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officers are named Honorary Physicians and six are named HonorarSurgeons to His Majesty. On appointment as Honorary Physician oSurgeon an officer below the rank of Colonel is promoted to that raniiremaining supernumerary until absorbed. A retired officer appointeHonorary Physician or Surgeon to the King is granted the honorarrank of Colonel, if on retirement he had not attained to that rank.NOTE.-The following is a list of recognised Civil Hospitals.-

England and Wales.-London : St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, CharinjCross Hospital, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College Hospital. London Hos

pital, Middlesex Hospital, bt. George’s Hospital, St. Mary’s HospitalSt. Thomas’s Hospital, University College Hospital, and WestminsteHospital. Birmingham : General Hospital and Queen’s HospitalBristol: Royal Infirmarv and General Hospital. Cambridge: Addenbrooke’s Hospital. Cardiff : Cardiff Infirmary. Leeds: General Infirmary. Liverpool: Royal Infirmary and Southern Infirmary. Manchester: Royal Infirmary. Newcastle-on-Tyne: Royal InfirmaryOxford: Radcliffe Infirmary. Sheffield: Royal Infirmary and RoyaHospital. Scotland.-Aberdeen: Royal Infirmary. Dundee: RoyaInfirmary. Edinburgh: Royal Infirmary. Glasgow : Royal Infirmar]and Western Infirmary. Ireland.—Belfast: Royal Victoria HospitalCork: North Infirmary and South Infirmary. Dublin: the AdelaideHospital, the City of Dublin Hospital, the Jervis Street Hospitalthe Mater Misericordiae Hospital, the Meath Hospital, Mercer’s Hospital, the Richmond, Whitworth, and Hardwicke Hospital, StVincent’s Hospital, Sir Patrick Dun’s Hospital, and Dr. Steeven’iHospital. Galway: The County Hospital and the Union Hospital.The Royal Army Medical Corps is at the present time, we

believe, a contented service, though the Director-GeneralA.M.S. is excluded from the Army Council, before whicbhe will, however, be summoned whenever his advice andspecialist knowledge are required.The blots on the present regulations for the Indian Medical

Service are as follows :—

1. That no officer, however employed, can receive anystaff allowance unless he has passed the lower standardexamination in Hindustani.

2. That an offilJer who enters the service after his 25thbirthday forfeits almost to a certainty his chance of everreaching a higher pension than L500 per annum.

3. The order of the present Government of India thatan officer of the Indian Medical Service must refer thequestion of the amount of his fees when above a certainlow limit to the civil authority. The recent orders mightnecessitate the violation of professional secrecy.

4. The neglect of the rule that the office of principalmedical officer to His Majesty’s forces may be held by anofficer of the Indian Medical Service.We wish to draw the attention of the Secretary of State

for India to the circumstance that the candidate’s commis-sion as a lieutenant in the Indian Medical Service bearsthe date on which the course of instruction commences inLondon, while the date of a commission of a lieutenant inthe Royal Army Medical Corps is the day of passing theentrance examination. This is rather an important matterand is of consequence when officers meet in India. Thedate of commission for the Indian officers should be regu-lated by the same rule as is applicable to officers of thesister service.SPECIALIST PAY FOR OFFICERS OF THE ROYAL ARMY MEDICAL CORPS

AND INDIAN MEDICAL SERVICE IN INDIA.On July 5th, 1905, the Government of India sanctioned the pro-

visional adoption of the following rules for the granting of specialist’spay to officers of the Royal Army Medical Corps and the IndianMedical Service :-

1. Specialist pay is an allowance to officers below the rank ofLieutenant-Colonel for special sanitary or medical work done for theState which is not in the power of the ordinary medical officer to per-form with the same efficiency as the specialist. It will not be apersonal allowance but will be granted only to the incumbents ofcertain specified appointments.

2. Specialist pay will not be given to officers of the Indian MedicalService in civil employ.

3. The services of specialists are absolutely at the disposal of theGovernment in any way they may direct without further claim forremuneration.

4. Except in connexion with dental appointments, the duties ofspecialist appointments must be carried out in addition to ordinaryhospital duties.

5. Officers of the Royal Army Medical Corps in India will be eligiblefor appointment as specialists under the qualifications laid down bythe Army Council for the Royal Army Medical Corps.

6. The eligibility of an officer of the Indian Medical Service forspecialist pav will be decided by the Director-General of the IndianMedical Service, whose decision will be based either on certificates ofa recognised institution, or by the examination of the candidate. Anofficer may qualify as a specialist at any period of his service ; theallowance will be admissible to any officer who is in a position actuallyto perform the duties for which he is given the appointment.

7. There shall be 105 appointments in India for which specialist payat Rs. 60 a month shall be granted; of these appointments 55 willbelong to the Royal Army Medical Corps and 50 to the Indian MedicalService, military branch. The selection for appointments will bemade under the orders of His Excellency the Commander-in-Chief.

