DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 059 750Li

AUTHOR McK4.,, Mark Ed.

TITLE A Guile to Microforms and MicroformRetrieval

Equipment.INSTITUTION Applied Library Resources,

Inc., Washin4 -n, D.C.

PUB DATE 72NOTE 68p.; (0 References)

EDRS PRICEDESCRIPToRS

ABSTRACT

MF-$0.65 HC-$3.29Computer Output Microfilm; Guides; *InformationRetrieval; *Information Storage; Microform Reader

Printers; Microform Readers; *Microforms

As used in this handbook, microform retrieval

equipment is define.) as any device that is used to locate, enlarge,

and display microform images or that producesenlarged hard copy from

the images. Only equipment widely availablein the United states has

been included. The first chapter providesinformation about the most

widely and generally used microforms and describes considerations

related to equipment requirements. In chapter II,those factors are

discussed that affect equipment selection regardless of the type of

microform. The next four chapters further describe the equipment

available for reference to a given microform. Operationaland

functional information about the equipment available is compiled in

tables in each chapter. Chapter VII briefly describes equipment that

does not really fit the classifications used in chaptersIII through

VI but provides types and levels of retrievaland reference that will

be of interest to many. The appendix lists themanufacturers who

supplied the information about the equipment included in the

handbook. (Author)

"PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS CoptRIGHTED mATERIAL HAS SEEN GRANTEDST

CTO ERIC AND ORGANIZATIONS OPERATINGUNDER AGREEMENTS WITH THE US OFFICEOF EDUCATION. FURTHER REPRODUCTIONOUTSIDE THE ERic SYSTEM REWIRES PER.MISSION OE THE COPYRIGHT OWNER

a A GUIDE TOICROFOR

It ANDMICROFORRETRIEVALEQUIPMENT

1.4

MARK McKAY, Editor

FOREWOnD

Since the advent of coniputer output microfilm, COM, the numberof organizations using mieroforms as a means of information storagehas grown enormelaly. The companies involved with microforms arctruely in one a die nation's largest growth industries.

This book s meant to be a guide for those who are irwolved with eitherbuying or using microfonns and ia related equipment.

Mark McKay,editor

Copyright 1972 by

APPLIED LIBRARY RESOURCES, Inc.3045 K St. NWP.O. Box 3779Washingtor, D.C. 20007

Library of Congress catalog csrd num 74460157

CONTENTS

I. MICROFORMS, FORMATS, AND GENERALCONSIDERATIONS

Equipment Classifications 1Films 1Formats and Standards 2Types and Characteristics of Reader Printer Paper Copy. 8Guidelines on Equipment Requirements 11

IL GENERAL FACTORS IN EQUIPMENT SELECTIONPrice 12Electrical Systems 12Screen 12Physical Features 13Human Factors Interface 14Optical Systems 14Maintenance 14Warranties and Service 15

Page

III. CONVENTIONAL ROLL MICROFILM READERS ANDREADER PRINTERS

Physical and Operational Characteristics 16Special Factors in Equipment Selection. .. . ........ 16

IV. MOTORIZED ROLL FILm READERS ANDREADER PRINTERS

Physical and Operational Charact icsSpecial Faztors in Equipment Selection 24

V. MICROFICHE AND MICROFILM JACKET READERSAND READER PRINTERS

Physical and Operational Characteri!tie. 34Special Factors in Equipment Selection 34

VI. APERTURE CARD READERS AND READER PRINTERSPhysical and Operational Characteristics 49Special Factors in Equipment Selecnon 50

VII. OTHER MICROFORM DISPLAY AND REFERENCEEQUIPMENT

Reference Equipment for Other 56Special Equipment for Engiueering Reference 58Reader-Copier Combinaticns 59High.Volume Enlarger Printers 59Microform Information Storage and Retrieval Systems 60Central Files with Remote Output 61

APPENDIX: EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURERS ANDDISTRIBUTORS 63

I. MICROFORMS, FORMATS, AND GENER ALCONSIDERATIONS

As used in tiles handbook, microform retrievalequipment is defined as any device that isused to locate, enlarge, and display micro-frn-rn images or that produces enlarged hardcopy from the images. Only equipment widelyavailable in the. United States has been in-cluded ; howetter, inclusion of equipment nowon the market has necessarily been lim;tedto those items for which information wasreceived prior to the publication date.

This first chapter provides informationaLvaut the most widely and generalry use..1rmeroforms and describes considerations re-lated to equipment requirements. In chapterII, those factors are discussed that affectequipment selection regardless of the typef microform. The next forr chapters further

describe the equipment available for referenceto a giver microform. Operational and func-tional information about the equipmest avail-able is compiled in tables in each chapter.

Chapter vn briefly describes equipmentthat does not readily fit the classificationsused in chapters II through VI but providestypes and levels of retrieval and referencethat will be of interest to many.

The appendix lists the manufacturers whosupplied the information about the equipmentincluded in the handbook.

Equipment Classifica tions

The microforms most widely used in theUnited States are:

Conventional roll film, I6-mm. and 35-ram., stored and handled on standardreels.

Roll film stored in magazines or car-tridges to facilitate handling andretrieval.

Multiple-image formats: microfiche,jackets- and jacket punched cardhybrids.

Aperture card

Each of the above microforms is describedlater in this chapter. A considerable numberof retrieval devices, readers, and read.-rprinters are available for each type, Theyoffer a btoad range of functional features.Accordingly, a chapter is devoted in equip-ment derigned primarily for each of theseclassifications of microform. To the 11.5.22advantagt, much of the equipment will handleone or more of these classes of microform.While this makes classification of microformretrieval equipment a little dLficult, th n. pros-pective user should realize that there arefew, if any, truly "universal" reference de-vices. In this handbook, equipment is listedunder the microform for which the unit isprimarily designed, and the availability ofadaptors or ability to accept other microfonnsis shown. In a few cases, different models, asidentified hy the manufacturer, of a basic unitare listed in two sections.

FilmsThe films used to microphotograph docu-ments have the same basic chemistry and ap-pearance as the black and wIlite silver emul-sion films that are used in hand-held candidcameras. There the similarity ends. Microfilmemulsions are much finer grained, thus slower,so that they can record fine detail with a highdegree of sharpness or acuity. So that moreof the film area is available for the image,microfilm has no perforations along the filmedges. Accordingly, microfilm cameras, read-ers, and other equipment do not use sprocketwheels to transport the film.

Camera microfilm is supplied in 16-, 35-,and 105-mm, widths under well-established

1

specifications. Depending on the camera used,film is supplied on 100- or 200-foot reels withsolid flanges to protect the film from undueexposure during camera loading and otherhandling. Film is also available in otherlengths and in magazines or cartridges for usein COM (Computer Output Microfilm) unitsand other cameras designed around a car-tridge concept. Depending on the applicationand the microfilm system, 16-mm. film is usedin both rotary or flow cameras and in plan-etary or flatbed cameras. In moat systems 35-mm. film is used for precision microrecordingin planetary cameras. Cameras designed forthe step and repeat filming of images in amicrofiche format, several COM units, andsome engineering drawing cameras use 105-mm. film.

Exposure of the film and processing of theexposed film are conducted under carefullycontrolled conditicns to produce an optimumresult in the master film. Some cameras aredesigned to expose two rolls of film simul-taneously ; one becomes an archival record,and the other a working master in the system.

The importance of microfilm in informa-tion systems derives from the fact that micro-film is self-reproducible, and under well-established and carefully controlled condi-tions, film-to-film copies of very high qualityand fidelity can be made from the mastermicroimages. Again, depending on the totalsystem, the master film can be duplicated on aroll-to-roll basis to produce duplicate rollsfor distribution on reels or in cartridges ormagazines. In other systems, the master filmmay be unitized by mounting frames in aper-ture cards, placing strips of related imagesin jackets, or laying up strips cut from themaster roll to form a microfiche master. Theseunit microforms can then be duplicated assuch.

Equipment is available and the duplic&tingfilms used are packaged to match the require-ments for information systems based on allthe widely used mictriforms. In the duplica-tion of the master microimages, three differenttypes of film are used:

I, Silver copy films, like camera films, aresensitive to visible light, but the emul-

sions are balanced for optimum film-to-film copying. Mc,st of the silver copyfilms reverse the image mode whenprocessed, producing a positive copyfrom a negative master or a negativecopy from a positive master. A directduplicating film is available that pro-duces negative from negative or posi-tive from positive images.

2. Diazo films are sensitive to ultraviolet(U.V.) and near U.V. energy and canbe handled in yellow or subdued light.The exposed copy film is developedeither by placing the film under pres-sure of ammonia briefly or passing itthrough a chamber of warm ammoniavapoz. Diazo films do not reverse theimage mode and copy negative imagesas negative and positive images as posi-tive. Rectntly a reversing diazo filmhas been introduced for use asreproduction intermediate.

3. Vesicular films (most commonly knownby the trade name. Kalvar) are alsoprimarily MIT. seasitive and are de-veloped thermally. Most vesicular filmsreverse the image mode, but nonre-versing formulations are available.

While the recipient of microforms and theuser of the retrieval equipment for whomthis handbook is written will not normallybe concerned with film duplication and types,it is important that they realize the versatil-ity of the technology which might he usedin the system.

Formats and StandardsFormats and standards used in producingmieroforms have been developed from severalsources. Microfilm standards have been issuedby:

ANSI American National StandardsInstitute (formerly ASA .andUSASI). These microfilmstandards generally carry des-ignations such as PH5.1-1959.

DOD Department DE Defense (e.g.,MIL-M-9868).

COMMON 35mm. ROLL MICROFILM FORMAJS

IT

ifiF igure 1

NMA National Microfilm Association(e.g., M-I-1967).

COSATI Committee on Scientific andTechnical Information. Officeof Science and Technology, Ex-ecutive Office of the President.

ALA American Library Association.

These standards are widely used. Neverthe...less they do not define all the requirementsfor microfilm systems, and in many cases thevolunteer standards committees are hardpressed to keep pace with the rapidly ex-panding technology. Many formats and prac-tices in the field are the result of new sys-tems demands, new hardware capabilities, andsimilar circumstances.

