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Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

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Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur
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Page 1: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Institute of Product Design & ManufacturingUniversiti Kuala Lumpur

Page 2: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

About the lecturer

• Zaipul Anwar Bin Zainudin

• Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing, Universiti Kuala Lumpur

• 03-27154715

• Email: [email protected]

• Website: http://www.zaipul.net

• Blog: http://5wives1husband.blogspot.com/

Page 3: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Subject Contents in General

• Computer Hardware• Computer software• Application programs

Word processingPresentationSpreadsheets

• Data & information management• Computer networking• Applications of networking: Internet, Intranet

Page 4: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Subject Content in Details1.0 The Information Technology         Basic Information Technology Concepts Computer History

Basic Components of Computer System    How a Computer System Works  2.0 Function of Major Computer Hardware

Computer Configuration and ClassificationCentral Processing UnitInput-Output Devices and PeripheralsSecondary Storage

3.0 Basic Uses of Application S/ware & OSOperating System and Its Functions      Disk Operating System (DOS) Primer   High and Low Level Languages Assembler, Compiler and Interpreter WINDOWS and MS Office Primer

 

 

4.0 Data Security  Importance of Backup

The Computer Virus Crisis

 5.0 Computer and NetworkLocal Area Network (LAN)Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)Wide Area Network (WAN)LAN Components, Topologies and TypesTransmission Media

 

Page 5: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Objectives

• Describe the three fundamental characteristics of computers• Describe at least four areas of society in which computers are

used• Identify the basic components of a computer system: input,

processing, output, and storage• List some common input, output, and storage media• Distinguish data from information• Describe the significance of networking• Explain the significance of the Internet• Explain the various classifications of computers

Page 6: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Course Assessment

Quiz 20%

Test 20%

Assignment 20%

Final Exam 40%

Total = 100%

Page 7: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Introduction to Computers

Computer hardware

Input, Output & peripheral devices

History of computers

Page 8: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Basic Components of a Computer System

What is computer?

An electronic device that can accept data (input), process the input to useful information (process) according to a set of instructions, store the instructions and the results of processing (storage), and produce the information (output).

Page 9: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Other definition:-

• A machine that can be programmed to accept data (input), process it into useful information (output), and store it away (in secondary storage device) for safekeeping or later reuse

• Process is directed by software but performed by the hardware

Basic Components of a Computer System

Page 10: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

• Evolving more rapidly than Industrial Age

• Will continue into the current century

Information Age

Page 11: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Cornerstones of our Economy

• Land

• Labor

• Capital

• Information

Forging a Computer-Based Society:

Page 12: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Jobs

• From physical to mental

• From muscle-power to brain-power

Forging a Computer-Based Society:

Page 13: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

A Computer in Your Future• Where used?

– Bank withdrawal– Supermarket– Drive the car

• Do I need a Personal Computer?– Campaign: One Home, One PC– Many more use at work

• Will I use a computer in my future career?– Almost every job will involve use of a computer

Video: Future of Information Technology

Page 14: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Computer Literacy

• Awareness– Importance– Versatility– Pervasiveness in our society

• Knowledge– What are computers– How do computers work– Terminology

• Interaction– Use some simple computer applications

Page 15: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Is computer literacy enough?

• Need to be computer literate to manipulate a computer

• Need to be computer fluent on computer concepts as a basis to build deeper knowledge

• Computer fluency make one able to continue follow developments as computers continue to evolve

Page 16: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Basic Information Technology Concept

• Information technology - the use of modern technology to aid the capture, storage, retrieval, analysis, and communication of information.

• The various methods of delivering information are by the use of data, text, image, and voice for personal or organization needs.

Page 17: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

History of Computers

• Man from centuries ago used a physical unit or sets of units to represent numbers or quantities.