It does not appear probable to us that the above rules willattract many men to the rank of the so-called specialist orthat the Government can regard with much esteem a statusfor which it can frame such regulations.

PUBLIC HEALTH.

INSTRUCTION FOR DIPLOMAS INSTATE MEDICINE.

ENGLAND.THE following resolutions, designed with a view of

ensuring "the possession of a distinctively high proficiency,scientific and practical, in all the branches of study whichconcern the public health," were adopted by the GeneralMedical Council from 1902 to 1905. The regulations requirethat-" (1) A period of not less than twelve months shallelapse between the attainment of a registrable qualificationin Medicine, Surgery, and Midwifery and the examinationfor a diploma in Sanitary Science, Public Health or StateMedicine ; (2) every candidate shall produce evidence ofhaving attended, after obtaining a registrable qualification,during a period of six months, practical instruction in alaboratory, British or foreign, approved of by the bodygranting the diploma and in which chemistry, bac-teriology, and the pathology of diseases of animals trans-missible to man are taught; (3) every candidate shallproduce evidence that, after having obtained a regis.trable qualification, he has for six months (of which atleast three months shall be distinct and separate from theperiod of laboratory instruction) practically studied theduties, routine and special, of Public Health administra-tion either under a whole-time medical officer of healthor a medical officer of health who is also a teacher in publichealth in a recognised school, or in England and Walesunder the medical officer of health of a county or of asingle sanitary district of 50,000, or in one or more

districts of 30,000 in Scotland or Ireland, or under a

sanitary staff officer of the Royal Army Medical Corpshaving charge of an army corps, district, or commandrecognised by the General Medical Council, providedthat the six months may be reduced to three if a

candidate produces evidence that after obtaining a

registrable qualification he has for three months attendeda course of recognised instruction in sanitary law, sanitaryengineering, vital statistics, and other subjects bearing onPublic Health administration ; (4) every candidate shall

produce evidence that after having obtained a registrablequalification he has attended during three months the

practice of a hospital for infectious diseases at which oppor-tunities are afforded for the study of methods of admini-stration ; (5) the examination shall have been conducted byexaminers specially qualified, and shall comprise laboratorywork as well as written and oral examination; (6) therules as to study shall not apply to medical practitionersregistered, or entitled to be registered, on or before Jan. lst,1890." " It was enacted by Section 18 (2) of the LocalGovernment Act [England and Wales], 1888, that afterJan. lst, 1892, no such appointment (that of medical officerof health) may be made in any county, or in any districtor combination of districts with a population of 50,000 or

upwards, unless the officer-having, of course, qualificationsin Medicine, Surgery, and Midwifery-is registered as

the holder of a diploma in Sanitary Science, PublicHealth, or State Medicine under Section 21 of the MedicalAct, 1886, or has during any three consecutive years pre-ceding 1892 been medical officer of a district or combina-tion of districts with a population of 20,000 at least, or hasfor three years previously to August 13th, 1888, been amedical officer or inspector of the Local Government Board.With the sanction of the Local Government Board thesame person may be appointed medical officer for two ormore districts.The regulations in question as to study may be procured

at the office of the General Medical Council in London.

London Unive’l’Sity.-Sanitary Science is included underthe head of State Medicine in the M.D. degree, and a cer-tificate has to be produced showing that a course of prac-tical instruction has been attended for the prescribedperiod, and that the course has included such chemical,microscopical, and meteorological work and exercises asmore especially relate to sanitation. The attendance in-cludes six months’ practical instruction in a laboratory andsix months’ instruction in public health administration underthe supervision of a medical officer of health, and thrtemonths’ attendance on the practice of a hospital for in-fectious diseases.

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Cambridge University.-Two examinations in so much ofState Medicine as is comprised in the functions of medicalofficers of health will be held during the year 1906-7 in

Cambridge. Each examination will consist of two parts.Part 1. will begin on the first Wednesday in April and Octoberrespectively; Part II. will begin on the Monday following inApril and October Bespectively ; and each part will end onthe following Thursday. Any person whose name is on theMedical Register is admissible as a candidate for thisexamination provided (1) a period of not less than twelvemonths shall have elapsed between the attainment ofregistrable qualification and the time when he presents him-self for either part of the examination ; (2) he produceevidence of having, after obtaining a registrable qualifica-tion, attended during three months the practice of a hospitalfor infectious diseases at which opportunities are affordedfor the study of methods of administration ; (3) he produceevidence of having, after obtaining a registrable qualifica-tion, attended during a period of six months on one or morecourses, approved by the Syndicate, of practical laboratoryinstruction in Chemistry, Bacteriology, and the Pathologyof those diseases of animals that are transmissible to man ;(4) he produce evidence of having, after obtaining a regis-trable qualification, for six months (of which at least threemonths shall be distinct and separate from the period oflaboratory instruction) been associated day by day in theduty, routine and special, of public health administrationunder the supervision of : (a) in England and Wales eitherthe medical officer of health of a county or of a singlesanitary district having a population of not less than 50,000or a medical officer of health devoting his whole time topublic health work ; or (b) in Scotland or Ireland themedical officer of health of a county or of one or more