Where more than one format or film typeis being used, the purchaser should try to

7

137

select hardware that will meet the principledemands of his system on a priority basis./deafly he would find hardware capable ofaccepting all of the microform types and for-mats in his system. He should realize, how-ever, that the more universal the hardwarethe less likely it is to perform any one filmformat-handling function as well as the readeror reader printer designed for a specific micro-form. The final evaluation of any microformretrieval equipment should include a test ofthe actual microforms which will be used inthe system.

35-mm. Formats. Archivists and librarianshave been using 35-mm. roll microfilm formany years to preserve and distribute im-portant historical documents, books, maga-zines, and newspapers, The reduction mostfrequently used is 14 to 1 or 14X. Setae over-size items, such as newspapers, are more often

filmed at 16X to 20X reductions. The user of35-mm. roll microfilm may encounter four dif-ferent image formats, as shown in figure 1.

Formats II or IV are the most commonfor letter-size documents and smaller, andIII and IV for newspapers. To accommodateall of these formats, a reader or reader printershould have some means of rotating the image90 degrees to appear right reading on thescreennormal position for reading from topto bottom.

Microfiche and Film jackets. The NMA. "Glos.sary of Terms for Mic, photography and Re-production Made from Microimages" detineamicrofiche as follows: "A sheet of microfilmcontaining multiple microimages in a gridpattern. It usually contains a title which canbe read without magnification." A film jacket

ROW A

ROW

ROW C

ROW D

Row E

ROW F

is defined as "a transparent plastic carrierwith a single or multiple sleeve OF pocketmade to hold microfilm in flat strips." A dupli-cate film-to-film copy reproduced from a mi-crofiche master, or a microfiche copy, or afilm jacket, may also be called a microfiche.A microfiche format is shown in figure 2.

When a document requires more t onemicrofiche, the second, third, and subsc..inentmicrofiche in the set are called trailer micro-fiche. In some systems microimages are re-corded in the title area of the trailer micro-fiche. When this is done the eye-readabledocument number is usually found in thefirst or second frame of the trailer frilCr Dfiche.

Any current standard microfiche readerwill also accept a microfilm jacket of the samephysical size and general format. In the newerthin-film jackets the additional layer of clear

DOD MICROFICHE FORMAT

APPLICATION OF PERCEPTRONS TO PHOTOINTERPRETATION.AD GO5 4112 FIN.I.L REPT. FOR 1 JUN S3-I JUL 14. CORNELL AERONAUTICAL

LA .. INC., UFFALO N. Y. VIE-1441-0-4. T. N. !BABCOCK,ET AL. CONTRACT NONR-11181-40. 7SP

UNCLAS JuL 84. U-7-3I OF

AO40544!

BS RESOLLITIUN CHART_

ENE)

DATEFILME44-/345

Figure 2

*AF.7 8 9 10 11 12

plastic on each side of the film in the jacket NMAdoes not affect either the readability of thefilm or the ability to produce paper copy.

Two standards for microfiche are com-monly used in the United States today. Theseare the COSATI Standard, widely used bythe Federal Goveriummt for the distributionof report literature; and the NMA, M-1-1967.The NMA Standard encompasses two basicinternal formats: one similar to the COSATIand the other at a higher reduction ratio.The NMA Standard also provides for threeoverall sizes of microfiche: 3- x 5-inch, 3.24-x 7.375-inch, and 105-mm. x I48.75-mm., asdoes the COSATI Standard. It is anticipatedthat similar ANSI standards will be publishedsoon. The Department of Defense also has aspecification, MIL-M-38748, similar to theCOSATI. From the viewpoint of the user,the important standards criteria are:

COSATI

Microfiche size: 105-mm. x 148.75-mm.(4" x 6").

18X to 20X.Reduction ratio:Image grid:

First sheet :

Trailer sheet:

Grid index andpage sequence:

Image mode:

Image positioning:

60 frames, 5 rows of12.

72 frames, C rows of12.

Row index begins atupper left and runsdown; column beginsat upper left andruns across. Page se-quence from left toright.Clear lines on blackbackground (somemicrofiche with blacklines on clear back-ground are beingdistributed on anexperimental basis).Rotating not re-quired for rightreading.

Mictafichc Sise Reduction rniage Grid

75- x 125-mm(3' a 5")

20X 40 frames4 rows of 10

24X 60 frames5 rows of 12

105- a 148.75-mm. 20X 60 framea(4" x 6") 5 rows of 12

2431 98 frameS7 rows of 14

3.25' a 7.375"(RAM card size)

Grid ndex andpage sequence:

Image mode:

Image positioning:

ANSI (Proposed)

20X 60 frames¶ rows of 15

2431 90 frames5 rows of it

Row index begins a:.upper left and runsdown; column beginsat upper left ndruns across. Page se-quence from left toright.Optional: clear lineson black backgroundor black lines onclear background.

Optional : rotatingsuggested for rightreading.

Essentially the same as the NMA standardsexcept:

Grid index andpage sequence: Recommended row

index begins in lowerleft corner and runsup; column index be-gins in lower leftcorner and runsacross. Optional : rowindex begins in upperleft corner and run:down; column beginsin upper left cornerand uns across.

In addition to those covered by the pub-lished standards, many other formats havebeen ueed, particularly in industry and vari-ous micropublishing ventures. Microfichesheet sizes range from the nominal 3- x 5-inchto 6- r 9-inch sizes, and occasionally larger.However, the majority of microfiche used to-day in Government and industry are of the105- a 148.75-mm. (4. x 6-inch) size.

Reduation ratios on microfiche range from15X to 40X. The majority of the microfichedistributed by Federal Governinent agenciesare at 18X to 20X. Several micropublishersalso use this reduction ratio to insure thattheir publications will be compatible withFederal report literature. In industry. the 24Xstandard is widely used for catalogs andsimilar material.

COM units generate both roll film andmicrofiche. Depending on the unit, the micro-fiche reduction ratio can vary from 20Xto 48X (equivalent reduction ratios sincethere is no original hardcopy document forcomparison). In addition to the reductionratio, the most important factor on readerselection for COM or other computer-gen-crated data is that many of the images have1S2 characters per line and 64 lines. Thisequates to a standard 14- x 11-inch (w x h)page. A reader or reader printer screen shouldbe this aize or larger to accommodate suchinformation at an equivalent lo original size.

10-mm. Forniats. Film 16-mm. wide is usedfor businem records, catalogs, and letter-sizedocuments. The film may vary in thickness,however, and therefore a standard reel willaccommodate from 100 feet of standard basefilm (5 mils thick) to over 200 feet of thinWee film. Depending on the reduction ratioused. 100 feet of film may contain the imagesof 2,000-3,000 letter-size documents; 200 feet,4,000-6,000 pages.

From the equipment purchaser's viewpoint,there are three areas of formats and standardsthat are important:

1. Film container

6

a cartridge, magazine, or caseate. A no-rewind cartridge or cassette has two spoolsacting alternately as supply and take-upspools dia-aiding on the direction the filmis transa ed. The film never leaves thistype of cartridge. The rewind type of car-tridge or magazine dispenses the film intothe reader or reader printer for viewing.The film must then be rewound beforeremoving the cartridge from the reader,

The cartridge serves two purposes: toprotect the film when not in use and as acomponent of the film transport mechanismfor automated film handling. Manufactur-ers produce at leaat six different cartridgesystems. Many of the readers and readerprinters, particularly the more sophisti-ca1ad and highly automated units, will ae-cept only one type of cartridge. A fewmanufacturers offer adapters which allowthe use of more than one type cartridgein the machine. No commercially availablereader or reader printer accepts bothstandard reels and all cartridge types. Thepurchaser of readers or reader printersshould carefully explore the matter of reeland cartridge compatibility before order-ing equipment.

2. Image orientation and film sequence

The microfilm images can be oriented inseveral ways, as shown in figure 3. Theseare:

Simplex with pages filmed in sequenceusing full film width, Page orientationean he "Comic," with pages right read-ing from edge to edge of the film, or"Cinc," with pages right reading alongthe length of the film.

Duo, with pages filmed in sequenceusing one-half the film width, reversingat end of roll to continue filming onthe remaining half.

Duplex, with front (F) and back (B)of documents filmed side by side.

Microfilm 16-mm. wide is distributed on a Most 16-mm. readers andreader printers

plastic reel or in a special container called are designed to acceptfilm with images

IMAGE FORMATS ON 16mm. ROLL MICROFILM

A

Simplex Comic

Simplex Cine

Ii1(10"°

Duo

.f Ildilir :

-1

(114!.1.-

Duplex

Figure 3

in a comic orientation. To accept eine-oriented images and display a right reauingimage, the equipment should have a meansof rotating the image.

Most 16-mm. simplex images have beenreduced 20 to 28 times. Duo or dupleximages are often reduced 35 to 45 times.Readers and reader printers shou.d mag-nify these images accordingly for legiblereading.

3. Film indexing

The microfilm often has code marks or in-dex marks on the film to assist in retrievaland locating images. Some of the morecommon roll film index methods, shown infigure 4, are:

I Mash card or flash target: a distinctiveimage used to separate file segments orsets of ?agea.Film pull-down: a linear or sequentiallocatien of frames, closely related toan odometer on the machine whichmeasures film length transported.Image count: merks (blips) below theframes are counted electronically andused by the machine to control imageretrieval in a linear sequence.Ear or code line: bars or lines betweenthe frames have positional value as re-lated to a settle along the edge of thereader or reader printer screen.Photo-optical binary code: doe mientnumbers or index terms are recordedin optical binary code before each docu-ment; used with electronic logic sys-tems for retrieval.

In each of these image finding systems,the microimage can be enlarged and readon any reader or reader printer of theproper magnification whether or not thecoding or indexing system is utilized.However, for more efficient retrieval offilm coded to a given page or groups ofpages, the readers and reader printersneed to be equipped to "read" the :ode

method used. Accordingly, the user willneed to consider the coding or indexmethod which will be used before makingan equipment selection.

Aperture Cards. Aperture cards are punched(tabulating) cards with windows containingmicrofilm frames. Although there are severalformats, including cards with multiple aper-tures and cards containing jacket-like enve-lopes over multiple apertures, the one mostcommonly used is the so-called MIL-D aper-ture card. This card ilea an aperture 2 x 134inches specifically located in one end of thecard as a carrier for a frame of 35-mm. film.These cards are widely used for engineeringdrawings and design support documents. Theremainder of the card is normally oscd torecord the document identity in keypunchcode which is interpreted (printed) at thetop of the card.

