, 5 September 2011
Co-authors: Rafael Pardo · Ruth Rama
Motivation
• Improving perceived usefulness of universities and public research organisations (U-PROs)
• Understanding the phenomenon in non-innovators –a substantial part of industry in emerging economies and even in EU countries
• Covering the gap: perceived usefulness of U-PROs in non-innovators
5/9/2011 2COSINUS
Objectives
• Expanding previous models on the determinants of the perceived usefulness of U-PROs
• Distinguishing between innovators and non-innovators
5/9/2011 3COSINUS
6COSINUS
Approach
• Mostly disregarded: perceptions = facts• Mostly considered: perceptions ≠ factsCurrent models
• Absorptive capacity• Corporate coherence• Innovative routines• R&D alliances and cooperation
Expanded models
• Resource-based view of the firm• Experiential learning theory
Innovators vs.
non-innovators
5/9/2011
Determinants of the
perceived usefulness of
U-PROs
Testable hypotheses
Hypotheses
5/9/2011 8
COSINUS
Current models
Perceived usefulness
of information provided by U-PROs for innovation-
related company activities
Openness
Expected impact
Expanded models
Skills H4: +
Strategic innovation
H8:Technological
innovationH5: -
H6: -Market competition
Research collaboration
H7: +
R&D H2: +
Size H3: +
H1: +
Database
• A plant-level survey targeting firms in the Spanish manufacturing industry
• 1,031 surveyed companies (50 or more employees)
• Representative of size, region and sector• Unlikely most other surveys, questions about
sources of information were posed to both innovators and non innovators
5/9/2011 9COSINUS
Methodology
• Econometric estimation of the determinants of the perceived usefulness of information provided by universities and PROs
5/9/2011 COSINUS 10
Variable Description Perceived usefulness Importance of U-PROs as information sources for
technological innovation Openness Importance of other 11 external sources of information for
technological innovation R&D activities R&D active firm Firm size Number of employees Skills Degree of technical complexity of tasks Strategic innovation Importance of changes in strategic orientation Competition Number of competitors in the market Collaboration For innovators, importance of collaboration with
universities and PROs in product or process development
Results
• Ordered logit model of the perceived usefulness of information provided by universities and PROs for innovation-related activities of the firm
5/9/2011 COSINUS 11
Innovators Innovators Non-innovators Number of observations 804 781 173 Log likelihood function -953 -917 -150 Prob[χ2 > value] 0 0 0 Coeff. (t-ratio) Coeff. (t-ratio) Coeff. (t-ratio) Constant -3.66 (-5.81) *** -3.74 (-5.73) *** -7.02 (-4.34) *** Openness 0.91 (19.79) *** 0.91 (18.7) *** 1.1 (8.84) *** R&D activities 0.22 (1.42) 0.21 (1.35) 0.64 (1.72) * Ln firm size 0.25 (2.41) ** 0.27 (2.49) ** 0.47 (1.63) Skills 0.1 (2.01) ** 0.13 (0.94) Strategic innovation -0.12 (-2.16) ** -0.1 (-0.82) Competition -0.02 (-0.25) -0.5 (-2.8) *** Collaboration 0.73 (4.3) *** Industry dummies Included Included Included