sanitary districts having a populatlon of not less than30,000 ; or (c) a medical officer of health who is a teacherin the department of public health of a recognised medicalschool; or (d) a sanitary staff officer of the Royal ArmyMedical Corps having charge of an army corps or district;or (e) in the British dominions outside the United Kingdoma medical officer of health of a sanitary district having apopulation of not less than 30.000 who himself holds aregistrable diploma in public health. A certificate of anassistant officer of health of a county or a large sanitarydistrict may be accepted, provided the medical officer ofhealth of a county or district consents to the assistantofficer giving such instruction. Any candidate who shallproduce evidence that he has himself held an appointmentas medical officer of healuh under conditions not requiringthe possession of a special sanitary diploma shall be exemptfrom this regulation. A candidate who produces evidencethat he has himself held, for a period of not less than threeyears, an appointment as medical officer of health of a sani-tary district within the British dominions and having apopulation of not less than 15,000 shall be exempt from theprovisions of paragraph (4). The provisions as to previousstudy shall not apply to medical practitioners registered, orentitled to be registered, on or before Jan. lst, 1890.The first part of the examination will comprise

the following subjects. The elements of chemistryand physics : methods of chemical analysis and in par-ticular the analysis of air and water. The laws of heatand the elements of pneumatics, hydrostatics, andhydraulics in their application to warming, ventilation,water-supply, and drainage. The geological and other con-ditions determining the healthiness of sites for dwellings.Sources, storage, and purification of water-supply. Theelements of meteorology in relation to health. Principles ofbuilding constructior. in their application to dwellings,hospitals, and schools. The disposal of sewage and refuseand the general principles of sanitary engineering. Disin-fectants, their chemistry and use. The chemical andmicroscopical examination of foods and the detection of thecommoner forms of contamination. The methods ofbacteriological investigation and analysis. The bacteriologyof air, water, food, and soil. The general pathology ofinfection and of the diseases of animals that are trans-missible to man. The second part of the examination willhave reference to State Medicine and to the applications ofPathology and Sanitary Science, and will comprise thefollowing subjects. Laws and Statutes relating to PublicHealth. 1 The model by-laws of the Local Government

1 All candidates will be examined in the provisions of the EnglishStatutes relating to public health, but any candidate w ill be given anopportunity of showing a special knowledge of other sanitary laws in

Board. Sanitation of dwellings, schools, factories, andworkshops, and of villages and towns. Inspection ofslaughter-houses, cowsheds, &c. Inspection of meat andother articles of food. General epidemiology, with specialreference to the origin, pathology, symptoms, propagation,geographical distribution, and prevention of the epidemic,endemic, and other infective diseases both of temperate andof tropical climates. The methods applicable to the medicalinvestigation of epidemics. Effects on health of over-

crowding, vitiated air, impure water, polluted soils, and bador insufficient food. Unwholesome trades and occupationsand the diseases to which they give rise. Nuisances injuriousor dangerous to health. The effects on health of season andclimate. The principles and methods of vital statistics inrelation to public health. (N.B.-The foregoing scheduleis not to be understood as limiting the scope of the examina-tion, which will include every branch of sanitary science. Nocandidate will be approved by the examiners who does notshow a high proficiency in all the branches of study,scientific and practical, which bear upon the duties ofmedical officers of health.) The examinations in both

parts will be oral and practical, as well as in

writing. One day at least will be devoted to practicallaboratory work and one day to oral and practicalexamination in, and reporting on, subjects connected withoutdoor sanitary work. Candidates may present themselvesfor either part separately or for both together at theiroption; but the result of the examination in the case of anycandidate will not be published until he has passed to thesatisfaction of the examiners in both parts. Every candidatewill be required to pay a fee of 6 6s. before admissionor re-admission to either part of the examination, butcandidates who have presented themselves before theyear 1896 will be re-admitted to either part on pay-ment of a fee of 5 5s. Every candidate who has

passed both parts of the examination to the satisfac-tion of the examiners will receive a diploma testifying to hiscompetent knowledge of what is required for the duties of amedical officer of health. All applications for informationrespecting this examination and the courses of studyin the University should be addressed to Dr. Anningson,Walt-ham-sal, Barton-road, Cambridge, Secretary to the

Syndicate. Candidates who desire to present themselvesfor the examination must send in their applications onforms supplied for the purpose and transmit them with thefees to Mr. J. W. Clark, Registrary, University of Cam-bridge, for the April examination on or before March 17thand for the October examination on or before Sept. 15th.The prescribed certificate must be sent to the Registrary soas to reach him not later than 10 A.M. on March 30th andSept. 28th respectively. Cheques should be crossed "Barclayand Co., Ltd." The fee for either part of the examina-tion cannot be returned to any candidate who fails to presenthimself ; but he will be entitled, without an additional fee,to be a candidate on one subsequent occasion. Candidates