Within the mounted film frame, twomats are meat commonly used as follows:

I. The entire frame Ic used for one docu-men1 sheet or pagi_, typically an engi-neering drawing. Drawings from &IA x11 to 34 x 44 inches are reduced to thestandard frame using reductions of16X, 24X, and 30X. Many readers andreader printers used with this formathave 18- x 24-inch screens for viewingthe entire aperture at a nominal 15Xmagnification.

2. The standard frame is used to recordup to eight lettersize documents; typ-ically these would be design supportdocuments or technical reports. Usingreductions of 20X to 24X, a 2 x 4 imagegrid is recorded on the frame. Cardsbearing these multiple image framescan be viewed en either engineeringaperture card readers or on many ofthe readers designed for microfiche.

Type and Characteristics of ReaderPrinter Paper CopySeveral processes are used by the manufac-turers of reader printers to produce enlarged

INDEX METHODS USED ON 16mm. FILM

BEIM

Flash Card

Film Puil-down

MIN

Image Count

Bar or Code Line

Photn-ootical Code

Figure 4

3

d

9

paper copies of microimages. Many of themare familiar to the user, since they are alsoused in standard office copiers. While each ofthe processes produces a useful informationprint, they vary considerably as to cost, char-acteristics, and printing time. In evaluatingthe paper copy process, the purchaser shouldconsider the following factors;

Cost of supplies.Quality and feel of the printWarm up time.Print cycle time.Convenience in operation.

Convenience of routine maintenance.

Shelf life of paper before exposure.Print life and image deterioration afterexposure.

Some of these factors are obviously subjective,and the best way to evaluate the equipment isto operate each reader printer personally.

Image Mode. The user will encounter micro-film images in a negative mode, clear image,black background; and a positive moue, black.image, clear background. The tones of nega-tive images must be reversed in the hard copyprocess to produce black on white enlargedprints. Several of the processes used in readerprinters do this ; they are

Silver halide papers, using either mono-bath or stabilization immersion processing.

3M Co.'s Filmac process, in which an imageis deposited by surface treatment of thepaper with a liquid activator.

The Itek "R S" process in which an imageis formed when the exposed paper is sur-face treated with a liquid carrying theimage forming chemicals.

3M Co.'s dry silver paper in which theimage is thermally developed.

The above processes all reverse the image,producing a positive print from negative im-

ages or a negative print from positive micro-film images.

One process which has been used in a feweelarger printers, the diazo process, is non-reversing and will produce only positiveprints from positive images (or negative printsfrom negative).

Another group of paper copy processeswill produce black on white enlarged printsfrom either negative or positive mode micro-film images, but it is necessary to changethe toner and make other adjustments in themachine before switching from one to another.If the need for changeover capability exists,the entire procedure should be explored be-fore any purchase is made. The processesrequiring changeover procedures are :

The transfer electrostatic or Xerographicprocess.

The rect electrostatic processes using. papers and tither dry or liquid ton-

ing systems.

Another process, the "OPC" electrostaticprocess, has the capability of changing frommode to mode by means of a switch on thereader printer.

The user should judge for himself howmuch flexibility he needs in the printingprocess.

With the exception of the transfer electro-static process, which uses plain paper, allpapers used in these processes :Ire coatedpapers. The cost of supplies will vary withthe manufacturer, usage volume, and the proc-ess. The cost of supplies is only one costfactor in finished print cost. The purchaserwill also want to consider machine burdenwhich is the cost per month to own or renta machine, plus the cost for direct and pre-ventive maintenance. Print cost is the sumof supplies cost per print, plus the machineburden, divided by the anticipated use inprints per month.

Reader printers and enlarger p.inters useeither cut sheets or rolls of paper. Paper sup-

plies are usually packaged ii. th proper sizesfor use in each type of equipment.

Each of the processes is capable of produc-ing good prints from line work (text, draw-ings, etc.). Some are capable of reproducingacceptable prints of halftones and photo im-ages as well. The enlarged paper copy can beof no better quality than the image on the film.Before it is purchased a reader printer shouldbe tested by making copies from several micro-film samples of a quality and format typicalof your system, including a few of the worstsamples.

If it is planned to store and use prints forlong periods of time, long-term print stabilitywill he a critical factor. Coatod papers willvary in their archival quality although manu-facturers are constantly endeavoring to up-grade this and other paper qualities. If archi-val quality is an important consideration, askto see prints that are 6 months to a year oldand for information about the life expectancyof prints under conditions of storage and use.

Thus, the user will wish to consider acombination ot factors cost of supplies andother factors as well in the light of his re-quirements when choosing reader printerequipment.

Guidelines on EquipmentRequirementsNo amount of effort will make equipmentselection, either by type or by model, a "yesor no" decision. Based on his needs, his workmethods, the microforms available to him,their informational content, and the natureof his reference to the information in themicroimages, the user is his own "fine screen"of selection. For example, a clerk may com-fortably use a microform reader all day toretrieve information about the status of aninventory or a series of accounts each re-trieval being a lookup of an average of per-haps a hundred characters of information_ Onthe other hand, a user who must annotatedocument pages will usually be beat served

by having hard copies of pertinent nforma-tion.

Nor is it possible in all cases to totallydefine the requirements of groups of users.Even in the engineering field, where micro-film has been used for 15 years for the inter-active distribution of design documents, ref-erence requirements range across thr. board.Some engineers' requirements are fully satis-fied by reference to copy cards in desk topreaders, while others require a print most ofthe time.

Accordingly, for the individual user theprime factor in equipment seleetion will bethe kind of information contained in the mi-croform collection and how it is used in hiswork. Then, guided by the information inthis handbook, the economic situation, theneed for a reader versus a reader printer, and,lastly, "bands-on" experience with that equip-ment which best meets his needs, one can makea proper decision.

Similarly, the individual responsible forthe purchase of equipment for a number ofusers must have a knowledge of overall fac-tors, including the following :

Whether the microform collection will con-tain one or several different mieroforms.

Whether the users will require readersonly, or reader printers, or a high pro-portion of one to the other.

Whether the information in the collectionwill be made available through loans ofthe microform or by furnishing microformcopies, thns indicating a possible need forportable reference equipment which theuser may borrow.

One of the most persistent problems in theimplementation of microfilm information sys-tems has been determining the true needs ofthe ultimate user that the system will serve.Only when this has been done can the properchoice in equipment be made, using this hand-book as a guide.

11

IL GENERAL FACTORS rN EQUIPMENTSELECTION

Many of the functional and operational con-siderations which affect equipment selectionpertain to all readers and reader printer.; re-gardless of the type of microform. These fac-tors are considered in this chapter, and theappropriate information for individual equip-ment is entered in the tab ,es in chapters IIIand IV.

Price

Government prices for products are often es-tablished by bid and negotiation through theGeneral Services Administration as well asindividual agencies. Where applicable, pricesshown are established Federal Governmentpricea for hardware purchases, hardware rent-al, supplies, and maintenance. Commercialprices are shown where a Federal Govern-ment price has not been established. The pur-chaser should be mindful that while price maybe important as far as total system costs areconcerned, it is not necessarily a criterion forjudging the quality or usefulness of a product.Through proper analysis and testing in theuse environment, it may be found that thelower cost item will satisfy all requirements.Conversely, a higher-priced, more flexible unitmay save time or be more satisfactory forother reasons.

Electrical Systems

Power. The standard current in the UnitedStatca is 115-volt 60-cycle. All U.S.-madereaders and reader printers operate on thiscurrent. In many European and South Amer-ican countries. 220-volt 50-cycle current isstandard. Some manufacturers have modelsavailable which can easily be adapted to l'or-eign and other special power service. Severalportable readers can be battery operated oradapted to automotive or aircraft electricalsystems.

12

Lamps Standard projection bulbs are used inmany reference units. Many manufacturersnow use more expensive, specially designedlamps which maintain approximately the samelign output during the life of the lamp. Bulbor 'amp failure is the most frequent mainte-nance item hi readers and reader printers_ Itis well to keep a spare on hand. The life of alamp depends on both the lamp type and theelectrical system in the unit. To determinethe number of lamps needed per year. estimatethe number of hours each reader will be inuse during the year and divide by the ratedlamp life. It is generally good practice toallow the lamp to cool before moving portablereaders. Projection lamps run hot, and aburned out lamp should be allowed to coolbefore attempting to replace it.

Conlin& Because projection lamps generateboth light and heat, the proje. _n system andfilm plane must be cooled to protect the film.Larger readers usually have a motor-drivenblower to do this. The design of smaller unitsis such that convection cooling is often suffi-cient. The film is also protected by heat-absorbing glass elements in the projectioncondenser system. Regardless of the coolingsystem, no external part of the reader nor-mally touched by the user with the exceptionof hot air vents, should be more than warmto the touch.

Screen

In most microdocument systems it is desirableto have the reader screen present an entirepage of information at or near the originalsize. Half paga or partial page images on ascreen can he useful and are acceptable withsome types of document systems, such asnewspapers and engineering drawings. How-ever, in making a decision about a reader orreader printer, the purchaser should be aware

16

of the following facts regarding reduction,enlargement, original document size, andreader screen size :

1. The original sheet sizes of commondocuments in inches are :

Federal Governmentletters 8 W x 10 H

Federal Governmentlegal documents 8 W x M H

Commercial letters 854 W x 11 HCommercial legal

documenta 854' W x 14 H

Computer printout,two sizes 14 W x 11 II

W x 11 HInternational

(ISO). A-4 si 210 x 297 mm.(854 W x 11% H)

Engineeringdrawings A size 834 W x 11 H

11 W x 834 H

B size 17 W

C size 22 W

D size 34 W

E size 44 W

x 11 H

x 17 H

x 22 H

x 34 H

2. The reader screen must be equal insize to the original document if it isnecessary to present the entire docu-ment page at the original size. How-ever, most documents have unusedmargins, and a screen slightly smallerthan the original document may ade-quately display the information areaof a document page at original size.

