PRINTMAKING REVIEW 3RD QUARTER UNIT 2013

Instructor Nancy Carty

Visual Art III Honors

Spring Exam Review 2013

Introduction to Rubbings

The earliest form of making multiple images took place in the form of Rubbings.In China rice paper was laid out over a stone or wood relief image200 AD – 800 AD until the present

IN England Parchment or thin tissue paper was used

Wax Bars in various colors are rubbed over the surface to produce the image1300- present in England and various parts of Europe

Chinese Rubbings or Paper Tracings from the Han and Quin Dynasties

History of Rubbings - China

The themes of religion and symbolism have played a profound role in Chinese art for thousands of years, and since the Song dynasty <em>(960-1279)</em>, scholar-gentlemen have utilized many of these images in their artistic endeavors. The pieces on display here reflect this type of art, but were produced during the Qing dynasty <em>(1644-1911)</em

Medieval Rubbings from England

These rubbings were done from brass plates which commemorate the lives of the individuals around 1400 – 1450 in England

Part I- History of PrintmakingNorthern Renaissance – Germany 1500

In Europe the artist Albrecht Durer became famous for his work as an engraver working on both woodblocks and metal plates

Durer was responsible for bringing the accomplishments of the Italian Renaissance to Northern Europe in the 1500’s

His emphasis on drawing from observation, intense realism as well as anatomy and perspective helped to change the course of art in Germany.

Artist: Albrecht DurerTitle: Four Horseman of the Apocalypse Knight, Devil and DeathDate : 1513Engraving Northern Renaissance - Germany

This image relies heavily on the medieval use of symbolismThe Knight represents aChristian soldier marching into A battle with evil

The middle class in GermanyCould afford to buy printsAnd they had the advantage of Being portable

Engraving Techniques

Engraving can be done on both wood and metal surfaces. In both instance a stylus or needle like drawing tool is used to scratch lines in the surface of the plate. Once the image is drawn on the surface, ink

is wiped into the lines so that the ink stays down in the Small grooves of the design The paper is then placed on top of the plate and a press Is used to force the ink into the paper

This type of printing is also called INTAGLIO as the ink is located down in the lines of the design.

St. Jerome in his Study by Durer Another famous engraving by Durer

Depicts St Jerome in his study ‘transcribing Biblical literature

Most of Europe was illiterate So this image refers to St Jerome as a RenaissanceMan with references to His knowledge of Math, History , Music, and the WorldNorthern Renaissance , Germany

The skull represents death The lion represents courage Here you see the artist’s mastery of persective, realism and lighting with incredible detail.Knowledge from Italy and the Italian Renaissance displayed here

Baroque Pd in Art HistoryPart I – Catholic Europe

The Baroque took place in the second half of the 17th century- 1630-1700 in most of Europe. Catholic

France , Italy , Spain and Flanders led the way in New dramatic , bold dynamic imagery, Stong

dramatic lighting was key and the focus was on dramtatizing an event.

France favored a more calm classical style ( George de la Tour and the roots of the Baroque began in Italy under the master of Carravaggio.

Baroque Painting in Italy and France- 1630-1670

Carravaggio – the founder of this style The Calling of St Mathew Oil on Canvas Early 1600’s Note the dark Dramatic Lighting, Dark Background Focus on Emotion

Baroque- FrancePainting –Catholic Dominion

George de La Tour Mary Madeline Pregnant /Religious Note the dramatic Lighting of the candle Symbolism of The skull ( vanitas) How death is around The corner

France- Baroque- Classical Landscape – 1648-

Artist Claude Lorraine-Style set by the French Academy- under the direction of Louis XVI

Focus on a calm serene almost Imaginary landscape Homage to older Classical themes of Ancient Greece Biblical Themes The artist did not Enjoy painting figures

Printmaking of Catholic Europe

The Prodigal Son Changes Clothes (L'Enfant prodigue change de vêtements) Religion and Classical Style

Artist :Abraham Bosse  (French, Tours 1602–1676 Paris) Publisher: Published by Jean I Leblond (French, died Paris,

1666 ) Date: ca. 1636 Medium: Etching Dimensions: sheet: 10 3/16 x 12 13/16 in. (25.8 x 32.5 cm)

Baroque Classical Style in France

Artist Abraham Bosse

French BaroqueInfluence of Classical Style

Religious Subject’MatterThe Prodigal Son Changes Clothes

The Baroque in Protestant HollandProtestant Reformation 1600-1690

The Protestant Reformation emphasized the word of God without decorum so the churches in Holland were without major adorment, Artists no longer had

The patron of the church so they were forces to create

Works of art in demand by a rising middle class who

Wanted to purchase art – The schools of Landscape, Still Life and Portraiture were now born, Religious subject matter was still very important and many artists used printmaking as way to allow more patrons to buy art affordable, Prints were also more portable .