, must before admission to either part of the examination

produce evidence of having satisfied provisions (1), (2), and: (3), and before admission to Part II. having satisfied pro-, vision (4), above mentioned. The following is a list of. colleges and schools of medicine at which the courses of; laboratory instruction have, for the purposes of this examina-tion, been already approved by the State Medicine, Syndicate : The University Laboratories, Cambridge ;. London Hospital Medical College ; St. Bartholomew’s, Hospital Medical College ; King’s College, London ;! University College, London; the Royal Army MedicalE College, London; the Victoria University of Manchester ;, the University of Durham Medical School, Newcastle-on-

Tyne ; University of Birmingham ; University of Liverpool;- St. Mary’s Hospital Medical College ; Charing Cross Hospital1 College; Westminster Hospital Medical School; University3 College, Bristol; the University of Leeds; Guy’s Hospitalf Medical School; St. Mungo’s College, Glasgow; Edinburgh University ; Middlesex Hospital Medical School ; Royalf Southern Hospital, Liverpool; Royal Colleges, Edinburgh ;Surgeons’ Hall, Edinburgh ; Trinity College, Dublin ; Queen’s1 College, Belfast; St. Thomas’s Hospital Medical School;f University College, Cardiff ; University College, Sheffield ;e Medical School, Catholic University, Dublin ; St. George’sc Hospital Medical School; University of Glasgow; Universityt of Aberdeen ; and Anderson’s College, Glasgow.

operation within the British Empire, provided that, when applying foradmission to the examination, he give notice of his desire and indicatethe special law he proposes to offer.

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University of Oceford.-An examination, open .to all University of Birm,inrlc2za.-’1’he University grants a

registered medical practitioners, conducted partly in writing, degree of B.So. in Public Health and also a Diploma in tha-partly vivti cooc, and in each subject partly practical, is same subject on the following conditions: Graduates inheld in Michaelmas Term in the following subjects :-General Medicine of this University may become candidates for theHygiene, General Pathology (with special relation to Infec- degree of Bachelor of Science in Public Health, by con-tious Diseases), the Laws relating to Public Health, Sanitary forming to all the requirements laid down for candidatesEngineering, Vital Statistics. The examination is in two for the Diploma in Public Health, except that after

parts, which may be taken together or separately; but Part I. graduating in Medicine all courses of study must be takenmust be passed either before or at the same examination out in the University and they must, in addition, haveas Part II. The fee for admission to the examination attended a three months’ course of Geology in the University.is Z5 for each part. The names of candidates must The following are the regulations for Diploma in Publicbe sent to the Secretary to the Boards of Faculties, Health (general conditions) :-1. All candidates must beto whom applications for any further information should registered under the Medical Act. 2. The examinations will,be made. be held in the months of January and June and will

University of Durham.-Sanitary Science is the special consist of two parts. No candidate will be allowed to passobject of the degrees in Hygiene. Candidates for the degree Part II. until he has passed Part I. 3. Candidates may enterof Bachelor in Hygiene (B.Hy.) must be at least twenty-two for Parts I. and II. separately or at the same time. 4. The

years of age, registered, and a graduate in Medicine of a examination in each part will be written, oral, and practical,recognised university, and at least twelve months shall have 5. Candidates intending to present themselves for either

elapsed after the date when the candidates obtained their part of the examination must give notice in writing to thefirst registrable qualification in Medicine, Surgery, and registrar of the University on the date prescribed in

Midwifery before presenting themselves for examination. the calendar. 6. The fee for each part of the examiha-

They shall spend six months at Newcastle-upon-Tyne tion is :E2. Admission fee to degree or diploma, 6,studying Comparative Pathology, Practical Bacteriology, The conditions of admission to the examinations are

Outdoor Sanitary Work, Infectious Diseases, Sanitary identical with those recently approved by the General

Chemistry, and Physics. They have to pass an exami- Medical Council.nation in Sanitary Chemistry, Physics, Comparative Officers of the Royal Army Medical Corps who havePathology, Sanitary Legislation, Vital Statistics, Nosology, studied Chemistry and Bacteriology at the staff College andClimatology, Meteorology, Distribution of Health and pursued the further course of study approved by the GeneralDisease, Sanitary Medicine and Practical Hygiene. The Medical Council in December, 1902, will be admitted to thefee for the examination for the degree of B.Hy. Examination for the Diploma in Public Health, whether theyis 10 guineas and for the degree Z6 6 6s. The exa- have previously been students of the Birmingham School ormination is divided into two parts and candidates not.