3. A smaller screen will also display a fullpage of text when the reader enlargesthe image to less than original size.For example, an 854- x 11-inch docu-ment, originally reduced 24X, can beaccommodated on a 734- x 934-inchscreen when enlarged 20X. The char-

acters in the text and illustrations willbe proportionately smaller also.

4. A letter-size image that must be rotated90 degrees to be right reading will re-quire a screen 11 inches wide as wellas some form of image rotation. Suchimages often contain tabulated dataand charts or graphs.

Colon Screens can be of a neutral color, whenlighted, or have a slight tint. The tintedscreens are used by £10111e manufacturers toreduce potential eye strain. Images photo-graphed in color will show bettercolor fidelitywhen projected on a neutral screen,

Type. Moat readers and reader printers pro-ject images from the rear onto a translucentscreen. These screens often have a matte sur-face on one side and a shiny surface on theother. The matte surface facing out will re-duce glare and ambient reflections. The shinysurface facing out will give an apparent in-crease in image sharpness. A reflecting screenis an opaque one on which thc images areprojected for viewing.

Physical FeaturesReaders and reader printers are available ina variety of forms to suit the environment inwhich they will be used, the user's need, thesystem, and the cost. The basic forms are :

1. Lap readers. Designed for portabilityand personal use, they are available atpresent only as microfiche readers.

2. Portable readers. These are readerswhich either fold into a ease similarto a portable typewriter CaSS or arecompact and portable. They are avail-able for 16-mm. film, aperture cards,and microfiche, and are generally usedon an intermittent basis.

3. Desk readers and reader printers. Theseare usually intended for more continu-ous use and. are placed on a desk, table,or stand,

4. Free-standing units. These self-con-tained readers and reader printers haveintegral bases and are designed to standalone.

Many manufacturers offer a li a. af accessoriesas well, such as floor stands, combinationstands and microform storage units, adaptorsfor other types of microfilm, and other capa-bilities. The number of operating features,controls, and accessories on any unit is di-rectly related to its cost. As a minimum,nearly every reader has an on-off switch anda control for focusing. And all reader printershave some means for controlling print time.

Human Factors Interface

A reader or reader printer should be com-fortable to use. The controls should be locatedwhere they are easily accessible while theuser is in the normal viewing position. Thefilm loading operation should be simple andreadily understandable after the first expla sa-tion and demonstration. The control of hefilm movement should be smooth, alio ,.,ngfor rapid movement to specific document areasand for fine adjustments to center pages onthe screen. The unit should stay in focusmoving from one page to the next. Any large-scale film movement should necessitate nomore than a minimal focus adjustment. Whenindexing systems are part of the unit, theyshould be simple to comprehend and use.Human factors are largely subjective. Theycan bc evaluated only by testing the equip-ment under actual operating conditions.

Optical Systems

Manufacturers specify readers and readerprinters by image magnification (24X meansthe image is magnified 24 times). Most unitshave fiited biagnifications that cannot easilybe changed in the field, even though lite pur-chaser may select one iron: a choice of mag-nifications at do- thne of ordering. Neverthe-less, th.7 purchaser will find many units avail-able with magnifications changeable in thefield. Theae are generally one of three types:

14

units with lens systems that are interchange-able by removing one lens from the holderand dropping in another dual magnificationunits, with magnification changed by meansof a lever or mechanism : or eystems that pro-vide continuously variable magnification overa specified range using zoom lenses or mechan-ically varied optical paths. Variation in mag-nification is important to the user who willreceive microforms from more than one sourceat very different image reductions. In thiscase, interchangeable lenses or continuouslyvariable magnification can be considered. Forthe user who will need reference to imagesof documents over a broad size range, such asnewspapers and smaller publications, continu-ously variable systems or dual magnificationunits shuald be considered.

Image Rotation. When the microforms usedcontain images which are not right readingin the normal orientation of the microform inthe reader, some type of image rotation isneeded. In the tables in chapters III-VI. thefollowing notations are used :

1. None. The user must turn his head toview the screen image when it is notright reading or, in the case of micro-fiche and aperture cards, the micro-form must he removed from the ma-chine, turned 90 degrees, and rein-serted. One 16-tran. roll film reader canbe used upright or turned on ith sidefor reading.

2. Optical rotation. Images are rotated bya lever or knob that rotates a prismin the optical system.

3. Mechanical rotation. Rotation ts ac-complished by turning the film trans-port 90 degrees.

When image rotation is o factor, either of thelast two methods ram bc quite satisfactory ina given eae. The choice th mainly one Of userp.clerence.

MaintenanceIn general, the quality of the image displayedor the paper copy provided is directly relatedto the cleanliness of the optical system and the

1

printing mechanism. Microfilm's worst enemyis dust. Duet on reader screen,4, mirrors, andother optical elements decreases light andillumination lc vas, sometiraes significantly.Dust particles on the film Of film holding me-chanism damage the film and, when enlarged20 to 40 times, may look like confetti on thescreen and impair readability.

Preventive maintenance will make a con-siderable difference in the long-term usabilityof the equipment. Use of a dust cover whenthe equipment is not in use is recommended.Following the manufacturer's recommenda-tions, cleaning of the scree;., lens, internalmirrors, and condenser elements should bedone on a routine basis. As noted earlier,lamps should be replaced as burned out orwhen the lamp envelope has darkened, de-creasing light output. (Take care not to touchthe old lamp when it is still hot.) A sparelamp should be available. Most units provideeasy access to the lamp. Some have a clipinaide for storage of an extra lamp.

Glass flats or optical flats of plastic arcoften used to hold the film flat in the opticalsystem. They should be easily removed forcleaning or should be easily accessible andcleaned in place. On reader printers, loadingof the paper and imaging chemicals and re-moval or cleaning of the printing mechanismshould be easy and convenient.

7 Jr maintenance problems should, ofeou, be referred to qualified maintenancepersonnel.

Warranties and ServiceManufacturers' warranties and maintenanceservice vary considerably. Most will warranttheir hardware against defective parts forperiods of time ranging from 30 days to 1year. The warranty does not normally includelamps. Some manufacturers include labor costsduring the warranty period, and some do not.Some manufactulers have service contric -available after the initial warranty period.Rental equipment frequently includes main-tenance service by the supplier. Some smallermanufacturers may request the return of thehardware to the factory for service if theydo not have locally available service engineers.

In general, the simpler the device the lessthe purchaser need be concerned with lengthof warranty or availability of local service.Once the simplest microfiche reader has beenreceived and installed in good repair, thereis little to go wrong. If defective parts arediscovered, replacements can often be obtainedfrom the factory and installed by the user.Conversely, for reader printers and the moremechanized readers, length of warranty andthe availability locally of trained servicepersonnel and service contracts should bediscussed prior to equipment selection orpurchase.

15

HI. CON VENTIONAL ROLL MICROFILMREADERS AND READER PRINTERS

The two most commonly used roll microfilmsare -mm. and 35-rnm. A typicel reel con-tains up to 100 feet of standard base film or00 feet of the new thin films. Roll film on

reels can be used in some readers and readerprinters having motorized drives, but mostcommonly rolls are used in machines that aremanually operated. Accordingly, this chaptercovers only units which are not motorized.Roil film stored and handled on conventionalreels normally has only minimal indexing aids,such as flaah cards or sequential frame num-bers. In this category are :

1. Universal Readers which accept both16-mm. and 35-mm. roll film. Many ofthese units can also be adapted to ac-cept microfiche and film jackets as well.

2. Readers for 16-mm. roll tricrofilm.

In addition, this chapter covers reader print-ers which will accept 35-mm. or 16-mm. rollmicrofilm or both.

Physical and OperationalCharacteristics

A conventional roll microfilm reader normallyis a simple device consisting of :

A hand-cranked film transport mach-aniam,

An optical project I and enlargingsystem.

Controls: on-off, focus.

Translucent screen. (One widely needreader projects the image on an opaquereflecting screen.)

Mousing.

16

In addition, the reader printers have:

Paperanism.

ort and printing mech.

Special printing control

The user normally performs the followingfunctions in order to display aa image on areader

Turn awitch on.

Place reel on reader, thread filn, throughfilm gate, and attach to take up reel.

Focus.

Wind to desired image.

To produce a print on a reader printer:

Set print timer to proper exposure.

Press print button.

Very little maintenance is needed for theseunits. The reader should be dusted at leastonce a week. The most critical parts are thefilm transport mechanism and the film gate.Glass fiats at the film gate should be cleanedwith glass cleaner. Manufacturer's instruc-tions for cleaning and maintenance of theprinting mechanism of reader printers shouldbe followed carefully.

Special Factors in EquipmentSelectionConventional roll microfilm readers or readerprinters employing either 16-mm. or 35-mm.film are typically used for newspapers, books,perlodicals and other library reference ma-

terials. 16-mm. units are generally used forcorrespondence files, personnel files, securitystorage files, and business records for whichthere is a lower incidence of reference.

Film Transport. Roll film is manually trans-ported in one of two ways on units of thisequipment class. /n the simplest case, iden-tified in the equipment tables as "reel crank,"a hand crank is attached to the spindles onwhich the film reels are mounted. In manyunits, film is driven forward or reversedthrough a mechanical linkage from the filmspindles to a reversible crank. Though morecostly, this method is more convenient.

A few of the units in this category can beadapted to or accept cartridges or magazines.Since many of the conventional roll film ma-chines are intended for library use, their de-sign enables them to accept microfiche, jackets,and aperture cards as well. In most of theseunits the unit microforms are positionedmanually.

Film Gate. For optimum sharpness of thescreen image, the film must be held flat in thefilm plane. Two types of film gates are usedfor this purpose; they arc:

1. Open throat. The film rides in openMr. Such units normally use edge guid-

ing or other methods to kcep the filmin the focal plane.

2. Glass flats. The film is held in the focalplane between two pieces of opticallyflat glass.

While the latter method will often providethe sharper image, the glass flats must bekept clean to minimize film damage. To fur-ther protect the film, these glass flats can be :

1. Floating. The flats pivot on a centralaxis so that they rotate with the filmas it moves.

2. Manual open (and close). The flats=1st be separated manually each timethe film is transported.

3. Auto Open (and close). The flats openautomatically when the film is moved.

Obviously each mechanization of a functizncontributes to cost and the purchaser can bestweigh the above factors by his own experience.