• A number or a quantity can be represented by a physical thing, whether it is:

a pebble    

a transistora bead of wire  a mark on a bit of paper   

a mechanical gear wheel  

an electrical relay 

a vacuum tube

Page 18: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

The Nature of Computers

Characteristics• Speed• Reliability• Storage capability

Results• Productivity• Decision making• Cost reduction

Page 19: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Where Computers Are Used: Graphics

Graphs and charts

Animated graphics

Visual walk-through

Page 20: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Where Computers Are Used:Education

• Teaching and testing aid

• Learning by doing

• Computer-based instruction

Page 21: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Where Computers Are Used:Retailing

• Bar codes for pricing and inventory

• Shipping

Page 22: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Where Computers Are Used:Energy

• Locate oil, coal, natural gas, and uranium

• Monitor the power network

• Meter reading

Page 23: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Where Computers Are Used:Law Enforcement

• National fingerprint files

• National files on criminal

• Computer modeling of DNA

Page 24: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Where Computers Are Used:Transportation

• Cars

• Run rapid transit systems

• Load containerships

• Track railroad cars

• Monitor air traffic

Page 25: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Where Computers Are Used:Money

• Record keeping

• Banking by phone

• Credit cards

Page 26: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Where Computers Are Used:Agriculture

• Billing

• Crop information

• Feed combinations

• Livestock breeding and performance

Page 27: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Where Computers Are Used:Government

• Forecast weather

• E-government

• Process immigrants

• Taxes

• Registration: birth, identity, car etc.

Page 28: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Where Computers Are Used:The Home

• Educational tool• Record keeping• Letter writing• Budgeting• Drawing and editing

pictures• Newsletters• Connecting with others

Page 29: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Where Computers Are Used:Health and Medicine

• Monitor patients

• Electronic imaging

• Diagnose illnesses

• Tele-health

Page 30: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Where Computers Are Used:Robotics

• Perform jobs that are dangerous for humans

• Factory work

Page 31: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Where Computers Are Used:The Human Connection

• Assist the disabled

• Assist athletes by monitoring their movements

Page 32: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Where Computers Are Used

The Sciences• Research

• Simulation

Connectivity• Communication

• Telecommuting

Page 33: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Where Computers Are Used

Training• Airline pilots

• Railroad engineers

Paperwork• Junk mail

• Term paper

• Record keeping

Page 34: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Computers are all around!

• Grocery store• Schools• Libraries• Bank• Mail• Malls

We interact with computers everyday!We interact with computers everyday!

Page 35: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

What computers can’t do yet?

Complex human activities

What else? Can you think of others?

Page 36: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Computer System

People

Software

Hardware

Page 37: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

People

• Computer programmer – person who writes programs

• Users or End-users – make use of the computer’s capabilities

Page 38: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Software

• Programs

• Set of instructions that directs the hardware to do a required task and produce the desired results

Page 39: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Hardware:Basic Components of a Computer

Page 40: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Computer Components

1. Input Devices- examples: keyboard and the mouse- data entered on the keyboard and temporarily

stored in the computer’s memory and displayed on the

monitor

2. System Unit- contains the electronic circuits that cause the

processing of data to occur- consists of central processing unit, memory,

(RAM and ROM) and other electronic components

- CPU has a control unit and arithmetic/logic unit- RAM temporarily stores data and program

instructions when they are processed

Page 41: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

4. Output Devices- most commonly used output devices are monitor and printer - Monitor :commonly as CRT or Flat Panel Display- Printer: Dot-Matrix, Ink-Jet etc.

5. Secondary Storage Devices- also known as auxiliary storage devices- stores instructions and data when they are not being used by the system unit- Examples : floppy disk and hard disk drive

Computer Components – cont.

Page 42: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Input Process Output

DataInformation

Storage

How a Computer System Works

Page 43: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.
Page 44: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

How a Computer System Works – cont.

Software- The instructions needed to direct the computer to

complete specific tasks.

• The CPU follows the step-by-step instructions in a program to complete the tasks from user.

• Operating system is the system software that controls the basic, low-level hardware operations and file management.

Page 45: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Microcomputers- Also known as personal computers- Physical sizes : palmtop, desktop and tower case- Cheaper and smaller in size

Minicomputer- Also known as departmental computers- Physical sizes : small to large cabinets- Support business application

Computer Configuration and Classification

Page 46: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Mainframe- Large computers with the capability to process data at millions of instructions per second.