may present themselves for either part or both together University of Leeds.-The University grants a Diploma inat their option. Candidates for the degree of Doctor Public Health and every facility is afforded for training inin Hygiene (D.Hy.) must have acquired the degree of Sanitary Science and State Medicine. The curriculum forBachelor in Hygiene, must for two years subsequently the various D.P.H. Examinations demands (1) a course ofhave been engaged in practice as a medical officer of lectures on Public Health ; (2) a course of instruction inhealth, and must write an essay upon some practical Sanitary Chemistry ; (3) a course of practical instructionhygienic subject. The fee for the examination for the in Bacteriology ; (4) practical instruction in Infectious

degree of D.Hy. is ;S5 and for the degree e6 6s. The regu- Diseases ; and (5) practical work in Sanitation. Instructionlations for education and examination for the Diploma in in Bacteriology is given in the second term and in ChemistryPublic Health (D.P.H.) are the same as those for in the third term. The other courses may be taken out atthe degree of Bachelor of Hygiene, except that the any time. Fees.-Chemistry, ;E5 5 5s. ; Bacteriology, 5 5s.;candidate is not required to be a graduate in Medicine Practical Sanitation, .f:10 10s. Infectious Diseases, ;E5 5 5a.of a recognised University, and the course of study University of Liverpool.-The University grants a Diplomaneed not be passed at Newcastle-upon-Tyne. The fee in Public Health and every facility is afforded for training infor the examination and Diploma in Public Health is Sanitary Science and State Medicine. The curriculum for10 guineas. the various D.P.H. Examinations demands (1) a six months’

Viotoria Unwersity of Manchester.-An examination in course of practical instruction in Sanitary Science, (2) a sixPublic Health is held twice yearly under the following months’ course of laboratory instruction in Chemistry andregulations : The examination is in two parts and is written, Bacteriology, and (3) practical instruction in Infectious

oral, and practical. Candidates before entering for either Diseases. Fees.-Chemistry, .E5 5s. Bacteriology, P,5 5s. ;part of the examination must have held for not less Practical Sanitation, .625; Tutorial Classes, 7 7s. ; In-than twelve months a registrable qualification in Medi- fectious Diseases, e3 3s. The courses may be taken out

cine, Surgery, and Midwifery, and must present satis- at any time and students are allowed to work daily in thefactory certificates of having attended courses of in- laboratories.struction in Public Health in the University, or in a college Royal College of Physicians of London and the Royalor medical school recognised for this purpose by the Uni- College of Surgeons of England. - The following are theversity ; of having attended, after obtaining a registrable regulations for obtaining the Diploma in Public Health:qualification, during at least six months, practical instruc- Section 1 : Candidates must be registered under the Medicaltion in a laboratory approved by the University, the courses Act. The examination consists of two parts. The fee forincluding Chemistry as applied to Public Health, Bacterio- each part is ;E6 6s. A candidate intending to present him-logy, and the Pathology of those diseases of animals which self must give 14 days’ written notice to the Secretary,are communicable from animals to man ; of having, after at the Examination Hall, Victoria Embankment, W.C. Aobtaining a registrable qualification, attended for three candidate registered under the Medical Act on or beforemonths the clinical practice of a hospital for infectious Jan. lst, 1890, will be admissible to Part I. of the examina.diseases ; of having, after obtaining a registrable qualifica- tion on producing evidence of being at least 23 yearstion, practically studied the duties of outdoor sanitary work of age, and to Part II. on producing evidence of beingfor not less than six months under the medical officer of at least 24 years of age. A candidate registered underhealth of a county or of a large urban district. Candidates the Medical Act after Jan. 1st, 1890, will be admissible tomay present themselves for Parts I. and II. separately or examination in Part I. on producing evidence (1) of havingat the same time, provided that no candidate be admitted been in possession of a registrable qualification in Medicine,to Part II. unless he has already passed in Part I. No Surgery, and Midwifery for at least 12 months; (2) ofcandidate’s name will be published until he has satisfied having attended, after obtaining such registrable qualifica-the examiners in both parts of the examination. The fee tion, practical instruction in a laboratory recognised by thefor each part is .f.5 5s. and must be paid on or before Examining Board in England during a period of six months;July 1st in each year. For any subsequent examination in and (3) of being at least 23 years of age. A candidatethe same part the fee will be.f:3 38. Every candidate who will be admitted to Part II. of the examination on prohas passed both parts of the examination to the satisfaction ducing evidence (1) of having been associated day by day inof the examiners, and who is legally registered, will receive the duty, routine and special, of Public Health administra-a Diploma in Public Health. The examinations will begin tion during six months (of which at least three months shallabout the middle of January and the middle of July in each be distinct and separate from the period of laboratory in-year. struction required under Par. 2 for Part I.) under the

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supervision of a medical officer of health who fulfils certainoonditions which can be ascertained on application to thesecretary 2; (2) of having attended the clinical practice of ahospital for infectious diseases recognised by the ExaminingBoard in England, after obtaining his registrable qualifica-tion in Medicine, Surgery, and Midwifery ; and (3) of beingat least 24 years of age.