The above factors and those noted in chap-ter II are complied in the following tables.Table 1 covers the available readers in thisequipment class; and table 2, the reader print-ers. To further assist the prospective pur-chaser or user, photographs of some of thisequipment are shown in figure 5. The photo-graphs were supplied through the courtesy ofthe manufacturers.

17

MICROFILM READERS CONVENTIONAL FOR ROLL MICROFILM

MANUFACTURER/DISTRIBUTOR DASA D1ETZGEN DUKANE DUKANE DUKANE

MODELNumberName Mark 1 model U

4308 2/A5 27A25Explorer 14

27A35Explorer 12

PHYSICALTypeDimensions (1

Weight (UIS)

Desk27" x 13" x 17"

27

Desk24" x 14- x 20"

28

Portable22" x 1 i" x 19'

22

Desk24- x 15' x 18-

45

Desk20" x 11 x 12-

ELECTRICALPower (A QCoolingRated Lamp Lje

11SVEt .01.,ir

50 hours

115VConvection150 hours

115VConvection

hours

115VBlower100-150 hours

11WConvection100 hours

orricALMagniEcations

AvaBableLens ChangeableImage Rotation

15, 25,35

YesYes, h

17.24,30,43

NoYes, mechanical

20

NoYes, mechanical

18

YesYes, mechanical

19

NoNo

REENSize (II x li!)ColorType

x II"GreenReaz mole fa n

12" a 12"GreenRear projection

3- x 9"GrayRear projection

14" x 14-GrayRear projection

11" x 11"- - -

Rear projection

FILM CARRIERTransport

Fain SizesFilm Forms

Take UpFilm Gate

Image Locator

n

16roirk 35mm

Reel, jackets.microfiche,aperture cardsReAGlass flats,floatingVisual

Manual, reel crank

16mm, 35mm

Reel,microfiche

ReelOpen throat

Visual

ManuW,reel crank16mm, 35mm

Reel. microfiche,aperture cards,jacketsReelGlass flats

Visual

Manual,mechanical cranklómm,3Smm

Reel,aperture cards,microficheReelGlass flats

Manual, reel crank

I6mm, 35mm

Reel,

Microfiche

ReelGlass flatsmanual openVisual

CONTROLSType

Location

Focus, rotation,lateral SCAM,on-off, brightnessAll top

On-off, focus

All front

On-off, brightnessrOCus, rotation,lateral scanAll front

On-off, brightnessfocus, rotation,lateral scanAll front

On-off, focus.lateral scan

Ail front

WARRANTY 90 days 90 days 90 days 90 days 90 days

SERVICE METHOD Direct, dealer ET _ct, dealer Dealer, factory Dealer, factory Dealer, factory

FEATURES/ lACCESSORIES 1

FED. GOVT. PRICESReader

Extra rears1

LampsService

£455.00commercial$75.00commercial$1.71 commercial

2 S. 721, 24)(2 7. 30X, 43X

$207.50

$1.50

$355.00

$7.50

5 .00 (est)

Table 118

ODAKe.orda10

KODAK(Recnitdak)

REMINGTONRAND

UNIVERSITYMICROFILM

UNIVERSITYMICROFILM

UNIVERSITYMICROFILM

WASHINGTONSCIENTI FIC

MPE=1 3lOmodrlPVA E420 1013 1212 1414 RH

Desk39- x 21" x 21

Desk19 x 16" x 11"

2

Desk27" x 13- x 17-

27

Desk

24- x 12 x 18

22

Desk

18- X l4" x 8"

15

Desk24" x 15" xIS

45

Portable19- x 14" x 18'(open)

117Vonvection

117VConvection

115VBlower= = -

115V&220VConvection100 hours

11SV

Slower- - =

IISVBlower100 hours

Various AC, DCConvectionMO hours

19

No

Ycs, mechanical

20, 24, 32, 40

YesYes, mtchanical

15, 24, 35

Yes

Yes, mechanical

20

No

Yes, mechanical

17, 22,40

NoNo

18

No

Yes, mechanical

20, 24

NoNo

20" x 20"WhiteReflecting

9" x 12"GreenRear projection

11" x 1 1"GreenRear projection

13" x 10"GrayRear projection

12" x 12-NeutralRear projection

14" x 14"GrayRear projection

12" x 9"Green, giey, imaeRem projection

Manual,mechanical cranki 6mm, 35mmReel

ReelGlass flats

Codeline, visual

Manual

16mmReel

ReelGlass fiats

Codeline, visual

Manpalmech, crank16mm, 35romReelmicrofichejacketsReelGlal$ flatsfloatingVisual

Manua/.reel crank16mm, 35minReeln6crofiche

Reel

Visual

cal

5mmmicrofiche105mm x 148min

Manual,mechanical crank16mm, 35mm

Reelmicrofiche

ReelGlass flatsmanual openVinial

Manual,reel crank16mmReel

ReelOpen throat

Codeline, visual

On-off, focus,film crank,rotationTop & side

On-off, focus,lateral scan,rotation, crank

On-off, focuscrank, lateralscan, rotationT p

On-off, focusrotation,fdm crank

0 , focus ff, focusfilm crank

All front

Omoff, focusmminal crank

SidesParts I yearService 3 months

Parts 1 yearService 3 months

1 year 90 days 90 days 90 days l80days

Field on call Field on call Field offices Xerox branches Xerox branches Xerox branches Dealers

Odometer optionbattery option

50.00 less 6%

30 00 less 2%

$495,00 lem 6%

$65.00 less 6%

30.001e 2

$4304455 $125.00

9.i,11

.6020.00 minimum

$119.00commercial

5275.00

7.50

$10.08

$239.00commercial

$2.25

Table 1 (Continued)

19

3

MICROFILM READER PRINTER - CONVENTIONAL FOR ROLL MICROFILM

MANUFACTURER/DISTRIBUTOR DASA DASA

MODEL

Number

Name Mark II Mark 18

40C13 model 75AA

PEIYSICAL

Type

Dimensions (11WD)

Weight (LDS)

Desk

26-x I 3"x30'68

Stand Or desk

33-x35"x36"760

Desk

28"x17"x23"120

ELECTRICAL

Power (AC)

Cooling

Rated Lamp Life

115V

Blower

50 hours

II5VBlower

25 hours

115V, 220V

Blower

OPTICAL

Magnifications tAvailable i

Lens Changeable

Image Rotation

10.5, 13.4. 15.4,30.1, 27.9, 33.8

VYees, 'calch

12, 14, 16

Yes

Yes. mechanical

Range 11 lense$from 66 to 33

Yes

Yes, mechanical

SCREEN

Size (11 x 19)

CalOr

Type

11"x II"Green

Rear projection

IV x 24-Gray

Rear projection

III6"x 10"Gray, green blue

Rear projection

FILM CARRIER

Transport I

Film Sizes

Film Forms

Take Up

Film Gate

Image Lcsator

Manual, mech. crank,continuous scan

16mm, 35mm

Reelaperture card3" deep fiche

Reel

Glass flats,floating

Image count

Manual,continuous scan

16mm. 35oun

Reelaperture cardmicsofiche

Reel

Glass flats,floating

Visual

Manual, mechanIcalcrank

16mm, 35mm

Reelaperture cardmicrofiche

RedManual openglass flats

Visual

., :Type

Location

Onmff, brightnessfocus, rotation,WWI print, exposemanual transport

MI top

On-off, focus, filmtransport, lateralscan, rotation,expose, print

AU front

Orvoff, focus,film transportprint, expose

Side & front

Table 2

20

MANUFACTURER/DISTRIBUTOR DASA DASA

IMAGING SYSTEMProcess

Prints

Warm Up TimePrint Cycle Time

Print Sizes

Silver stabilizeNeg to positive

Nene

25 seconds

8'h" x 11-

Silver stabilize

Neg to positive

None

15 seconds

la- wide, variable8Vv" to 24" long

Eketrochemical

Neg to positive

None

6 seconds

8/k" x I 2W-

SUPPLIES

Paper

Roll Fed

Sheet Fed

Cost/PrintShelf Life

Chemicals

TyPe

Prints/Package

150' roll

5.0*.

18 months

Silver stabilize960

350' roll

5.20

18 mnnths

SOver stabilke

average 1500

300' roll

5.07 to .09

3M activator300 per quart

WARIkANTY 90 days 9 l80daysSERVICE METHOD Direct & dealer Dirac t & dealer AgreementFEATURES/ACCESSORIES Variable print

lengthVarious, 'h sheetkit, odometer,staridetc.,---

F . GOVT. PRICES

R,AideelPrin Err I

Extra Lenses 1

Lamps

service

$1245.00commercial

$125.00commercial

$1.71 commercial

$3495.00commercial

$300,00commercial

58,56 enunnereill

$872.2 wai lens

$99.75

$ .150/year

Table 2 -critinuncl)

is

READERS AND READER PRINTERS FOR CONVENTIONAL ROLL MICROFILM

?--esigillik r-4kr.o...-1,,,---

Or

,-,

22

-444.r

VI/ashington Scientific IndustriesModel RH Portable Reader

University Microfilms Reader Model 1414

The University Microfilms DASA Corporation's Mark I Model U ReaderModel 1212 Reader

Figure 5

IV. MOTORIZED ROLL FILM READERSAND READER PRINTERS

The majority of mechanized readers and reader printers use 16-mm. microfilm in containerscalled magazines, cartridges, or cassettes.Most of these units are designed to use oneor more of the image-locating techniquesdescribed in chapter 1 under "Formats andStandards." At least one unit uses 16-mm.film with 8-mm. images in a duo (double row)sequence. These readers and reader printersvary greatly in their degree of sophisticationand nrice. The degree of sophistication isrelated to the unit's retrieval capabilities.

In this category are:

1. A limited number of portable readers.

2. A number of uesk model readers andreader printers.

3, One or more free-standing readers andreader printers.

Physical and OperationalCharacteristicsA standard 100-foot length of 16-mm. micro-film can accommodate 2,000 to 3,009 letter-sizeiraages. Thin base film can be put into a car-Vidge, thus doubling its capacity in pages.however, the user should be aware that thinbase films do not work equally well in allntader and reader printer models, and manymodele require modification for thin base films.