Rembrandt Van RijnDutch Baroque Artist -1601-1669

Rembrandt Van Rijn is one of the Most famous Dutch Baroque artists And was a very famous painterAnd printmaker

He was able to provide a sizable Income working with portraiture

The Protestant Reformation hadForced many artists to seek work Beyond the church

A rising middle class that could afford Art gave rise to the traditions of Landscape, still life and portraiture

Rembrandt Self Portraits

The portrait on the left reveals a youthful Rembrandt and his choiceTo use the two gold chains points to his wealth and status as a Painter. What does the portrait on the right say about his life?

Rembrandt as Printmaker

Rembrandt was also a masterful printmaker and his clients could well afford a print

He created many prints using the Bible as a literary source of inspiration

He also chose to create a version of St Jerome In the Wilderness and depicts the theme of a lion

as a symbol of courage and faith in St. Jerome’s trust in God This image is an engraving created on metal

plates. Rembrandt was a master of light and shadow and movement in his prints.

Rembrandt portrait as a young man – Etching This etching, created by

Rembrandt is perhaps the best self portrait of all time.

This man looks very surprised, as if he had just been caught doing something he didn’t necessarily want others to know about. The etching also has a really great sense of motion. It looks as the man is in the middle of lifting up his head, both his brows and his mouth seem to be in the middle of forming some expression, but not quite there yet.

More etching portraits of Rembrandt- Dutch Baroque Pd

Rembrandt St Jerome in the Wilderness- Dutch Baroque

Rembrandt 1653 Etching St Jerome in the Wilderness in an Italian Landscape

St Jerome in the Wilderness by Rembrandt-1653

Etching and Drypoint

Etching involves the use of metal Plates which are covered with a Soft wax ground

A design is then scratched into The surface to make the design

The plates are then dropped in Acid baths to deepen the lines Into several valuesThe plate is inked, and run throughA press

This process is called INTAGLIO How does this theme differ from that of Durer?

Compare and Contrast these two prints :

Both prints use the INTAGLIO printing process Both are done on metal plates with a stylus Both artists were able to sell their work to an affluent

middle class in Northern Europe Both arist’s rely on the use of symbolism

Durer is more focused on scientific realism and spreading knowledge of technical skills he has gained

Rembrandt is more interested in depicting a spiritual expression of the Bible

In both cases many people could not read

Characteristics of Baroque The Baroque paintings and sculptures and prints in

Catholic Europe revolved around religious themes Artists often had patrons associated with the church

or the artistocracy –ruling class However with the Protestant Reformation in the

North – Holland the rise of a dominant middle class gave way to Still Life, Landscape and Portrait painting

Artists in the North had to create their own future as a result of selling their art work

Religion still plays a dominant theme in the subject matter.

Rembrandt the Nightwatch

Nightwatch1662Oil Painting on Canvas

Why was this painting so Controversial ?

The Syndicate of the Cloth GuildRembrandt 1662 Oil on Canvas

What made this painting so successful ?

Themes of the Baroque

Emphasis on dramatic lighting and composition In the North the artists broke away from the

church as a patron and concentrated on The development of portraiture, landscape and

still life as a way of earning income The last group portrait commission that

Rembrandt created was very well received as each individual felt that they were honored in the painting by being represented equally

The Romantic Period in Art History

The Romantic Period in Art History incorporated some of the following themes

Artists reacted against the strict rules of the Classical and Neo Classical periods

The new style emphasized individual emotions and expressions

Romantic artists dealt with themes of social injustice, and the inhumanities of man in war, and society

Nature and mysticism is revered

Francisco Goya – Spanish painter and printmaker

Page 390 Discover Art History

Appointed court painter to King Charles the IV of Spain

Initially his style was conservative but in 1792 after a severe illness he became DEAF

The dark side of the civil war between Spain and France left strong impressions on the horrors of war

His print the Sleep of Reason Produces monsters speaks to the horrors he experienced

The Sleep of Reason by Goya

Etching and AquatintThe Sleep of Reason Fransisco Goya Etching ( Intaglio)1794-1799

The theme here addresses the Nightmares that Goya is having From experiencing the horrors Of warEtching is produced by engraving On metal plates which are then Dropped in to acid bathsThe shading is called aquatint

About Francisco Goya – Romantic Baroque Art in Spain

Printmaking was not just one of Goya's principal activities. The subjects of his celebrated Caprichos were inspired by popular imagery, sayings and concerns that had never before reached the level of “high” art. In the Tauromaquia, bullfights became a pretext for upending traditional formal values, and later, a touchstone for artists from Manet to Picasso. His Disasters of War stripped any veneer or comfort from the typical heroic renderings of historical events. His late works plumbed the imagination beyond rational limit, predicting Symbolism and Surrealism. In many senses, and more than his paintings, Goya's prints represent the dawn of modern art.