SCOTLAND.

Edinbu.rgk University.-Two degrees in Science in theDepartment of Public Health are conferred by the Universityof Edinburgh, viz., Bachelor of Science in Public Healthand Doctor of Science in Public Health. Candidates for thedegree of B.Sc. in Public Health must be graduates inMedicine of a University of the United Kingdom, or of someother University recognised for the purpose, and must passtwo examinations, for the first of which they must, aftergraduation in Medicine, have worked for at least 20 hoursper week during a period of not less than eight months,of which at least five consecutive months must be in thePublic Health Laboratory of the University of Edinburghand the remainder either there or in a laboratory reco-gnised by that University; they must also have attendedcourses of instruction in Physics and Geology in some

Scottish University. Candidates are not admitted to theSecond Examination sooner than six months after havingpassed the First Examination, nor sooner than 18 monthsafter having taken their degree in Medicine, and

they must have attended two separate courses in PublicHealth in some University of the United Kingdom or insuch medical school or Indian, Colonial, or Foreign Univer-sity as may be approved for the purpose by EdinburghUniversity, each course consisting of 40 lectures at

least; one of which courses shall deal with medicine andthe other with engineering, each in its relation to publichealth. They must also give evidence that, subsequentto graduation in medicine, (1) they have during three

months, which must be separate and distinct from theperiod of laboratory instruction, been diligently engaged inacquiring a practical knowledge of the duties, routine andspecial, of Public Health administration under the supervisonof (a) a medical officer of health recognised for this

purpose by the General Medical Council; (b) a sanitarystaff officer of the Royal Army Medical Corps, having chargeof an army corps, district, or command, recognised for thispurpose by the General Medical Council ; (2) that they haveattended during three months the practice of a hospitalfor infectious disease, at which opportunities are affordedfor the study of methods of administration ; and (3) thatthey have had three months’ instruction in mensuration anddrawing. The subjects of examination include Laboratorywork, Physics, Geology, Medicine in its application to PublicHealth, Sanitation, Sanitary Law, and Vital Statistics.Graduates who have held the degree of B.Sc. in PublicHealth from the University of Edinburgh for a term offive years may offer themselves for the degree of D.Sc.in Public Health in that University. They must thenpresent a Thesis and pass an examination in PublicHealth. The fees are L3 3s. for the First and f.3 3s.for the Second B.Sc. Examinations, and E10 10s. for thedegree of D.Sc.

University of Aberaeen.-The Diploma in Public Health(D.P.H.) is conferred only on graduates in Medicine of aUniversity in the United Kingdom ; and a period of not lessthan 12 months must elapse between medical graduationand entrance to the examination for the diploma. Everycandidate must produce evidence of having attended, aftergraduation in Medicine, during a period of six months,practical instruction in Hygiene and Bacteriology inlaboratories approved of by the University, together withhaving during six months (whereof three months must bedistinct from the period of laboratory instruction) beendiligently engaged in acquiring a practical knowledge of theduties, routine and special, of Public Health administrationunder the medical officer of health of a county or largeurban district. He must have regularly attended for three

2 Provided that the period of six months may be reduced to a periodof three months (which shall be distinct and separate from the periodof laboratory instruction required under Regulation 2) in the case ofany candidate who produces evidence that after obtaining a registrablequalification, he has during three months attended a course or coursesof instruction in sanitary law, sanitary engineering, vital statistics, andother subjects bearing on public health administration given by ateacher or teachers in the department of public health of a recognisedmedical school.

months the practice of a hospital for infectious diseases atwhich opportunities are afforded for the study of methods ofadministration. He must also have obtained practical in-struction in the drawing and interpretation of plans. Everycandidate who is not a graduate in Medicine of this Uni-versity must have attended a course of instruction in theUniversity in one or more of the subjects embraced in theexamination for the diploma. The diploma is conferred afteran examination in Public Health held in March and July ofeach year. Candidates must send in their names, with thenecessary fee, to the Secretary of the Medical Faculty afortnight before the examination. The fee is .E5 5a. Theexamination is conducted by specially qualified examinersappointed by the University. Candidates may enter for thewhole examination at one period or they may enter forPart I. at one period and for Part II. at another andsubsequent period.