*** p<0.01; ** p<0.05; * p<0.10
Results
• For innovators, usual determinants apply in our sample, except R&D (H1&3 ✓, H2 ✗)
5/9/2011 COSINUS 12
Innovators Innovators Non-innovators Number of observations 804 781 173 Log likelihood function -953 -917 -150 Prob[χ2 > value] 0 0 0 Coeff. (t-ratio) Coeff. (t-ratio) Coeff. (t-ratio) Constant -3.66 (-5.81) *** -3.74 (-5.73) *** -7.02 (-4.34) *** Openness 0.91 (19.79) *** 0.91 (18.7) *** 1.1 (8.84) *** R&D activities 0.22 (1.42) 0.21 (1.35) 0.64 (1.72) * Ln firm size 0.25 (2.41) ** 0.27 (2.49) ** 0.47 (1.63) Skills 0.1 (2.01) ** 0.13 (0.94) Strategic innovation -0.12 (-2.16) ** -0.1 (-0.82) Competition -0.02 (-0.25) -0.5 (-2.8) *** Collaboration 0.73 (4.3) *** Industry dummies Included Included Included
*** p<0.01; ** p<0.05; * p<0.10
Results
• For innovators, other determinants play a significant role
5/9/2011 COSINUS 13
Innovators Innovators Non-innovators Number of observations 804 781 173 Log likelihood function -953 -917 -150 Prob[χ2 > value] 0 0 0 Coeff. (t-ratio) Coeff. (t-ratio) Coeff. (t-ratio) Constant -3.66 (-5.81) *** -3.74 (-5.73) *** -7.02 (-4.34) *** Openness 0.91 (19.79) *** 0.91 (18.7) *** 1.1 (8.84) *** R&D activities 0.22 (1.42) 0.21 (1.35) 0.64 (1.72) * Ln firm size 0.25 (2.41) ** 0.27 (2.49) ** 0.47 (1.63) Skills 0.1 (2.01) ** 0.13 (0.94) Strategic innovation -0.12 (-2.16) ** -0.1 (-0.82) Competition -0.02 (-0.25) -0.5 (-2.8) *** Collaboration 0.73 (4.3) *** Industry dummies Included Included Included
*** p<0.01; ** p<0.05; * p<0.10
Results
• Higher skills, higher perceived use of public knowledge (H4 ✓)
5/9/2011 COSINUS 14
Innovators Innovators Non-innovators Number of observations 804 781 173 Log likelihood function -953 -917 -150 Prob[χ2 > value] 0 0 0 Coeff. (t-ratio) Coeff. (t-ratio) Coeff. (t-ratio) Constant -3.66 (-5.81) *** -3.74 (-5.73) *** -7.02 (-4.34) *** Openness 0.91 (19.79) *** 0.91 (18.7) *** 1.1 (8.84) *** R&D activities 0.22 (1.42) 0.21 (1.35) 0.64 (1.72) * Ln firm size 0.25 (2.41) ** 0.27 (2.49) ** 0.47 (1.63) Skills 0.1 (2.01) ** 0.13 (0.94) Strategic innovation -0.12 (-2.16) ** -0.1 (-0.82) Competition -0.02 (-0.25) -0.5 (-2.8) *** Collaboration 0.73 (4.3) *** Industry dummies Included Included Included
*** p<0.01; ** p<0.05; * p<0.10
Results
• Lower strategic innovation, higher perceived use of public knowledge (H5 ✓)
5/9/2011 COSINUS 15
Innovators Innovators Non-innovators Number of observations 804 781 173 Log likelihood function -953 -917 -150 Prob[χ2 > value] 0 0 0 Coeff. (t-ratio) Coeff. (t-ratio) Coeff. (t-ratio) Constant -3.66 (-5.81) *** -3.74 (-5.73) *** -7.02 (-4.34) *** Openness 0.91 (19.79) *** 0.91 (18.7) *** 1.1 (8.84) *** R&D activities 0.22 (1.42) 0.21 (1.35) 0.64 (1.72) * Ln firm size 0.25 (2.41) ** 0.27 (2.49) ** 0.47 (1.63) Skills 0.1 (2.01) ** 0.13 (0.94) Strategic innovation -0.12 (-2.16) ** -0.1 (-0.82) Competition -0.02 (-0.25) -0.5 (-2.8) *** Collaboration 0.73 (4.3) *** Industry dummies Included Included Included