- Physical size : partial to full room of equipment

Supercomputer- Most powerful and expensive computers

- Vast quantities of data manipulation - Physical size : full room of equipment- No. of users : hundreds of users

Computer Configuration and Classification – cont.

Page 47: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

- It is the heart of the computer, that is the microprocessor chip.

- A highly complex, extensive set of electronic circuitry that executes stored program instructions.

- CPU perform three main tasks :-• Perform arithmetic operations• Perform logic operations• Retrieval and storage of data

Page 48: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

- CPU consists of two main units :-

1. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)- arithmetic operations e.g. +, -,

x, /- logic operations e.g. >, >=,

==, <, <=

CPU – cont.

2. Control unit - fetches instructions from

memory- decode/translate

instructions- executes the processing

tasks - stores result in memory

Page 49: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

CPU – cont.

- CU fetches instructions from memory - CU decodes/translates instructions, directs necessary data to ALU

- ALU executes arithmetic/logic instruction-ALU stores results into memory

What happens in a CPU?

Page 50: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Memory - also known as primary storage, primary

memory, main storage, internal storage, and main memory

- Consists of RAM and ROM 1. RAM (Random Access Memory)

- volatile; means the data exists only when power is ON - two types of RAM, dynamic and static

2. ROM (Read Only Memory) - non-volatile; means data permanently stored in and cannot be changed

CPU – cont.

Page 51: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.
Page 52: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.
Page 53: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Function of Computer System

Data handling

I Input

P Process

O Output

S Storage

Page 54: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Processing: Batch vs. Interactive

• 2 types of information processing– Batch processing– Interactive processing : Real time

Page 55: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Input devices

• Accept data or commands and convert them to electronic form

• Getting data into the computer

– Typing on a keyboard

– Pointing with a mouse

– Scanning with a wand reader or bar-code reader

– Terminal

Page 56: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Output devices

Monitor or screen• Text• Numbers• Symbols• Art• Photographs• Video

Printer• Black and white• Color

• Convert from electronic form to some other form

• May display the processed results

• Usable information

Page 57: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Input and Output Devices

1. Input devices

- Common type of devices used are the keyboard and the mouse

- Standard type of keyboard is the QWERTY which has 86 keys (basic) and 101-102 keys (enhanced).

- Mouse is a pointing device for effective use of computer interface. Trackball and touch pad are also considered as pointing devices.

Page 58: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Input and Output Devices – cont.

Digitizer- A pad with a pen-like stylus. - The tablet sends electronic signals to the computer, displaying the image drawn.

Page 59: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Input and Output Devices – cont.

the use of special equipment to collect data at the source and send it directly to the computer.

Source data automation

MICR Images OCR

Bar code Hand Written

Input devices– cont.

Page 60: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Input and Output Devices – cont.

2. Output devices

- most common devices are monitor displays and printers

- Two types of display; flat panel display and CRT display (Cathode Ray Tube)

- Two categories of printers; impact and non-impact printers

Page 61: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Displays

1. Flat Panel- commonly used in laptop, notebook- examples of flat panel; LCD, Gas

Plasma

2. CRT- produce best images for computers- two types of display; monochrome and

color- monochrome; displays one color (green

or amber)- color; four types:

Input and Output Devices – cont.

Page 62: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Standard Graphic Add-on-Boards

Resolution (by pixels)

CGA (Color Graphic Adapter) 640 x 200

EGA (Enhanced Graphic Adapter)

640 x 350

VGA (Video Graphic Array) 640 x 480

SVGA (Super Video Graphic Array)

1024 x 768

Displays – cont.

Input and Output Devices – cont.

Page 63: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Two types of printers (according to printing methods)

Impact printers -use a physical contact with the paper to produce an image-e.g. dot matrix printer and line printer

Non-impact printers-Place images on a paper without physically touching it-e.g. thermal, inkjet, laser printer

Input and Output Devices – cont.

Printers

Page 64: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Can you think of any other input/output devices?