The Royal College of Physicians and S’urgeons of Edin-b1lrgh and the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons ofGlasgow.—All candidates for the Diploma in Public Healthmust have been qualified for at least one year. Thosequalified before 1890 do not require to produce evidence ofattendance on any special courses. All other candidatesmust have attended, after qualifying, six months’ practicalinstruction in a recognised laboratory or laboratories, andmust have studied for six months the duties of outdoorsanitary work under the medical officer of health of a countyor large urban district or a medical officer of health whois also a teacher of Sanitary Science in a Medical School,or a sanitary staff officer of the Royal Army Medical Corpshaving charge of an Army Corps District or command.There are two examinations, and candidates may enterfor both at one period or for either separately. The FirstExamination includes (a) Laboratory Work (Chemistry andBacteriology), (b) Physics, and (e) Meteorology ; and theSecond Examination embraces (a) Report on Premisesvisited, (b) Examination at Fever Hospital, (e) Examina-tion at Public Abattoir, (d) Written and Oral Examinationson Epidemiology and Endemiology, (e) Vital Statistics andSanitary Law, and (f) Practical Sanitation. The fee is 12

guineas for both examinations, or 6 guineas for eitherof them. A fee of 3 guineas is payable by rejectedcandidates for either examination. The examination isheld twice yearly, in May and October. The pub-lished regulations provide detailed synopses of the

subjects of examination. The Registrar for Edinburghis Mr. James Robertson, solicitor, 54, George-square, andfor Glasgow Mr. Alexander Duncan, LL.D., 242, St. Vincent-street.

IRELAND.

Royal University of Ireland.-This University grants aDiploma in Public Health. It is conferred only on graduatesin Medicine of the University. Candidates are not admittedto this examination until the lapse of 12 months from thetime of obtaining the M.B., B.Ch., B.A.O. degrees ; theymust give notice in writing to the Secretaries of their inten-tion to present themselves and must pay the fee, 2, at leastone month previously to the examination. Candidates are

required to produce a certificate of having, after obtainingthe degrees of M.B., B.Ch., B.A.O., attended six months’practical instruction in a laboratory approved by the

University, and also of having for six months practicallystudied the duties of outdoor sanitary work under themedical officer of health of a county or large urbandistrict. Candidates at this examination must answer inthe following subjects: (1) Physics, (2) Chemistry, (3)Meteorology, (4) Sanitary Engineering and Architecture, (5)Bacteriology, and (6) Hygiene, Sanitary Law, and VitalStatistics.

University of Dublin.-The Diploma in Public Health isconferred, after examination, on the following conditions.The candidate must be a Doctor in Medicine or a graduatein Medicine, Surgery, and Midwifery of Dublin, Oxford, orCambridge. The name of the candidate must have beenon the Medical Register at least 12 months before theexamination. The candidate must have completed (unlessregistered as a practitioner on or before Jan. lst, 1890),subsequently to registration, six months’ practical instruc-tion in a chemical and bacteriological laboratory or

laboratories approved by the University, must have studiedpractically outdoor sanitary work for six months underan approved officer of health (at least three months of thisperiod being distinct from the time spent in laboratorywork), and must have spent three months in a fever hospital

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where opportunities are afforded for the study of methods ofadministration. The subjects of examination will be :-Part I. : Chemistry, Bacteriology, Hygiene, Pathology(including methods of post-mortem examinations), Physics,and Meteorology. Part II. : Hygiene and Epidemiology,Vital Statistics, Public Health Acts, and Sanitary Engineer-ing and Reports.Royal College of Physicians and Royal College of Surgeons

in Ireland.1—Stated examinations for the Diploma in PublicHealth are held in the months of February, May, andNovember. A special examination for the diplomamay, at the discretion of the Committee of Management(except during the months of August and September), beobtained on payment of E10 10s., in addition to the ordinaryfees mentioned below, and on giving notice at least one

fortnight before the date of the proposed examination.Every candidate for the Diploma in Public Health must bea registered medical practitioner. (Candidates registeredor entitled to be registered prior to January, 1890, are

exempt from the rules as to study.) He must subsequentlyto qualification (1) receive six months’ laboratory instructionin Chemistry, Bacteriology, and the Diseases of Animalstransmissible to man; and (2) during six months prac-tically study outdoor sanitary work under a medicalofficer of health and shall as an additional require-ment attend a hospital for infectious diseases. Can-didates are examined on four days, commencing on

the first Monday of February, May, and November.Each candidate must return his name to the secretary ofthe Committee of Management under the Conjoint Scheme itwo weeks before the examination, and lodge with hima testimonial of character from a Fellow of either ofthe Colleges, or of the Royal Colleges of Physicians or

Surgeons of London or Edinburgh. The fee for the examina-tion is .610 10s. The examination for the diploma in StateMedicine comprises the following subjects :-State Medicineand Hygiene, Chemistry, Meteorology and Clima.tology,Engineering, Vital Statistics, Law, and Bacteriology. Forfurther particulars apply to the Secretary, Committeeof Management ; Office, Royal College of Physicians,Dublin.

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DENTAL SURGERY.