*** p<0.01; ** p<0.05; * p<0.10
Results
• For innovators, degree of competition, not related to use of public knowledge (H6 ✗)
5/9/2011 COSINUS 16
Innovators Innovators Non-innovators Number of observations 804 781 173 Log likelihood function -953 -917 -150 Prob[χ2 > value] 0 0 0 Coeff. (t-ratio) Coeff. (t-ratio) Coeff. (t-ratio) Constant -3.66 (-5.81) *** -3.74 (-5.73) *** -7.02 (-4.34) *** Openness 0.91 (19.79) *** 0.91 (18.7) *** 1.1 (8.84) *** R&D activities 0.22 (1.42) 0.21 (1.35) 0.64 (1.72) * Ln firm size 0.25 (2.41) ** 0.27 (2.49) ** 0.47 (1.63) Skills 0.1 (2.01) ** 0.13 (0.94) Strategic innovation -0.12 (-2.16) ** -0.1 (-0.82) Competition -0.02 (-0.25) -0.5 (-2.8) *** Collaboration 0.73 (4.3) *** Industry dummies Included Included Included
*** p<0.01; ** p<0.05; * p<0.10
Results
• Higher collaboration, higher perceived use of public knowledge (H7 ✓)
5/9/2011 COSINUS 17
Innovators Innovators Non-innovators Number of observations 804 781 173 Log likelihood function -953 -917 -150 Prob[χ2 > value] 0 0 0 Coeff. (t-ratio) Coeff. (t-ratio) Coeff. (t-ratio) Constant -3.66 (-5.81) *** -3.74 (-5.73) *** -7.02 (-4.34) *** Openness 0.91 (19.79) *** 0.91 (18.7) *** 1.1 (8.84) *** R&D activities 0.22 (1.42) 0.21 (1.35) 0.64 (1.72) * Ln firm size 0.25 (2.41) ** 0.27 (2.49) ** 0.47 (1.63) Skills 0.1 (2.01) ** 0.13 (0.94) Strategic innovation -0.12 (-2.16) ** -0.1 (-0.82) Competition -0.02 (-0.25) -0.5 (-2.8) *** Collaboration 0.73 (4.3) *** Industry dummies Included Included Included
*** p<0.01; ** p<0.05; * p<0.10
Results
• Non-innovators have little in common with innovators (H8 ✓)
5/9/2011 COSINUS 18
Innovators Innovators Non-innovators Number of observations 804 781 173 Log likelihood function -953 -917 -150 Prob[χ2 > value] 0 0 0 Coeff. (t-ratio) Coeff. (t-ratio) Coeff. (t-ratio) Constant -3.66 (-5.81) *** -3.74 (-5.73) *** -7.02 (-4.34) *** Openness 0.91 (19.79) *** 0.91 (18.7) *** 1.1 (8.84) *** R&D activities 0.22 (1.42) 0.21 (1.35) 0.64 (1.72) * Ln firm size 0.25 (2.41) ** 0.27 (2.49) ** 0.47 (1.63) Skills 0.1 (2.01) ** 0.13 (0.94) Strategic innovation -0.12 (-2.16) ** -0.1 (-0.82) Competition -0.02 (-0.25) -0.5 (-2.8) *** Collaboration 0.73 (4.3) *** Industry dummies Included Included Included
*** p<0.01; ** p<0.05; * p<0.10
Results
• Openness, the only determinant in common
5/9/2011 COSINUS 19
Innovators Innovators Non-innovators Number of observations 804 781 173 Log likelihood function -953 -917 -150 Prob[χ2 > value] 0 0 0 Coeff. (t-ratio) Coeff. (t-ratio) Coeff. (t-ratio) Constant -3.66 (-5.81) *** -3.74 (-5.73) *** -7.02 (-4.34) *** Openness 0.91 (19.79) *** 0.91 (18.7) *** 1.1 (8.84) *** R&D activities 0.22 (1.42) 0.21 (1.35) 0.64 (1.72) * Ln firm size 0.25 (2.41) ** 0.27 (2.49) ** 0.47 (1.63) Skills 0.1 (2.01) ** 0.13 (0.94) Strategic innovation -0.12 (-2.16) ** -0.1 (-0.82) Competition -0.02 (-0.25) -0.5 (-2.8) *** Collaboration 0.73 (4.3) *** Industry dummies Included Included Included
*** p<0.01; ** p<0.05; * p<0.10
Results