The most widely used motorized readerscontiNt of :

A screen, either neutral in color ortiAed blue or green.

A alot or holder to accommodate themagazine or spindle for the supply reel.

A film -ansport mechanism that eitherautornat:eally threads the film through

the machine and rewinds it intothe magazine or transports manuallythreaded film.

An optical projection and enlargingsystem.

Controls : on-off, focus, and slow andfast motor drive for transporting film.On thz manually controlled retrievalsystems either an odometer indicatoror an index scale along the screen. Onautomated retrieval systems, pushbut-ton control keyboards and logic cir-cuitry for image location.

A housing.

In addition, a reader printer has:

A paper transport and printing mech-anism.

Additional controls for printing.

In order to display an image on the mostwidely used unite, the user normally performsthe following functions:

Turn switch on.

Insert cartridge.

Press lever or turn notor control knob toforward.

In manually controlled units, move filmvia control lever or knob to image locationas indicated by the odometer or indexstrip on the screen. On automated units,press control buttons on panel for pre-determined page location.

Focus.

23

To produce a print on a reader prin er

Set timer or exposure control.

Press print button.

The maintenance considerations discussed inchapters H and III pertain to this class ofequipment as well. Because of the generallyhigher level of use of the motorized unitshowever, it is even more important to performpreventive maintenance on the film gate andprinting mechanism.

Special Factors in EqulpthentSelection

Applications for the equipment in this classare those systems involvinE high levels ofreference to COM-generated roll film, listingsand directories, catalogs and parts lists, in-dexes, maintenance literaturr4 military andother specifications, and account status re-ports.

Film Transport. The units in this class, withone exception, arc designed either to handleroll film, cartridges, and magazines with man-ual threading or to automatically feed ortransport film using the cartridge, magazine,or cassette for which the unit was designed.One unit will .automatleally feed film fromstandard reels and can be adapted to unitmicroforms.

Film transport is controlled in one of threeways:

1. Using a lever similar to a light switchin which motion of the lever to the

24

right makes the film go forward ; andto the left, rewind.

2. Using a knob or dial which is turnedclockwise for forward transport andcounterclockwise for rewind.

3. Using a keyboard to step forward apredetermined number of images or toa predetermined image number.

In addition, some units provie a rrihnualcontrol to assist in fine image positioning onthe screen.

Since the method used to control filmtransport in the more automated units is oftendirectly linked to the image finding methodused on the film, the latter factor becomes akey one in equipment selection of the moreautomated type.

Film Gate. The methods described in chapterIII for holding the film fiat in the focal planepertain here. In addition, a method identifiedin the equipment tables as "platen" is used.The platen is a fioating-top glass flat in aholder that rides on edges designed to pro-vide controlled glass-to-glass separation. Inthis method, care must be taken to be certainthat the platen is the one designed for filmof the thickness transported.

The general equipment selection factorsreferred to above and in chapter II are shownin tables 3 and 4 for readers and readerprinters in this class. Photographs of typicalunite in this group are shown in figure 6.

MOTOR ZED READERS AND READER PRINTERS FOR ROLL MICROFILM

The 3M 400C Reader Printer

1

W-At'

The Information Handling ServicesSatellite IIW Reader

The Recordak MotormatieReader, Model MPG

The Ednalite 1624 COM Reader The Dietzgen 4317 Reader

Figlre 6

MICROFILM RRADERS MOTORIZED FOR ROLL MICROFILM

MANUFACTURER/DISTRIBUTOR

ATLANTICMICROFILM

DIETZGFN DIETZGEN

MODELNumberName

WM.24rn WM-40ATCOM

4317 4317-M

PHYSICAL FEATURES

TypeDimensions tHWIMWeight (LBS)

Desk

17"x15" 'IT'15

Desk

22"x15"x15"30

Desk

22"x15"x15"30

ELECTRICALPower (AC)CoolingRated Lamp Life

1I5VBlower200 boars

115VBlower150 hours

115V

Blower150 hours

PTICALMagnifications

AvailableLens ChangeableImage Rotation

24, 40

NoNo

20

No

No

20

No

SCREENSize !NWcolorTypeHood

11" x 14"GrayRear projectionYes

12" x 12"GreenRear projection

12" x 12"GreenRear projection

FILM CARRIERTransport

Film SizesFilm Forms

Take UpFilm Gate

image Locator

Motorized, dialcontrolI6mmNo rewindcassette

Cassette

Codeline

Motorizedconthruous scan16mmReel, 3M cartridgeB.ecordak _magazinemicroficheReelOpen throat

Visual

Motorized

16inmReel, 3M cartridgeRecordak magazinemicroficheRealOpen throat

OdometerCONTROLS

Typo

Location

On-off, focus,brightness,lilm movementAll front

OnmIT, focus,lilm movement

All front

Onmff, focus,film movement

All frontWARRANTY 1 yem., parts

No labor90 days 90 days

SERVICE METHOD -- - Direct, dealers Direct, tlsalazaFEATURES/ACCESSORIES I

Cassettecarousel

Operates on sidefor rotation

FED. 0 VT, PRICESReader

Extra LensesLampsService

$350.00commercial

$3113.75 S36 L25

Table 326

EDNALITF INFORM. HANDLINGSERVICES

INFORM. HANDLINGSERVICES

KODAK(RECORDAK)

KODAK(RECORDAK)

1624Satellite II Satellite 11W

MPGMotormatie

20/20

Desk22"x1S"x20-2

Portable17-x12-x16"101/2

Portable19"x16"x16-11

Desk26"x23-x32"70

Portable21"x12"x18"20

11.5Vlower

300 hours

USN/ & 220VBlower450 hours

115V & 220VBlower450 hours

120VBlower- - -

1l7V or 12VDCConvection

24

No

24, 40

No

No

24, 40

NoYes op

19 or 23

Yes

Yes, optical

20

No

No

lar x 14Y4-GrayRear projection

11" x 9"GrayRear projection

11"x 14"Gray

Rear projection

15" x 15"NeutralRear projection

12" x 9"Green

Rear projection

otorized,continuous scan16mmReelRecordak magazine3M cartridge

Reelopen

ometer

Manual ormotorized16mm (8mm image)satellite 8/16cassette

Cassette

Codeline, image

Manual ormotorizedI6mmSatellite 8/16no rewindcassette

Codeline count

Motarjed, Maicontrol16mm,35mmReel, Reoordakthread-casymagazine

rlf threadClass flatsautomatic openCodeine

Motorized

lernmReelRecord& magazine

ReelOpen throat

Codeline

On-off focus,tor drive

Front & side

On-off, brightness,roeus, film transport,lateral so=Front tr side

n-off, brightness,focus, nim transport,litteral scanAll front

n focus, filmtransport. irteralscan, rotationAll front

On-off, focus,motor drive

All front

90 days 90 days Parts 1 yearService 3 months

Parts 3 monthsService 3 months

Agrument Agreement Field, on call Fi-ld on

Pedestal,rack

Pedestal,cassette rack

Unit recordadaptor

$625.00commercial

$190,00 manual$265.00 motorizedless 10%

$7.80 less 10%7.50/Year

$275.00 manual$350.00 motor-it:1.dless 10%

$7.80 less 10%12.50/year

$1175. w/o lensless 6%

120. less 6%

$85.00 commercial

$485.00reconditioned

Table 3 (Continued)

27

MICROFILM READERS MOTORIZED FOR ROLL MICROFILM

NIANUFACTURER/DISTRIBUTOR

KODAK (Recordak) KODAK (Recordak) KODAK (Recordak)

ODELNumberName

PR-1Microstar

P54-KLodestar

PTA

Starlet

PHYSICAL FEATURESTypeDimensions (HWE)Weight (LDS)

Desk

24" x 25- x 38"140

Desk25" x 16- x 29"90

Desk21- x 14- x 19-32

ELECTRICALPower (AC)CoolingRated Lamp Life

:20VBlower

120VBlower

117VBlower

OPTICALMagnifications t

Available f

Lens ChangeableImage Rotation

18-24, 21-28,27-36, 35, 45YesYes, mechanical

23

NoYes, optical

20

NoNo

SCREEN

Size (11 x W)

Color

TypeHood

14" a 14"NeutralRear projection

1/2" x 13 /2"GreenRem projection

10 7/8" x 12"GreenRear proje on

FILM CARRIERTrmsport I

Film SizesFilm Forms 1

Tape UpFilm GateImage Locator

Motorized,continuous scan1 immRecordak magazine

Sell threadOpenCodeineima e count

Motorized,conanuous scan16ramRecordak magnine

Self threadOpenCodeineimage count

Motorized, manual,continuous scanlimmReel andRecordak magazineReelOpen throatCodeine

CONTROLSType

Location

Motor drive,rotation,focusAll front

Rotation,motor drive,speed lock, focusAll front

OrEoff, focus,crank,;motor driveAll front

WARRANTY Parts 1 yearService 3 month%

Pffi 5 I yearservice 3 months

Parts 1 yearService 3 months

SERVICE METHOD Field on call Field on call Fiidd on call

FEATURES/ACCESSORIES I

Zoom lens,control keyboard

Image controlkeyboard

FED. GOVT. PRICESReader

Extra Lenses

LampsService

$1895 less 6

$95.00 less 6%

5100/yr comm.