ANYONE who is on the Medical Register is entitled to

practise as a dentist, although he cannot register as suchwithout the special licence ; but it is of eminent advantageto take the L.D.S., otherwise few dental appointments atgeneral or special hospitals or dispensaries are available, and,what is still more important, the manual dexterity andknowledge of mechanics requisite for the successful practiceof dentistry can only be gained by long and careful trainingat the dental operating chair and in the dental laboratory ;and, this having been attained, it is but little trouble to

pass the special examinations. The subjects beyond thoseincluded in the general qualification are-Dental Anatomyand Physiology (Human and Comparative), one course;a separate course of Dental Histology, including the prepara-tion of microscopical sections ; Dental Surgery, one course ;a separate course of Practical Dental Surgery; a course ofnot less than five lectures on the Surgery of the Mouth;Dental Mechanics, one course ; a course of Practical DentalMechanics, including the manufacture and adjustment ofsix dentures and six crowns ; Dental Metallurgy, one course ;a course of Practical Dental Metallurgy ; Practice of DentalSurgery at a recognised school, two years, and a certificateof having been engaged during a period of not less thantwo years in acquiring a knowledge of Dental Mechanics(this may be obtained by apprenticeship to a duly quali-fied dental practitioner or in the mechanical departmentof a recognised dental hospital). The Dental Schools inLondon are the Royal Dental Hospital of London, theNational Dental Hospital and College, and Guy’s HospitalDental School. Most of the large provincial towns havenow dental hospitals. A convenient arrangement by whichthe M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., and L.D.S. can be taken is as

follows :-The Preliminary Examination in General Educa-tion having been passed the student should commence hismechanical training at a dental school or with a qualifieddentist and register as a dental and medical student.(This instruction, however, may be taken prior to the

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date of registration as a dental student.) During hismechanical training the student should receive instruction inChemistry and Physics, Pharmacy and Elementary Biology,and pass in these subjects before entering the hospital.(The foregoing constitute the First Examination.) Havingentered the hospital the student should attend the dentaland general courses contemporaneously, and pass at the endof the second winter the Second Examination—namely,Anatomy and Physiology. At the completion of his secondyear of study the Dental Examination should be passed.The student should then devote his time to general studiesand pass the Third Examination. When time permits it isadvisable to attend the general hospital only until after theFirst and Second Examinations have been passed. At this

point a break may be made to admit of the completion of thedental curriculum and the passing of the examinations forthe L.D.S. diploma. The best course, however, is entirely tofinish the curriculum for the M.R.C.S. and L.R.C.P. andthen take the special Dental work. The regulations for theDental Licence of the Royal Colleges of Ireland and Edin-burgh and of the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons ofGlasgow are verv similar to those of the English College.The L.D.S. can also be obtained alone.

REGISTRATION OF DENTAL STUDENTS.The registration of dental students is carried on at the

Medical Council Office in London in the same manner asthe existing registration of medical students, and subject tothe same regulations as regards Preliminary Examinations.Students who commenced their professional education byapprenticeship to dentists entitled to be registered or byattendance upon professional lectures before July 22nd, 1878(when dental education became compulsory), are not requiredto produce evidence of having passed a Preliminary Examina-tion. Candidates for a diploma in Dental Surgery must pro-duce certificates of having been engaged during four yearsin professional studies and of having received three years’instruction in mechanical dentistry from a registered prac-titioner. The three years of instruction in mechanicaldentistry, or any part of them, may be taken by the dentalstudent either before or after his registration as a student.but no year of such mechanical instruction will be countedas one of the four years of professional study unless takenafter registration.

It is now necessary for anyone practising Dental Surgeryin this country to be on the Register and no foreign qualifi-cations are admitted.

The Royal College of Surgeons of England grant, adiploma in Dental Surgery under the following regulations,which apply to all candidates who have registered as dentalstudents after Jan. 1st, 1897. Candidates are required topass three examinations : the Preliminary Science Exami-nation, the First Professional Examination, and the SecondProfessional Examination. I. Preliminary Science Exami-nation.-Before admission to this examination the candidatemust produce a certificate of having received instruction(which may be taken prior to the date of registration as adental student) at a recognised institution in Chemistry,Physics, and Practical Chemistry. The examination consistsof these subjects and is identical with Part I. of the FirstExamination of the Examining Board in England. II. TheFirst Professional Examination.-The candidate must producethe following certificates : 1. Of having been engagedduring a period of not less than two years in acquiring apractical familiarity with the details of mechanicaldentistry, under the instruction (which may be taken

prior to registration as a dental student) of a competentpractitioner or under the direction of the superintendentof the mechanical department of a recognised dental

hospital. 2. Of registration as a dental student by theGeneral Medical Council. 3. Of having attended at a

recognised Dental Hospital and School (a) a course oflectures on Dental Metallurgy; (b) a course of PracticalDental Metallurgy ; (c) a course of Lectures on DentalMechanics ; and (d) a course of Practical Dental Mechanics,including the manufacture and adjustment of six denturesand six crowns. Candidates may present themselves for theFirst Professional Examination on p oduction of the re-

quired certificates. The Examination consists of MechanicalDentisty and Dental Metallurgy, the examination in DentalMetallurgy being by written paper. III. The SecondProfessional Examination.-The candidate must producethe following certificates : 1. Of having been engaged duringfour years in the acquirement of professional knowledgesubsequently to the date of registration as a dental student.