Page 65: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

The Processor

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• Converts data to useful information

• Interpret and execute instructions

• Communicate with input, output and storage

Page 66: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Two Types of Storage

• Secondary storage

long-term storage

• Primary storage or memory

temporary storage

Page 67: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Memory / Primary Storage

• Temporary storage

• Holds input to be processed

• Holds results of processing

• Contains the programs to control the computer and manipulate input into output

• Volatile

Page 68: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Secondary Storage

• Long-term storage

• Non-volatile

Page 69: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Secondary Storage Examples

• Magnetic disks – read and written by magnetic disk drive– Hard disk– Diskette

• Optical disks – read and written by optical disk drives– CD-ROM– DVD-ROM

• Magnetic tape – read and written by magnetic tape drives– Primarily used for back-up

Page 70: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Magnetic Disk

Page 71: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

• It is needed because – Main memory stores data temporarily– Main memory space is limited

Secondary Storage

Benefits of secondary storage Space Reliability Convenience Economic

Page 72: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Computer System

• Computer– CPU– Memory

• Peripheral equipment– Connected to the computer by a cable– Input, output, storage

Page 73: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Computer Network

• Definition– A system that uses communications equipment to

connect computers and their resources.

• Types– Local area network (LAN) – connects computers

in close proximity

– Metropolitan are network (MAN) – connect computers between buildings in the same geographic area

– Wide are network (WAN) – connects computers over great distances

Page 74: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Home Connectivity

• Connect home PC to other computers

• Use modem to convert signals between electronic (computer) and analog (voice) formats

Page 75: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Internet

• Collection of networks• No ownership• No central source for services available• No comprehensive index of what information

is available

Individuals

Businesses

Organizations

Libraries

Research labs

Government

Connects Everyone!

Page 76: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Getting Connected

• User’s computer must connect to a server

• Server must communicate using TCP/IP

• The user can purchase access to a server from an ISP (Internet Service Provider)

Page 77: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Internet – What Can You Do?

• WWW – World Wide Web

• FTP – File Transfer Protocol

• E-mail

• UseNet

• IRC – Internet Relay Chat

• Bulletin Boards

Page 78: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

World Wide Web

• Browser – program that allows the user to move around and explore the Internet

• Use the mouse to point and click on text and graphics

• Web page

• Web site

• Home page

Page 79: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Classifications of Computers

• Use the computer that fits your needs

• Based upon– Size– Speed– Cost– Portability– Number of simultaneous users supported– Available software– Typical use

Page 80: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Personal Computers

• Other names– PC– Microcomputer– Home computer

• Categories– Low-end functional– Fully powered– Workstations– Net computer or net box (Web TV)

• Desktop Models

Page 81: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Notebook Computers

• Portable– Lightweight– Fits in a briefcase– Battery operated

• Laptop– Larger– Heavier

• More expensive that desktop models

Page 82: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Handheld Computers

• Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)– Scheduling– Addresses– Handwritten input– May offer wireless e-mail and fax

• PDA Phone– More power than PDA– Cellphone, GPS, MP3/MP4, Camera,

Video, TV, Radio etc.– Runs various type softwares, serving various

applications

Page 83: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Other Types of Computers

Mainframes– High speed– More expensive– Used to process large amounts of data quickly– Support multiple users– Does server tasks

Supercomputers– Fastest speed– Most expensive

Page 84: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

What is a software?

- The instructions needed to direct the computer to complete specific tasks.

- Software can be categorized into two types :-

Operating System and Its Function

Page 85: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Application Software

- program that tells a computer how to produce information- examples of application software : Business, scientific, educational programs and etc.

System Software

- program controlling the actual operations of the computer equipments

- the operating system tells computer how to perform functions such as load, store, execute application program, transfer data between I/O devices and main memory

Operating System and Its Function – cont.

Page 86: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Definition of OS :-A set of programs that control and

supervise a computer system’s hardware

Purposes of OS :-• To manage the hardware for efficient

utilization of computer resources

• To interface between a user/an application program with the hardware

Operating System and Its Function – cont.

Page 87: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

• OS is made up of 2 programs;

Operating System and Its Function – cont.

Control Program

Service Program

Page 88: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

1. Control program - three main functions

Operating System and Its Function – cont.