$1295.00 less 6%

$108/yr less 2%

$575.00 less 6%

$53/yr less 2%

Table 3 (Continued)

KODAK (Recordakl 3M STROMBERGDATAGRAPH1X

WASHINGTONSCIENTIFIC

WASHING FONSCIENTIFIC

PVM

Surma c400CR 1700

InnuirY StationC-3M Cartridge, OrCR.Kodak Magazine

RM

Desk

19" x 20" x 12"27

Desk

28 x 17" x 23"120

Desk

21" x 18" x 18"63

Portable

19" x 14" x Hs" (open )18

Portable19" x 14- x 18" (open)17

117VConvection

115V & 220Vblower

115V!Slower

500 hours

Various AC & DCConvection200 hours

Various AC & DCConvection200 hours

20, 24, 32, 40

No

Yes, mechanical

14.9, 18.3, 20.8,23, 25, 29Yes

Yes, mechanical

24, 40

NoNo

20 or 24

No

No

20 or 24

No

No

9" x 12"Green

Rear projection

11 1/2" x 10"Gray, green, blue

Rear projection

I :- x 14"Green, blue, grayRear projection

12- x 9"Green, blue, gayRear projecrfriis

12" x 9"G een, blue, grayRear projection

Motorized,continuous scan16mmReel

ReelGlass flatsCodeline

Motorized,continuous scan16mm3M cartridge

Self threadPlatenCodelin,, odurna Loptical codes

Motorized, steppedand continuous16mmDatafgaph/XcartridgeSelf thread

Sequentialretrieval marks

Motor, continuousscan

16mm3M cartridgeRecordak magazineSpecial hubOpenCodeineodometer

Motorized

16mmReel

ReelOpen

Codelincodometer

On-off, focus,motor drive,rotationAll front

On-off, focus,motor drive,crank, rotationSide & front

off, focus,motor drive

All front

On-off, Cams,film transport

All front

On-off, focus,motor drive

All frontParts 1 yearServIce 3 months

l80daya 30 days 180 days 180 days

Field on ca m Ageement flealera flcslcrsLens ldts Stood, large

en kit Various poweroptionsVatiuus power

ptions

$685.00 less 6%

$65.00 less 6%

$30(yr less 2%

$926.10 wJo 1en

$99.75

$1350.$1500commercial

$104.00_mmezcial

14.50/mo comm.

5389 (model C)$389 (model CR)commercial

$2.25 commercial

$349.50Commercial

$2.25 cosnmerc ie

Table 3 (Continued)

2P

MICROFILM READER PRINTERS MOTORIZED FOR ROLL MICROFILM

MANUFACTURER/DISTRIBUTOR BELL & HOWELL DASA

KODAK(lecniiak)

MODEL

NumberName Auto load

CRP-30 PE-1A

Magnaprint

PHYSICAL FEATURES

TypeDimensions (H1V13)

WOght (LBS)

Desk29" x 22" x 34"117

Desk

37" x 27" x 25"17$

Desk

29" x I 7' x 27"105

ELECTRICALPower (AC)

Cooling

Rated Lamp Life

115VBlower

500 hrs

115VBlOwel

Not available

117VCOnVection

- - -

OPTICAL

Magralcat1005Available

Lens ChangeableImage Rotation

2,4401 20 tO 40

- - -

Yes, opticW

12, 16, 18, 20,24, 30, 33, 40

Yes

Yes, mechanical

11.8, 13.7, 17.1, 1922.5, 30, 38

Yes

Yes, mechanical

SCREENSize (1 x W)ColorType

14" X 14"

Blue

Real projection

12" x 14"Hi contrast SlayRear projection

11" x II"GreenRear projection

FILM CARRIERTcanspoit }

Film Sizes

Film Forms 1

Take UpFilm Gate I

Image Locator

Motorizzd,Continuous scan16mmB & H no rewindcartridge

No rewindOpen

Codeine, jodometer,visual

Motorized,Continuous scan16mmReel, cartridge,microficheReel

Open

Image count

Motorized,Continuous scan16mm. 35mmReel,Recordak magazineReelGlass flats,Manual open/closeCodeine

CONTROLS

Type

Location

Orloff, zoom,brightness,foru scan, print,expose, rotationAll front

On-off, focus,fdm transport,print, expose

All front

On-off, focus, ,inotor drive,expose, print

Arl front

30

Tabinl 4

KODAK(Reeordak)

1M 3M ET ROM BE RI::

PPS- I

Lodestar

400C model 75APYT 400M model 75M=B 1700=3500Inquiry Station

Desk

31" x 16" x 33143

LleAc

28- x 17- x 23"120

Desk

25" x 17- 23120

Console on s and2 t- x 18" x id"346

117VBlower

115VBlower--

1: : i , 22.0VBlower

- - -

115V

Blower

500 hrs

23 (Reader)21 (Printer)

NoNo

14.9, 18.2, 20.8,23, 25, 29

Yes

Yes, mechanical

6.0, 8, 10.6, 1214.9, 183, 20.8.23, 25, 29, 35Yes

Yes, mechanical

20 or 40

No

No

13" rt 13-GrenRear projection

111/2" x 10"

Gray, green, blue

Rear projection

11ii- x 10-Gray, green, blueRear projection

I I- \ 14''Blue. gray, greon

Rear prorecinm

Motorized,Continuous scan16mmRecordak magazine

Sell threadingOpen

Codeineimage count

Motorized, manual,continuous scan16mm

3M cartridge

Sell threadPlaten

Codeline, visual,odometer,optical codes

Motorized, manual,continuous _wan

16mm, 35rron

Reid, microfiche,Aperture cardReel

Glass flatsManual openVisual, codelineodorne ter

Motor, vootiouovcscan and teps16inni

DatakdapliiXC artridge

Self thread- - -

Scout:midretrieval Marks

On-off, focus,motor &rive,speed lock,expose, printAll front

On-off, rotation,film transport,lateral scan,expose, printSide & front j

On-off, focus, filmtramporr, lateralscan, rotation,expose, printAll front

On=off. focus.:rotor &heprint

All front

Table 4 (Continued)

35 31

MICROFILM READER PRINTERS MOTORIZED FOR ROLL MICROFILM

BELL & HOWELL DASA KODAK(Reeordak)

IMAGING SYSTEM

ProcessPrints

Warm Up TimePrint Cycle Time

Print Siacs

Silver 5tabilizcNeg to pocitiva

Noac17 seconds

OPC ElectrostaticNeg to positivePos, to positiveNone

20 seconds

131/2" X I 1"

Silver monobathNeg tO positive

- - -

28 seconds81/2'' x 1Pti"

SUPPLIES

PaperRoll FedSheet FedCost/PrintShelf Lite

510 mats

300' roll

$.025 to .035Indefinite

150' roll

-

CHEMICALS

Type t

Prints/Package

ActivatorStabilizer500 per quart

Toner,replenisher1 qt. tonerjeoll

Monobath

150

WARRANTY t 90 days 90 days Parts 1 yearService 3 months

SERVICE METHOD Local Direct & dealer Field an call

FEATURES/ACCESSORIES ?

Va size punt kit,foot switch,

11 Fdm kit

3 models-manual,rriotOrizvtmicrofiche

Magazine adap torFiche adaptor

FED. GOV7. PRICESReader/Printer

Eatta Le 13Se5

LanipsService

Conirnercial 51945.00Motorized: $1750,00manual, Microfiche

$1450.00 leas 6%

$105.00 less 6%

$1321ess 2%

32

Table 4 (Continued)

KODAK(Recordak) 3M 31r1 STROMBERG

Silver monobathNee, to positive

None

Less than 30 seconds81/2- x 11"

EleetrochemicANeg, to positive

Norte

6 seconds814" x 121/2"10'.6" x 8"

ElectrochemicalNeg, to positive

None6 seconds8',,i" x 12W'

ElectrostaticNeg. to positive

5 seconds10 seconds8Vs" it 11- orII" x 14"

150' roll 300' roll

5,07 to .09

300' roll

$,07 to .09250 sheets/pkg$,025 & 5.044_

Morieba

150

3M activator

300 per quart

3M activator

300 per quart

Tonerintensifier4200 (8'6" a 11")

Parts I yearSemi:* 3 months

180 days 180 days 30 days

Field ort call Affeement Affeement AgreemenAvailable only asrecandltionekiunit

Varions.,stand,i4 sheet kit, etc.

' sheet kit. standlarge screen kitvarious

Film annotate

52100,10 km 6%

$179 less 2%

51318.10 wlo .

599.75

5200/y r

$105150 vilo Lens

599.75

$200/year

$2b00.00 to$2950,00commercial$104.00 commercial

$27 to $29/month

Table 4 (Continued)

V. MICROFICHE AND MICROFILM JACKETREADERS AND READER PRINTERS

This chapter describes only microfiche read-ers and reader printers in the 15X to approxi-mately 40X magnification range, using micro-fiche as described in chapter I. Most of thehardware operates in the range designatedfor the COSATI format, ISX to 20X ; or in theNMA format at 22X to 26X. Readers andreader printers designed far microfiche canbe used as well for microfilm jackets ; there-fore, all equipment in this class has been giventhe single designation, "microfiche."

Microfiche readers and reader printeis areavailable in lap, portable, desk, and free-stand-ing units as described in chapter II under"Physical Features."

Most microfiche readers display the imageat approximately original size. An increasingnumber of microfiche readers have some meansof determining or indicating the row andcolumn index coordinates of the image beingprojected on the screen. Thus, these readersand reader printers also have limited retrievalcapabilities as well.

Physical and OperationalCharacteristicsThe microfiche reader is the simplest type ofmicrofilm reader in current use. Accordingly,it is generally leas expensive than a zoni-parable roll film reader. Most microfiche read-ers are intended for desk use. Most of themconsist of :

A screen, either neutral color or tintedblue or green.Glass flats and a method to transportthe microfiche from frame to frame.An optical projection and enlargingsystem.Controls: an-off, focus.Index grid or frame locat r

34

A housing.

In addition, a reader printer has:A paper transport and printing mech-anism.

a Additional controls for printing.

The user normally performs the followingfunctions in order to display an image:

Turn switch on.

Open glass Flats. (In some readers theseopen automatically when they are extendedto a full forward position. Other units mayrequire the fiats to be opened manually.)

Insert microfiche (Readers differ. In someunits, the microfiche must be inserted bot-tom edge first and right side up in orderto project the image right reading on thescreen. Another reader may require themicrofiche to be inserted in a differentposition.)

Move film carrier to desired image as de-termined by index coordinates or by ex-periment.

Focus.

To produce a print on most reader printers:

Set print timer to proper exposure.Actuate print mechanism.

Special Factors in EquipmentSelection

Microfiche and jacket reference units arewidely used for technical, research, and man-agement reports; personnel and other "people'

files; parts and industrial catalogs; rnainte-nance literature ; library reference uocuments;and COM-generated microfiche.