• Unlike for innovators, firm size, skills and strategic innovation are not significant
5/9/2011 COSINUS 20
Innovators Innovators Non-innovators Number of observations 804 781 173 Log likelihood function -953 -917 -150 Prob[χ2 > value] 0 0 0 Coeff. (t-ratio) Coeff. (t-ratio) Coeff. (t-ratio) Constant -3.66 (-5.81) *** -3.74 (-5.73) *** -7.02 (-4.34) *** Openness 0.91 (19.79) *** 0.91 (18.7) *** 1.1 (8.84) *** R&D activities 0.22 (1.42) 0.21 (1.35) 0.64 (1.72) * Ln firm size 0.25 (2.41) ** 0.27 (2.49) ** 0.47 (1.63) Skills 0.1 (2.01) ** 0.13 (0.94) Strategic innovation -0.12 (-2.16) ** -0.1 (-0.82) Competition -0.02 (-0.25) -0.5 (-2.8) *** Collaboration 0.73 (4.3) *** Industry dummies Included Included Included
*** p<0.01; ** p<0.05; * p<0.10
Results
• Unlike for innovators, lower competition, higher perceived use of public knowledge
5/9/2011 COSINUS 21
Innovators Innovators Non-innovators Number of observations 804 781 173 Log likelihood function -953 -917 -150 Prob[χ2 > value] 0 0 0 Coeff. (t-ratio) Coeff. (t-ratio) Coeff. (t-ratio) Constant -3.66 (-5.81) *** -3.74 (-5.73) *** -7.02 (-4.34) *** Openness 0.91 (19.79) *** 0.91 (18.7) *** 1.1 (8.84) *** R&D activities 0.22 (1.42) 0.21 (1.35) 0.64 (1.72) * Ln firm size 0.25 (2.41) ** 0.27 (2.49) ** 0.47 (1.63) Skills 0.1 (2.01) ** 0.13 (0.94) Strategic innovation -0.12 (-2.16) ** -0.1 (-0.82) Competition -0.02 (-0.25) -0.5 (-2.8) *** Collaboration 0.73 (4.3) *** Industry dummies Included Included Included
*** p<0.01; ** p<0.05; * p<0.10
‘I do not search, I find’ (P. Picasso)
5/9/2011 COSINUS 22
• Searching is conscious, finding is not
• Searching leads both innovators and non-innovators to perceive public knowledge as useful
• Finding is a prerogative of practical experience in technological innovation
Implications on the new role of universities
• Fostering openness• Addressing also non-innovators• Not promoting the use of public knowledge to
innovate, but practical experience in innovation to use public knowledge
• I.e. putting more emphasis on innovative culture than on technology transfer
5/9/2011 23COSINUS
25COSINUS
Strategic innovation
• Entering a new market with a new technology can be unsuccessful ‘because the effort is likely to be outside the firm’s learning range’ (Dosi et al 1992)
• Innovating routines: matching new corporate technology to new specific organisational practices is risky (Pavitt 2002)
• Strategic innovation more reactive than proactive, generating turbulence
5/9/2011
The strange case of R&D
• Scarce impact for innovators– Statistical reason: many innovators perform R&D activities– But low correlation and high proportion of less intuitive cases– In Spain, more technology adoption than technology creation –
shop-floor more important than R&D –it is skills that determine perceived usefulness of U-PROs
– Two theoretical forces: internal R&D vs. external R&D –in Spain, they cancel out
• Positive impact for non-innovators– Many without R&D department –having one makes a difference– But borderline significance, so…?
5/9/2011 26COSINUS