Resource allocation

allocate processor time, primary storage, input and output devices

Job management

to monitor, schedule and control programs for its efficient processing

Data management

-managing access to data for input of information to printers, disks/displays

- all hardware components activities are controlled by the supervisor program

Page 89: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

2. Service programs- provides services to the user/programmer- services include language-translator programs and utility programs- language-translator program converts instructions from English-like language to machine-language to be executed by the computer- utility program performs loading, saving, copying, keeping track of files stored on a disk, preparing a formatted disk

Operating System and Its Function – cont.

Page 90: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Language

Translator

Utility

Pro

gram

Other Services

Data Mgmt.Job

Mgm

t.

Resource

Allocation

Supervisor

Operating System and Its Function – cont.

Page 91: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

What an Operating System does?

1. Checks the functionality of the computer’s hardware. It generates an error message (by messages or beeps) if any components are found faulty.

2. Then the OS control programs will load the supervisor program into the computer’s memory – booting

3. Once the supervisor control program in memory, the system displays the prompt sign (C:\>), indicating that it is ready to work

Page 92: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

MS-DOS DOS is the supervisor program of the computer It does all the followings

• Interface to peripherals – How to interpret input, how to process data, and how to produce output

• Application launcher – Most programming software, games etc. use DOS prompt to run application

• Utility provider – Manage disks and files, prepare disks for storage, copy files to a disk, to move or rename files, and to delete files

Page 93: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

MS-DOS – cont.

• Using DOS prompt to get command from user• Examples for DOS operation

• DOS version/prompt type

• Modify date/time

• File and directory contents

• Clearing a DOS screen

• Going to subdirectory and back to root directory

• Searching for specific files

• Copy files from A drive / C drive

Page 94: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

TYPES OF OS

Microsoft Windows (98, 2000, XP, Vista)

Mac OS (X) Linux OS (Hundreds of

even thousands of distros ex: Red Hat, Ubuntu, Mandrake etc. Visit http://distrowatch.com/ for listing of Linux OS)

Unix OS etc.

Page 95: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

TYPES OF BROWSERS

Mozilla Firefox Internet Explorer Opera Safari Konqueror Flock

Firefox is gaining Popularity over IE

Flock

Page 96: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Low and High Level Languages

Programming Language- a set of written symbols that instruct the computer hardware to perform certain tasks

- can be categorized as Low level Language and High Level Language

Low Level Language- Language that has the tendency towards specific, delicate machine syntax

- Machine Language and Assembly Language

Page 97: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

- consists of entirely 1’s and 0’s that only the computer understands

- depends on different, specific hardware designs

- it executes very fast, but is time consuming and difficult to understand

- only programmer who has the knowledge of the computer architecture is able to understand the language

Low and High Level Languages – cont.

Low Level Language – cont.

Machine Language

Page 98: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

- also considered as Low Level Language because it still needs specific knowledge of hardware

- it differs from machine language because of it uses mnemonic in spite of 1’s and 0’s to represent the operation codes

- mnemonic code is an alphabetic abbreviation that is easy to remember

- it produce programs very efficient, less storage usage and the execution is much faster

Low Level Language – cont.

Assembly Language

Low and High Level Languages – cont.

Page 99: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

- instructions resemble human language and mathematical notation

- no detail knowledge of computer hardware and internal operation of a computer

- easier to learn because of the English-like language rather than understanding machine codes and instructions

- E.g. FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC, Pascal, C/C++

Low and High Level Languages – cont.

High Level Language

Page 100: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Assembler, Compiler and InterpreterAssembler

Compiler/Interpreter

(Source code) (Object code)

Page 101: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

- the source code will remain unchanged after the conversion but can be updated and changed, then compiled again- after it is compiled, then the object code can be executed-example of HLL program uses compiler is the C and C++

- the interpreter will translate a program one line at a time, executing each line of the program after it is translated- if an error should occur during execution, the error must be rectified or solved before it can proceed to the next line- example of HLL program uses interpreter is the BASIC

Assembler, Compiler and Interpreter – cont.

Compiler

Interpreter

Page 102: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Importance of Backup – cont.

Data is exposed to several threats.

Page 103: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)

How does UPS works?

