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Institute of Technology Sligo - Dept of Computing
Router ComponentsRouter Components
Semester 2Semester 2
Chapter 4Chapter 4Paul Flynn
Institute of Technology Sligo - Dept of Computing
Table of ContentsTable of Contents
More on ComponentsMore on Components
The Show CommandThe Show Command
Network Neighbor RoutersNetwork Neighbor Routers
Basic Network TestingBasic Network Testing
Institute of Technology Sligo - Dept of Computing
More on ComponentsMore on Components
ConfigurationConfiguration Details on RAMDetails on RAM Router ModesRouter Modes
Table of Contents
Institute of Technology Sligo - Dept of Computing
External ConfigurationExternal Configuration A router can be configured from four separate sources:A router can be configured from four separate sources:
Console port (used to Console port (used to initiallyinitially configure the router) configure the router) WAN/LAN links (attach through hub or switch using a patch WAN/LAN links (attach through hub or switch using a patch
cable)cable) Auxiliary port (needs a Auxiliary port (needs a modemmodem)) TFTP server installed on the networkTFTP server installed on the network
The easiest place to configure from is the console port.The easiest place to configure from is the console port. Attach a rollover cable from the router to your computer Attach a rollover cable from the router to your computer
COM1 or COM2 portCOM1 or COM2 port Open HyperTerminal to log inOpen HyperTerminal to log in
Institute of Technology Sligo - Dept of Computing
Internal ConfigurationInternal Configuration Review “Router Basics” section in Ch.2/3 Review “Router Basics” section in Ch.2/3
Powerpoint.Powerpoint.
RAM NVRAM Flash ROM
InterfacesConsoleAuxiliary
Institute of Technology Sligo - Dept of Computing
RAM NVRAM Flash ROM
InterfacesConsoleAuxiliary
As the router is booted, the following is loaded into RAM’s Working Storage.
RAM SpecificsRAM Specifics
RAMCommandExecutive
InternetworkOperating
System(IOS)
ProgramsActiveConfig
FileTables Buffers
Institute of Technology Sligo - Dept of Computing
Programs include the bootstrap program that • tests the equipment (POST) • and locates the IOS.
RAM SpecificsRAM Specifics
RAMPrograms
Institute of Technology Sligo - Dept of Computing
RAM SpecificsRAM Specifics
RAMInternetwork
OperatingSystem(IOS)
Programs
Once the IOS is located by the bootstrap program, it is loaded in to RAM.
Institute of Technology Sligo - Dept of Computing
RAM SpecificsRAM Specifics
RAMCommandExecutive
InternetworkOperating
System(IOS)
Programs
Part of the IOS is the Command EXEC. This is the program that translates the commands you type into a language that the IOS can understand.
Institute of Technology Sligo - Dept of Computing
RAM SpecificsRAM Specifics
RAMCommandExecutive
InternetworkOperating
System(IOS)
ProgramsActiveConfig
File
Once the IOS is initialized, it looks for an active configurations file (usually in NVRAM) and loads it. This file tells the router specifically what to do.
Institute of Technology Sligo - Dept of Computing
RAM SpecificsRAM Specifics
RAMCommandExecutive
InternetworkOperating
System(IOS)
ProgramsActiveConfig
FileTables
The tables are loaded from the configuration file including...• ARP Tables• Routing Tables
Institute of Technology Sligo - Dept of Computing
RAM SpecificsRAM Specifics
RAMCommandExecutive
InternetworkOperating
System(IOS)
ProgramsActiveConfig
FileTables Buffers
Finally, all leftover memory in RAM is used as the buffer for processing incoming and outgoing packets.
Institute of Technology Sligo - Dept of Computing
Router Status CommandsRouter Status Commands
On the next slide, you will see a graphic On the next slide, you will see a graphic displaying the most common show displaying the most common show commands.commands.
Be sure to copy this graphic in your notes.Be sure to copy this graphic in your notes. You need to know which component of the You need to know which component of the
router the show command accesses and router the show command accesses and what each show command displays.what each show command displays.
Institute of Technology Sligo - Dept of Computing
FlashNVRAMRAM
Internetwork Operating System
ProgramsActive
ConfigurationFile
Tablesand
Buffers
BackupConfiguration
File
OperatingSystems
Inte
rface
sRouter#show version Router#show flash
Router#show interfaces
Router#show processes CPURouter#show protocols
Router#show running-configRouter#write term
Router#show memRouter#show stacksRouter#show buffers
Router#show startup-configRouter#show config
Institute of Technology Sligo - Dept of Computing
Show Commands DefinedShow Commands Defined show versionshow version -- displays the configuration of the system -- displays the configuration of the system hardware, the software version, the names and sources of hardware, the software version, the names and sources of configuration files, and the boot image configuration files, and the boot image
show startup-configshow startup-config ( (show configshow config on Cisco IOS 10.3 or on Cisco IOS 10.3 or earlier) -- displays the backup configuration fileearlier) -- displays the backup configuration file
show flashshow flash -- shows information about the Flash memory -- shows information about the Flash memory device device
show interfacesshow interfaces -- displays statistics for all interfaces -- displays statistics for all interfaces configured on the router configured on the router
show processesshow processes -- displays information about the active -- displays information about the active processes processes
show protocolsshow protocols -- displays the configured protocols; -- displays the configured protocols; shows the status of all configured Layer 3 protocols shows the status of all configured Layer 3 protocols
Institute of Technology Sligo - Dept of Computing
Show Commands DefinedShow Commands Defined show running-configshow running-config ( (write termwrite term on Cisco IOS 10.3 or on Cisco IOS 10.3 or
earlier) -- displays the active configuration file earlier) -- displays the active configuration file
show memoryshow memory -- shows statistics about the router's -- shows statistics about the router's memory, including memory free pool statistics memory, including memory free pool statistics
show stacksshow stacks -- monitors the stack use of processes -- monitors the stack use of processes and interrupt routines and displays the reason for the last and interrupt routines and displays the reason for the last system reboot system reboot
show buffersshow buffers -- provides statistics for the buffer pools -- provides statistics for the buffer pools on the router on the router
Institute of Technology Sligo - Dept of Computing
LabLab
Before moving on, make sure you have Before moving on, make sure you have completed…completed… Lab 4.2.4-Router show commandsLab 4.2.4-Router show commands
Institute of Technology Sligo - Dept of Computing
Network Neighbor RoutersNetwork Neighbor Routers
Table of Contents
Institute of Technology Sligo - Dept of Computing
CDPCDP
In order to fully understand how Cisco In order to fully understand how Cisco Discovery Protocol operates, do the lab.Discovery Protocol operates, do the lab. 4.3.5-CDP Neighbors4.3.5-CDP Neighbors
Institute of Technology Sligo - Dept of Computing
Basic Network TestingBasic Network Testing
Table of Contents
Institute of Technology Sligo - Dept of Computing
Multiple Testing MethodsMultiple Testing Methods For a basic introduction to router troubleshooting, do For a basic introduction to router troubleshooting, do
the labs.the labs. 4.4.2-Remote telnet access4.4.2-Remote telnet access 4.4.3-ICMP Ping4.4.3-ICMP Ping 4.4.4-Traceroute command4.4.4-Traceroute command 4.4.7-Show interfaces & clear counters4.4.7-Show interfaces & clear counters 4.5.1-Troubleshooting tools challenge4.5.1-Troubleshooting tools challenge
Active mental participation in answering lab Active mental participation in answering lab questions is crucial to do well on the test. questions is crucial to do well on the test.
You will also retain the knowledge longer if you think You will also retain the knowledge longer if you think about what you are doing and why!about what you are doing and why!