Film Carrier. Any film carrier will accom-odate its stated maximum sheet size and

anything smaller. Normally, it is easiest touse a film carrier with microfiche or jacketsof the same Size. Smaller-qize microfiche maybe difficult to orient properly in larger filmholders.

Practically all microfiche units use glassflats in the film carrier to hold the microformfiat, protect it, and aasist in image positioning.Some glass flats arc removable for cleaning;if not, it should be possible to clean them inplace easily.

In many units the glass flats are openedmanually by raisi n\ g the top flat: to insert themicrofiche. In othe the flats open ailtomatic-ally, usually when th cazrier is moved to thefull forward position. "Zither method is quiteconvenient, and the choice is one of personalpreference.

Image Location. With the microfiche in thecarrier, image position or location can be in-dicated in several ways; they include;

X and Y coordhJates. As the fiche is moved,X (column) and Y (row) coordinates re-lated to the microfiche grid format are in-dicated on dials or scales by letter andnumber designators.

Grids. Location is indicated by a pointeron v grid located in front of the user and

in the plane of tbe film carrier. Dependingon the machine and the magnification, manymanufacturers offer grids for COSATI,NMA, and special microfiche formats.

Film Transport. Motion of the film carrier toposition images is provided in several ways:

Manual. The film stage (in the absenceof a carrier, the microfiche itself) ismoved by hand in both the X and Ydirections,

Dials. The film carrier is moved byturning dials similar in appearance tothe channel selector on a TV set.

a Joystick. The film stage is moved witha joystick or push-pull-rotate shaft.

Pointer. Manual movement of the car-rier is accomplished by holding thepointer which indicates location on thegrid.

Automatic. Motion is other than directmanual control, such as pushbuttons forX and Y coordinates on the microfiche.

With respect to film transport and imagelocation, almost any combination of the abovecapabilities can be quite convenient. Hencethe absence of some control of carrier motionand image location is almost totally unac-ceptable.

Table 5 lists the factors discussed here andin chapter II for microfiche readers. Readerprinter information is provided in table 6.Several units are pictured in figure 7.

35

MICROFICHE READERS

MANUFACTURER/DISTRIBUTOR

ATLANTIC ATLANTIC ATLAN UC

ODELNumberName

F-66 F-66A M R

PHYSICAL

TypeDimensions CHWD.)Weight (LDS)

Desk20-x10 x16-15

Desk20"s10-x16"15

Portable22"a 13"x 17"(open)19

ELECTRICALPower Or)CoolingRated Lamp Life

1I5V, 220VConvection100 hours

115V, 220VConvection100 hours

120VConvection100 hours

OPTICALMagnifications

Available

Lens ChangeableImage Rotation

II, 15, 19. 12,24, 35, 70

Yes

No

Any two 11, IS,19, 22, 24, 3570YesNo

7, II, 15, I:,22, 35

Yes

No

SCREENSizeffixWl I

ColorTypeHood

I I" x 8Si"

GrayRear projectionYes

II" x 8lh-

GrayRear projectionYes

10" x 10-

GrayRear mojecti nNo

FILM CARRIFiche Sizes

Accepted

HolderImage LocatorFormats Avail.Glass Flats

Transport

3- x 5-105mm x I48mm3 1/4" x 7 3/8-Glass flatsX-Y coordinatesCOSATI. NMA, spec.Automatic open

Manual, dial

3- x 5"I05mm a 148mm3 1/4" x 7 3/8"Glass flatsx-y coordinatesCOSATI. NMA, spec.Automatic open

Manual, dial

Up to 5" x 8"

Glass flat.None- - -

Manual open

Manual, joy stickCONTROLS

TyPe

Locclion

On-off, brightness.film movement,focusAll front

On-off. brightnass.film movement,focusAU front

Omoff, focus,film movement

Front and sideWARRANTY Parts 1 year

None on servicePacts I yearNone on service

Puts 1 yearNone on service

SERVICE METHOD Factory return Factory return Factory returnFEATURES/ACCESSORIES I

Roll film attachhandle, cover

Roll film attachhandle, cover

Roll film attach

FED. GOVT. PRICESReaderExtra LensesLampsSendce

$107.10517,10$L31512.50/hr + parts

$143.10$17.10$1.31$12.50/hr + parts

$178.20$22.50S115$12.50/kr + parts

Tab] 5

ATLANTIC BE L & HOWELL BELL & HOWELL BELL & HOWELL D1ETZGEN

P-50GYEry Duo Headliner Mascot

4315

Port ble17"x13"16" (open)11

Desk

24-x2I"17-60

Desk

24"x16"x19"38

Portable7"x13"x20"16

Desk

24"x12"x15-21

120/220V,12VDCconvection100 hours

115VBlowerUp to 1000 hours

115VBlower500 hours

115 /220V,12VDCConvection500 hours

115VConvection150 hours

22 (variable)

Yes

Rotate hmder

22 or 30

NoNo

24

No

Yes, optical

21

NoNo

19,25

NoNo

14"x14" up to 4'x4'wall projection- - -

ReflectingNo

14"x20

Gray

Rear projectionYes

14"x14"

Blue

Rear projectionYes

II"x 1 1"

Blue

Rear projectionYes

1 rx9Vr"

GreenRear projectionYes

3"x5"105n1m x 148mm

Glass flatsGrid

COSATI,NMA,s .Automatic open

Manual, joystick

3"x5-105mm x 148mm3 1/4" x 7-3/8"Glass flatsGrid

COSA F1.NMA,spec.Rem ovablzManual openManual

105mrn x 148mm

Glass flatsX-Y coordinatesCOSATI,NMA,spee.RemovableAutomatic openDml

3"x5105rmu x 148mm

Glass flatsGrid

COSAT),NMA,spee.RemovableAutomatic openManual pointer

105mm x 148mm

Glass flatsNor c.- -Manual open

Manual

On-offjoeus,film movement

Various

On-off, brightness,focus, film move-mentFront and sides

On-off, focus,film movementrotationFront and side

On-off, focus,film movement

Front and r!cic

On-off, focus

arts) yearNone on service

90 days 90 days 90 days 90 daysFactory return ocal offices Lim I affice Local offices Local contract12VDC adapterbattery pack Foot for

projection

454,00$17.10$1.31

412.50/hr + parts

Not available Not available

1

N t ilable $137.70

Table 5 (Continued)

41

MICROFICHE READERS

MANUFACTURER/DISTRIBUTOR

MODELNumber I 4316 4319Name

DIETZGEN DIETZGEN GAF COIN'

PHVSICALType Desk DeqkDimensions (11WD) 25" x 21" x 19" 24 x 12" x 16"Weight (LBS) 56 21

ELECTRICALPower (AC)CoolingRale(' Lamp Life

1.15V

Ulowcr50 hrs

OPTICALMagnifications 22, 30, 42

AvailableLens Changeable Noimage Rotation No

SCREENSire (H x W)ColorTypeHood

115VGonvecIionISO hrs

19, 25

NoNo

14" x 20" 12" xGray GreenReazpcoicctiori Rear projeeti.,Yes 'Yes

FILM CARRIERFiche sizes

Acee0ed

HolderImage LocatorFormats AvaiLGlass Flats

Transport

CONTROLSTypo

Location

3" x 5"105nint is 148mm '03mm x 148nins3 1/4" x 7 3/8" 3 1/4" x 7 3/8"Glass flats GL.., flatsGrids X-Y ,.aordinatesCOSATI. NMA, spec, COSAT1, NMAAutomatic open manual open

Manual Manual

D 00

DeskI Ell's" x 9! ,

115V or 220V...dower

:irs

18, 24

No

11" x WA"Green, blue, grayRear projection

Up lo 5" x 8"

r;lass flats

u NMA, DODReni :abkManuei openManual

On-off, focus On-off, focus On-off, focus,rdh. movement

AU front Front All frontWARRANTY 90 days

SERVICE METHOD

FEATURES/ACCESSORIES

Local contract

ye

Not available

180 days

Field service

FED. GOVT. PRICESReader

Extra Lenses

LampsService

38

$340,00 $176.80 $129.00commercial

$4.00 commercial

Table ontinued)

4

GAF CORP. KELIFEEL & ESSER KELIEFEL & ESSER KODAK (Reeordak)KODAK (Recordals)

D 7502 52 9921 52 9922 PFCSEsiiati

PECD

Fsarmitic

Desk19"a 16" 25"

Desk

18" N 25" 18"

70

DeskDi" x 35" x 25"75

Desk

19" x 19" x 21'20

Desk

19" a 19- 7, 21"20

li5V oi 220V- - -.. - -

I1SVI3lowcr2000 hours

115Vplower2000 hours

120VBlowerNot available

120V0 !owe)"

Not available

24, 42

Yes

No

24 and 30

NoYes

24 and 30

NoNo

18.5, 21.5, 23,25.5. 31Yes

No

18.5, 21,5 2325.5, 31Yes

No

I PA" x (51/2"Gray, blue, greenRear projection- - -

15" x 14"GrayRem- projection

No

14" x 22"GrayRear projr,!ionNo

11" x 11"NeutralRear projectionNo

NeutrclReax projectionNo

Up to 5" x 8"

Glass flats

GridNMA, COSATI, DODRemovableManual openManual

Up to 6 x

Glass flats

X-Y ecot,2,!: ItesC05141, NMARemov..ble

anual dials

up to 6" x 8"

Glass flats

X-Y coordinatesCOSAT1, NMARemovable

Manual dials

105mm x 148mm3 1/4" a 7 3/8'

Glass flats

GridCOSATI, NMA, DODRemovable,Manual openManuM, pointer

105mm x 148mm3 1/4" a 7 3/8"

Glass flatsGridCOSAT1, NMA, DODRemovable,Manual openManual, pointer

OreofL focus,

AU front

on-ort; focus,tilm transportAU front

On-off, focus,film transportAU front

Onaff, focus,film movementAll front

On-off, focusfilm movementAU front

180 days 90 days 90 days Puts - I yearService - 3 monthsParts - 1 yearService - 3 months

Field service Local offices Local offices Field, on call Field, oncall

Lens kitsspecial cover glass

Lens kitsspecial cover glass

$265.00commercial

0 commercial

$300.00commercial

$10,00 commercial

$400.00commercial

$10.00 commerci21

$180.0031X$225.0