- it is connected in series with the computer system- when power is interrupted, this result the UPS to function as a backup supply of power to the computer system- depends on the type of UPS, it will operate in 20 minutes or more- it is advisable to backup important data within the time limit to prevent any lost of data

Importance of Backup – cont.

Page 104: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Components of UPS

- one rectifier (charger) to convert AC to DC and to fully charge the battery- one battery to supply DC power to the inverter and the supported time are based on the number and size of batteries- one inverter to convert DC to AC- one static bypass switch to control the load from/to the power source to/from the battery and allows certain load to transfer tolerances needed by the computer and its peripherals

Importance of Backup – cont.

Page 105: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

The Computer Virus Crisis

The elements of a computer virus :

1. A set of instructions - a program being made to disrupt or interfere other programs

2. Deliberately created - purposely created by humans or by itself3. Actively propagates - reproducing itself4. Infects other programs - contaminate or polluting different types

of programs5. Able to do harm - can cause damage to others6. Able to evolve - developing, growing and changing in

programs or systems

Page 106: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

The Computer Virus Crisis – cont.

What are the damages of the virus to a computer system :

1. Creates garbage in your computer system that takes up space in the memory and into your diskettes

2. Messing up files in their normal standard and altering some of the files

3. Messing up the FAT (File Allocation Table) which contains information of where are the other data's stored on your disk

4. Messing up the boot sector that can restrict your computer from being able to execute at all

Page 107: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

The Computer Virus Crisis– cont.

Types of anti-virus software  The Computer Virus Industry Association (CVIA) in the USA has developed three basic categories of anti-virus software.

To prevent initial infection

To detectinfection

To identify and remove viruses

Page 108: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Network : Computers connected together to communicate among themselves.

Resource Sharing File Sharing Communication PCs’ Administration and Security

Page 109: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

- Computer network technology can be classified by the distance the network technology is designed to span

- There are three types of networking :

Local Area Network (LAN)

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

Wide Area Network (WAN)

COMPUTER NETWORKING –cont.

Page 110: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Local Area Network (LAN)

- Relatively small refers to the transmission media and computer hardware- The area is not exceeding 10 KM- It only uses one type of transmission medium- It share resources within building or campus

COMPUTER NETWORKING –cont.

Page 111: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

- The network is larger compared to LAN

- The area covers a city of 10 to 100KM

- It requires efficient hardware and transmission media

to cover these areas

COMPUTER NETWORKING –cont.

Page 112: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Wide Area Network (WAN)

- The network is larger than MAN and LAN

- It interconnect LAN of opposite sides of country or around

the world

- It covers huge geographical area in the world

COMPUTER NETWORKING –cont.

Page 113: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Local Area Network

Local Area Network

Router Multiplexer

Multiplexer

Modem

Modem

Front endProcessor

Host Computer

Page 114: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

LAN COMPONENTS

Every LAN is made up of a standard set of components:

Page 115: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Topology: The physical connection among computers within a network

- the topology is the configuration of the hardware and shows which pairs of nodes can communicate-there are three common types of topologies :-

LAN TOPOLOGIES

Star topology

Ring topology

Bus topology

Page 116: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Star

Ring

Bus

Page 117: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

LAN PROTOCOLS

Protocol : A set of rules to access the network to send data.

Two common LAN protocols

Page 118: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

TRANSMISSION MEDIA

Transmission Media : The physical medium used for transmission.

Types of TM

CoaxialCable

TwistedPair Cable

Fiber OpticCable

SatelliteTransmission

MicrowaveTransmission

Page 119: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

TRANSMISSION MEDIA - Twisted Pair Cable

Colour-coded insulation

Jacket

Copper wire conductor

Page 120: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

Inner conductor

Insulation

Outer plastic covering

TRANSMISSION MEDIA – Coaxial Cable

Page 121: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

TRANSMISSION MEDIA – Fiber Optic Cable

Optical fiber

Protective outer sheath

Glass covering

Strength wires

Page 122: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

TRANSMISSION MEDIA – Microwave

Page 123: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

TRANSMISSION MEDIA – Satellite

Page 124: Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

ANY QUESTIONS OR ADDITIONS?


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