Goya the Disasters of WAR

This print ( etching ( intaglio) with aquatintIs part of series of the Disasters of WarCreated by Goya during the Spanish CivilWar – Above Left

Art History Movement of RealismFrance-

Realism emerges as the third and last movement in Art history in the early 19th century ( 1800’s) A main printmaker named Daumier captured the

attention of his French audiences with the use Of lithography in the daily newspapers His work was satirical and in many ways an

alleghory for the political times that he depicted

END OF PART ITest on March 20th 2013 is on Part I

Study your notes Know the five types of printmaking Know the art history periods and how the period of

art impacts the image Know the subject matter and what is behind the

imagery Know your slides, dates, artists, Study folks.

Daumier- Realism and Lithography

Rue Transnonain, 1834 ParisLithography by Daumier

Realism and depiction of the inequity of Social Classes

DaumierThe Third Class CarriageOil

Here Daumier depicts’The reality of everydayLife as it occurs Life drawing and the Depiction of the hardshipOf Life for the lowerClass is evident here

End of Part I for Test on March 20th

Japanese Printmaking

In Japan , the impact of Japanese woodcuts had an effect on European art in both Impressionism and Post Impressionism

The Japanese were wonderful and technical registration and the art form they produced was

Called Ukiyoe or Pictures of the Floating World Edo later called Tokyo was the center for this

art form and in general prints were produced on the themes of everyday life, the theatre, and changing weather conditions

Work of Hiroshige

One of the most famous Japanese printmakers was called Hokusai and he was famous for showing nature and changing weather conditions in everyday life

And the transience of everyday life

Woodcut by Hiroshige

Rain Shower on Ohashi Bridge1857Color Woodblock Print by

Hiroshige

Note the emphasis on the Flat shapes with the strong Negative spaceTraditional one point Perspective is not used on Japanese Printmaking

Haronobu

INFLUENCE OF JAPANESE PRINTMAKING ON MODERN ART

Many artists in the movements of Impressionism and Post Impressionism were influenced by the importation of Japanese prints

Their simplified forms and strong flattened shapes against a flat background provided the inspiration for ABSTRACTION in Modern Art

Post Impressionism artists influences from Japanese Prints

Toulouse L’Autrec was a printmaker who worked in Paris in the late 1800’s . He was part of the Post Impressionism movement which emphasized color and expression of a personal style

His subject matter revolved around the night club scene in Paris and many of his subjects were women

As L’Autrec was a hunchback his pessimistic view of women was reflected in unusual lighting and strong dynamic compositions

Lithography Toulouse L’Autrec worked in the medium of

Lithography which translates as stone printing, Heavy stones are ground to a smooth finish . A grease crayon or ink is used to draw on the surface of the stone. A chemical solution allows the grease to absorb into the stone . When the stone is ready for printing it is kept wet with water, The oil based ink adheres to the grease only and not the wet watery areas of the stone. Artists had a new freedom to draw their designs directly as a print

Toulouse L’Autrec Lithographic Prints – late 1880’s

Toulouse LautrecMoulin RougeLa Goulue1891ParisLithographyPoster

The new art form was the posterAnd L’Autrec was hired to design Posters for the Moulin Rouge in Paris

German Expressionism WWI

Kathe Kollewitz was the wife of a German doctor during WWI and she was very affected by the loss of life in WWI

As part of her efforts to draw attention to the large numbers of widows and orphans she created a series of lithography posters and drawings that increased public awareness of the problems in Germany at that time

Kathe Kollewitz /Artist-early 1930’s

Lithography As A Means to Increase Social Awareness In ‘Society

Andy Warhol – POP ART

The Pop art movement in the 1960 drew attention to the focus on mass marketing and mass consumption by the American Public

Everyday icons like the Campbell Soup Can became symbols of American life and society and hence Andy Warhol used this image as an icon or symbol of an American ideal

The medium he used was silkcreen which was used to create all the labels for packaging

Silkcreen techniques

In silkscreen the silk fabric is stretched very tightly over a frame.

Then a stencil is made on the silk out of paper, or glue or photo sensitive material

A large flat scraper or squeegee is used to pull the ink across the holes of the screen and the design is pushed through the holes on to the paper

Silk screen lends itself to fast commercial work and is used for advertising ,T SHIRTS, bumper stickers and other commercial venues

Andy WarholSoup Can 1962Silkcreen Pop Art

Andy Warhol –Marilyn Monroe

1960’s Silkscreen

Warhol wanted to Address the Over use of The symbol of Marilyn Monroe At the expense of Her personal lifeMass Exploitation

Conclusion

Printmaking offers a view of how the role of artists changed over time with respect to their intentions to make art

In some cases the opportunity that making multiple prints provided helped to spread

New public awareness on social issues Unfortunately the mass markets of

advertising use printmaking to market goods and services